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Pheko, Lieketseng Gladys. "Effects of feeding flaxseed and probiotic supplementation to layers on egg cholesterol and fatty acid composition." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0005/MQ44246.pdf.
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Shaffer, Kevin S. "Residual feed intake, body composition and fertility in yearling beef heifers." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10940.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2010.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 70 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-68).
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Wang, Fulin. "Combined fouling of pressure-driven membranes treating feed waters of complex composition." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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White, Monte Blaine III. "Variation in energy expenditures between growing steers with divergent residual feed intakes." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3110.
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Objectives of this study were to determine if variation in energy expenditures
contributed to differences in feed efficiency between low and high RFI steers. Nine
steers with the lowest and highest residual feed intakes (RFI) were selected from 169
Braunvieh-sired crossbred steers that were individually fed a pelleted roughage-based
diet for 77 d. Following the RFI measurement period, heat production (HP)
measurements were obtained using indirect calorimetry while steers were fed the same
roughage diet (RD) and on a high-concentrate diet (CD). Linear regression analyses of
log HP or retained energy on ME intake were used to determine energy partitioning.
Motion and lying activity were measured concurrently with HP on the RD and CD.
During the RFI measurement period, low RFI steers had lower (P < 0.01) RFI (-1.7 vs.
1.6 ± 0.17 kg/d), DMI (7.7 vs. 10.2 ± 0.42 kg/d) and feed:gain ratio (F:G; 7.2 vs. 10.6 ±
0.60), but similar final BW and ADG compared to high RFI steers. However, there were
smaller differences in DMI (8.4 vs. 9.7 ± 0.38 kg/d; P < 0.05; 7.56 vs. 8.16 ± 0.31; P =
0.19) and F:G (10.0 vs. 10.9 ± 0.40; P = 0.36; 6.5 vs. 7.5 ± 0.30; P < 0.05) between low
and high RFI steers, on the RD and CD, respectively. ME for maintenance (MEm; kg .75
dÂ1) and the partial efficiencies of ME used for maintenance and gain were similar for
low and high RFI steers. Likewise, no differences were found in fasting HP or fed HP.
Motion activity was lower (P < 0.05) for low RFI steers compared to high RFI steers
during fasting HP. Covariate analysis of HP at the same activity level yielded similar
results. At slaughter, weights of lung and trachea (P < 0.05), spleen (P < 0.05) and
adrenal gland (P = 0.07) were higher for low RFI cattle. The lack of differences in
energy partitioning between divergent RFI steers may have been the result of alterations
in feeding behavior or stress imposed by adapting steers to calorimetry chambers.
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Friggens, Nicolas. "The effects of feed composition and level on lactational performance in rats and dairy cows : a basic approach to feed description." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/32230.
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An investigation into the effects of feed composition on lactational performance was carried out using rats and cows. A graphical representation of the feed as a triangle was used to aid the interpretation of results. The first rat experiment showed that, on high protein feeds, the lactational performance of rats is not depressed when offered feeds of very low carbohydrate content. This was substantiated by the other rat experiments. When carbohydrate in the feed was replaced by fat at low protein content (rat experiment 2) there was a large depression in lactational performance, effectively a cessation of mild production. The interaction between the three feed components protein, carbohydrate and fat was highly significant. The hypothesis that maternal heat production was limiting food intake was advanced. The third rat experiment used feeds whose composition was marginal in relation to lactational success. The feeds also allowed comparison between feeds of constant nutrient:energy ratio. The results of this experiment indicated that there is an extremely abrupt threshold in feed composition for adequate lactation. This effect could not be attributed to any one nutrient:energy ratio. This experiment also showed the importance of maternal body reserves in support of lactation. A model was developed to explore the hypothesis that maternal heat production was limiting performance, however this model failed. An experiment using sheep was conducted in order to permit prediction of the volatile fatty acid proportions arising from a range of feeds. This experiment was designed to allow application of the rat work to dairy cows. A dairy cow trial was conducted to compare different feed types and feeding levels. The results of this trial showed no effect of feed type on lactational performance. A linear relationship between food intake and level of milk production was found. This included an effect of feeding level on rate of decline in milk yield. All these findings are discussed in detail.
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Lashkarizadeh, Monireh. "Operating pH and feed composition as factors affecting stability of aerobic granular sludge." Taylor & Francis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30304.
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In this study the stability and nutrient removal performance of aerobic granules under variable operating pH and variable growth medium was investigated. The results indicated that alkaline pH (pH=9) inhibited nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Moreover, high pH induced granules breakage and resulted in an increased biomass concentration in the effluent. On the other hand, acidic pH (pH=6) did not have significant impacts on stability and nutrient removal efficiency of granules.
Changing the growth medium from acetate-based wastewater to municipal wastewater resulted in loss of biological phosphorus removal while ammonium and COD removal stayed the same. The granules disintegrated during the first two weeks after changing the feed; re-granulation of the biomass was observed after the acclimation of bacteria to the new growth medium. However, the granules breakage did not exert significant impact on settling property of biomass.
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Nelson, Laura Ashley. "Dietary macronutrient composition and exogenous neuropeptide Y affect feed intake in brioler chicks." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/48899.
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Understanding the central nervous systems role in appetite regulation is crucial to cure the obesity epidemic, which is more prevalent than any disease in the United States. Central appetite regulators, known as neuropeptides, are pivotal in understanding appetite regulation. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino acid peptide, plays a major role in regulating the hunger signals from the brain. In all vertebrates studied, it is a strong orexigenic neurotransmitter located throughout multiple nuclei of the hypothalamus. Peripheral hormones associated with hunger are able to activate NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus, which leads to a cascade of events that activate orexigenic neurons throughout the hypothalamus. Although extensive research has gone into understanding the role of NPY in appetite regulation, the effects of macronutrient composition of diets on NPY function have not been elucidated in non-mammalian species.
This research investigates how food intake is affected by dietary macronutrient composition in broiler type chickens that are fed three varying macronutrient diets: high carbohydrate (22% CP, 3000kcal/kg) a broiler starter diet, high fat (60% ME from lard), high protein 30%CP). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric. When chicks are fed the high fat diet central NPY administration has a greater effect on feed intake compared to both the basal and high protein diet. Regardless of what diet the chick is fed from hatch, if they are switched to one of the other two diets post central administration of NPY the high fat diet stimulated feed intake for the longest duration. Although, NPY had the strongest orexigenic effect on chicks fed the high fat diet, in a choice diet situation broiler chicks chose the high protein diet, independent of central NPY administration.Master of Science
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Silva, Nhayandra Christina Dias e. "Effect of feed restriction on body composition and metabolism of goats of different genders /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/139463.
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Orientador: Kléber Tomás de ResendeCoorientador: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira
Coorientador: Carla Joice Härter
Banca: João Alberto Negrão
Banca: Iran Borges
Banca: Heraldo César Gonçalves
Banca: Francisco Palma Rennó
Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da restrição nutricional sobre o metabolismo energético e proteico de cabritos de 15 à 45 kg de peso corporal, sendo que foram utilizados 72 cabritos Saanen: 24 machos inteiros, 24 machos castrados e 24 fêmeas, com peso corporal de 15,76 ± 0,174 kg e idade inicial de 108,4 ± 18,86 dias (Experimento 1) e de 84 cabritos Saanen (26 machos inteiros, 27 machos castrados e 31 fêmeas) com peso corporal de 30,3 ± 0,87 kg (Experimento 2). Um esquema de parcelas subdivididas foi utilizado para avaliar a condição sexual (3 sexos = machos inteiros, machos castrados e fêmeas) e a restrição nutricional (3 níveis de restrição nutricional: 0% [ad libitum], 25% e 50%). Em ambos experimentos, dentro de cada sexo, foram formados seis blocos de três animais e dentro de cada bloco, onde os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em cada nível de ingestão. Assim, a alimentação foi estabelecida dentro de cada bloco com base no consumo dos animais alimentados ad libitum. Os animais de cada grupo foram abatidos quando os animais alimentados ad libitum atingiram 30 kg (Experimento 1) ou 45 kg (Experimento 2). Foram avaliados a retenção de proteína e energia e o perfil metabólico/hormonal no sangue, onde foram analisados a glicose, proteína total, albumina, ureia, creatinina, colesterol, ácido graxos não-esterificados (NEFA), beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama glutamil-transferase (GGT), creatinina quinase (CK), triiodotiron... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feed restriction on energy and protein metabolism of 72 Saanen kids: 24 intact males, 24 castrated males, and 24 females with initial BW of 15.76 ± 0.174 kg and initial age of 108.4 ± 18.86 days (Experiment 1) and of 84 Saanen goats (26 intact males, 27 castrated males and 31 females) with initial body weight (BW) of 30.3 ± 0.87 kg (Experiment 2). A split plot design was employed (3 genders = intact males, castrated males, and females; 3 levels of feed restriction = 0% [ad libitum], 25%, and 50%). Groups of 3 goat kids was formed by gender (each goat eating one level of feed restriction); goats of each group were slaughtered when animals fed ad libitum reached 30 kg BW (Experiment 1) and 45 kg (Experiment 2). Blood samples were evaluate glucose, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acid, beta-hydroxybutyrate, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, creatine kinase, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and insulin-like growth factor. Females had greater retention of body fat (% empty BW) regardless the level of feed restriction (P<0.001). Both gender and feed restriction affected energetic and proteic metabolism of goats (P< 0.05). Females from 15 to 30 kg BW changed their glycolytic metabolism to retain fat deposition even when subjected to feed restriction, while males mainly changed their protein metabolism to retain protein synthesis, and were less affected by feed restr... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Prathalingam, N. S. "The effects of level of feed intake and diet composition during a winter store period on the subsequent performance and carcass characteristics of beef cattle fed grass." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252130.
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This study investigated the hypothesis that cattle fed to produce a lean carcass during a winter restriction period will subsequently grow faster and remain leaner than fatter steers during the summer, exploiting cheap grazed grass. Three studies were carried out; in the first study steers were restricted at three levels of growth (300, 600 and 900 g/day) during winter and turned out to graze grass during summer. At each level of growth during winter steers were fed on one of two diets aimed at producing steers of either a lean or fat carcass composition. At the end of the winter restriction period differences in lean composition were observed at the 300 and 600 g/day growth rates. Steers were slaughtered when they attained the target slaughter weight at the end of summer; but there was no difference between treatments in meat quality characteristics or fat composition. Liveweight gain during the summer period was inversely correlated to winter liveweight gain. Two further studies were carried out to assess the effect of altering carcass composition during winter, fed to a predicted growth rate of 600g/day to investigate the underlying physiological and endocrinological mechanism regulating the growth characteristics. In the first study at the end of winter steers that were fatter had higher glucose and insulin concentrations. No differences between diet treatments were detected in muscle protein synthesis or breakdown. At the end of the winter in the second experiment there were no differences in carcass composition, metabolite or hormone profiles between treatments. For both studies, at the end of summer, steers on different dietary treatments had similar carcass compositions and metabolic parameters. It was concluded that by altering the diet of steers during a winter restriction period the composition of carcass gain can be manipulated. Since steers altered the deposition of carcass protein and fat during the subsequent summer period at grass resulting in similar body compositions at slaughter it was deduced the that composition of steers at the end of winter remains unimportant. Reductions in beef production costs may be attained by restricting the growth rates during winter when commercial feeds are expensive.
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Lager, Kevin John. "Impact of supplemental phosphorus source and form on utilization in lactating dairy cattle." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1404.
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Külling, David R. Külling David R. "Influence of feed composition and manure type on trace gas emissions from stored dairy manure /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=13872.
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Smith, Rachel Marie. "Effect of selection for reduced residual feed intake on composition and quality of fresh pork." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1468159.
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Frobose, Hyatt Lowell. "The effects of feed additives, sodium metabisulfite and processing conditions on nursery pigs fed diets containing deoxynivalenol; and the impact of feed withdrawal and diet blending on finishing pig growth, carcass composition and economics." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14036.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Joel DeRouchey
Thirteen experiments using a total of 7,589 nursery and finishing pigs were conducted to evaluate the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON), feed additives and processing conditions on nursery pig growth performance. In addition, feed withdrawal and diet blending were evaluated in finishing pigs. Experiment 1 tested 3 feed additives in DON-contaminated diets with only Defusion Plus improving performance. Experiment 2 evaluated Biofix in both low- and high-DON diets and showed no effects on growth. Experiments 3 and 4 further evaluated levels of Defusion and the effects of pelleting and supplemental nutrients in DON-contaminated diets. Defusion improved growth in low-DON diets, but had variable effects in high DON diets. Pelleting DON-contaminated diets resulted in comparable growth to pigs fed positive control diets in meal form. In Exp. 5 and 6, pilot studies evaluated DON-detoxification using sodium metabisulfite (SMB) with hydrothermal treatment in both an autoclave and a pellet mill. These conditions reduced analyzed DON by as much as 89 and 75% for the autoclave and pellet mill, respectively. In Exp. 7 and 8, pelleting DON-contaminated diets with SMB improved growth. Experiments 9 and 10 evaluated feed-withdrawal time on carcass composition and economic returns. These experiments showed that pre-slaughter fasting for up to 36 h prior can be used to avoid weight discounts in heavyweight pigs without negatively impacting carcass composition and maintaining overall revenue. However, these advantages come with a potential reduction in carcass weight and increased incidence of leaking ingesta, which can result in condemned heads. Experiments 11, 12, and 13 compared phase-feeding to blending diets using an automated feed delivery system. These studies showed that corn-supplement blending is not economical and feeding diets blended to a Lys curve results in lower feed costs compared to phase-feeding, but due to reductions in growth and carcass weight, these savings do not translate into higher income over feed cost. Finally, Exp. 13 showed that over- and under-budgeting situations do not significantly influence overall returns, but pigs fed under-budgeted diets performed more closely to those fed correctly estimated feed budgets.
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Khazaal, Kamal Abdul-Rahim. "Improving the nutritive value of barley straw for ruminants : effects of treatment with ligninase enzyme or white-rot fungi on composition and digestibility in vitro." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252722.
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Malate, Andries. "Replacing sunflower oilcake with Sericea lespedezaand/or urea on feed digestibility and milk production of Saanen goats." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/63293.
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In conditions where supplementation of poor quality diets is a major challenge, forage
legumes such as Sericea lespedeza can be a good alternative supplement for protein at lower
cost than most commercial concentrates. From studies done on Sericea lespedeza it is found
plausible and valuable to supplement urea with Sericea lespedeza to strategically combat the
deleterious effect of condensed tannins in the Sericea lespedeza and provide nitrogen in the
rumen. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing sunflower oilcake with urea
(a rumen degradable protein RDP source) or Sericea lespedeza (rumen undegradable protein
RUP source) mixed with urea as nitrogen/protein sources on nutrient utilization, milk yield
and milk composition of Saanen dairy goats. A digestibility and lactation study were
conducted at the University of Pretoria Research Farm and chemical analysis performed at
the University Nutrilab.
A 30 days digestibility study was conducted on male Saanen goats after the lactation
study, with 23 days adaptation and 7 days data collection period. Nine male goats were
randomised and allocated to the three treatments in metabolism cages. In the lactation study
36 dairy goats were blocked according to milk collected on first month of lactation into high,
medium and low milk yielders, then allocated to the three treatments of total mixed rations
containing sunflower oilcake (T1) at 7% main protein source, T2 (urea at 1%) and
T3- Sericea lespedeza at 12.5% mixed with urea according to a complete randomised block
design (CRBD). Milk samples were collected from individual goats monthly at two
consecutive milking’s. The samples were analysed for milk fat, protein, lactose, somatic cell
count and milk urea nitrogen using a Milko-Scan analyser (at Irene Lacto lab).
In the digestibility study, dry matter intake was significantly higher for goats fed on
Sericea lespedeza with urea (T3) diet than goats fed on T1 and T2 diet. Goats on T3 diet had
also significantly higher organic matter and crude protein intake than those goats fed on the
other two TMR diets. The results also shows that the mean daily milk yields for the goats in
the T1, T2 and T3 were 2.56, 2.46 and 2.52 kg per day respectively. T2 group had higher
milk fat % (3.61) and higher milk urea nitrogen (MUN - 25.70 mg N/dl) than the other two
treatments. T1 had significantly higher milk protein %. There was a great difference in milk
composition of the afternoon milk as compared to the morning milk. The three TMRs had no
significant difference in the nitrogen utilization and nitrogen excretion.
It is then concluded that Sericea lespedeza mixed with urea can be used as subsititutes
for sunflower oilcake in the diets of dairy goats since no negetive effect was found. However
further investigations are needed.Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
DAAD-NRF
International Foundation for Science (IFS)
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
MSc (Agric)
Unrestricted
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Williams, Terhea Nichole. "An Assessment of Alternative Feed Ingredients in Practical Diets for Florida Pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) Held in Low Salinity Recirculating Systems." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/WilliamsTN2008.pdf.
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Hillbrick, Gordon Colin, and kimg@deakin edu au. "THE LIPID COMPOSITION OF CASHMERE GOAT FIBRES." Deakin University, 1994. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20031205.162817.
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This study examined the differences in the chemical composition, particularly fatty acids, of the lipid extracted from the fibre of bucks, does and castrated goats. The study provides a more detailed understanding of the chemical composition of buck fibre lipid and how it varies throughout the year, and also details the effect of body region and nutrition on the production and chemical composition of lipid from buck fibre.
Lipid was extracted with either petroleum ether (non-polar) or chloroform/methanol azeotrope (polar) and analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The more polar solvent system extracted larger amounts of lipid and more of each individual fatty acid. The following buck specific ethyl branched fatty acids were identified: 2-ethylhexanoic, 4-ethylhexanoic, 2-ethyloctanoic, 4-ethyloctanoic, 6-ethyloctanoic, 2-ethyldecanoic, 4-ethyldecanoic, 2-ethyldodecanoic, 6-ethyldodecanoic, 4-ethyldodecanoic, 2-ethyltetradecanoic, 6-ethyltetradecanoic, 4-ethyltetradecanoic, 2-ethylhexadecanoic and 4-ethyloctadecanoic acids. Of these buck specific fatty acids only 4-ethylhexanoic (T), 4-ethyloctanoic, 4-ethyldecanoic, 4-ethyldodecanoic, 6-ethyldodecanoic (T), 4-ethyltetradecanoic, 2-ethylhexadecanoic (T) and 4-ethylhexadecanoic acids have been previously identified or tentatively identified (T) in buck fibre extracts. This shows that the chemical composition of buck fibre lipid is more complex than previously reported, and that it may be more difficult than previously thought to artificially duplicate the odour of the buck.
Buck fibre samples had lower average
concentrations of 2-methylpropanoic, 2-methylbutanoic, iso-pentadecanoic, anteiso-pentadecanoic, iso-hexadecanoic, anteiso-heptadecanoic, iso-octadecanoic and anteiso-nonadecanoic acids as compared with fibre samples from does, spayed does, or wethers that were castrated at one month of age. The reduced concentrations of these fatty acids in buck fibre extracts were likely to be due to the synthesis of ethyl branched derivatives of iso and anteiso fatty acids. Buck fibre samples had higher concentrations of benzoic acid as compared with fibre samples from does, spayed does, or wethers that were castrated at one month of age. The significance of these results is that non buck specific fatty acids may also make a contribution to the odour of bucks.
When fibre samples were collected at various times throughout the year, it was found that the bucks had increased amounts of lipid and ethyl branched fatty acids in fibre samples shorn from March to September, as compared with fibre samples shorn in November and January. The increase in the amount of lipid and ethyl branched fatty acids corresponded with both the rutting period of the buck and the period when the buck odour was increased. This suggests that ethyl branched fatty acids could be pheromones.
The variation in lipid content and fatty acid composition was also examined between fibre samples collected from different body regions of the buck during April, as alterations in sebaceous gland activity around the neck during rutting have been reported. It was found that the average amount of lipid in the neck region of the bucks was not statistically higher than the average amounts in the midside and hind regions. However, the ethyl branched fatty acid concentrations were statistically higher in the fibre from around the neck as compared with the fibre from the other body regions, which is consistent with the odour of the buck being most pronounced around the head and neck region.
The lipid content and composition of fibre samples from bucks fed high and low quality diets (lucerne and pangola grass, respectively) was examined to determine the effect of nutrition on buck specific components. The high quality diet increased the amount of lipid and ethyl branched fatty acids in fibre samples collected in April from the neck, midside and hind regions, as compared with fibre samples from the corresponding body regions from bucks fed the low quality diet. Thus it may be possible for the pheromone levels of bucks to be increased by simply providing them with good nutrition.
The lipid content and ethyl branched fatty acid concentrations of fibre samples increased earlier in the year for the lucerne fed bucks as compared with the pangola grass fed bucks. The lucerne fed bucks had increased concentrations of ethyl branched fatty acids in fibre samples shorn during December to June (6 months) whereas the pangola grass fed bucks had increased concentrations of ethyl branched fatty acids in fibre samples shorn during April to August (4 months). These observations show that good nutrition can result in both the earlier production of ethyl branched fatty acids and an extended period when ethyl branched fatty acids are produced. This suggests that nutrition can be used to manipulate pheromone levels in the buck. The period when the ethyl branched fatty acids were increased corresponded with the period when the plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone concentrations, odour and sebaceous gland volume of the bucks were increased, which supports the assumption that ethyl branched fatty acids are involved in odour production and act as pheromones.
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Chau, Tak-han Gloria, and 周德嫻. "Fishes feeding fishes: the composition, size and volume of wild fish feed used in Hong Kong's maricultureindustry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B27777649.
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Folegatti, Elisa <1980>. "Effect of rearing techniques and feed composition on productive traits, bird welfare and quality of poultry products." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2794/.
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The PhD project was focused on the study of the poultry welfare conditions and improvements. The project work was divided into 3 main research activities.
A) Field evaluation of chicken meat rearing conditions kept in intensive farms. Considering the lack of published reports concerning the overall Italian rearing
conditions of broiler chickens, a survey was carried out to assess the welfare conditions of broiler reared in the most important poultry companies in Italy to verify if they are in accordance with the advices given in the European proposal COM (2005) 221 final.
Chicken farm conditions, carcass lesions and meat quality were investigated.
1. The densities currently used in Italy are in accordance with the European proposal COM 221 final (2005) which suggests to keep broilers at a density lower than 30-32 kg
live weight/m2 and to not exceed 38-40 kg live weight/m2.
2. The mortality rates in summer and winter agree with the mortality score calculated following the formula reported in the EU Proposal COM 221 final (2005).
3. The incidence of damaged carcasses was very low and did not seem related to the stocking density.
4. The FPD scores were generally above the maximum limit advised by the EU proposal COM 221 final (2005), although the stocking densities were lower than 30-32 kg live
weight per m2.
5. It can be stated that the control of the environmental conditions, particularly litter quality, appears a key issue to control the onset of foot dermatitis.
B) Manipulation of several farm parameters, such litter material and depth, stocking density and light regimen to improve the chicken welfare conditions, in winter season.
1. Even though 2 different stocking densities were established in this study, the performances achieved from the chickens were almost identical among groups.
2. The FCR was significantly better in Standard conditions contrarily to birds reared in Welfare conditions with lower stocking density, more litter material and with a light
program of 16 hours light and 8 hours dark.
3. In our trial, in Standard groups we observed a higher content of moisture, nitrogen and ammonia released from the litter. Therefore it can be assumed that the environmental characteristics have been positively changed by the improvements of the rearing conditions adopted for Welfare groups.
4. In Welfare groups the exhausted litters of the pens were dryer and broilers showed a lower occurrence of FPD.
5. The prevalence of hock burn lesions, like FPD, is high with poor litter quality conditions.
6. The combined effect of a lower stocking density, a greater amount of litter material and a photoperiod similar to the natural one, have positively influenced the chickens
welfare status, as a matter of fact the occurrence of FPD in Welfare groups was the lowest keeping the score under the European threshold of the proposal COM 221 final(2005).
C) The purpose of the third research was to study the effect of high or low stocking density of broiler chickens, different types of litter and the adoption of short or long
lighting regimen on broiler welfare through the evaluation of their productivity and incidence of foot pad dermatitis during the hot season.
1. The feed efficiency was better for the Low Density than for High Density broilers.
2. The appearance of FPD was not influenced by stocking density.
3. The foot examination revealed that the lesions occurred more in birds maintained on chopped wheat straw than on wood shaving.
4. In conclusion, the adoptions of a short light regimen similar to that occurring in nature during summer reduces the feed intake without modify the growth rate thus improving the feed efficiency. Foot pad lesion were not affected neither by stocking densities nor by light regimens whereas wood shavings exerted a favourable effect in preserving foot pad in good condition.
D) A study was carried out to investigate more widely the possible role of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplemented in the diet of a laying hen commercial strain (Lohmann brown) in comparison of diets supplemented with D3 or with D3 + 25-
hydroxycholecalciferol. Egg traits during a productive cycle as well as the bone characteristics of the layers have been as well evaluated to determine if there the
vitamin D3 may enhance the welfare status of the birds.
1. The weight of the egg and of its components is often greater in hens fed a diet enriched with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
2. Since eggs of treated groups are heavier and a larger amount of shell is needed, a direct effect on shell strength is observed.
3. At 30 and at 50 wk of age hens fed 25 hydroxycholecalciferol exhibited greater values of bone breaking force.
4. Radiographic density values obtained in the trial are always higher in hens fed with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol of both treatments: supplemented for the whole laying cycle
(25D3) or from 40 weeks of age onward (D3+25D3).
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Du, Plessis J. J. P. (Johannes Jacobus Pieter). "The effect of different dietary levels of energy and protein on the production and body composition of broiler breeders." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51966.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A flock of 500 Hybro broiler breeders were employed to study the effect of different levels of protein and energy on production and body composition. The daily lysine intake of the birds were 900, 1050, 1200 and 1350 mg respectively, each fed in diets with a daily energy intake of 1800 and 2000 kJ ME to provide a 4 x 2 factorial design. Lysine was used as the reference amino acid in the experiment and all other amino acids were kept in a constant ratio in every experimental diet. The total production was divided into 3 periods of 13 weeks each (week 23 - 35; week 36 - 48 and week 49 - 61) to determine the effect of the treatments over time. Production was evaluated by hen day production; egg weight (g/egg); egg mass (g/day); fertility; hatchability; chicks/hen/week; feed conversion and day old chick weight. Hen day production was significantly (P < 0,05) lower at the high energy intake for period week 49 to 61. Energy and protein levels significantly increased egg weight. Effect of protein was consistent during all three periods of production. Egg mass output had a significant (P < 0,05) response to increasing levels of protein for the total period of production. The birds on the high energy diet produced a significant higher egg mass per hen during the first period of production (week 23 - 35). Hatchability was reduced (P < 0,05) by the higher energy intake for the total period of production and this effect was very significant (P < 0,01) during the final period of production. Similar to hen day production, the higher energy had a significant (P < 0,05) negative effect on the amount of chicks produced. The well-known correlation between egg weight and chick weight was confirmed with the regression equation: Chick weight = 10,5 + 1,22 x Egg weight. Both energy and protein had a significant (P < 0,01) positive effect on chick weight. The feed conversion was lower at increasing levels of amino acid intake (P < 0,01). Higher energy intake significantly (P < 0,05) increased hen weight and protein had a very significant effect during the first period of production (P < 0,01). The isotope dilution technique (tritiated water) was used to estimate the body composition of the breeders. This was done at 5 different periods (week 27, 35, 43, 52 and 61) of the production period to establish changes in requirements over time. Significant correlation were found between carcass moisture and waterspace (R2 = 0,76); fat % and carcass moisture (R2 = 0,78); protein % and waterspace (R2 = 0,35) and fat % and waterspace (R2 = 0,46). The regression equations obtained from these correlation were employed to determine excess energy and lysine consumed at different ages. Energy requirements were calculated according to the effective energy (EE) system and the conventional ME system. According to effective energy the lower energy intake was not sufficient and the maximum requirement was calculated to be 1942 kj EE/day. The metabolizable energy calculations indicated sufficient intakes at every treatment with the maximum requirement 1746 kj ME/day. The lysine requirement was found to be in excess of 1050 mg lysine per day. The recommendation for daily lysine intake is 1200 mg/day and the energy intake of breeders should be 1900 to 2000 kj ME/day from week 23 to 35 and can be reduced to 1800 kj ME/day in the final period of production.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Om die effek van verskillende vlakke energie en proteïen op produksie en liggaamsamestelling te ondersoek is 'n trop van 500 Hybro braaikuiken teelouers gebruik. Die daaglikse lisien inname van die henne was onderskeidelik 900, 1050, 1200 en 1350 mg, wat elk by 'n daaglikse energie inname van 1800 en 2000 kJ ME verskaf is, in 'n 4 x 2 faktoriale ontwerp. Alle aminosure is in 'n konstante verhouding met die verwysings aminosuur lisien in die rantsoen ingesluit. Om te evalueer of daar veranderinge oor 'n tydperk plaasvind weens die verskillende behandelings is die produksie periode in drie periodes van 13 weke elk verdeel (week 23 - 35; week 36 - 48 en week 49 - 61). Die produksie standaarde wat gemeet is, is hen dag produksie, eiergewig (g/eier), eiermassa (g/dag), vrugbaarheid, uitbroeibaarheid, kuikens/hen/week, voeromset en dagoud kuikenmassa. Hen dag produksie was betekenisvol (P < 0,05) laer by die hoër energie innames in die laaste periode van 49 tot 61 weke. Energie en proteïen het eiergewig betekenisvol (P < 0,01) verhoog. Die effek van hoër vlakke proteïen was konstant in alle produksie periodes. Die daaglikse eiermassa (g/dag) het ook saam met stygende vlakke proteïen verhoog en hierdie effek was vir die totale periode van produksie. Energie het die eiermassa in die eerste periode van produksie (week 23 - 35) verhoog. Uitbroeibaarheid is verlaag (P < 0,05) vir die totale periode van produksie deur die hoër energie inname en die effek was selfs groter (P < 0,01) in die finale periode van produksie. In ooreenstemming met die hen dag produksie is die aantal kuikens geproduseer negatief beïnvloed deur die hoër energie inname (P < 0,05). Die korrelasie wat bestaan tussen eiermassa en kuikenmassa is bevestig deur die regressie: Kuikenmassa = 10,5 + 1,22 x Eiermassa. Energie en proteïen het kuikenmassa betekenisvol (P < 0,01) verhoog. Voeromset was laer by stygende vlakke van proteïen inname (P < 0,01). Die hoër energie inname het henmassa ook betekenisvol (P < 0,05) verhoog en proteïen het dieselfde effek slegs in die eerste periode van produksie gehad (P < 0,01). Die liggaamsamestelling van teelhenne is bepaal met behulp van die isotoop verdunnings tegniek (tritium water). Dit is bepaal op 5 verskillende stadiums in die produksie periode (week 27, 35, 43, 52 en 61) om die moontlike verandering in behoeftes oor tyd vas te stel. Betekenisvolle korrelasies is gevind tussen karkasvog en die waterspasie (RZ= 0,76); vet % en karkasvog (R2 = 0,78); proteïen % en waterspasie (R2 = 0,35) en vet % en waterspasie (R2 = 0,46). Die regressie vergelykings van hierdie korrelasies is gebruik om die hoevelheid surplus energie en lisien ingeneem te bepaal. Die" effective energy" sisteem en die konvensionele ME sisteem is gebruik in die bepaling van energie behoeftes. Volgens die " effective energy" was die energie inname nie voldoende by die laer energie innames nie en die maksimum behoefte is bereken as 1942 kJ EE/dag. Die maksimum energie behoefte volgens metaboliseerbare energie is bereken as 1746 kj ME/dag. Die lisien behoefte moet hoër as 1050 mg/dag wees. Die aanbeveling van die daaglikse lisien inname is 1200 mg/dag en die energie inname moet 1900 tot 2000 kj/dag wees tot 35 weke produksie en kan daarna verlaag word na 1800 kJ ME/dag.
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Sukanya, Kamphayae. "Utilization and development of liquid brewer’s yeast mixed with cassava pulp for cattle feed." Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225320.
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Galvani, Diego Barcelos. "Exigências e eficiência de utilização da energia e da proteína por cordeiros confinados." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10704.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorTwo experiments were carried out in the Sheep Division of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), to determine energy and protein requirements of meat purpose wool lambs. Thirty 16 11 Texel 16 5 Ile de France crossbred intact male lambs, weaned at 42 days of age (16.2 ± 2.1 kg live weight (LW)) were used in trial 1 (comparative slaughter trial). After ten days of management and diet adaptation five lambs were randomly chosen and slaughtered (reference animals). Fifteen lambs were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at 25, 30 or 35 kg LW, and the remaining lambs were randomly assigned to 2 levels of DMI (either 70 or 55% of the ad libitum intake), being slaughtered together with lambs fed ad libitum and slaughtered at 35 kg LW. Total body N, fat and energy contents were determined. In the trial 2 (digestibility trial), six 16 11 Texel 16 5 Ile de France crossbred lambs (30.4 ± 2.6 kg LW) were housed in metabolic cages in a double 3 x 3 Latin Square Design. Nutritional value of the diet under the distinct feeding levels was evaluated. Decreased dry matter intake (DMI) resulted in linear increase of the digestibility and energy concentration of the diet (P<0.05). Body fleecefree protein content decreased with empty body weight (EBW) increasement. However, when protein in fleece was considered, total body protein was constant. Body fat content varied from 72.7 to 125.9 g/kg EBW, respectively for 13.1 and 28.2 kg EBW. Endogenous nitrogen loss was 243.2 mg/kg LW0.75/day, corresponding to a net protein requirement for maintenance of 1.52 g/kg LW0.75/day. Metabolizable protein requirement for maintenance was 2.31 g/kg LW0.75/day, and efficiency of protein use was 0.66. Net and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance were 58.6 and 91.0 kcal/kg LW0.75/day, respectively. Consequently, estimated efficiency of energy use for maintenance (km) was 0.64. Net protein and energy requirements for weight gain of lambs at 15 and 35 kg LW, and daily LW gain of 250 g, were 32.5 and 33.1 g/day and 424 and 553 kcal/day, respectively. Efficiency of energy use for weight gain (kg) was 0.50, while efficiency of protein use for weight gain (knf) and wool growth (knw) were, respectively, 0.71 and 0.46. Growth pattern of the wool has a high influence on protein requirements of sheep. Texel x Ile de France crossbred growing lambs have lowest nutritional requirements than those recognized by most international Systems.
Com o objetivo de determinar as exigências energéticas e protéicas de cordeiros lanados de aptidão carne foram realizados dois experimentos nas dependências do Laboratório de Ovinocultura da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). No experimento 1 (abate comparativo), foram utilizados trinta cordeiros 16 11 Texel 16 5 Ile de France, machos nãocastrados, desmamados aos 42 dias de idade com peso vivo (PV) médio de 16,2 ± 2,1 kg. Transcorridos dez dias para adaptação dos animais às condições experimentais, cinco cordeiros foram aleatoriamente sorteados e abatidos. Dentre os remanescentes, quinze animais foram alimentados ad libitum e abatidos aos 25, 30 ou 35 kg de PV, sendo, os demais, submetidos a dois níveis de restrição alimentar (70 ou 55% do consumo ad libitum). O abate destes últimos foi realizado juntamente com aqueles alimentados ad libitum e abatidos aos 35 kg de PV. Foram determinados os conteúdos corporais de nitrogênio, gordura e energia. No experimento 2 (ensaio de digestibilidade), seis cordeiros 16 11 Texel 16 5 Ile de France (30,4 ± 2,6 kg) foram mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas individuais, sob delineamento duplo Quadrado Latino 3x3, com objetivo de avaliar o valor nutricional da dieta sob os distintos níveis de consumo. A redução do consumo de matéria seca resultou em aumento linear da digestibilidade e da concentração energética da dieta (P<0,05). A concentração de proteína no corpo livre de lã diminui com o aumento do peso de corpo vazio (PCV). Quando considerada a proteína retida na lã, contudo, a concentração protéica corporal foi pouco variável com o avanço da maturidade. A concentração de gordura corporal variou entre 72,7 e 125,9 g/kg PCV, respectivamente, para os PCV de 13,1 e 28,2 kg. A excreção endógena de nitrogênio foi de 243,2 mg/kg PV0,75/dia, e correspondeu a exigência de proteína líquida para mantença de 1,52 g/kg PV0,75/dia. Por sua vez, a exigência de proteína metabolizável para mantença foi de 2,31 g/kg PV0,75/dia, com eficiência de uso (knm) igual a 0,66. A exigência de energia líquida para mantença foi de 58,6 kcal/kg PV0,75/dia e a de energia metabolizável de 91,0 kcal/kg PV0,75/dia. A eficiência de utilização da energia metabolizável para mantença (km), por sua vez, foi de 0,64. As exigências de proteína e energia líquidas para ganho de peso de cordeiros com 15 e 35 kg de PV, e ganho médio diário de 250 g, foram de 32,5 e 33,1 g/dia e 424 e 553 kcal/dia, respectivamente. A eficiência de utilização da energia metabolizável para ganho de peso (kg) foi de 0,50, e da proteína metabolizável para ganho de peso (knf) e crescimento da lã (knw) de 0,71 e 0,46, respectivamente. O padrão de crescimento da lã possui grande influência sobre as exigências protéicas de ovinos. Cordeiros 16 11 Texel 16 5 Ile de France em crescimento possuem exigências nutricionais inferiores às reportadas por grande parte dos Sistemas internacionais.
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St-Pierre, Normand Roger. "Minimum cost requirements from a response function and incorporation of uncertainty in composition of feeds into chance-constrained programming models of livestock rations /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260135354794.
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Reguzzoni, John L. "Feed Trials of Fatty Acid Composition, Feeding Frequency, and Ration Size on Litopenaeus vannamei Grown in Hard, Fresh Water." NSUWorks, 2003. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/108.
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Azevedo, Paula Alexandra Gil. "Effects of feeding level, water temperature and diet composition on growth and efficiency of feed utilization in two salmonids." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ33201.pdf.
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Guay, Jennifer Fincham. "Fatty Acid Composition of Diets, Metabolism, and Deposition in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Pasture and Feedlot Finished Cattle." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26872.
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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of pasture finishing versus high-concentrate finishing, over time, on fatty acid metabolism in Angus crossbred (n = 24) beef steers. Ruminal fluid, serum, and adipose tissue biposies were obtained on d 0, 28, 84, and 140. Pasture forages and diet ingredient samples were obtained at 14 d intervals to determine nutritive value and fatty acid composition. The high-concentrate diet consisted of corn silage, cracked corn, soybean meal, and a vitamin and mineral supplement. The pasture-finished steers grazed sequentially on triticale (Triticale hexaploide)/annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), alfalfa (Medicago sativa)/orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), and a cool-season grass/legume mixture.
The high-concentrate diet consisted of 57 % linoleic acid and 7 % linolenic acid (of total fatty acids). The pasture forages contained an average 9 % linoleic acid and 66 % linolenic acid (of total fatty acids).
Adipose tissue concentrations of 18:2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA were higher (P < 0.05) in the pasture-finished steers than high-concentrate finished steers. Concentrations of 18:2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA declined in the high-concentrate finished steers (P < 0.05) from d 0 to 28 and d 28 to 84. In the pasture-finished steers concentrations peaked (P < 0.10) on d 28, and remained high throughout the duration of the study.
Concentrations of linolenic acid were higher (P < 0.05) in adipose tissue, ruminal fluid, and serum of the pasture-finished steers, compared to the high-concentrate finished steers. In the pasture-finished steers linolenic acid concentrations peaked (P < 0.05) on d 28, and remained high throughout the study. Concentrations of linolenic acid gradually decreased (P < 0.05) over time within the high-concentrate finished steers. Thus, it appears that only a short time is needed to alter the omega-3 and CLA composition of adipose tissue in cattle finished on pasture.Ph. D.
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Högberg, Anders. "Fatty acids, tocopherols and lipid oxidation in pig muscle : effects of feed, sex and outdoor rearing /." Uppsala : Dept. of Food Science, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Institutionen för livsmedelsvetenskap, Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2002. http://epsilon.slu.se/a328.pdf.
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Mukumbo, Felicitas Esnart. "Effect of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera Lam leaf meal on feed conversion efficiency, meat quality, fatty acid composition, shelf life and consumer health-related perceptions of pork." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016071.
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The objective of the study was to determine the feed conversion efficiency (FCE), carcass characteristics, physico-chemical quality, fatty acid (FA) composition and shelf life of pork from pigs fed diets containing either 0% (T1), 2.5% (T2), 5% (T3) or 7.5% (T4) Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM). Consumer health-related perceptions on pork and fatty acids were also investigated. Twenty four crossbred Large White x Landrace pigs of both sexes at 18 weeks of age and initially weighing 71.6 kg on average were housed individually and had ad libitum access to one of the four dietary treatments for a period of six weeks. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratios (FCR) were calculated as an indication of FCE and pigs were slaughtered at an average live weight of 99.6 kg. Carcass traits such as back fat thickness (BFT), carcass temperatures and pH readings taken 45 minutes and 24 hours (pH45 and pHu) post mortem were recorded. M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) samples were taken from each carcass for the determination of lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), thawing loss percentage (TL%), cooking loss percentage (CL%), Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF), shelf life and FA composition. Furthermore a survey was conducted amongst 80 University of Fort Hare Students to determine their health-related perceptions on pork and fatty acids as well as their pork consumption frequency using questionnaires. The FCE of pigs fed on 0-5% MOLM (T1, T2 and T3) diets did not differ significantly, but the FCE of pigs fed 7.5% MOLM (T4) was significantly (p<0.05) reduced. No significant relationship was reported between inclusion of MOLM carcass characteristics and physico-chemical pork quality. There was however a significant improvement (p<0.05) in the shelf life of the pork from MOLM fed pigs in terms of colour and odour during 10 days of refrigerated storage (at 3±1°C). There was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the total intramuscular fat (IMF) content and the saturated fatty acid (SFA) C18:0 (stearic acid) content and an overall non-significant (p>0.05) increase in the poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of pork from MOLM fed pigs. The possible reason for this is that the feeding of MOLM was commenced when the pigs were at an advanced age and weight. The survey revealed that the majority of interviewed students consume fresh (39.7%) and processed (32.4%) pork two to three times a week, perceive pork to be generally healthy (70%) and the second most healthy meat type (39.5%). While the majority (55.4%) were aware of the health implications of FAs they did not know which FA classes pose more of a health risk (51.3%). In conclusion2.5% and 5% of MOLM in finisher pig feed did not negatively affect FCE, carcass characteristics or physico-chemical meat quality; significantly improved pork shelf life and reduced total IMF and SFA content of pork but 7.5% MOLM negatively affected FCE; and the majority of students perceive pork to be the second most healthy type of meat and are generally aware of the health implications of FAs.
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Duthie, Carol-Anne. "Individual and epistatic genetic effects of quantitative trait loci affecting growth, feed intake, body composition and meat quality in pigs." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3875.
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Selection of pigs has focussed on the improvement of lean growth with simultaneous reduction in fat tissue, due to the high economic importance of these traits. As a consequence, a large number of quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been reported for these traits. In contrast, very few QTL have been reported for chemical body composition (protein and lipid). Knowledge about the deposition rates of these components is important to accurately predict the nutritional requirements of pigs and to determine selection objectives for optimal development of body tissues and feed intake capacity. Therefore, the principle aims of this thesis were to investigate the genomic regulation of physical and chemical body composition as well as feed intake, feed efficiency and meat quality in a commercial pig population. Data for all analyses were derived from a three generation full-sib design created by crossing Pietrain sires with a crossbred dam line. In total, 386 animals were genotyped for 96 molecular markers covering 11 chromosomes. Phenotypic data were available for 315 F2 animals for carcass characteristics measured at slaughter weight, chemical body composition measured at different target weights throughout growth, feed intake measured throughout growth, and meat quality traits collected post-slaughter. Individual QTL analyses of several autosomes and chromosome X uncovered a large number of QTL in different regions of the genome for physical body composition traits as well as novel QTL for chemical body composition and deposition. Associations between QTL for chemical and physical body composition were also detected. The results highlighted that different stages of growth are under different genomic regulation. Further QTL were detected for feed intake and feed efficiency and interesting causative biological reasons for QTL of feed efficiency were derived in associations with QTL for body composition and growth. Epistatic QTL analyses were performed to investigate the contribution of interactions (epistasis) to the genomic regulation of physical and chemical body composition as well as growth and feed intake. Epistasis was found to contribute to the entire growth period, however, different epistatic QTL pairs contributed to different stages of growth. Epistatic QTL pairs mostly accounted for higher proportions of the phenotypic variance than QTL detected from individual QTL analyses. A large number of QTL were identified, which could not be detected from individual QTL analyses, mainly because these QTL did not express individually significant additive or dominance effects and only expressed their effects through interactions with other QTL. Individual and epistatic QTL analyses uncovered numerous QTL as well as epistatic interactions influencing meat quality traits, including pH, meat colour and conductivity, traits which influence the quality of pork. The work of this thesis gives substantial insight into the genomic regulation of economically important traits of pigs. The research highlights that the genomic regulation of growth and body composition, feed intake and meat quality is complex, involving numerous QTL located in different regions of the genome, controlled partly by imprinting effects, as well as a complex network of interactions between QTL. The results obtained in this study can be used in pig breeding to optimise breeding programmes and for marker assisted selection.
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Ahmad, Muhammad Rashid. "Effect of sulphur fertilization on growth and chemical composition of sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L.) and on utilization of sorghum silage fed to wethers." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39958.
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Sulphur (S) is an essential element for plant and animal nutrition, but widespread deficiencies of S occur world wide. Current recommendations for nitrogen (N):S ratios are 15 to 18:1 and 10 to 12:1 for plant and animal nutrition, respectively; but recent information suggests these may not predict animal response. Sorghum is an important crop, particularly in drier climatic regions but little is known concerning S-nutrition for sorghum growth or utilization of S-fertilized forages. Sorghum "Pioneer 947" was grown on a Lucy loamy sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Kandiudult) in King William County, VA, with and without S fertilization (0 vs. 138 kg S ha⁻¹ as ammonium sulphate) in a randomized block design with four replications. Sulphur fertilization decreased (P < 0.05) soil pH and increased soil S in the 0 to 25 cm (P < 0.08) and 25 to 50 cm (P < 0.05) soil layers. An increase in Mehlich-I extractable soil P, Mn (P < 0.05) and soil N0₃-N (P < 0.06) at surface 25 cm layer occurred with S-fertilization. At harvest, S-fertilization increased (P < 0.05) S and water soluble carbohydrates and decreased (P < 0.05) N:S ratio and P concentration in whole plants. Sorghum leaves were higher (P < 0.05) in N, S, Ca, Mn and Cu in S fertilized compared to non-S fertilized sorghum. Sulphur fertilization decreased (P < 0.05) concentration of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) in the upper three leaves. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with the Lucy soil and 'Pioneer 947' sorghum to further investigate effects of fertilization (0, 70, and 140 kg S ha ⁻¹) as ammonium sulphate in a completely randomized design with five replications. Sulphur application decreased soil pH, and extractable soil K linearly (P < 0.01), and increased extractable soil S linearly (P < 0.01).Ph. D.
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Fontana, Eddy Alejandro. "The effect of early feed restriction on the performance, organ weights, carcass composition, and lipid and protein metabolism in broiler chickens." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41291.
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Five experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of early feed restriction on body weights, feed conversion, organ weights, fat deposition, carcass and muscle composition, plasma lipids, lipogenesis, lipolysis, and muscle tissue DNA and RNA in broiler chickens. In Experiments 1 and 2, broiler chicks were reared in litter pens for 49 days, while Experiments 3,4, and 5 were conducted in battery cages for 28 days. Feed restriction in all experiments was induced by providing male broiler chicks with 40 kcal/bird/day for 7 (Experiments 1 and 2) or 6 (Experiments 3, 4, and 5) days, starting at 4 days of age. Feed restriction (40 kcal/bird/day) for broiler females in Experiment 1 was imposed from 4 to 9 days of age. Ad libitum feeding was resumed after the restriction periods and continued to the conclusion of each experiment. Broilers fed ad libitum for the entire experimental period were used as controls in each study.
Broilers under early feed restriction had significantly (P s .05) lower mean body weights than ad libitum fed controls, for all ages measured. However, feed to gain ratios for restricted birds were Significantly lower at 28 (Experiments 1 through 4) and 49 (Experiments 1 and 2) days of age than for birds fed ad libitum. Total pen body weights for restricted and ad libitum fed groups were similar at 49 days of age in Experiments 1 and 2 which, reflected a significant reduction in the rate of mortality observed in the early restricted groups.
Significantly higher levels of lipogenic activity, plasma triglycerides and lipoproteins (VLDL + LDL), and significantly larger abdominal fat pads were observed in restricted broilers than in ad libitum fed controls at 28 days of age (Experiment 4). No significant differences were found in organ weights, carcass composition, lipolysis, and muscle tissue DNA/RNA levels, and muscle composition between early restricted and unrestricted broilers.
Results from these studies indicate that restricted broilers were not able to attain body weights comparable to ad libitum fed birds at 49 days of age. In contrast, early feed restriction resulted in consistently better feed efficiency in restricted birds when compared to controls. Furthermore, it appears that early feed restriction altered lipid metabolism early in life; however, organ weights, fat deposition, muscle composition, and carcass composition were only minimally affected by this procedure.Ph. D.
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Wenner, Benjamin A. "Effect of Bio-Mos® and outdoor access housing on pig growth, feed efficiency, health, behavior and carcass ultrasound traits." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1345574215.
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Smith, Natasha. "The effect of the dietary inclusion of canola oilcake, full-fat canola and sweet lupins on the production performance and fat composition of broilers and pigs." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1215.
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Martins, Andressa Ana. "Exigências nutricionais de energia e proteína para mantença e ganho de peso de cordeiros da raça texel." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10833.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThis study aimed to determine the energetic and protein requirements to gain and maintenance for fitness lamb meat Texel. The experiment was made at the Sheep Laboratory, in the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). It was used 56 Texel lambs, male not castrated, weaned at 50 days of age and housed in individual places (2 m²). The diet consisted of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench), grain of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.) and mineral mix, and it was calculated to attend the requirements of crude protein, metabolizable energy and macro minerals recommended by NRC (2007), for a daily gain of 0,200 kg. After 14 days for the animal adaptation to the experimental conditions, 14 lambs were randomly selected and slaughtered. Among the remaining, 24 animals were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at 25, 30, 35 ou 40 kg of body weight (BW), and 12 animals were submitted to two levels of food supply (70 or 55% of ad libitum intake). The slaughter of these last animals was made with those which were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at 40 kg BW. It was formed ten groups of the body components in which were determined the body content of nitrogen, fat and energy. And yet, six lambs were undergone to a digestibility trial with the aim of evaluating the nutritional diet value under the different levels of consumption. The lambs were kept into individual metabolic cages under double 3x3 Latin Square Desing. In the higher level of dietary restriction it was gotten the highest percentage of apparent digestibility and the biggest energy concentration of the diet. The protein concentration in the body free from wool decreased with the increasing of empty body weight (EBW), the fat and energy body concentration increased as the PVC was high. The endogenous nitrogen excretion was 279 mg/kg PV0,75/day, which corresponded to the net requirement protein for maintenance of 1,74 g/kg PV0,75/day, this one corresponds to a metabolizable protein requirement for maintenance of 1,74 g/kg PV0,75/day, considering an efficient utilization equal to 1,0. The net energy requirement for maintenance was 56,49 kcal/kg PV0,75/day and the metabolizable energy of 82 kcal/kg PV0,75/day. The protein requirements and net energy for weight gain of lambs with 25 and 40 kg BW and daily average gain of 250g were 34 g/day and 552 and 664 kcal/day.
Objetivou-se determinar as exigências energéticas e protéicas para ganho e mantença de cordeiros Texel. O experimento foi realizado nas dependências do Laboratório de Ovinocultura da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Foram utilizados 56 cordeiros da raça Texel, machos não-castrados, desmamados aos 50 dias de idade e confinados em baias individuais (2 m²). A dieta foi constituída por silagem de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench), grão de milho (Zea mays L.), farelo de soja (Glycine max L.) e mistura mineral, sendo calculada para atender às exigências de proteína bruta, energia metabolizável e macrominerais preconizadas pelo NRC (2007), para ganho de 0,200 kg diários. Após 14 dias para adaptação dos animais às condições experimentais, 14 cordeiros foram aleatoriamente sorteados e abatidos. Dentre os remanescentes, 24 animais foram alimentados ad libitum e abatidos aos 25, 30, 35 ou 40 kg de peso vivo (PV), e 12 animais foram submetidos a dois níveis de oferta de alimento (70 ou 55% do consumo ad libitum). O abate destes últimos foi realizado juntamente com aqueles alimentados ad libitum e abatidos aos 40 kg de PV. Foram constituídos dez grupos dos componentes corporais nos quais foram determinados os conteúdos corporais de nitrogênio, gordura e energia. Paralelamente seis cordeiros foram submetidos a um ensaio de digestibilidade, com o objetivo de avaliar o valor nutricional da dieta sob os distintos níveis de consumo. No nível de maior restrição alimentar obteve-se a maior percentagem de digestibilidade aparente e a maior concentração energética da dieta. A concentração de proteína no corpo livre de lã diminuiu com o aumento do peso de corpo vazio (PCV), a de gordura e energia corporal aumentaram à medida que foi elevado o PCV. A excreção endógena de nitrogênio foi de 279 mg/kg PV0,75/dia, o que correspondeu a exigência de proteína líquida para mantença de 1,74 g/kg PV0,75/dia, esta corresponde a uma exigência de proteína metabolizável para mantença de 1,74 g/kg PV0,75/dia, considerando uma eficiência de utilização igual a 1,0. A exigência de energia liquida para mantença foi de 56,49 kcal/kg PV0,75/dia e a energia metabolizável de 82 kcal/kg PV0,75/dia. As exigências de proteína e energia líquidas para ganho de peso de cordeiros com 20 e 40 kg de PV e ganho médio diário de 250g, foram de 32 e 33 g/dia e 448 e 600 kcal/dia.
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Åkerlind, Maria. "Milk composition and metabolism of cows selected for high or low milk-fat concentration /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5702-5.pdf.
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Crouch, Andrew Neil. "THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL FEED RESTRICTION ON BODY COMPOSITION AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL LARGE WHITE TURKEY BREEDER HENS AND ITS SUBSEQUENT ECONOMIC IMPACT." NCSU, 2000. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20001009-084659.
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Large White turkey breeder hens were tested in a 4 X 3 factorial design to evaluate the effect of three different levels of physical feed restriction on subsequent reproductive performance. The feed treatments comprised: Control Control (CC) - ad libitum fed throughout the study, Control Restricted (CR) - feed restricted from 16-24 WOA, Restricted Control (RC) - feed restricted from 3-16 WOA and Restricted Restricted (RR) - feed restricted from 3-24 WOA. Feed restriction was implemented so that restricted fed hens achieved a 45% reduction in BW as compared to Control hens at 16 WOA. From 16-24 WOA restriction was implemented to maintain a slight increase in BW. At the completion of the respective restriction period, hens were gradually released back to ad libitum feeding. At the time of photostimulation (30 WOA) all treatments were divided into sub-treatments by weight: HEAVY, MEDIUM and LIGHT, resulting in four treatments with three sub-treatments within each. All hens continued on ad libitum feeding throughout a 20 wk lay cycle. Body weight (BW) for all treatments differed significantly (P<.05) at 16 and 30 WOA. At the end of lay (53 WOA) treatment CR no longer significantly differed in BW from treatment CC as did treatment RR no longer significantly differ in BW from treatment RC. Treatment CC reached maximum feed consumption at 12-15 WOA, whereas restricted treatments CR, RC and RR did not reach maximum feed consumption until just prior to photostimulation (30 WOA). At the end of the study, cumulative feed consumption was significantly less for restricted treatments. Previous research reported (Trial 1), concluded that restricting hens early in rearing preceding a lay cycle in the Winter season resulted in numerical increases in egg production. The time period for this study (Trial 2) was inverted from that of Trial 1, in that hens were photostimulated for Summer season egg production. For Trial 2, RC and RR hens laid significantly more eggs than did CC and CR hens for the first 1-5 weeks of lay (wol). However, within Trial 2, once house temperature increased to over 80-85 oF RC and RR egg production suffered dramatically, cumulating in a significant decrease in production. Hens restricted early in rearing (3-16 WOA) also cumulatively laid more soft shelled eggs and reported a decrease in hatch of fertile eggs for Trial 2. Determining why hens restricted fed early in rearing decreased egg quality and production soon after peak lay in the Summer season was a focal point of this study. Due to the fact that hens considered ?out-of-production? had circulating levels of prolactin up to 5 times less than that of hens ?in-production?, incubation behavior and broodiness were not considered to be a factor. Therefore, body composition, carcass conformation and hormonal and enzyme activity were analyzed to determine the effect feed restriction had on each of these variables. Early feed restriction reduced the percent body fat of breeder candidates while increasing the percentage of moisture and ash. Relative weights of organ and tissues samples revealed that early feed restriction resulted in a larger percentage of crop, liver and total visera for restricted fed hens. Early feed restriction also increased the percentage of bone structure regarding femur and keel bone development. However, treatments which were restricted fed early exhibited a significant reduction in absolute and relative weight of breast and thigh muscles in comparison to ad libitum fed hens at 15 WOA. Although these differences were not reported at 30 WOA on a relative basis, absolute weights remained significantly different with respect to breast muscle. This same variation with regards to breast muscle was then noted throughout the 20 wk lay cycle. The sub-treatment ?weight?, LIGHT, MEDIUM and HEAVY hens responded very much in the same manner irrespective of their initial treatment (CC, CR, RC and RR). This analysis results in the conclusion that a LIGHT hen is destined to be a LIGHT hen irrespective of her feed allotment. This phenomena is more than likely attributed to the genetic material compiled by each hen. LIGHT hens within each treatment exhibited a greater tendency for compensatory growth as compared to MEDIUM and HEAVY hens. However, egg production suffered within LIGHT hens as these hens at times laid a significantly smaller and undesirable quality of an egg. MEDIUM hens expressed a larger portion of BW through breast muscle, therefore appearing to make them the more reproductively oriented sub-treatment. In fact, MEDIUM hens did lay at a numerically higher hen housed production percentage. In conclusion, if turkey breeder hens are to lay in the Winter season, restricting feed early in rearing can prove economically beneficial. However, if hens are to lay during the Summer season, feed restriction early in rearing appears to be detrimental to subsequent reproduction in that initial breast and fat loss is never fully recuperated for the lay cycle. Therefore, feed restriction should be limited to later in rearing if any economic benefits are to be reported.
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Bilal, Ghulam. "Genetic parameters of the fatty acid composition of milk of Canadian holsteins and genetic associations between feed intake and type traits in Canadian holsteins." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110611.
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The first part of the thesis discusses about the fatty acid composition of bovine milk fat. One morning milk sample was collected from each of 3185 dairy cows between February and June 2010 from 52 commercial herds enrolled in the Quebec Dairy Production Centre of Expertise, Valacta. Individual fatty acid percentages (g/100g of total fatty acids) were determined for each sample by gas chromatography. After necessary editing, final data included 2573 cows representing 46 herds. The objectives of the first study were to study the effects of parity, age at calving and stage of lactation on fatty acid composition of milk of Canadian Holsteins. The model included the fixed effects of parity, age at calving and stage of lactation nested within parity and random effects of herd-year-season of calving and residual. The mixed model was fitted using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) methodology. Parity of cow was significantly (P < 0.05) related to the variation in most fatty acids in milk fat. First parity cows had relatively higher proportions of some beneficial fatty acids and lower proportions of potentially harmful saturated fatty acids as compared to later parity cows. Stage of lactation significantly affected fatty acid composition of cows. The short and medium chain fatty acids were low in the beginning of lactation and increased during the early part of lactation, whereas, an opposite trend was observed for long chain fatty acids. The objective of the second study was to estimate heritabilities of and genetic and phenotypic correlations among fatty acids in milk of Canadian Holsteins using fatty acid data from the first study. Genetic parameters were estimated using multitrait animal models fitted under REML. The estimates of heritability ranged from 0.01 to 0.39 with standard errors ranging from 0.01 to 0.06. Generally, monounsaturated (0.20 to 0.39) and saturated fatty acids (0.02 to 0.34) showed higher heritability estimates than polyunsaturated fatty acids (0.01 to 0.21) and trans fatty acids (0.01 to 0.05). Overall, saturated fatty acids were negatively genetically correlated with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Most of the genetic correlation estimates between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were positive. In order to change milk fat composition in a desirable direction, selection for one or more monounsaturated fatty acids may be more effective than selection against saturated fatty acids.The objective of the third study (Part 2 of thesis) was to estimate genetic correlations between feed intake and type traits with a view to considering the potential of indirect genetic selection for feed intake using type traits in dairy cattle. Feed intake data on 119388 first lactation Holstein cows were obtained from the Quebec Dairy Production Centre of Expertise, Valacta. The two trait animal models were fitted under restricted maximum likelihood (REML). Estimates of heritabilities ± standard errors for DMI, NELI and CPI were 0.12 ± 0.01, 0.13 ± 0.01 and 0.13 ± 0.01, respectively. Estimates of heritabilities ± standard errors of dairy strength, angularity, body depth, stature and final score were 0.31 ± 0.01, 0.24 ± 0.01, 0.30 ± 0.01, 0.50 ± 0.01 and 0.22 ± 0.01, respectively. All phenotypic and genetic correlation estimates between feed intake and type traits were positive. Angularity showed the highest genetic correlation estimates with feed intake traits (0.60 to 0.65) followed by dairy strength (0.48 to 0.54), stature and body depth (0.29 to 0.36) with all three feed intake traits. Angularity, dairy strength, stature and body depth may be useful for indirect selection of feed intake traits in dairy cattle.La première partie du mémoire traite sur la composition en acides gras de la matière grasse du lait de bovins. Un échantillon de lait du matin a été recueilli de chacune des 3185 vaches laitières entre Février et Juin 2010 à partir de 52 troupeaux commerciaux inscrits dans le Centre d'Expertise de Production Laitière du Québec, de Valacta. Pourcentages individuels d'acides gras (g/100 g d'acides gras totaux) ont été déterminées pour chaque échantillon par chromatographie de phase gazeuse. Après l'édition de l'information, les données finales ont inclus 2573 vaches représentant 46 troupeaux. Les objectifs du premier étude on été d'étudier les effets de la parité, l'âge au vêlage et le stade de lactation sur la composition en acides gras du lait de vaches Holstein canadiennes. La parité de la vache a été significativement (P <0,05) liée à la variation dans la plupart des acides gras dans la graisse du lait. Vaches primipares ont des proportions relativement élevées de certains acides gras bénéfiques et de plus faibles proportions de potentiellement dangereux comme les acides gras saturés par rapport aux vaches de parité plus tard. Le stade de lactation a significativement affectée la composition en acides gras du lait des vaches. Les acides gras à chaîne courte et moyenne ont été faibles au début de la lactation et ont augmenté au cours de la première partie de la lactation, alors qu'une tendance inverse a été observée pour les acides gras à chaîne longue.L'objectif du second étude a été d'estimer l'héritabilité de et les corrélations génétiques et phénotypiques entre les acides gras dans le lait de vaches Holstein canadiennes en utilisant des données d'acides gras du premier étude. Les paramètres génétiques ont été estimés en utilisant des modèles animaux plusieurs caractéristiques montés sous REML. Les estimations de l'héritabilité variaient de 0,01 à 0,39 avec une erreur standard allant de 0,01 à 0,06. En règle générale, acides gras mono insaturés (0,20 à 0,39) et acides gras saturés (0,02 à 0,34) ont montré des estimations d'héritabilité plus élevés que les acides gras polyinsaturés (0,01 à 0,21) et les acides gras trans (0,01 à 0,05). Dans l'ensemble, les acides gras saturés ont été négativement corrélée génétiquement avec acides gras mono insaturés et polyinsaturés. La plupart des estimations de corrélation génétique entre mono insaturés et polyinsaturés acides gras ont été positifs. Afin de modifier la composition en matières grasses laitières dans une direction souhaitable, la sélection pour un ou plusieurs acides gras mono insaturés peut être plus efficace que la sélection contre les acides gras saturés.L'objectif du troisième étude (Partie 2 de la thèse) était d'estimer les corrélations génétiques entre la consommation alimentaire et les traits de type avec une vue d'examiner le potentiel de la sélection génétique indirecte sur la consommation alimentaire en utilisant les caractères propres des bovins laitiers. Les modèles ont été ajustés au titre du REML. Les estimations d'héritabilité ± erreurs standards pour DMI, NELI et de l'CPI était de 0,12 ± 0,01, 0,13 ± 0,01 et 0,13 ± 0,01, respectivement. Les estimations d'héritabilité ± erreurs standards de la force laitière, angularité, la profondeur du corps, la stature et le score final était de 0,31 ± 0,01, 0,24 ± 0,01, 0,30 ± 0,01, 0,50 ± 0.01and 0,22 ± 0,01, respectivement. Toutes les estimations de corrélation phénotypiques et génétiques entre la prise alimentaire et les traits de type ont été positifs. Angularité montré les estimations les plus élevées de corrélation génétiques avec les traits ingestion (0,60 à 0,65), suivie par la force des produits laitiers (0,48 à 0,54), la stature et la profondeur du corps (0,29 à 0,36) avec les trois traits ingestion d'aliments. Profondeur Angularité, puissance laitière, la stature et le corps peut être utile pour la sélection indirecte des traits ingestion chez les vaches laitières.
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Wahlström, Annsofie. "Diet x hybrid interactions in large groups of laying hens /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5728-9.pdf.
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Jegou, Maëva. "Recherche de biomarqueurs sanguins de la plasticité lipidique chez le porc et le poulet." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARB247/document.
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La production de viande à moindre coût nécessite de disposer d’animaux robustes, efficaces, capables de s’adapter aux contraintes d’élevage. Ceci requiert l’évaluation de la capacité de l’animal à constituer et restituer ses réserves énergétiques. Ce travail de thèse a donc pour objectif d’identifier de potentiels biomarqueurs sanguins en lien avec la composition corporelle. Pour cela, deux espèces monogastriques sont étudiées, le porc et le poulet. Au sein de chaque espèce, les animaux de deux lignées génétiques (sélection divergente sur la Consommation Moyenne Journalière Résiduelle chez le porc et sur la proportion de gras abdominal chez le poulet) ont reçu des régimes alimentaires contrastés (riches en lipides et en fibres vs. riches en amidon) mais isoprotéiques et isoénergétiques. Les paramètres plasmatiques et le transcriptome du sang ont été étudiés en réponse à ces régimes alimentaires.Les métabolites et hormones plasmatiques sont affectés par le régime chez le porc alors que ces paramètres sont affectés par le régime et la lignée chez le poulet. L’analyse du métabolome associée aux mesures ciblées des concentrations en métabolites et hormones montre que l’association de plusieurs paramètres sanguins explique entre 37 et 75% de la variabilité de la masse adipeuse chez le porc ou le poulet. Pour les deux espèces, le transcriptome du sang est plus affecté par la lignée génétique que par le régime alimentaire. Les porcs et les poulets nourris avec un régime riche en lipides et en fibres, surexpriment le gène codant la forme hépatique d’une enzyme mitochondriale : CPMeat production at a lower cost requires robust and efficient animals able to adapt to different rearing conditions. This requires assessing animal’s abilities to store and restore its energy reserves. The objective of the current thesis was to identify potential blood markers of body composition. Two monogastric species were studied, pig and chicken. For each species, animals of two genetic lines (divergent selection on Residual Feed Intake in pigs and abdominal fat proportion in chicken) received two diets contrasted in energy sources (high vegetable oils and fibers vs. rich in starch) but isoproteic and isoenergetic. Plasma parameters and the blood transcriptome were studied in response to those diets.Plasma metabolites and hormones were affected by the diet in pigs whereas those parameters were affected by the diet and the genetic lines in chickens. Metabolome analysis, associated with targeted measurement of metabolites and hormones concentrations, shows that the combination of several blood parameters explained between 37 and 75% of the variability of body fat in pig or chicken. For both species, the blood transcriptome was more affected by the line than by the diet. Pigs and chickens fed a diet rich in lipids and fibers, overexpressed the gene encoding the hepatic form of a mitochondrial enzyme: CPT1A. In summary, this work supports the potential use of blood transcriptome to study variations of phenotypes in a dynamic way throughout the life of the animal and to highlight biomarkers for future selection process
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Nin, Cecília Schüler. "Quebra foliar e colonização de macroinvertebrados em riachos do bioma pampa." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/78155.
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Dois estudos envolvendo processos ecológicos de decomposição foliar e colonização por macroinvertebrados foram realizados em três nascentes do bioma Pampa. O primeiro deles questionou se as folhas podem ter processos diferenciados quando estão misturadas, ou seja, se há efeito aditivo de uma folha sobre as outras e se a fauna decompositora seleciona recursos na forma desse composto heterogêneo. Para tanto, quatro espécies mais comuns da mata de galeria desses riachos foram coletadas e incubadas em bolsas-de-folhiço. A taxa de decomposição das folhas quando misturadas não é diferente da média de todas as espécies isoladas, indicando que não existe efeito de uma espécie sobre as outras. A colonização de macroinvertebrados não respondeu a diferenças dos detritos, tanto para abundância quanto para composição da fauna, indicando que as morfoespécies não têm preferência por tipos de folhas. Em relação aos grupos tróficos funcionais, não existe seleção entre os diferentes detritos - mesmo quando misturados - mas sim um forte padrão de sucessão no tempo. Herbívoros e omnívoros possuem maior freqüência nas primeiras etapas do processo, seguidos de detritívoros e carnívoros mais nas etapas finais. Já o segundo estudo se propõe a investigar se a presença de folhas de Eucalyptus saligna (exótica) junto às de nativas tem efeito na taxa de decomposição total da mistura em resposta as suas diferentes pressões de seleção, como por exemplo, seus metabólitos secundários. A taxa de decomposição tanto de E. saligna, quanto dessas folhas misturadas às nativas, é considerada lenta, sendo que folhas de E. saligna isoladas foi a mais rápida, ficando no limite ente lenta a intermediária. A taxa de decomposição do tratamento nativas + E. saligna foi diferente daquela esperada pela média de todas as espécies isoladas (nativas + exótica). A densidade de macroinvertebrados foi diferente entre folhas de E. saligna e desta misturada às nativas, sendo a maior riqueza de morfoespécies associada às folhas da espécie exótica. Não há padrões quanto à estrutura da assembléia de macroinvertebrados associados às diferentes folhas, e nem entre os tempos. A mesma falta de agrupamento ocorre para os grupos funcionais. E. saligna obteve uma taxa de decomposição mais acelerada provavelmente por apresentar baixo teor de lignina e, ainda, pela rapidez com que geralmente os polifenóis são lixiviados. O esperado para a decomposição do tratamento nativas + E. saligna foi uma taxa maior daquela observada, possivelmente porque as folhas nativas apresentam uma estrutura tecidual mais íntegra, providenciando uma desaceleração da taxa de decomposição das folhas de eucalipto na mistura. Portanto, tanto o processo de decomposição quanto a colonização de macroinvertebrados do tratamento de nativas sob influência da exótica se deu mais em função das espécies nativas ali presentes.Two studies involving ecological processes of leaf decomposition and macroinvertebrate colonization were performed on three headwater streams of the Pampa biome. The first verified if the leaves may have different decomposition process when they are mixed, in other words, if there is additive effect of a film on the other, and if the fauna selects resources in the form of this heterogeneous compound. To achieve that, the four most common species of the gallery forest of these streams were collected and placed in litter-bags. The leaf breakdown rate when mixed is not different from the average of all species isolated, indicating that there is no effect of one species over the others. The colonization of macroinvertebrates did not respond to differences of detritus, both to the abundance and for fauna composition, indicating that the morphospecies have no preference for the leaves kind. Regarding the functional feed groups, there is no selection among the different debris - even when mixed - but a strong pattern of temporal succession. Herbivores and omnivores have higher frequency in the early stages of the decomposition followed by detritivores and carnivores in the final stages. The second study aims to investigate whether the presence of Eucalyptus saligna (exotic) plus native leaves affect the decomposition rate of the mixture since these leaves have experienced different selection pressures and therefore have different mechanisms of decomposition, for example, have developed different secondary metabolites. The decomposition rate of both E. saligna, and these leaves mixed with native, were considered slow, but the E. saligna leaves alone had the fastest decomposition rate, being in the limit between slow and intermediate. The leaf breakdown rate of native + E. saligna was different from that expected by the average of the isolated species (native + exotic). The density of macroinvertebrates was different between of E. saligna and native plus eucalypt leaves, with the greatest richness of morphospecies associated with the leaves of the exotic one. There were no standards in the assembly of macroinvertebrates associated with the different leaves, or between times. The same lack of clustering occurs for the functional feed groups. E. saligna obtained a faster decay rate probably because of its low lignin content, and also the speed with which the polyphenols are generally leached. The expected for the decomposition rate of native + E. saligna was higher than the observed, possibly because the leaves have a native tissue structure more fully, providing a deceleration in the decomposition rate of eucalyptus leaves in the mix. Therefore, both the process of decomposition and colonization by macroinvertebrates under the influence of the exotic, were more associated with the presence of the native species.
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Medeiros, Sérgio Raposo de. "Ácido linoléico conjugado: teores nos alimentos e seu uso no aumento da produção de leite com maior teor de proteína e perfil de ácidos graxos modificado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-05112002-152641/.
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Os ácidos linoléicos conjugados (CLA) são potentes anticarcinogênicos em animais de laboratório e inibidores da lipogênese na glândula mamária, fígado e tecido adiposo. No primeiro experimento, foram determinados os teores de CLA de alimentos e o consumo total de CLA em dietas brasileiras. Amostras de leite foram coletadas em rebanhos Holandeses (B. taurus) e Gir (B. indicus) em dois períodos (Águas x Seca). Carne bovina foi coletada de animais terminados em: 1) Pastagem suplementada com concentrado; 2) Dietas com alto volumoso e 3) Dietas com alto concentrado. Amostras de carne suína e de frango foram adquiridas em Piracicaba-SP. Dietas humanas foram amostradas no restaurante da ESALQ. Leite de Holandês nas Águas apresentaram as médias mais elevadas (15,8 ± 2,9 mg/g gordura). Os teores no período da Seca foram significativamente mais baixos, com média de 5,1 mg/g gordura. Houve menor variação entre épocas para B. indicus, (Águas, 9,7 e Seca, 8,0 mg/g gordura). O teor de CLA na carne bovina foi afetado pelo sistema de produção com valores de 2,8 ±0,5; 4,7 ± 1,5 e 9,9 ± 2,4 mg/g gordura, respectivamente, para os animais a pasto, com alto volumoso e alto concentrado. Carne de monogástricos apresentaram os menores valores (frango, 1,0 e suínos, 0,2 mg/g gordura). O experimento 2 estudou os efeitos da suplementação de CLA na produção e composição do leite em 30 vacas cruzadas pastejando estrela africana (Cynodon nlenfuensis var. nlenfuensis). O suplemento (4kg/dia) foi formulado para prover 115% das exigências de proteína metabolizável, sendo fornecidos 150g/cab/dia de Megalac â (Controle) ou 150g/cab/dia de sais de cálcio de CLA (CLA-60, Church & Dwight, Princeton, NJ) da 4 a a 11 a semana de lactação (período de tratamento). Os efeitos residuais foram avaliados entre a 12 a e a 15 a semana (período residual). O tratamento com CLA aumentou a produção de leite (P=0.056) e reduziu o teor de gordura de 2,86 para 2,05% (P<0,01) e a produção de gordura de 437 para 349 g/dia (P<0,01). Houve aumento de 10% no teor de proteína (2,78 para 3,05%; P<0,01) e de 19% na produção (422 para 504 g/dia; P<0.01). A densidade energética do leite foi reduzida (P<0.01) pelo CLA, sendo que o volume de leite aumentou, consequentemente as exigências de energia líquida de lactação foram reduzidas por unidade de leite produzido. A produção do leite e o teor e produção de proteína do leite dos animais tratados mantiveram-se mais elevados no período residual. O CLA reduziu os teores de ácidos graxos (AG) de cadeia curta e a proporção de AG saturados. O tratamento com CLA aumentou o teor de CLA em 30% (P<0.01) e do isômero t10,c12, em 88%. Os resultados do experimento. 1 demonstram que, se o CLA tem efeito protetivo contra câncer sugerido pelos estudos epidemiológicos disponíveis, o enriquecimento de CLA na dieta seria desejável. A suplementação com CLA aumentou a produção de leite, alterou sua composição, e reduziu as exigências nutricionais por unidade de leite, permitindo aumentos de volume de leite e de quantidade de proteína, particularmente em ambientes onde o aporte de energia é restrito.Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are potent anticarcinogenics in animal models and inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis in mammary gland, kidney and adipose tissue. In experiment 1, CLA content of some foods and total intake in Brazilian diets were determined. Milk samples were collected from Holstein herds (B. taurus) and Gir (B. indicus) herds in two seasons (Rainy x Dry). Beef samples were collected from animals finished on: 1) Pasture plus supplement; 2) High roughage feedlot diets 3) High concentrate feedlot diets. Pork and broiler samples were purchased in Piracicaba-SP. Human diets were collected at the university restaurant (ESALQ). Holstein milk at the Rainy season presented the highest values (15.8 ± 2.9 mg/g fat). At the dry season values were much lower averaging 5.1 mg/g fat. For B. indicus there was less variation between seasons, (Rainy, 9,7 and Dry, 8,0 mg/g fat). Beef samples CLA content were affected by the production system and values were 2.8 ±0.5; 4.7 ± 1.5 e 9.9 ± 2.,4 mg/g fat, respectively, for pasture animals, the high roughage and high concentrate. Monogastrics had the lowest values (broiler, 1,0 and pork, 0,2 mg/g fat). Experiment 2 studied the CLA supplementation effects on milk production and composition using 30 crossbred cows grazing stargrass (Cynodon nlenfuensis var. nlenfuensis). The supplement (4kg/dia) was formulated to provide 115% of the metabolizable protein requirements. The control treatment was 150g/cab/dia de Megalac â (Control) and the treatment were 150g/cab/day CLA calcium salts (CLA-60, Church & Dwight, Princeton, NJ) from week 4 to week 11 (treatment period). Residual effects were evaluated between week 12 and week 15 (residual period). CLA treatment increased milk production (P=0.056) and reduced fat content from 2.86 to 2.05% (P<0,01) and fat production from 437 to 349 g/day (P<0,01). Milk protein increased by 10% (2.,78 to 3.05%; P<0.01) and 19% in production (422 to 504 g/day; P<0.01). Milk energy concentration was decreased (P<0.01) by CLA, while milk volume increased, consequently the net energy of lactation was reduced by kilos of milk produced. Milk production and protein production and content, for the treated cows, kept higher in the residual period. CLA reduced short chain fatty acids (FA) and the proportion of saturated FA. CLA treatment increased CLA content by 30% (P<0.01) and for t10,c12, by 88%. Experiment 1 results showed that, if CLA has protective against cancer suggested by the available epidemiological studies, than CLA enrichment should be desirable. CLA supplementation with CLA increased milk volume production, altered its composition, and reduced the energy requirements in relation to milk unity produced, allowing higher milk volumes, higher protein produced, particularly in environments where energy is restricted.
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Sen, Deger. "Polycarbonate Based Zeolite 4a Filled Mixed Matrix Membranes: Preparation, Characterization And Gas Separation Performances." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609348/index.pdf.
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Developing new membrane morphologies and modifying the existing membrane materials are required to obtain membranes with improved gas separation performances. The incorporation of zeolites and low molecular-weight additives (LMWA) into polymers are investigated as alternatives to modify the permselective properties of polymer membranes. In this study, these two alternatives were applied together to improve the separation performance of a polymeric membrane. The polycarbonate (PC) chain characteristics was altered by incorporating p-nitroaniline (pNA) as a LMWA and the PC membrane morphology was modified by introducing zeolite 4A particles as fillers. For this purpose, pure PC and PC/pNA dense homogenous membranes, and PC/zeolite 4A and PC/pNA/zeolite 4A mixed matrix membranes (MMM) were prepared by solvent-evaporation method using dichloromethane as the solvent. The pNA and zeolite 4A concentrations in the casting solutions were changed between 1-5% (w/w) and 5-30% (w/w), respectively. Membranes were characterized by SEM, DSC, and single gas permeability measurements of N2, H2, O2, CH4 and CO2. They were also tested for their binary gas separation performances with CO2/CH4, CO2/N2 and H2/CH4 mixtures at different feed gas compositions.
DSC analysis of the membranes showed that, incorporation of zeolite 4A particles into PC/pNA increased the glass transition temperatures, Tg, but incorporation of them to pure PC had no effect on the Tg, suggesting that pNA was a necessary agent for interaction between zeolite 4A and PC matrix.
The ideal selectivities increased in the order of pure PC, PC/zeolite 4A MMMs and PC/pNA/zeolite 4A MMMs despite a loss in the permeabilities with respect to pure PC. A significant improvement was achieved in selectivities when the PC/pNA/zeolite 4A MMMs were prepared with pNA concentrations of 1 % and 2 % (w/w) and with a zeolite loading of 20 % (w/w). The H2/CH4 and CO2/CH4 selectivities of PC/pNA (1%)/zeolite 4A (20%) membrane were 121.3 and 51.8, respectively, which were three times higher than those of pure PC membrane.
Binary gas separation performance of the membranes showed that separation selectivities of pure PC and PC/pNA homogenous membranes were nearly the same as the ideal selectivities regardless of the feed gas composition. On the other hand, for PC/zeolite 4A and PC/pNA/zeolite 4A MMMs, the separation selectivities were always lower than the respective ideal selectivities for all binary gas mixtures, and demonstrated a strong feed composition dependency indicating the importance of gas-membrane matrix interactions in MMMs. For CO2/CH4 binary gas mixture, when the CO2 concentration in the feed increased to 50 %, the selectivities decreased from 31.9 to 23.2 and 48.5 to 22.2 for PC/zeolite 4A (20%) and PC/pNA (2%)/zeolite 4A (20%) MMMs, respectively.
In conclusion, high performance PC based MMMs were prepared by blending PC with small amounts of pNA and introducing zeolite 4A particles. The prepared membranes showed promising results to separate industrially important gas mixtures depending on the feed gas compositions.
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Carvalho, Marina Vieira de. "Efeito do Fornecimento Crônico de Leptina e da Nutrição na Maturação Sexual de Novilhas Zebuínas (Bos taurus indicus)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-23032011-162453/.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o fornecimento crônico de leptina recombinante ovina (oLeptina) e do nível de energia da dieta na idade, peso vivo (PV), escore de condição corporal (ECC) e composição corporal à puberdade, assim como avaliar seus efeitos no desenvolvimento dos folículos ovarianos e no consumo de matéria seca (CMS). Foram utilizadas 36 novilhas da raça Nelore, com média de 18 a 20 meses de idade, 276,1 ± 17,9 kg PV e ECC de 4,7 ± 0,46, distribuídas aleatoriamente em três tratamentos: A) Dieta de alta energia; B) Dieta de baixa energia, BL) Dieta de baixa energia com administração subcutânea de oLeptina. Os animais foram alojados de 2 baias coletivas de acordo com a dieta oferecida. As dietas foram formuladas para promover um ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) de 0,3 kg PV/dia e 1,0 kg PV/dia. O controle de consumo foi feito através da pesagem diária das sobras e manutenção dessas entre 5 e 10% do total oferecido. Os animais foram pesados e tiveram o ECC avaliado duas vezes por semana, para acompanhamento do GMD. Foi administrado 12 g de óxido de cromo/animal/dia por deglutição forçada por 10 dias, com coleta de amostras de fezes, dieta e sobras nos últimos 5 dias, para estimativa do consumo individual de MS e energia, através da determinação do cromo nas fezes e do FDNi nas fezes, dietas e sobras. O grupo BL recebeu 4,8 µg de oLeptina/kg PV, via subcutânea, duas vezes ao dia (6:00 e 18:00 horas) por 56 dias, enquanto os grupos A e B receberam 2 ml de solução salina. O diâmetro máximo do folículo dominante (FD) e a presença de corpo lúteo (CL) foram avaliados através de ultrassonografia transretal duas vezes por semana, até o momento da puberdade. No momento da ultrassonografia, foram coletadas amostras de sangue, por punção da veia jugular, para dosagem da concentração sérica de progesterona. A idade à puberdade foi considerada como a idade na primeira detecção de um CL, confirmado como sendo funcional por dosagem de progesterona acima de 1 ng/ml. Após a confirmação da puberdade os animais foram abatidos para estimativa da composição corporal, através da determinação do teor de água em cortes da 9a-10a-11a costelas. O maior teor de energia na dieta reduziu a idade e aumentou o ECC à puberdade (P<0,05). A leptina não teve efeito na idade, PV ou ECC à puberdade (P>0,05). Tanto o maior consumo de energia quanto a leptina aumentaram a velocidade de crescimento e determinaram maior diâmetro médio do FD (P<0,05), entretanto a velocidade de crescimento do FD do grupo BL voltou a diminuir, igualando-se à do grupo BL, após cerca de 30 dias de tratamento, comportando-se de forma quadrática à análise de regressão. O maior consumo de energia determinou maior teor de extrato etéreo e menores teores de proteína, matéria seca e matéria mineral no corpo vazio, além de maior espessura de gordura subcutânea e área de olho de lombo na carcaça (P<0,05). A aplicação de leptina não alterou a composição corporal das novilhas à puberdade (P>0,05). Não houve diferença no CMS (kg MS/dia) entre os grupos, entretanto o grupo A teve menor CMS em % PV, além de maior consumo de energia digestível, metabolizável e líquida para ganho (P<0,05). A leptina não reduziu o CMS das novilhas (P>0,05) tanto em kg MS/dia quanto em % PV. A energia acelera a obtenção da puberdade e altera a composição corporal à puberdade de novilhas zebuínas. A aplicação de leptina não acelerou a obtenção da puberdade de novilhas zebuínas em baixo consumo de energia, mas aumentou temporariamente a taxa de crescimento folicular desses animais.This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of recombinant ovine leptin (oLeptin) and the energy level of the diet on age, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and body composition at puberty, as well as to evaluate its effects on dominant follicle (DF) development and dry matter (DM) intake. Thirty six Nellore heifers, 18 to 20 months old, with 276.1 ± 17.9 kg BW and BCS of 4.7 ± 0.46 were randomly distributed into three treatments: H) High energy diet; L) Low energy diet; LL) Low energy diet with subcutaneous administration of oLeptin. Heifers were housed in two collective pens according to the diet offered. Diets were formulated to promote an average daily gain (ADG) of 0.3 kg BW/day and 1.0 kg BW/day. Intake was controlled daily by weighting the orts and keeping it between 5 and 10% of the total offered. Heifers were weighed and had their BCS was evaluated twice weekly, in order to control the ADG. Heifers received 12 g of chromic oxide/animal/day by forced swallowing for 10 days, while feces, diet and orts were sampled in the last 5 days, in order to estimate individual DM and energy intake, which was done by feces determination of chromic oxide, and diet and, feces and orts determination of iNDF. The LL group received 4.8 µg oLeptina/kg BW, subcutaneously, twice a day (at 06:00 and 18:00), for 56 days, while H and L groups received 2 ml of saline solution. Maximum DF diameter and presence of corpus luteum (CL) were evaluated twice weekly by transrectal ultrasound, until heifers achieved puberty. At the time of ultrasound evaluation, blood was sampled by jugular venipuncture for serum progesterone determination. Age at puberty was considered as age at first detection of a CL confirmed to be functional by serum progesterone above 1 ng/ml. After puberty confirmation heifers were slaughtered for body composition estimation, which was done by water determination on 9a-10a-11a rib cuts. High energy intake reduced age and enhanced BCS at puberty (P<0.05). Leptin administration did not affect age, BW or BCS at puberty (P>0.05). The high energy intake as well as leptin administration accelerated the DF growth and determined greater DF diameter (P<0.05), however the rate of growth on the LL group decreased after around 30 days of treatment equaling the rate of growth of the L group, and behaving in a quadratic manner at regression analysis. High energy intake enhanced ether extract and lowered protein and minerals proportion on empty body (P<0.05). It also enhanced carcass subcutaneous fat and the longissimus muscle area (P<0.05). Leptin administration did not alter the body composition of heifers at puberty (P>0.05). There was no difference on DM intake (kg DM/day) between groups, however the H group had higher DM intake in terms of % BW, as well as higher intake of digestible, metabolizable and net energy for gain (P<0.05). Leptin did not reduce DM intake neither in terms of kg BW/day nor % BW (P>0.05). Energy intake accelerates the onset of puberty and alters body composition at puberty of zebu heifers. Leptin administration did not accelerate puberty onset of zebu heifers receiving low energy diet, but temporarily enhanced the follicular growth rate of these animals.
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Bruning, Gilmar. "Adição de virginiamicina em suplemento mineral e proteinado para bezarras Nelore em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu na transição seca-águas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-19042013-090911/.
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Foi realizado um experimento de suplementação com bezerras Nelore, em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, no período de transição seca-águas. Os tratamentos foram suplementação com sal mineral com 65 g de fósforo/kg (SM), sal mineral com 65 g de fósforo/kg + 1500 mg de virginiamicina/kg (SMV), sal proteinado com 40% de proteína bruta (SP) e sal proteinado com 40% de proteína bruta + 638 mg de virginiamicina/kg (SPV), em três ciclos de pastejo (CP) de 35 dias cada. O método de pastejo adotado foi rotacionado com sete dias de ocupação e 28 dias de descanso. Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações na forragem: massa de forragem, massa de folhas verdes, colmos e material morto, teor de matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido dos componentes da planta inteira e componentes morfológicos, folhas verdes, colmos, material morto, e ainda consumo de suplemento, de minerais, de proteína bruta e virginiamicina via suplementação. Também foram mensuradas as variáveis peso vivo inicial e final, ganho médio diário e ganho de peso por animal , ganho de peso vivo por hectare, custo total, receita total e margem bruta em R$/ animal. Não houve efeito da suplementação sobre as variáveis relativas à forragem, entretanto, houve efeito de ciclo de pastejo, principalmente nas participações relativas aos componentes morfológicos, folha, colmo e material morto. A participação de folhas na massa de forragem aumentou no CP3 em relação aos CP1 e CP2, enquanto a participação de colmos e material morto decresceram no CP2 em relação ao CP1 e do CP3 em relação ao CP2. Não houve efeito de tratamento nas variáveis relativas ao consumo de suplemento, consumo de minerais, consumo de virginiamicina e proteína bruta via suplementação. O ganho médio diário (GMD) foi maior no tratamento SPV, em relação aos tratamentos SM e SP. O ganho de peso vivo foi maior no tratamento SPV em relação aos tratamentos SM e SP, não apresentou diferença em relação ao tratamento SMV, que foi maior em relação ao tratamento SM e não apresentou diferença em relação ao tratamento SP. O tratamento SPV apresentou maior peso vivo final, em relação aos tratamentos SM, SMV e SP. O tratamento SPV apresentou maior custo e receita total ( R$/animal) com suplementação, em relação aos tratamentos SM e SMV . O tratamento SPV apresentou maior margem bruta total (R$/animal) em relação aos tratamentos SM e SP. A adição de virginiamicina ao sal proteinado na época da transição seca-águas apresentou melhores resultados em desempenho animal e maior lucratividade em relação à suplementação com sal mineral e sal proteinado.This experiment evaluated the supplementation of Nelore heifers grazing on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu during the dry-wet transition season on forage, animal performance and economic parameters. Treatments included the supplementation of mineral salt containing 65g phosphorus/kg (MS), mineral salt with 65g phosphorus/kg + 1500mg virginiamycin/kg (MSV), protein salt with 40% crude protein (PS), and protein salt with 40% crude protein + 638 mg virginiamycin/kg (PSV) for three grazing cycles (GC) of 35 days each. Rotational grazing was adopted, with paddocks grazed for seven days, and remaining empty for 28 days. The following forage parameters were evaluated: forage mass; green leaf, stem, and dead material mass; dry matter content, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of the whole plant and plant components (green leaves, stems, and dead material). Supplement, mineral, crude protein, and virginiamycin intakes were calculated. Initial and final body weight, daily weight gain, weight gain per head and weight gain per hectare were evaluated, as well as total cost, total revenue and gross margin, expressed in R$/head. Forage parameters were not influenced by supplementation, but grazing cycle affected plant morphological components (leaves, stems, and dead material). Leaf participation in forage mass was higher in GC3 relative to GC1 and GC2, whereas the proportion of stems and dead material were reduced in GC2 compared with GC1 and in GC 3 compared with GC2. There was no influence of treatment on the intake of supplement, minerals, virginiamycin or crude protein in the supplement. PSV supplementation promoted higher daily weight gain (DWG) relative to MS and PS supplements. Heifers fed PSV presented higher body weight gain relative to MS and PS treatments; however, there was no difference compared with MSV, which promoted higher body weight gain than MS, but not when compared to the PS treatment. PSV heifers presented higher final body weight relative to MS, MSV, and PS animals. PSV supplementation presented the highest cost and total revenue (R$/head) compared with MS and MSV. PSV supplementation presented the highest total gross margin (R$/animal) compared with MS and PS. The addition of virginiamycin to protein salts fed during the dry -wet transition season promoted better animal performance and higher profitability relative to mineral salt only or protein salt supplementation.
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Paganoni, Beth Louise. "Increasing feed-on-offer to merino ewes during pregnancy and lactation can increase muscle and decrease fat, but does not affect the faecal worm egg count of their progeny." University of Western Australia, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0129.
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Ewes at two sites were fed to be either condition score 2 or 3 by Day 90 of pregnancy and then grazed on various levels of feed-on-offer (FOO) from Day 90 of pregnancy until weaning, to investigate whether nutrition of Merino ewes during pregnancy and lactation affected the muscle, fat and immunity to worms of their progeny. Eye muscle and fat depth at the C-site, and faecal worm egg counts (FWECs) of the progeny were measured between 7 - 27 months of age. Ewe condition score at day 90 of pregnancy did not impact largely on the eye muscle depth, fat depth or FWEC of the progeny. Increasing FOO available to ewes during the last 60 days of pregnancy and throughout lactation increased the eye muscle depth of progeny at one site and decreased the fat depth of progeny at the other site (P<0.05), but did not affect the majority of FWECs of the progeny at either site. The FWECs of the progeny were low, indicating a relatively low larval challenge, which limits the likelihood of differences in immunity to worms between the progeny being expressed. This Masters demonstrated that levels of nutrition available to Merino ewes typical of commercial grazing conditions had only small effects on the eye muscle and fat depth at the C-site, and on the faecal worm egg counts of their progeny
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Joubert, Matthys Du Toit. "The effect of concentrate feeding strategies on rumen parameters, milk production and milk composition of Jersey cows grazing ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) or kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pasture." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20069.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ruminal pH is the rumen condition that varies most. Studying the cause and effect of diurnal variation offers a means of improving ruminal conditions for rumen micro-organisms with subsequent improvements in fibre degradation, milk yields and milk composition. A research project was conducted to test the following hypothesis: feeding 6 kg (as is) concentrate per cow/day in different weight ratios, divided in a morning and an afternoon allocation, will result in an improved ruminal pH profile and a concurrent increase in fibre fermentation, milk yield and improved milk composition. The project was conducted at the Outeniqua Research Farm in the Southern Cape of South Africa. A randomized block design was used and two phases, viz. ryegrass phase and a kikuyu phase, were applied. Each phase was conducted during the growing season of the grass specie used as pasture. A rumen study and a production study were done in each phase. The rumen study used six cannulated multiparous cows per treatment, testing rumen pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, in sacco degradation of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and dry matter (DM). The production study used 42 multiparous cows, blocked according to days in milk (DIM), parity and milk yield, and cows were randomly divided into three treatment groups. The study tested milk yield, milk composition and changes in body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS). Treatments consisted of a maize based concentrate supplement (6 kg per cow/day, as is) being fed to cows on pasture in different weight ratios between morning and afternoon allocation. Treatments used in the production study were: Concentrate fed: 5 kg during morning; 1 kg during afternoon • Concentrate fed: 4 kg during morning; 2 kg during afternoon • Concentrate fed: 3 kg during morning; 3 kg during afternoon The first and the last treatments mentioned above were used in the rumen studies. Results of the rumen study of the ryegrass phase showed no differences in ruminal pH between treatment means. The time (h) spent below the critical ruminal pH, i.e. 5.8, was of short duration (2.92 to 3.42 hours). The concentration of certain VFA’s differed at times, but the differences were not reflected in graphs and data of the ruminal pH. No differences were observed in in sacco NDF and DM degradation between treatment means. Similar results were mostly obtained in the kikuyu phase. No differences were found in either daily maximum, minimum or mean ruminal pH between treatment means. Though time (h) spent below the critical ruminal pH was of a long duration (7.1 hours) it did not differ between treatments. No differences were observed between treatment means for in sacco NDF and DM degradation. Results of the production study of the ryegrass phase showed no differences in milk yield or milk composition between treatment means. The same was observed in the kikuyu phase except that milk fat was higher in the treatment group that received the 3:3 kg ratio treatment. The fact that treatments did not differ in terms of milk yield and milk composition in the production studies can be attributed to no differences between treatments in terms of rumen parameters observed in the rumen studies. Thus, feeding a higher proportion of concentrate in the morning relative to the afternoon for a total of 6 kg per cow/day does not affect ruminal pH, fibre digestion or milk production. Based on the results of both phases it can be concluded that the null hypothesis should be rejected.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die invloed van kragvoer voedingsstrategieë op rumen parameters, melkproduksie en melksamestelling van Jerseykoeie op raaigras- (Lolium multiflorum) of kikoejoe- (Pennisetum clandestinum) weidings. Die invloed van kragvoer voedingsstrategieë op rumen parameters, melkproduksie en melksamestelling van Jerseykoeie op raaigras- (Lolium multiflorum) of kikoejoe- (Pennisetum clandestinum) weidings. Behandelings toegepas in die produksiestudie het bestaan uit ‘n kragvoeraanvulling met ‘n mieliebasis wat aan koeie op weidings gevoer is in verskillende gewigsverhoudings tussen oggend- en middagvoeding, as volg: Behandelings toegepas in die produksiestudie het bestaan uit ‘n kragvoeraanvulling met ‘n mieliebasis wat aan koeie op weidings gevoer is in verskillende gewigsverhoudings tussen oggend- en middagvoeding, as volg:
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Sebsibe, Ameha. "Meat quality of selected Ethiopian goat genotypes under varying nutritional conditions." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07092008-081206.
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Müller, Cecilia. "Wrapped forages for horses /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200744.pdf.
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Otten, Caroline [Verfasser], Sven [Akademischer Betreuer] Dänicke, Annette [Akademischer Betreuer] Zeyner, and Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Eder. "Effects of varying supply of essential amino acids and energy on voluntary feed intake, performance, nitrogen retention and chemical body composition of growing-finishing boars / Caroline Otten. Betreuer: Sven Dänicke ; Annette Zeyner ; Klaus Eder." Halle, Saale : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1050977629/34.
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De, Antonio Juliana. "Efeito da temperatura e da restrição alimentar sobre o desempenho, composição de carcaça e padrões de expressão de genes do eixo somatotrófico em frangos de corte /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96608.
Full textAbstract:
Resumo: O estresse por calor é considerado um dos fatores de maior impacto na criação de frangos de corte, já que exerce grande influência no desempenho e na qualidade da carcaça, bem como no perfil de expressão de genes relacionados ao crescimento e desenvolvimento animal. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou verificar o efeito da temperatura e da restrição alimentar no desempenho, composição de carcaça e nos padrões de expressão de genes envolvidos na regulação do crescimento e desenvolvimento (GHR, IGF-I e IGF-IR), aos 21 e 42 dias de idade dos frangos de corte pela técnica de PCR quantitativo em tempo real. Os resultados evidenciaram que a restrição alimentar imposta pela exposição ao calor reduziu o desempenho e rendimento de peito e aumentou o rendimento de coxas+sobrecoxas. O estresse por calor e o consumo de ração alteraram o rendimento de asas, mas não influenciaram o rendimento de carcaça e de gordura abdominal. O calor aumentou o teor de extrato etéreo no peito e nas asas e diminuiu o de matéria mineral nas coxas+sobrecoxas. Independente da temperatura de criação, a restrição alimentar exerce um efeito negativo na expressão do gene do GHR no fígado das aves jovens, sem maiores reflexos na expressão do gene do IGF-I. O estresse térmico afeta a expressão dos genes hepáticos GHR e IGF-I somente nas aves adultas, as quais apresentam perfil inverso ao das aves restritas pelo "pair-feeding". A reação de amplificação do gene IGF-IR apresentou formação de produtos de amplificação inespecíficos, assim como formação de estruturas secundárias das moléculas dos iniciadores (dímeros e "hairpins"), o que impossibilitou a análise dos resultadosAbstract: Heat stress is considered one of greatest impact factors on broiler chicken production, once that it has great influence on the performance and carcass quality, as well as on the expression profile of genes related to growth and animal development. Thus, the present work had the objective of verifying the effect of temperature and food restriction on the performance, carcass composition and expression pattern of genes involved in the growth regulation and development (GHR, IGF-I and IGF-IR), at 21 and 42 days of age of the broilers using the PCR quantitative real-time technique. The results showed that the food restriction imposed by heat exposure, affected negatively the performance and breast yield and, positively, the tight and drumstick yield. The heat stress and feed intake altered the yield of wings, but did not affect carcass yield and abdominal fat. The heat increased both ether extract content in the breast and wings and reduced the mineral matter content in the tights and drumsticks. Independent of temperature, in the young bird's livers, food restriction endorses a negative effect on the GHR gene expression, without greatest reflects on IGF-I expression. Only on adult bird's, thermal stress affects the expression of GHR and IGF-I hepatic genes, that exhibit an inverse profile of restricted pair-feeding birds. The amplification reaction of IGF-IR gene showed both formation of nonspecific amplification products, as well as secondary structures of the primers of the molecules (dimerous and hairpins), precluding the analysis of results
Orientador: Renato Luís Furlan
Coorientador: Luiz Roberto Furlan
Banca: João Martins Pizauro Júnior
Banca: Poliana Fernanda Giachetto
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