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Academic literature on the topic 'Feed cost'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Feed cost"

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Garcia-Launay, Florence, Léonie Dusart, Sandrine Espagnol, et al. "Multiobjective formulation is an effective method to reduce environmental impacts of livestock feeds." British Journal of Nutrition 120, no. 11 (2018): 1298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114518002672.

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AbstractEnvironmental and economic performances of livestock production are related largely to the production of complete feeds provided on commercial farms. Formulating feeds based on environmental and economic criteria appears a suitable approach to address the current challenges of animal production. We developed a multiobjective (MO) method of formulating feed which considers both the cost and environmental impacts (estimated via life cycle assessment) of the feed mix. In the first step, least-cost formulation provides a baseline for feed cost and potential impacts per kg of feed. In the second, the minimised MO function includes normalised values of feed cost and impacts climate change, P demand, non-renewable energy demand and land occupation. An additional factor weights the relative influence of economic and environmental objectives. The potential of the method was evaluated using two scenarios of feed formulation for pig, broiler and young bulls. Compared to baseline feeds, MO-formulated feeds had lower environmental impacts in both scenarios studied (−2 to −48 %), except for land occupation of broiler feeds, and a moderately higher cost (1–7 %). The ultimate potential for this method to mitigate environmental impacts is probably lower than this, as animal supply chains may compete for the same low-impact feed ingredients. The method developed complements other strategies, and optimising the entire animal production system should be explored in the future to substantially decrease the associated impacts.

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Sarker, Baadruzzoha, Md Mamunur Rahman, and Mohammad Nurul Alam. "A study on fish feed manufacture with its nutritional quality and impacts on fish production." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 2, no. 2 (2015): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v2i2.25021.

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This study was conducted to assess the procedure of fish feed production, analysis of nutritive value of feeds and its effect on growth of fish in selected fish farms. Five fish feed mills and fifteen fish farmers were randomly selected from Mymensingh district. Fish feeds were used by fifteen farmers among every three farmers used the feed of each mill. These feed Mills collect their Saudi Bangla and ACME fish feed are more preferable to the farmer due to higher protein and lipid content resulting more fish production. In this experiment, Saudi-Bangla fish feed mill (3843 Kg/ha/yr), Sunny fish feed mill (3761 Kg/ha/yr), Shushama fish feed mill (3581 Kg/ha/yr), Al-momen fish feed mill (3669 Kg/ha/yr), ACME fish feed mill (3796 Kg/ha/yr) was produce fish. Capital cost, operating cost, depreciation cost, total cost, revenue income and net profit were calculated and evaluated during the experimental period. In this study, those feed mills production capacity was 45000 ton/yr Saudi-Bangla fish feed mill, 45000 ton/yr Sunny fish feed mill, 35000 ton/yr Shushomo fish feed mill, 35000 ton/yr Al-momen fish feed mill,15000 ton/yr ACME fish feed mill. The fish production mainly carps and pangus were highly occurs chronologically Saudi-Bangla, ACME fish feed, Sunny fish feed, Al-momen fish feed, Shushama fish feed mill, respectively. Among those the nutritive value of Saudi-Bangla fish feed was the best than other fish feed.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(2): 353-362, August 2015

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Makarynska, A., and N. Vorona. "OPTIMIZATION OF FEED COMPOSITION FOR TURKEYS." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, no. 4 (2020): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i4.1592.

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The article describes that domestic feed products cannot always compete with high quality products of foreign firms. However, the use of imported feed leads to a significant increase in their value and, as a consequence, to an increase in the cost price of the final product. It is established that for the normal development and realization of productivity, turkeys should receive quality and balanced for all indicators of compound feed. Therefore, the task was to develop recipes for turkeys using high quality domestic raw materials. The necessity to determine the complete components characteristics of compound feeds for the finished products production, which meets the requirements of regulatory documents and the consumer, has been proved. There are many indicators and factors that are not taken into account when calculating recipes, but significantly affect the compound feed quality. We have developed compound feed recipes for heavy type turkeys aged 1…4 weeks, 5…13 weeks, 14…17 weeks, 18…30 weeks and over 31 weeks using the “Korm Optima Expert” software complex. The program incorporates the principle of calculating recipes at minimum cost, taking into account the restrictions on the input of each component and the nutrition of the finished product using linear programming by formulas. The expediency of replacing soybean meal in poultry feed due to its high cost for cheaper protein components is substantiated. In order to reduce the cost of compound feed, we have proposed the optimal composition of protein feed additive (PFA) for replacement soybean meal in feed recipes. On the basis of the developed recipes of compound feeds for heavy type turkeys we calculated similar recipes of compound feeds with replacement of soybean meal for PFA in their composition according to the norms of its introduction The quality indicators of finished products are in compliance with the minimum nutritional requirements of compound feeds for heavy type turkeys of a given age. The cost of compound feeds with PFA is much lower than similar with soybean meal. We determined the annual feed consumption of turkeys by growing periods based on the daily feed intake and the duration of each fattening period.

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Robinson, David E. "Feed Cost Problems and Feed Freight Assistance in Nova Scotia." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 36, no. 4 (1988): 881–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1988.tb03327.x.

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FINNERAN, E., P. CROSSON, P. O'KIELY, L. SHALLOO, D. FORRISTAL, and M. WALLACE. "Stochastic simulation of the cost of home-produced feeds for ruminant livestock systems." Journal of Agricultural Science 150, no. 1 (2011): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185961100061x.

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SUMMARYAn agro-economic simulation model was developed to facilitate comparison of the impact of management, market and biological factors on the cost of providing ruminant livestock with feed grown on the farm (home produced feed). Unpredictable year-to-year variation in crop yields and input prices were identified as quantifiable measures of risk affecting feed cost. Stochastic analysis was used to study the impact of yield and input price risk on the variability of feed cost for eight feeds grown in Ireland over a 10-year period. Intensively grazed perennial ryegrass was found to be the lowest cost feed in the current analysis (mean cost €74/1000 Unité Fourragère Viande (UFV)). Yield risk was identified as the greatest single factor affecting feed cost variability. At mean prices and yields, purchased rolled barley was found to be 3% less costly than home-produced spring-sown barley. However, home-produced spring barley was marginally less risky than purchased barley (coefficient of variation (CV) 0·063 v. 0·064). Feed crops incurring the greatest proportion of fixed costs and area-dependent variable costs, including bunker grass silage, were the most sensitive to yield fluctuations. The most energy input-intensive feed crops, such as grass silage, both baled and bunker ensiled, were deemed most susceptible to input price fluctuations. Maize silage was the most risky feed crop (CV 0·195), with potential to be both the cheapest and the most expensive conserved feed.

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Afolayan, M., I. I. Dafwang, and J. J. Omage. "Performance of Broilers fed On-Farm versus Commercial Feeds." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 36, no. 1 (2021): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v36i1.1040.

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This study was conducted in the Animal Science Departmental farm to compare the growth performance of broiler chickens reared on three on-form feeds and three commercial feeds. Broilers were fed the six types of feed during the starter phase between 0-5 weeks of age and during the finisher phase between 5-9weeks. Results showed that although one of the commercial feeds outperformed all other feeds in terms of weight gain and feed efficiency; the overall growth performance on on-farm feeds were comparable to those on commercial feeds even where one of the on-farm feeds contained sub-optimal levels of energy Ilowever, feed cost / kg weight gain was significantly lower for on-farm feeds. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between the on furm diets (T1-T3) and the commercial diets (T4 -T6) in term of feed cost per kg gain. The on farm feeds were relatively cheaper than the commercial feeds. It is concluded from this study that the widespread use of on-farm feeds hy poultry farmers can be justified on the basis of cost effectiveness and profitability considerutions. However the risks associated with this practice should be a matter of concern to all poultry farmers, research and extension personnel. It is therefore recommended that feed quality regulatory agencies should as a matter of urgency find ways by which some nieasure of quality control can be applied to on-farm feeds.

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Marinchenko, Tatiana. "Resource-saving technologies for preparing fodder crops." BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700106.

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A modern animal husbandry needs balanced feeding with rational use of feed and the maximum involvement of unconventional feed. At the same time, issues of increasing the nutritional value of feeds, improving quality, reducing the share of cereals remain urgent, since they occupy a significant part in the composition of the diet and cost structure. The application of modern feed processing technologies increases the efficiency of their use, increases the performance of animal husbandry, as evidenced by numerous experiments. The organization of feed production based on own feed resources significantly reduces the cost of production. The application of a number of technologies has been discussed and justified, which allows obtaining feed with high zootechnical and consumer characteristics, as well as with high rates of nutrition, digestibility and biological value with a significant reduction in the cost of feeding.

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Munguti, Jonathan, Hannington Odame, James Kirimi, Kevin Obiero, Erick Ogello, and David Liti. "Fish feeds and feed management practices in the Kenyan aquaculture sector: Challenges and opportunities." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 24, no. 1 (2021): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.024.01.12.

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Abstract Feeds and feed management practices are key to the development of the aquaculture sector. To achieve high levels of aquaculture production, fish farmers need nutritionally adequate and cost-effective feeds, which are coupled with good feed management practices. Access to high quality and cost-effective feeds is one of the prerequisites to successful fish farming. This paper reviews the current status of the Kenyan fish feed industry and feed management practices. The review includes constraints and opportunities in fish feeds from a farmer’s perspective. The review shows that the fish feed industry has been boosted by the development of fish feed standards, which has ensured access to high-quality fish feeds by all farmers. Feed management practices considerably impact on the economic performance in fish production. Thus, adopting appropriate feed management technologies and feeding strategies is instrumental in maximizing aquaculture productivity. Some of the major challenges faced by fish farmers in the feed sector including limited access to finance, lack of appropriate technical innovations, limited knowledge in feed formulation and processing and poor feed handling and storage are discussed. These challenges pose limitation in investment opportunities for a viable and sustainable fish feed processing and manufacturing to meet the rising demand occasioned by increased demand for fish food in Kenya. There is a huge potential to develop public-private partnerships with farmer groups to improve access to training and information dissemination on feeds availability and quality. Training fish farmers on feed formulation using locally available feed ingredients provide an opportunity to reduce feed costs, increase feeding efficiency and improve profitability. This paper reviews the current status of the Kenyan fish feed industry and feed management practices including constraints and opportunities from a farmer’s perspective.

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Adebayo, A. A., R. I. Salami, and L. Oloyinde. "The influence of selected socio-economic variables on poultry farmers' choice of commercial and self-compounded feeds in Lagos area of Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 29, no. 2 (2021): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v29i2.1566.

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The study aimed at examining the influence of some socio-economic variables on poultry farmers choice of feed types between self-compounded feeds and commercial feeds. Their choice was not affected by age, gender and experience in poultry business but was affected (P<0.05) by cost. The cost of commercial feeds was consistently higher than those compounded by the farmers themselves and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). It was then concluded that cost consideration was the major factor determining the choice of feed types by the farmers. It was also suggested that the survival of the poultry industry and its profitability depend on cost reduction which can be accomplished through self-compounding of feeds by the farmers. Suggestions were offered to this end.

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Kim, J. H., and Y. D. Ko. "Body weight gain, feed conversion and feed cost of Korean native goats fed corn-manure silages." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 8, no. 5 (1995): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1995.427.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Feed cost"

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Budu, Ben Asare. "Economic feasibility of processing food waste and incorporating processed food waste products in least cost duck feeds." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33067.

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The focus of this thesis was to analyze the least cost of producing rations for ducks in three age categories from a mixture of conventional feed ingredients and three different processed food waste products and to examine the financial and economic feasibility of establishing an industrial plant to produce these food waste products in the Montreal region. The first part of the thesis was investigated through the use of a linear programming model. The effect of recognizing the variability of protein levels in the various feed ingredients was examined through the use of chance-constrained programming.<br>The second part of the thesis was examined using economic and financial analyses for the investment. The basic plant requirements to produce the three processed food waste products were the same, however energy costs were different for the three products. Revenue was generated from tipping fees and the sale of the three processed food waste products. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Taylor, Stephen J. "The effect of early aggressive enteral nutrition on clinical outcomes and treatment cost." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1996. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844289/.

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Malnutrition and nutritional deprivation are common in hospital patients. Consequent dysfunction is exacerbated in the presence of an inflammatory state and leads to increased morbidity, mortality and treatment cost. This thesis tested the hypothesis that clinical outcome could be improved, and treatment cost reduced, if enteral nutritional (EN) was; a) initiated earlier after the pathological event, and b) when > 50% of a patient's estimated energy and nitrogen requirements were met by EN (ie. aggressive EN). A Preliminary Investigation found that patients starved for ≤ 5 days compared to > 5 days, had a lower mortality (p < 0.003) and shorter duration of nasogastric (NG) feeding (p = 0.049). The population studied was heterogenous and no account was taken of disease severity. The hypothesis was therefore re-tested in burned patients, controlling for disease severity. The delay before attempting aggressive EN was associated with major complications excluding (p < 0.001) and including mortality (p = 0.018), length of (hospital) stay (LOS) (p = 0.011), and treatment cost (p < 0.001). Finally, a prospective randomised controlled trial (PRCT) was used to test the hypothesis. A study of patients undergoing major GI surgery failed due to poor recruitment, but useful aspects of this protocol were adapted for a similar trial in head-injured patients. In this group, early aggressive EN was associated with a reduction in infective complications (p = 0.0195), duration of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.019) and treatment cost (p = 0.006). In certain conditions at least, early aggressive EN is associated with improved clinical outcome and reduced treatment cost. Much of this improvement appears to be due to a reduction in infective complications.

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Madalla, Nazael. "Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/795.

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Lack of affordable feeds is one of the major constraints facing small-scale fish farmers in Tanzania. This study evaluated the suitability of moringa leaf meal (MLM), cassava leaf meal (CLM) and cassava root meal (CRM) as novel ingredients in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus diets. Each of the ingredients was processed in an attempt to remove the most significant antinutritional factor. A series of five experiments was conducted in a recirculation system using juvenile O. niloticus. The fish were fed isonitrogenous (30g 100g-1), isolipidic (10g 100g-1) and isoenergetic (18 kJ g-1) diets containing graded levels of the processed ingredients to their apparent appetite but not exceeding 10% of their body weight for a period of 8 weeks. Processing led to the removal of 0.3% of saponin from MLM and 60% and 90% of hydrogen cyanide from CLM and CRM respectively. The contents of other inherent antinutritional factors such as phenols, tannins and phytic acid were little affected. Processed MLM, CLM and CRM had 31.1/29.0/1.5g 100g-1 of crude protein, 5.9/10.2/2.4g 100g-1 of crude fibre and 20.1/19.7/15.8k Jg-1 of gross energy. The content of sulphur amino acids was higher in CLM (0.47%) than in MLM (0.23%). Digestibe protein and digestible energy was higher in MLM (25.71g 100g-1/15.44kJ g-1) than in CLM (12.71g 100-1/9.16kJ g-1). CRM had a digestible energy content of 13.5kJ g-1. Inclusion of either of the leaf meals, even at the lowest level of 15g 100g-1 of total dietary protein, led to a significant reduction in feed intake, growth and feed utilisation. Liver and small intestine did not show any histopathological changes which could be linked to dietary treatment. Conversely, cassava root meal could replace up to 75% of wheat meal in the diet without significantly affecting performance. The performance of leaf meals was marginally improved by a combination of blending and feeding stimulants, whereby a blend containing 1 part MLM and 2 parts CLM could provide up to 20g 100g-1 of dietary protein without significantly reducing performance. Biological and economic performance of practical diets containing 30-50g 100g-1 of dietary protein from moringa and cassava blends (LMB) with feeding stimulants was significantly lower than a fishmeal-meal based diet (FM) but comparable to a soybean meal-based diet (SBM). The suitability of MLM and CLM as novel protein sources in O. niloticus diets will depend on 1) improving reduction/removal of inherent antinutritional factors in MLM and CLM as well as improving digestibility of CLM. On the other hand, the suitability of CRM as a carbohydrate energy source will depend on the availability of cost effective protein sources due to its low protein content.

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Madiya, Arlette Tupela. "Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of dried bakery products as feed for small-scale broiler production." Diss., Electronic thesis, 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03232005-130034/.

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Gartmark, Joakim. "An assessment of cost-efficiency differences between feed-in-tariffs and tradable green certificates from a governmental perspective." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-119789.

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The increasing environmental threat because of unsustainable pollution levelshave forced E.U. to take further actions by enforcing directives in the electricity sector. The E.U. directives, enforced in 2002, aim to increase the level of electricity produced from renewable sources. In order to fulfill their received national target of green electricity, the E.U. members have, in most cases, either adopted a feed-in tariff or tradable green certificates. Since it is in a government’sinterest to minimize expenditure while still maximizing incentives when adopting a policy, this study has evaluated the cost-efficiency differences of a FIT and aTGC from a governmental perspective. This has been done by using two different models, one which measures total governmental expenditures in the energy sector and one which only measures the subsidies in the energy sector. The findings suggest that a TGC can be up to 159% more cost-efficient than a FIT, depending on how it is measured. The total expenditure model could establish the costefficiency differences with a significance of 5%, while the subsidy model could not establish the differences on a satisfying significance level

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López, Claudio David. "Shortening time-series power flow simulations for cost-benefit analysis of LV network operation with PV feed-in." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-242099.

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Time-series power flow simulations are consecutive power flow calculations on each time step of a set of load and generation profiles that represent the time horizon under which a network needs to be analyzed. These simulations are one of the fundamental tools to carry out cost-benefit analyses of grid planing and operation strategies in the presence of distributed energy resources, unfortunately, their execution time is quite substantial. In the specific case of cost-benefit analyses the execution time of time-series power flow simulations can easily become excessive, as typical time horizons are in the order of a year and different scenarios need to be compared, which results in time-series simulations that require a rather large number of individual power flow calculations. It is often the case that only a set of aggregated simulation outputs is required for assessing grid operation costs, examples of which are total network losses, power exchange through MV/LV substation transformers, and total power provision from PV generators. Exploring alternatives to running time-series power flow simulations with complete input data that can produce approximations of the required results with a level of accuracy that is suitable for cost-benefit analyses but that require less time to compute can thus be beneficial. This thesis explores and compares different methods for shortening time-series power flow simulations based on reducing the amount of input data and thus the required number of individual power flow calculations, and focuses its attention on two of them: one consists in reducing the time resolution of the input profiles through downsampling while the other consists in finding similar time steps in the input profiles through vector quantization and simulating them only once. The results show that considerable execution time reductions and sufficiently accurate results can be obtained with both methods, but vector quantization requires much less data to produce the same level of accuracy as downsampling. Vector quantization delivers a far superior trade-off between data reduction, time savings, and accuracy when the simulations consider voltage control or when more than one simulation with the same input data is required, as in such cases the data reduction process can be carried out only once. One disadvantage of this method is that it does not reproduce peak values in the result profiles with accuracy, which is due to the way downsampling disregards certain time steps in the input profiles and to the averaging effect vector quantization has on the them. This disadvantage makes the simulations shortened through these methods less precise, for example, for detecting voltage violations.

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Sokanyile, Sanda. "How phase feeding manipulation affects growth, performance, feed cost, carcass characteristics and the quality of meat from broilers." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5565.

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The main objective of the study was to determine how phase feeding manipulation affects growth performance, feed cost, carcass characteristics and quality of meat from broiler chickens. A total of 180 day old un-sexed broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were separated into 3 dietary treatments of 60 birds per treatment and each treatment was replicated 3 times with 20 birds per replicate. The dietary treatments were as follows: T1 (starter 1-7 days; grower 8-21 days; finisher 22-35 days), T2 (starter 1-14 days; grower 15-21 days, finisher 22-35 days) and T3 (starter 1-14 days; grower 15-28 days; finisher 29-35 days). Feed intake and body weight gains were recorded weekly in kilograms. Average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were computed weekly. At day 35, the chickens were slaughtered and 12 representative breast muscles from each treatment were used for the determination of muscle pH (pH1, pH24 and pH48) and colour coordinates (Lightness – L*, redness – a* and yellowness – b*) in triplicate at 1 hour, 24 hours and 48 hours post-mortem.Feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), average daily gain (ADG) and average body weight at slaughter (ABW) were not significant (P>0.05) amongst the treatments. The most cost efficient feed (which accumulated the cheapest cost feed per kg were) T1 (R11.32) and T3 (R11.32) although there was a slight difference in the gross profit of these treatments T1 (R45.71) and T3 (R44.48). Carcass characteristics were the same (P > 0.05) across the treatments except for the wing, thigh, drumstick and the breast (P < 0.05). T2 had the highest wing weight (166.63±8.60), T1 (113.03±8.60) and the lowest in T3 (74.46±8.60). The thigh weight were greater (P<0.05) in T2 (185.69±4.34); T1 (185.54±4.34) compared to T3 (166.97±4.34) which was lower. Treatments 1 (204.17±6.57), T2 (197±6.57) had heavier (P<0.05) breast weights than T3 (186.06±6.57). Dietary treatments had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on pH of the breast meat. No differences were observed in colour during the 1 hour period after slaughter. At 24 hours after slaughter, the L* values were different (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 (44.3 ± 0.37; 43.7 ± 0.37), respectively, T1 and T3 were the same. The a*-values were different (P < 0.05) at 48 hours after slaughter for T1 and T3 (4.5 ± 0.27; 3.4 ± 0.27), T2 was the same as T1. It was therefore, concluded that since manipulation of starter phase did not have adverse effects on growth performance, gross profit, slight statistical difference in meat quality attributes and carcass characteristics. Therefore, the manipulation of starter diet has the potential to be used in broiler production.

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St-Pierre, Normand Roger. "Minimum cost requirements from a response function and incorporation of uncertainty in composition of feeds into chance-constrained programming models of livestock rations /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260135354794.

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Giguere, Monique A. "The Economics of Partial Artemia Replacement Using Two Commercially Available Feeds in the Diets of Litopenaeus vannamei from Z3/M1 – PL10." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/289.

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The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to identify commercially available feeds that could serve as suitable replacements for newly hatched Artemia in the diets of L. vannamei from Z3/M1 to PL10 without significantly affecting survival, final length and weight, and quality of the larvae and 2) to identify an ideal substitution rate between live Artemia and a replacement feed that maximizes feed and labor costs savings, survival, and PL quality. In Experiment 1, two commercially available Artemia replacement feeds, Zeigler EZ Artemia and Bernaqua Vitellus, were administered according to manufacturer’s guidelines in order to identify which feed served as a more suitable replacement diet. In Experiment 2, the more successful feed from Experiment 1 was administered in three different co-feeding strategies, in which the inert feed replaced a certain percentage of live Artemia. Mean percent survival was not significantly different between the Control, EZ Artemia, and Vitellus treatment groups in Experiment 1 (P<0.05). Both the EZ Artemia and Vitellus treatments yielded significantly different final mean lengths (mm) and weights (mg) from the Control group. The Vitellus feed results for all performance factors (mean percent survival, final length (mm), final weight (mg), and percent stress test mortality) were not significantly different than those of the EZ Artemia treatment, despite receiving no Artemia during the culture period, while the EZ Artemia treatment received 75% Artemia from PL5-PL10. For these reasons, the Vitellus feed was selected as the more successful feed in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, there was no significant difference between the four treatment groups (Control, V50, V100/50, and V100/75) for mean percent survival and percent stress test mortality (P<0.05). The V100/50 and V100/75 treatments’ mean final lengths (mm) and weights (mg) were significantly different than those of the Control treatment. There were no significant differences between the V50, V100/50, and V100/75 treatments for any of the observed performance factors. These results indicate that the maximum substitution rate of Vitellus for Artemia in this experiment (the V100/75 treatment) was successful in replacing 84.33% of newly hatched Artemia in the larval culture of L. vannamei from Z3/M1-PL10 without resulting in significantly different survival and stress test mortalities compared to the Control group. Feeding schedules such as V100/75 treatment help streamline production efforts in commercial operations and result in increased production cost savings when compared to other replacement feeding schedules that begin in the early mysis stages. The V100/75 feeding schedule influences variable feed and labor costs the greatest because farmers are able to delay the culturing of Artemia an additional 7 days (until PL5) from what is typically performed in larviculture facilities.

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Pereira, Patricia Watanabe Zanin. "Avaliação de complexo enzimático e betaína natural nas rações de frangos de corte criados em aviário comercial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-11032009-105415/.

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Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da adição de complexo enzimático, composto por protease, xilanase e amilase, associado ou não a betaína em rações de frangos de corte sobre o desempenho e a análise econômica. Novecentos e vinte e quatro pintos machos da linhagem Cobb 500, com peso médio inicial de 45,8 g, foram distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, sete repetições por tratamento e trinta e três animais por unidade experimental (boxe). Os tratamentos foram: Controle Tratamento controle dieta basal constituída por milho e farelo de soja; Enz Tratamento enzima ração com adição de enzimas (amilase, protease e xilanase); Bet Tratamento betaína ração com adição de betaína; Enz+Bet Tratamento enzima e betaína ração com adição de enzimas (amilase, protease e xilanase) e betaína. O período experimental foi dividido em quatro fases: pré-inicial, inicial, crescimento e final. Aos sete, 21, 35 e 41 dias de idade, as aves e as sobras de ração foram pesadas para avaliar o peso médio, o consumo médio de ração, o ganho médio de peso e a conversão alimentar dos animais. Além disso, foram determinados a viabilidade criatória, o fator de produção e o custo da alimentação. No período de 1 a 7 dias, não se detectou diferença significativa (P>0,05) para as variáveis de desempenho com a adição de betaína ou enzimas na ração. Para o período de 1 a 21 dias de idade, foi observado menor consumo médio de ração (P<0,05) para o tratamento Enz+Bet quando comparado com o tratamento acrescido apenas de enzimas, porém sem afetar o ganho médio de peso (P>0,05) e a conversão alimentar (P>0,05). Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para as variáveis de desempenho analisadas quando os frangos de corte foram suplementados com complexo enzimático ou betaína. Com relação ao período de 1 a 35 dias, as aves que receberam os tratamentos Enz ou Bet apresentaram desempenho semelhante ao controle (P>0,05). No período total de 41 dias os frangos de corte recebendo rações formuladas com enzimas ou betaína tiveram desempenho muito próximo ao das aves do tratamento Controle, indicando que as substituições tiveram o efeito desejado. Não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos para o custo da alimentação. A suplementação independente das rações com enzimas ou com betaína natural resultou em desempenho semelhante ao das aves do tratamento Controle. Entretanto, a associação entre os aditivos não se constituiu uma alternativa satisfatória para melhorar o desempenho das aves, embora tenha resultado em custo de alimentação mais baixo que os demais tratamentos.<br>The broiler of this study was evaluate the effects of an enzyme complex containing protease, xylanase and amylase, associated or not with betaíne, added to broiler diets on the performance of the birds and economic results. Day-old male Cobb 500 broiler chicks (924) with average weight of 45,8 g were distributed to four treatments and seven replicates per treatment in a completely randomized design. The experimental was a pen with 33 birds. The treatments were: Control unsupplemented diets based on corn and soy bean meal; Enz Diets containing enzymes (protease, xylanase and amylase); Bet Diets containing natural betaína; Enz+Bet association of the two previous treatments. The experimental period comprised the pre-starter, starter, grower and finisher pfases. At seven, 21, 35 and 41 days of age the chickens and feeders were weighed to determine the average weight, average feed intake, average weight gain, and feed conversion of the birds. Viability, productivity index, and feeding cost were also determined. On days 1 to 7 addition of enzymes or betaína to the feeds did not result in significant differences in performance (P>0,05). In the period from 1 to 21 days of age, the treatment Enz+Bet had a lower average feed intake (P<0,05) compared to Enz; however, average weight gain and feed conversion were similar (P>0,05). Compared to the Control, the performance of birds in the treatments Enz or Bet was not significantly affected (P>0,05). Linewise, the treatments Enz and Bet resulted in performance similar to the Control (P>0,05) in the period from 1 to 35 days. In the overall period of 41 days, the chickens receiving diets formulated to contain enzymes or betaína had a performance very similar to those fed the Control diet, indicating that the supplements used resulted in the expected effects. There were no differences among treatments in cost of feed per kg of chicken (P>0,05). These additives may be used as components of broilers diets depending on economic considerations.

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Books on the topic "Feed cost"

1

How to feed your family on less than €10 a day: And other cost-saving tips. Orpen Press, 2012.

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Brown, Ellen. $3 meals: Feed your family delicious, healthy meals for less than the cost of a gallon of milk. The Lyons Press, 2009.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Removing impediments to the planting of certain alternative crops and oats: Report (to accompany H.R. 2799) (including Congressional Budget Office cost estimate). U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Betts, Carolyn. An economic evaluation of alternative forage programs for western Washington dairy herds. Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture, Washington State University, 1986.

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M, Sheehey Diane, and Federal Judicial Center, eds. Awarding attorneys' fees and managing fee litigation. Federal Judicial Center, 1994.

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Welch, W. Pete. Physician fee levels: Medicare versus Canada. Urban Institute, 1992.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Food and Agricultural Resources Act of 1990: Report of the Committee on Agriculture to accompany H.R. 3950 together with additional and dissenting views (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Mathews, Kenneth H. The 1992 grazing fee review and evaluation report update: Data and methods. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Commodity Economics Divisionmy Division, 1991.

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Law Reform Commission of Victoria. The cost of litigation. The Commission, 1990.

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Biggs, A. K. County court costs & fees. Fourmat Publishing, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Feed cost"

1

Goddard, Stephen. "Cost Factors." In Feed Management in Intensive Aquaculture. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5861-3_10.

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Goddard, Stephen. "Cost Factors." In Feed Management in Intensive Aquaculture. Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1173-7_10.

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Annema, Anne-Johan. "Cost Functions for Two-Layer Neural Networks." In Feed-Forward Neural Networks. Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2337-6_10.

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Johnson, R. W. "Fueling the immune response: what’s the cost?" In Feed efficiency in swine. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-756-1_10.

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Nishimura, Akira. "Feed Forward Cost Accounting and Strategic Management." In Management Accounting. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403948151_10.

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Juan, Yao, Xu Wang, Zhang Cheng, and Tian Fang. "Feed Formulation Cost Optimization Based on the Improved Genetic Algorithm." In Emerging Trends in Intelligent and Interactive Systems and Applications. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63784-2_115.

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Robaina, Lidia, Juhani Pirhonen, Elena Mente, Javier Sánchez, and Neill Goosen. "Fish Diets in Aquaponics." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_13.

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AbstractFish and feed waste provide most of the nutrients required by the plants in aquaponics if the optimum ratio between daily fish feed inputs and the plant growing area is sustained. Thus, the fish feed needs to fulfil both the fish’s and plant’s nutritional requirements in an aquaponic system. A controlled fish waste production strategy where the nitrogen, phosphorus and mineral contents of fish diets are manipulated and used provides a way of influencing the rates of accumulation of nutrients, thereby reducing the need for the additional supplementation of nutrients. To optimize the performance and cost-effectiveness of aquaponic production, fish diets and feeding schedules should be designed carefully to provide nutrients at the right level and time to complement fish, bacteria and plants. To achieve this, a species-specific tailor-made aquaponic feed may be optimized to suit the aquaponic system as a whole. The optimal point would be determined based on overall system performance parameters, including economic and environmental sustainability measures. This chapter thus focuses on fish diets and feed and reviews the state of the art in fish diets, ingredients and additives, as well as the nutritional/sustainable challenges that need to be considered when producing specific aquaponic feeds.

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Kurakawa, Yukihide. "Climate Policy in Power Sector: Feed-in Tariff and Carbon Pricing." In Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_5.

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Abstract The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the effects of some mainstream policy schemes in the power sector on the reduction of CO2 emissions. The first part of this chapter is the analysis on the effects of promoting generation (fuel) efficiency of fossil-fuel power generation, specifically assuming more efficient coal-fired power plants that recently indicates increased presence in the Japanese power sector. Improvement in generation efficiency of fossil-fuel power plants is expected to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide mainly from a technological aspect. However, overall effects on carbon reduction in the whole industry would be ambiguous since it also depends on market structure. The increased efficiency in generation leads to an improvement in cost conditions of fossil-fuel power producers relative to their rivals. It enables them to expand their generation and market share. Analyzing the Cournot oligopoly model, it is shown that an improvement in fossil-fuel power generations produces two effects: the ‘saving effect’ and the ‘rebound effect’. The total CO2 emission in the whole industry decrease if the former effect exceeds the other, and vice versa. In addition, it is indicated that a rise in the generation efficiency would increase a difficulty of implementing carbon tax. In the second part of this chapter, I study the combination of feed-in tariff and carbon tax; that would be worthy to investigate since they could possibly complement each other. FIT policy could be financed by the revenue of carbon tax, and a reduction in electricity supply by the carbon tax would be lessen by supporting renewable power generations under FIT. It is demonstrated that FIT had the combined effects: it fosters a competitive environment in addition to indirectly reduces CO2 emissions. The result indicates that the combination of these policies would produce potential welfare gains.

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Takaki, Hiroto, and Koji Tokimatsu. "Study on a Model of Cost of Electricity for Biomass Including Learning Effect to Evaluate Feed-in-Tariff Pricing." In Technologies and Eco-innovation towards Sustainability II. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1196-3_21.

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Galbraith, James K. "The Charge of the Fed Brigade." In Unbearable Cost. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230236721_40.

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Conference papers on the topic "Feed cost"

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Сорокин, Александр, Alexander Sorokin, Елена Исаева, et al. "EFFECTIVENESS OF SILO PREPARATION OF LUPIN, FORAGE CROPS AND THEIR MIXTURES." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2019-21-69-91-97.

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Average long-term data of yield, dry matter and row protein content, nutritional value of silage samples made of green mass of single and mixed crops of narrow-leafed lupin BL -78-07, oat (var. Pamyati Bulavina), payza (var. Krasava), Sudan grass (var. Kinel-skaya 100) of different seeding rates are given. Annual data of silo description made of white lupin var. Alyi parus and Sudan grass var. Kinelskaya 100 of single and mixed crops of two sowing date are given too. The feed cost was determined based on calculation of total costs made from technological maps of single and mixed crops cultivation and silo laying under production conditions.

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Кутузова, Анэля, Anel Kutuzova, Елена Проворная, Elena Provornaya, Надежда Цыбенко, and Nadezhda Tsybenko. "EFFICIENCY OF ANTHROPOGENIC ENERGY EXPENDITURES IN CREATION AND USE OF LEGUME-CEREAL GRASS OF CULTURAL PASTURE." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2019-21-69-62-69.

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On legume-grass pasture grasslands with the participation of creeping clover (varieties VIC 70 and Lugovik), meadow clover (Tetraploid VIC and Veteran), alfalfa changeable (Pasture 88 and Agnia), the total cost of anthropogenic energy for the creation, care, use and production of feed in the exchange energy in a single SI system (GJ/ha) is determined. The high rates of return given the cost of collecting metabolizable energy per 1 GJ of metabolizable energy.

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Shchannikova, Maria, and Dalhat Teberdiev. "AGROENERGY AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF CREATION OF GRASS AND LEGUME-GRASS PASTURES IN THE NORTH-EAST OF THE NON-CHERNOZEM ZONE." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-26-33.

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In the article presents the agro-energy and economic assessment of the creation and use of grass and legume-grass herbages in the initial period of the organization of cultural pastures in the North-East of the Non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. Fodder production was 53–61 GJ/ha on grass pastures and 56–75 GJ/ha on legume-grass pastures. The total expenditure of anthropogenic energy was 43.1–46.8 GJ/ha on grass herbages and 23.4–25.0 GJ/ha on legume-grass herbages. The agro-energy coefficient on legume-grass herbages (239–300 %) was higher than on grass herbages (123–132 %). The cost of produced feed was 35.9–43.5 thousand rubles / ha on grass pastures and 39.8–54.5 thousand rubles/ha on legume-grass pastures. Total expenditures were 40.5–42.5 thousand rubles/ha on grass pastures and 30.2–32.5 thousand rubles/ha on legume-grass pastures. The cost of producing 100 fodder units legume-grass pastures was in 1.4–1.7 times lower than grass pastures ones.

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Privalova, Kira, and Ruslan Karimov. "ECONOMIC SUBSTANTIATION OF PRODUCTION OF PASTE FODDER AT THE FOURTEEN YEARS OF USE OF CEREAL HERBS." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-21-25.

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Based on the new methodological approaches, an economic assessment of feed production using promising pasture grass stands with the participation of domestic varieties such as Karat ryegrass and VIK 90 festulolium was made. The feed production using long-term pasture grass stands amounted to 6.1 thousand feeds. units/ha at a cost of 4.8 rubles. per feed unit, which is 2.3 times lower than the price of feed oats.

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Ishmuratov, Halyaf. "FEEDING OF GRAIN OF CEREALS TREATED WITH HEAT AND UREA TO NEW COWS." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-115-12.

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In the preserved grain, urea, when subjected to hydrolysis, secretes am-MIAC, protecting it from self-heating and spoilage, and the other part of it goes to ammonium compounds, thereby increasing the protein nutrition of the grain. Processing of grain with urea contributed to a decrease in the concentration of protein, both soluble — by 3.24%, and cleavable-by 4.01%, compared with the control. The cost of processing 1 ton of grain with urea is 1.72 times cheaper than conventional drying. The profitability of milk production increased by 26.62%.

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Ishikawa, S., M. Nishio, and T. Sugihara. "Low-cost backdrivable motor control based on feed-forward/feed-back friction compensation." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icra.2015.7139898.

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Manikavelan, D., and R. Ponnusamy. "Software cost estimation by analogy using feed forward neural network." In 2014 International Conference on Information Communication and Embedded Systems (ICICES). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icices.2014.7033820.

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Astuti, V., and K. Hans Raj. "Hybrid evolutionary computational algorithm for dairy cattle feed cost optimization." In 2016 IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/r10-htc.2016.7906780.

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Abdullah, A. S., M. P. Abdullah, M. Y. Hassan, and F. Hussin. "Renewable energy cost-benefit analysis under Malaysian feed-in-tariff." In 2012 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scored.2012.6518631.

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Baumel, C. Phillip, Tun-Hsiang Yu, Connie Hardy, Marty J. McVey, and Jerry L. Sell. "Impact of Six Genetic Modifications of Corn on Feed Cost and the Consumption of Traditional Feed Ingredients." In Proceedings of the 10th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-620.

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Reports on the topic "Feed cost"

1

Johnson, Colin D., James B. Kliebenstein, Jeffrey J. Zimmerman, and Shane Ellis. Effect of Feed Cost on the Economic Impact of PRRS. Iowa State University, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-877.

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Kreycik, Claire, Toby D. Couture, and Karlynn S. Cory. Innovative Feed-In Tariff Designs that Limit Policy Costs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219216.

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Kreycik, C., T. D. Couture, and K. S. Cory. Innovative Feed-In Tariff Designs that Limit Policy Costs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1017104.

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Gruber, Jonathan, Kathleen Adams, and Joseph Newhouse. Physician Fee Policy and Medicaid Program Costs. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6087.

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Collins, Sara R. Collins, David C. Radley Radley, Sophie Beutel Beutel, and Munira Z. Gunja Gunja. The Slowdown in Employer Insurance Cost Growth: Why Many Workers Still Feel the Pinch. Commonwealth Fund, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15868/socialsector.25785.

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Cavin, Edward S. User Fees and Program Costs in Marine Corps Child Care Centers. Defense Technical Information Center, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada223252.

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Schwab, Denise, Margaret Smith, H. Joe Sellers, Jim Munsch, Laura Paine, and Terry Gompert. Grass-fed and Organic Beef: Production Costs and Breakeven Market Prices, 2008 and 2009. Iowa State University, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-675.

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Schwab, Denise, Margaret Smith, H. Joe Sellers, Jim Munsch, Laura Paine, and Terry Gompert. Grass-fed and Organic Beef: Production Costs and Breakeven Market Prices, 2008 and 2009. Iowa State University, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-960.

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Heresi, Rodrigo. Reallocation and Productivity during Commodity Cycles. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003203.

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I study the firm-level dynamic response of a commodity-exporting economy to global cycles in commodity prices. To do so, I develop a heterogeneous-firms model that endogenizes declines in aggregate productivity through reallocation towards less productive firms. Within a given sector, commodity booms reallocate market share away from exporters because of currency appreciation and away from capital-intensive firms because of the increase in capital cost. I provide empirical evidence for these channels using microdata for Chile, the worlds largest copper producer. When fed with the commodity super-cycle of 2003-2012, the calibrated model generates about 50% of the observed productivity decline.

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Cafferata, Fernando G., Bridget Lynn Hoffmann, and Carlos Scartascini. How Can We Improve Air Pollution?: Try Increasing Trust First. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003453.

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Environmental policies are characterized by salient short-term costs and long-term benefits that are difficult to observe and to attribute to the government's efforts. These characteristics imply that citizens' support for environmental policies is highly dependent on their trust in the government's capability to implement solutions and commitment to investments in those policies. Using novel survey data from Mexico City, we show that trust in the government is positively correlated with citizens' willingness to support an additional tax approximately equal to a days minimum wage to improve air quality and greater preference for government retention of revenues from fees collected from polluting firms. We find similar correlations using the perceived quality of public goods as a measure of government competence. These results provide evidence that mistrust can be an obstacle to better environmental outcomes.

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