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MacLachlan, D. J., B. J. Blaney, L. G. Cook, E. Klim, R. Scholl, M. Sexton, J. Spragg, and R. Watts. "A review of potential contaminants in Australian livestock feeds and proposed guidance levels for feed." Animal Production Science 53, no. 3 (2013): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12048.
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Contaminants of man-made and natural origin need to be managed in livestock feeds to protect the health of livestock and that of human consumers of livestock products. This requires access to information on the transfer from feed to food to inform risk profiles and assessments, and to guide management interventions such as regulation or Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point approaches. This paper reviews contaminants of known and potential concern in the production of livestock feeds in Australia and compares existing but differing state and national regulatory standards with international standards. The contaminants considered include man-made organic chemical contaminants (e.g. legacy pesticides), elemental contaminants (e.g. arsenic, cadmium, lead), phytotoxins (e.g. gossypol) and mycotoxins (e.g. aflatoxins). Reference is made to scientific literature and evaluations by regulators to propose maximum levels that can be used for guidance by those involved in managing contamination incidents or developing feed safety programs.
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Neal, Mark, Jane Kay, Sally Peel, and Sean McCarthy. "A decision-support tool for autumn management in a spring-calving pasture-based dairy system." Animal Production Science 57, no. 7 (2017): 1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16468.
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Success in a pasture-based dairy system relies on matching feed supply and feed demand in a profitable manner. Autumn is an important period for decision making to maximise current-season profitability, while ensuring key targets such as cow body condition score and the level of average pasture cover are met for the upcoming season. There are many tactical management strategies for farmers to consider during autumn to ensure that profitability is maximised in the current and next season (e.g. feeding crops, purchasing or using available supplementary feeds, reducing milking frequency, grazing off young stock, culling, or drying off cows). The complexity of trade-offs among these factors from January to calving, and the need to assess the impact of each of these on seasonal profitability led to the development of the ‘DairyNZ Autumn Management Resource’. This resource is an energy-based model that calculates the profit from different management strategies in pasture-based spring-calving systems. Feed demand is initially set to ensure that target body condition is achieved for the next season, and can then be altered using variables such as milking frequency, number of cows in milk and stock grazing on-farm. The assumption is made that energy supply comes from grazed pasture and crop first, followed by conserved forages, with the opportunity to fill remaining gaps with purchased feed. The model is a decision-support resource for farmers during the autumn that compares the economics of different management strategies in the current season, while ensuring that the performance in the next season is not compromised.
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Osei-Amponsah, R., B. B. Kayang, A. Naazie, M. Tiexier-Boichard, and X. Rognon. "Phenotypic characterization of local Ghanaian chickens: egg-laying performance under improved management conditions." Animal Genetic Resources/Ressources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales 56 (June 2015): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2078633615000041.
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SummaryEgg production performance of 571 local Ghanaian chickens and 107 SASSO T44 chickens kept under improved management conditions were analysed. Average egg weight, hen-day egg production and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined for the three experimental chicken ecotypes. Hen-day production was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in the savannah local chicken ecotype than the forest ecotype and SASSO T44 chickens. Egg weights of local Ghanaian chickens compared favourably with values reported for local chickens in Africa. On the average, SASSO T44 had significantly (P< 0.05) higher egg weights and feed intake compared with the local chicken ecotypes. The local chicken ecotypes on the other hand, had significantly (P< 0.05) better feed conversion ratios than SASSO T44 chicken. Local Ghanaian chicken ecotypes have a more efficient FCR per every unit of egg produced compared with the control population. Low feed intake, good feed conversion ratios and adaptation to the environment are traits local chicken harbour which can be exploited in future breeding programmes to improve on chicken meat and egg production in Ghana. Ghanaian local chickens could thus be a valuable genetic resource for the development of an efficient egg production chicken breed adaptable to the humid tropical climates.
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AYANWALE, A. B., and A. S. BAMIRE. "COSTS AND RETURNS IN ALTERNATIVE POULTRY EGG PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN TWO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF OGUN STATE OF NIGERIA." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 23, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v23i2.2370.
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Costs and returns involved in the intensive and semi-intensive management systems of poultry egg production were examined in Ijebu-Ode and Odogbolu Local Government Areas of Ogun State in Nigeria with a view identifying the more profitable of the two systems. The free systems. Data obtained through structured questionnaires from the to feed and is suitable where there are no respondents who were selected through the simple random sampling procedure. Descriptive and Budgetary techniques were employed to analyse the data. Results from the analysis revealed that intensive poultry management systems are more profitable than semi-intensive as indicated by the Benefit-Cost ratio estimated at 2.2:1 and 2.0:1two systems respectively. Further analysis revealed that the majority (50%) of farmers under the Intensive system of management undertook egg production enterprise only against none under the semi-intensive management system. Egg production averaged 132 egg\ bird and 68 eggs/bird respectively for a semi-intensive system. It was concluded that poultry egg production under an intensive management system needs to be encouraged under the present economy in the country. This could be effected by providing the right economic policies aimed at reducing the cost of livestock feeds and day old chicks.
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Patel, AB, NJ Bhagora, FP Savaliya, RK Mishra, and VD Lonkar. "Performance of Ankleshwar Chicken Reared under Intensive Management System in Gujarat." INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 15, no. 04 (May 15, 2020): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21887/ijvsbt.15.4.9.
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The productive and reproductive performance of Ankleshwar chicken under intensive management for three successive generations (S0, S1, and S2) was studied at Poultry Research Station, AAU, Anand, Gujarat. Total 546, 422, and 465 pullets of S0, S1, and S2 generation, respectively, were housed in individual layer cages at 16 weeks of age. Production parameters, viz., body weight (g) of day-old, 4th, 8th, 16th and 40th weeks of age; total feed consumption (kg) per bird; mortality (%) during 0-8, 9-16 and 17-40 weeks of age; total egg production (no.) up to 40 weeks of age and average egg weight (g) at the end of 28th and 40th week of age were recorded for three generations. The reproductive parameters, viz., age at sexual maturity (days), fertility (%) and hatchability (%) on Total Egg Set basis (TES) as well as hatchability on Fertile Egg Set basis (FES) were calculated. It was concluded that the rearing of Ankleshwar chicken in intensive management over three (S0, S1 and S2) generations significantly (p≤0.05) improved body weight at 4th, 8th and 16th weeks of age, required less feed, improved fertility and showed significantly (p ≤0.05) early age at sexual maturity (154 days) in S2 generation with significant (p≤0.05) decreasing trend in egg production up to 40th week of age from S0 to S2 generation. Hatchability showed a decreasing trend in progressive generations. The birds have shown better livability reared under intensive management in Gujarat.
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Leinonen, Ilkka, and Ilias Kyriazakis. "How can we improve the environmental sustainability of poultry production?" Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 75, no. 3 (March 3, 2016): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665116000094.
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The review presents results of recent life cycle assessment studies aiming to quantify and improve the environmental performance of UK poultry production systems, including broiler meat, egg and turkey meat production. Although poultry production has been found to be relatively environmentally friendly compared with the production of other livestock commodities, it still contributes to environmental impacts, such as global warming, eutrophication and acidification. Amongst different sub-processes, feed production and transport contributes about 70 % to the global warming potential of poultry systems, whereas manure management contributes about 40–60 % to their eutrophication potential and acidification potential, respectively. All these impacts can be reduced by improving the feed efficiency, either by changing the birds through genetic selection or by making the feed more digestible (e.g. by using additives such as enzymes). However, although genetic selection has the potential to reduce the resources needed for broiler production (including feed consumption), the changing need of certain feed ingredients, most notably protein sources as a result of changes in bird requirements may limit the benefits of this strategy. The use of alternative feed ingredients, such as locally grown protein crops and agricultural by-products, as a replacement of South American grown soya, can potentially also lead to improvements in several environmental impact categories, as long as such feeding strategies have no negative effect on bird performance. Other management options, such as improving poultry housing and new strategies for manure management have also the potential to further improve the environmental sustainability of the poultry industries in Europe.
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Owens, Fredric N., and Robert B. Hicks. "Can net energy values be determined from animal performance measurements? A review of factors affecting application of the California Net Energy System1." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 929–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy130.
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Abstract The California Net Energy System (CNES) can reliably project performance of feedlot cattle based on three factors: expected dry matter intake (DMI), some index of degree of maturity of cattle linked to body composition (fat and protein content), and an estimate of the net energy (NE) content of the diet. The CNES allowed feedlot managers to monitor growth and efficiency of individual pens of cattle. Through assigning distinct values for net energy for maintenance (NEm) vs. net energy for gain (NEg) of the metabolizable energy (ME) present in feeds, the CNES enables valid economic comparisons among feedstuffs, an appraisal not feasible based on total digestible nutrients or digestible energy (DE) values. Because NEm and NEg are linked mathematically to ME, the CNES also allows performance-adjusted ME (paME) value of diets to be calculated from observed DMI and growth or carcass measurements. Compared with other productivity measures (e.g., average daily gain and gain-to-feed ratio) that are confounded with and affected by DMI, the CNES logically separates production responses by cattle into two factors—DMI and ME of the diet. This enables research scientists or cattle producers to appraise responses within these two factors independently. In feeding studies, means of paME values were related closely to ME values of diets calculated from the ME of diet ingredients. But unlike ME values projected from diet analyses, paME estimates are affected by environmental conditions (e.g., season, weather, animal interactions, stress, nutritional history and deficiencies, associative effects of feeds, imprecise feed management, and animal healthfulness and disorders). These factors typically overestimate ME intake or increase energy requirements, both of which decrease energetic efficiency. By comparing paME with ME values calculated from diet composition, logical reasons behind performance responses to and quantitative benefits from feed additives, grain processing, hormone implants, and animal management can be appraised. Considering the evolution in cattle types, management and marketing conditions, and changes in diet ingredients and processing that have occurred during the past 50 yr, updating by a skilled committee to correct certain anomalies within the CNES as currently being applied seems appropriate. Developing simplified spreadsheets could help users evaluate their own dietary and management conditions and assure that the CNES continues to be widely applied by the feedlot industry within the United States and worldwide.
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Brizga, Janis, Sirpa Kurppa, and Hannele Heusala. "Environmental Impacts of Milking Cows in Latvia." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020784.
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Increasing pressures surrounding efficiency and sustainability are key global drivers in dairy farm management strategies. However, for numerous resource-based, social, and economic reasons sustainable intensification strategies are herd-size dependent. In this study, we investigated the environmental impacts of Latvia’s dairy farms with different management practices. The herd size-dependent management groups varied from extensively managed small herds with 1–9 cows, extending to stepwise more intensively managed herds with 10–50, 51–100, 100–200, and over 200 milking cows. The aim is to compare the environmental impacts of different size-based production strategies on Latvia’s dairy farms. The results show that the gross greenhouse gas emissions differ by 29%: from 1.09 kg CO2 equivalents (CO2e) per kg of raw milk for the farms with 51–100 cows, down to 0.84 kg CO2e/kg milk for farms with more than 200 cows. However, the land use differs even more—the largest farms use 2.25 times less land per kg of milk than the smallest farms. Global warming potential, marine eutrophication, terrestrial acidification, and ecotoxicity were highest for the mid-sized farms. If current domestic, farm-based protein feeds were to be substituted with imported soy feed (one of the most popular high-protein feeds) the environmental impacts of Latvian dairy production would significantly increase, e.g., land use would increase by 18% and the global warming potential by 43%. Environmental policy approaches for steering the farms should consider the overall effects of operation size on environmental quality, in order to support the best practices for each farm type and steer systematic change in the country. The limitations of this study are linked to national data availability (e.g., national data on feed production, heifer breeding, differences among farms regards soil type, manure management, the proximity to marine or aquatic habitats) and methodological shortcomings (e.g., excluding emissions of carbon sequestration, the use of proxy allocation, and excluding social and biodiversity impacts in life-cycle assessment). Further research is needed to improve the data quality, the allocation method, and provide farm-size-specific information on outputs, heifer breeding, manure storage, and handling.
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SCHIERE, J. B., A. L. JOSHI, A. SEETHARAM, S. J. OOSTING, A. V. GOODCHILD, B. DEINUM, and H. VAN KEULEN. "GRAIN AND STRAW FOR WHOLE PLANT VALUE: IMPLICATIONS FOR CROP MANAGEMENT AND GENETIC IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES." Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 3 (June 24, 2004): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704001814.
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Straws and stovers are often called ‘by-products’ of grain production even though they are increasingly important, e.g. for animal feed, thatching, soil improvement, mushroom production and industrial use. As a result, plant breeders, agronomists, economists and animal nutritionists have to pay more attention than before to the total value of crops, i.e. whole plant value in which straws and grain both play a part. This paper reviews literature about the technical potential of breeding and/or management for more or better straw. It then discusses issues of the economic value (EV) and nutritional value (NV) of straw and stovers for livestock feed to guide research and development in cereal breeding and management. It is mainly based on experiences from the Indian subcontinent and semi-arid regions of the Near and Middle East. The paper shows that the quantity and quality of straw produced has changed considerably over recent decades as a result of breeding policies, new cultivation patterns and choice of cultivars. Both EV and NV depend on type of grain, animal production system and access to other feeds. A classification of these factors is provided and suggests that the EV of straw is particularly important in low-input systems with stovers from coarse grains.
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Patsios, Sotiris I., Anna Dedousi, Evangelia Ν. Sossidou, and Antonios Zdragas. "Sustainable Animal Feed Protein through the Cultivation of YARROWIA Lipolytica on Agro-Industrial Wastes and by-Products." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041398.
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Proteins are essential constituents of animal feeds, which comprise mainly vegetable protein (e.g., soybean meal), which is produced and transported globally. The decoupling of protein-production and livestock-growth areas results in protein deficiencies in certain parts of the world, and in significant environmental stress. Alternative, more sustainable protein feeds are necessary to meet the increasing needs, and to decrease the environmental footprint of animal products. Yeast Single Cell Proteins (SCP), produced locally using various agro-industrial by-product streams, have significant potential as alternative animal feed protein. Particularly, Yarrowia lipolytica, an oleaginous, non-pathogenic microorganism has been characterized as a “workhorse” in biotechnological studies, drawing the attention of many researchers. The present review summarizes available resources on critical issues concerning the applicability and commercialization of Yarrowia lipolytica as an environment-friendly protein source for animal feed. It discusses the sustainability of the yeast SCP production process, it presents the recent advances concerning Yarrowia lipolytica cultivation on low-cost agro-industrial by-products, and it stresses the effects on the health and welfare of productive animals due to the inclusion of Yarrowia lipolytica in their diet. The data presented in this study should facilitate relative research advancement and the commercialization of Yarrowia lipolytica’s use as an alternative protein source/supplement for animal feeds.
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Guni, Fadhili S., Said H. Mbaga, and Andalwisye M. Katule. "Performance Evaluation of Kuroiler and Sasso Chicken Breeds Reared under On-farm and On-station Management Conditions in Tanzania." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 3, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.2.254.
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A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of management, breed, and their interaction on growth performance, egg production, and survivability under on-station and on-farm management conditions in Tanzania. A total of 1200 chicks, 600 for each breed, Kuroiler, and Sasso of mixed sexes were used. Birds under on-station management were confined and fed commercial ration throughout the experiment while those under on-farm management were allowed to semi-scavenge and supplemented with available feeds in the household. Brooding was carried out on-station for six weeks. Thereafter, birds were sub-divided for on-station and on-farm evaluation where data on body weight, egg production traits, and survival rate were taken at different ages from week 6 up to 52. The General Linear Models procedure fitting management, breed, and interaction between management and breed was used to analyze the data. Results show that management conditions had a significant influence on the performance of the breeds. Birds reared on-station performed better in all traits measured than those reared on-farm. The general effect of the breed was significant only for hen-day egg production (HDEP %) and hen-housed egg production (HHEP) in favour of Sasso chickens. Similarly, Sasso was more efficient at converting feed to live body weight. Interactions between management and breed were observed for all traits except peak egg production rate and mortality rate. While Sasso performance was better than that of Kuroiler on body weight, age at first egg, HDEP, age at peak egg production, and HHEP under the on-station management system, their performance in these traits were similar under the on-farm management except for body weight and age at first egg where Kuroiler was superior to Sasso. The survivability was also higher for Kuroiler than for Sasso under both management systems. It is concluded that genotype by environment (GxE) interaction had significant effects on the performance of the two breeds thus, a need to consider such effect when promoting them for either on-station or on-farm rearing.
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Lenkey, Stephen L. "The closed-end fund puzzle: Management fees and private information." Journal of Financial Intermediation 24, no. 1 (January 2015): 112–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2014.11.001.
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Udedibie, A. B. I., F. I. Peter-Nwachukwu, and H. O. Obikaonu. "Use of qualitative feed restriction as a management strategy for finishing broilers." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 42, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v42i2.2661.
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A 5-week experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of qualitative feed restriction through the use low-quality diet on finisher broiler performance, and to determine if sufficient compensatory growth can be achieved at that phase of broiler production. Seventy two (72) 4 weeks old broiler chicks of Anak strain weighing of the average 1.0kg were randomly distributed into two groups, A and B, using completely randomized design. Each group was replicated 3 times with 12 broiler chicks per replicate and each replicate housed in a pen measuring 1.5 m x 2 m. Broilers in group A were given a standard broiler finisher diet continuously for 5 weeks while broilers in group B received a low-quality cheap diet based mainly on palm kernel cake and wheat offal for the first two weeks and then placed on the standard diet for the remaining three weeks of the trial. The birds were weighed at the beginning of the trial and weekly thereafter. At the end of the feeding trial, 4 birds were randomly selected from each group, weighed, sacrificed, de-feathered, eviscerated and their internal organs as well as the abdominal fat, weighed. There was no significant difference in feed intake between the groups (P>0.05) at the end of the trial but the group on the high fibre low-quality diet consumed significantly (P<0.05) more feed during the 2 weeks. Daily body weight gain of the birds on the low-quality diet was lower than that of their counterparts in the control diets in the first 2 weeks but remarkably and progressively increased up to the end of the feeding trial. There was, however, no significant difference between the groups (P>0.05) in the final body weights. There were no significant differences in internal organ weights of the groups (P>0.05). However, abdominal fat weight was significantly (P<0.05) reduced by qualitative feed restriction. Feed cost of production (N/kg weight gain) were N348.69 and N343.78 for the control and qualitative feed restricted groups, respectively. The results have shown that sufficient compensatory growth can be achieved in broiler production the period of production is just 5 weeks.
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SEO, KUN-HO, PETER S. HOLT, and R. K. GAST. "Comparison of Salmonella Enteritidis Infection in Hens Molted via Long-Term Feed Withdrawal versus Full-Fed Wheat Middling." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 1917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.12.1917.
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Molting is an important economic management tool for the layer industry as a means of maximizing the effective laying life of a flock. Previous work has shown that molting birds through feed removal (FM) increased the severity of a Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection. The current study was conducted to follow the progression of an SE infection in unmolted hens versus hens molted via 14-day FM or ad libitum feeding of wheat middlings (WM), in the presence or absence of 2.5% lactose administered in the drinking water. In two trials of the experiment, all hens were infected with approximately 1 × 107 SE at day 4 of molt and sampled for SE shedding on days 4, 10, 17, and 24 postinfection (PI). Organ levels of SE were determined on day 7 PI. All molt procedures caused cessation of egg lay within 3 to 7 days. In trials 1 and 2, birds subjected to total FM shed 3 to 5 logs more SE than either the control birds (unmolted) or the birds fed WM on days 4 and 10 PI. Liver and spleen, ovary, and cecum counts were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the fasted birds in one trial and liver and spleen and cecum counts in the second. No differences in any of the SE counts were observed in unmolted versus WM-fed birds. Lactose supplementation in drinking water did not provide any advantage in reducing SE infection in either trial. These results indicate that there are alternative methods to long-term FM that can be used to molt birds and not increase the risk for SE problems. How these alternative methods compare with FM with regard to second-cycle egg production and the mechanisms involved in the reduced SE shedding remain to be investigated.
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AI-Sobayel, A., and A. A. AI-Mulhem. "Effect of Sex-linked Feathering Genes on Body Weight, Age At Sexual Maturity, Feed Intake and Subsequent Laying Performance of Baladi Chickens." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 2 (January 1, 1997): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol2iss0pp37-42.
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A total of 320 twenty week-old slow and rapid feathering Saudi Arabian Baladi pullers were used to assess the effect of sex-linked feathering genes on body weight, age at sexual maturity, feed intake and subsequent laying performance. Similar numbers of rapid feathering Leghorns pullets were included in the study for the purpose of comparison. The experimental birds of each genotypic group were randomly divided into four replicates and subjected to standard management practices. Slow feathering Baladi pullers had higher (P<0.05) adult body weight, rate of mortality, and feed intake and a similar age at sexual maturity but showed lower (P< 0.05) hen-day, and hen-housed egg production and feed conversion compared with rapid feathering Baladi pullets. Rapid feathering Leghorns had higher (P<0.05) adult body weight. age at sexual maturity, hen-day egg production, rate of mortality and feed intake and lower feed intake/kg eggs than rapid and slow feathering Baladi. However, rapid feathering Baladi and Leghorns had similar hen-housed egg production and feed intake per dozen eggs and had better (l’<0.05') performance than slow feathering Baladi.
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Khairunnesa, M., SC Das, and A. Khatun. "Hatching and growth performances of guinea fowl under intensive management system." Progressive Agriculture 27, no. 1 (April 29, 2016): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v27i1.27544.
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Present study was carried out to evaluate the hatching and growth performances of guinea fowls (Numida meleagris) kept under intensive rearing system at the Bangladesh Agricultural University Poultry Farm, Mymensingh. To develop a base population of guinea fowls at BAU Poultry Farm, a good number of hatching eggs were collected from different regions of the country. In first phase, the physical features of hatching eggs, their incubation period, care and handling of eggs during incubation, their fertility and hatchability were investigated. Eggs were hatched in a home incubator incubator at BAU Poultry Farm. In second phase, brooding management of the keets, growth performances, prevention and control of diseases and mortality of the birds were observed. All the activities were performed at the Laboratory of Poultry Science and the Poultry Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University. Brooding of keets was performed under full intensive system in a littered floor. Broiler starter feed was supplied during the brooding period. Results showed that the shape of egg was top like and both white and spotted cream color shell was found. The average egg weight was 38g per egg and shell thickness was 0.52 mm. The incubation period was 28 days. Fertility and hatchability on set eggs were 80 and 68%, respectively. Dead in shell and dead in germ were 15 and 4%, respectively. The average day-old keet weight was 25.8 g. Average feed intake per bird per day during 0-4, 5-8 and 9-11 weeks of age were 10.22, 30.91 and 52.6 g with the feed conversion ratios were 3.25, 3.05 and 2.88, respectively. The keets mortality up to 11 weeks was 10%. Economic feasibility should be taken into consideration with the observation of egg production and other associated parameters keeping guinea under complete free-range rearing system.Progressive Agriculture 27 (1): 70-77, 2016
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Charlton, Bruce R., Asheesh K. Tiwary, Arthur A. Bickford, and Mike Filigenzi. "Acute Depigmentation of Fertile Brown Eggs in a Commercial Layer Operation." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 17, no. 3 (May 2005): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870501700315.
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Rapid depigmentation of brown eggs is an infrequent but startling event in the commercial egg industry that can result in significant economic losses. Loss of shell pigment in brown-shelled eggs is caused by various factors. In many cases, the exact cause of flock-wide pigment loss remains undetermined. A rapid decline in shell pigmentation was observed in 2 flocks of Hyline brown layers. The lack of evidence of an infectious disease process suggested a feed or management problem. On the basis of a small-scale, “in-house” feeding trial, the feed was identified as the cause of depigmentation. Feed analysis by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide, a major component of nicarbazin (NCZ). There was no evidence of increased mortality, and only a slight but transient drop in the egg production was observed. Depigmentation effects were rapidly reversed after replacing the feed with NCZ-free feed.
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Şahin, K., and O. Küçük. "A simple way to reduce heat stress in laying hens as judged by egg laying, body weight gain and biochemical parameters." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 49, no. 4 (November 2001): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.49.2001.4.6.
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This study was designed to test the effects of feed withdrawal and darkening on the performance, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and some blood serum metabolite and mineral concentrations of laying hens reared at high ambient temperatures ranging from 25 to 35 °C. Ninety, 16-week-old hens (Ross Brown) were divided into 3 groups, 30 hens each. The first group was used as control. Hens in the second group (feed withdrawal) were subjected to feed removal from 14:00 to 18:00, and hens in the third group (darkening) were subjected to light restriction from 14:00 to 18:00 using black curtains. Liveweight, feed intake, and egg production were higher (P < 0.01) in the feed withdrawal and darkening groups, particularly in the darkening group, than in the control. Water intake was higher in the control group compared with the feed withdrawal and darkening groups (P < 0.01). T3, T4, and TSH concentrations in the serum were higher (P < 0.01), whereas ACTH serum concentration was lower (P < 0.01) in the feed withdrawal and darkening groups compared with the control. The haematocrit was higher in the feed withdrawal and darkening groups compared with the control (P < 0.01). Darkening and feed withdrawal treatments increased serum glucose, urea-N, uric acid, albumin, triglyceride, cholesterol, Ca, P, Na, and K concentrations, also the activities of amylase and alkaline phosphatase, but did not influence the activities of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). The present study found that feed withdrawal and darkening, particularly darkening, at high temperatures during the summer months offer a good management practice to reduce heat stress related depression in feed intake and egg production in laying hens.
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Rennie, G. M., W. Mcg King, T. L. Knight, B. Devantier, and C. J. Hoogendoorn. "Improving summer and autumn feed quality in New Zealand hill country." Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 76 (January 1, 2014): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2014.76.2956.
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Abstract Management of late spring surpluses to restrict reproductive growth can increase the quality of hillcountry pastures during summer and autumn. This occurs through a reduction in accumulated stem and dead material and an increase in clover content. However, there is little information on the magnitude and longevity of these effects. This trial investigated the effects of four late spring defoliation intensities on herbage quality, measured at the end of spring and during summer. Treatments were applied through regular cutting of hill pastures in areas of medium fertility and slope on two aspects in each of four geo-climatically different hill-farming regions over two years. Pasture herbage quality at the end of spring followed expected trends: defoliation to low residual pasture height led to higher quality herbage. The maximum difference in quality between the lowest cutting height and nil cutting at this time was nearly 2 MJME/kg DM. With a change to uniform cutting height across all plots in early summer, these pasture quality differences reduced and disappeared. Keywords: Pasture quality, hill country, grazing management
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Shofiquzzoha, AFM, SM Haque, and MA Wahab. "Reproductive performance of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man 1879) broodstocks grown on different diets." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 14, no. 2 (May 29, 2017): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v14i2.32698.
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An experiment was carried out during April to September 2013 to compare the reproductive performance of freshwater prawn golda (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) broodstocks fed on diets including 3 commercial (Mega -F1, SABINCO- F2 and CP- F3) and a laboratory formulated test feed (F4). Post larvae (PL) were collected from the river Kocha of district Pirozpur in April 2012 and nursed in the hapa (net cage) then reared in earthen ponds at the Fisheries Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. The broods were fed with selective feeds since their PL stage. The feeding was continued till their maturity of both male and female up to berried females. The proximate composition of the feeds, F1 where crude protein, 33.49%, lipid 5.38%, carbohydrate 30.31%, F2-crude protein, 26.70%, lipid 5.50%, carbohydrate 34.34%, F3- crude protein, 38.90%, lipid 8.09%, carbohydrate 25.37% and treatment F4- crude protein 33.00%, lipid 11.13%, carbohydrate 25.43%. Feeds were supplied at 5% body weight twice at dawn (5:30-6:00 am) and dusk (5:30-7:30 pm) till the end of the experiment. The variation in most water quality parameters, temperature, alkalinity, DO, transparency, TDS, conductivity NO2 --N, PO4 - 3 and chlorophyll-a were insignificant; while parameters, water depth, pH, NH3-N and NO3 --N was found to vary significantly (p<0.05) among treatments. Brood observation was carried out by dragging seine net or/and hand picking for eggs in egg chamber remained intact. The male and female ratio estimated 1:2.8, 1: 2.4, 1: 2.4 and 1: 1.7 in the treatments F1, F2, F3 and F4. The weight of the berried females was 56.33±19.55 g, 85.50±14.85 g, 73.67±23.09 g and 94.50±51.62 g; total weight of eggs was 7.61±1.86g, 7.04±0.69 g, 10.26±1.41g and 6.15±1.20 g in F1, F2, F3 and F4. The estimated numbers of eggs were 53,889±10,541, 37,555±1,217, 59,640±5,270 and 36,017±7,790 in F1, F2, F3 and F4 respectively. The weight of berried females with eggs (g), total eggs (g) and estimated number of eggs were significant (p<0.05) among treatments. Females fed with commercial feed F3 (CP) were found to produce the sufficient number of eggs (59,640/female) followed by F1 (Mega). The findings may contribute to the better broodstock management of freshwater prawn to produce of a sufficient number of embryonic eggs for hatchery operation.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(2): 229-234, December 2016
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Putra, Pasca Dwi, Hidir Efendi, and Wasis Wuyung Wisnu Brata. "Peningkatan Pendapatan Peternak Bebek Melalui Pelatihan Pakan Ternak Dan Kewirausahaan." JPPM (Jurnal Pengabdian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat) 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/jppm.v2i1.1713.
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ABSTRAK Tujuan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah untuk memberikan teknologi tepat guna dalam menghasilkan pakan ternak yang lebih sehat dan alami serta mengurangi penggunaan pakan ternak yang berasal dari pelet. Oleh karena itu, pelatihan dan penyuluhan pembuatan pakan ternak dapat mengurangi biaya pakan ternak dan dapat meningkatkan jumlah produksi telur bebek. Disamping itu, adanya pelatihan ketrampilan bagi peternak dapat meningkatkan kemampuan peternak dalam perencanaan keuangan dan kewirausahaan sehingga peternak dapat lebih mandiri. Hasil pengabdian ini menunjukkan bahwa adanya penggunaan teknologi tepat guna dalam menghasilkan pakan ternak yang alami dapat meningkatkan jumlah telur bebek yang dihasilkan serta membuat bebek lebih tahan terhadap penyakit dan perubahan cuaca. Disamping itu, adanya pembuatan pakan ternak dapat mengurani pengeluaran peternak bebek sehingga dapat meningkatkan pendapatan peternak dari sebelumnya. Pelatihan dan penyuluhan manajemen keuangan dan kewirausahaan juga meningkatkan ketrampilan peternak dalam perencanaan keuangan dan pemasaran telur bebek sehingga dapat meningkatkan penjualan. Penggunaan teknologi dapat mengurangi ketergantungan peternak dalam penggunaan pelet dan meningkatkan pendapatan peternak. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini menunjukkan bahwa pakan ternak yang dihasilkan sendiri dapat mengurangi dan mengganti pakan ternak yang berasal dari pelet, pelatihan perencanaan keuangan dapat merencanakan usaha peternak kedepan, dan adanya variasi produk dapat meningkatkan pendapatan peternak. Kata Kunci : Pakan Ternak, Teknologi Tepat Guna, Kewirausahaan, Manajemen Keuangan, Variasi Produk. ABSTRACTThe purpose of community service is to provide the right technology to produce healthier and more natural animal feed and to reduce the use of poultry feed originating from pellets. Therefore, training and counseling of livestock feed can reduce the cost of animal feed and can increase the amount of duck egg production. In addition, the skill training for farmers can improve the capability of farmers in financial planning and entrepreneurship so that farmers can be more independent. The results of this dedication show that the use of appropriate technology in the production of natural livestock feed can increase the number of duck eggs produced and make ducks more resistant to disease and weather changes. In addition, the creation of animal feed can reduce the expense of duck breeders so as to increase the income of farmers from the previous. Training and counseling of financial and entrepreneurial management also improves farmers' skills in financial planning and marketing of duck eggs so as to increase sales. The use of technology can reduce the dependence of farmers in the use of pellets and increase the income of farmers. These community service activities demonstrate that self-produced livestock can reduce and replace poultry feeds from pellets, financial planning training can plan future farmers, and the variety of products can increase farmers' income. Keywords : Animal Feed, Appropriate Technology, Entrepreneurship, Financial Management, Variaty Product
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Akinola, L. A. F., and S. O. Ebhohon. "Influence of different levels of calcium and vitamin D3 in cassava-based diet on the performance of laying hens." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i1.2493.
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This study was conducted to determine the influence of different levels of calcium and vitamin D3 in a cassava-based diet on performance of laying hens. One hundred and eight Isa Brown hens which were 34 weeks' old were used in a three by two factorial arrangement in a complete randomized design. Birds were fed diets containing different levels of calcium (A= 2.5%, B= 3.5%, and C= 4.5%), with each calcium level also containing vitamin D3 at levels of 2000, 4000 and 6000 IU. All birds were raised under the same management condition within the nine treatment combinations which had three replicates of four (4) birds each. Records of the feed intake, egg lay, cost of feed ingredients and mortality were documented. The records were used to calculate the hen-day production (HDP), feed intake, number of eggs laid per hen, dozens of eggs laid per hen, feed consumed per dozen egg, feed cost per dozen egg produced and mortality. The result obtained showed that diets B (3.5%), C (4.5%), the 2000 IU vitamin D3 level and diet C (4.5% calcium) containing 2000 IU vitamin D3 were better in terms of the number of eggs laid per egg, hen day production, and dozen egg per hen. Thus, farmers can use 3.5%, 4.5% calcium levels or 2000 IU vitamin D3 levels singly/individually in diet for laying hens and obtain better result. However, the C diet (4.5% calcium) containing 2000 IU vitamin D3 which had the highest number of eggs, HDP, dozen egg per hen, best feed conversion to eggs as well as the least cost of production is recommended for laying hens in the humid tropics, when calcium and vitamin D3 are used together in a cassava-based diet to feed hens
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Islam, Md Jakiul, and Omar Riego Peñarubia. "Seafood Waste Management Status in Bangladesh and Potential for Silage Production." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 2372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042372.
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Frozen shrimp and fish are the second most valuable export items from Bangladesh. Thus, in processing industries, a considerable amount of seafood waste is produced every year. Neglecting seafood waste leads to serious forms of wastage. The purpose of this survey-based study was to estimate the amount of seafood waste produced and understand the existing waste management practices in Bangladesh. Potential for seafood waste-based silage production and its utilization were also studied. Across the seafood industry, around 43,321 tons of seafood waste are produced every year. The highest amount of seafood waste is produced in Khulna, followed by Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar, Dhaka, and Sylhet. Local people consume a portion of fresh shrimp carapace and heads and gills of large fish. A portion of seafood waste is also used to feed aquaculture species. Moreover, parts of dried shrimp shells, appendages, and fish scales, air bladders, and fins are exported to some Asian countries. The prospect of fish silage production constitutes a promising new development for animal feed production in Bangladesh. The availability of waste materials from seafood processors and the demand from feed millers favor the conditions for silage production. However, in order for the seafood waste-based silage industry to flourish, the establishment of supply chains for seafood waste and end products (silage) is required. Studies on growth performance, muscle quality, and digestibility of animal feed with silage-based diets are required for farmed species.
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Basova, E. A., O. A. Yadrishchenskaya, S. A. Shpуnova, and T. V. Selina. "Amino acids in compound feed when rearing replacement young quails." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 9 (August 16, 2021): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2109-02.
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In the technology of production of quail eggs it is important to prepare the replacement young quails for egg laying since the timing of the beginning and duration of the productive period, the level of egg production, and the quality of eggs depend on it. A prerequisite for obtaining high productivity of laying quails in the future is a complete feeding during the rearing period. One solution to this problem is the use of synthetic amino acids in poultry feeding, which increase the biological value of the feed protein to meet the poultry’s protein needs. The results of research on the use of compound feed with an increased content of amino acids (lysine and methionine with cystine) by 15 and 20 % in the nutritional content of replacement young quails of Omskaya breed of meat and egg productivity have been presented in the article. It has been found that the use of experimental compound feed contributed to the increase in the live weight of quails of the experimental groups by 3,94 and 2,97 %, the decrease in the average daily feed consumption by 11,21 and 7,56 %, and expenditures of compound feed for 1 kg of gain by 14,54 and 8,31 %. The higher content of amino acids has increased the yield of effective young quails in the experimental groups by 4,09 and 7,07 %. It has been found in the result of carrying out anatomical cutting of carcasses that feeding quails with experimental compound feed had a stimulating effect on the development of egg-forming organs. The calculation of the economic efficiency of rearing replacement young quails has shown that the use of compound feed with the increase in amino acids by 15 and 20 % in compound feed reduced the expenditures of their rearing by 8,04 and 5,28 % and the prime-cost of one replacement female quail by 12,86 and 11,63 %.
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Wright, I. A., and N. I. Malmakov. "Sheep productivity in private flocks in Kazakstan." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200007171.
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During the Soviet era, state or collective farms on the rangelands of Kazakstan moved livestock between winter, spring, summer and autumn pastures in different ecological zones. By the end of the Soviet era, livestock production was still based partly on the traditional migratory system, but had become heavily dependent on supplementary winter feed over the harsh winters. When the majority of former state and collective farms became cooperatives in the mid 1990s, they retained the same management structure, but individuals became members of the cooperatives or had the right to a share of the assets (e.g. livestock, machinery, access to land) and become private farmers. Many individuals, who remained cooperative members and are not private farmers, still keep private livestock. There are, in addition, an increasing number of private farmers. Most flock owners cannot now afford to follow a four-season migratory system of sheep management nor to obtain sufficient winter feed of good quality. Small-scale flock owners with less than about one hundred sheep lack the resources (e.g. family labour, transport) to move animals the long distance between the different pastures. There has been a large decrease in sheep numbers and there is now excess pasture in all ecological zones, as many sheep now spend the whole year within 10 km of the home village or private farm. However they need to be supplied with winter fodder since the vegetation ceases to grow in autumn and is often covered in snow from December to March. The aim of the present study was to determine current management practices and their effects on sheep productivity.
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Ferdaus, AJM, MSA Bhuiyan, BM Hassin, AKFH Bhuiyan, and MAR Howlider. "Phenotypic characterization and productive potentialities of indigenous dwarf chicken of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 45, no. 1 (April 24, 2016): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v45i1.27489.
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The study was conducted to investigate the phenotypic features, morphometry and production potentialities of indigenous dwarf chicken (IDC) of Bangladesh under intensive management condition. A total of 48 females and 12 males were collected from different districts and the experiment was performed at BAU Poultry farm for a period of 75 weeks. The predominant plumage and skin color were black and white, respectively. The average shank length, shank circumference and live weight (28 weeks) in adult males and females were 7.5 and 4.69 cm, 6.28 and 3.69 cm, and 1.77±0.38 and 1.10±0.077 kg, respectively. The reduction of live weight for dwarf male and female chickens relative to their normal shanked counterparts (NSC) at same age was 12.91 and 16.91%, respectively. Hen day egg production, average egg weight, average feed intake and FCR (feed conversion ratio) of IDC were recorded 37.43%, 38.25 g, 69.57g and 4.58, respectively. The average age and weight at sexual maturity were recorded as 166.53 days and 1093 g, respectively. IDC consumed 11.13% less feed than NSC during 1-20 weeks. Survivability of IDC up to 0-8, 1-23 and 24-75 weeks of age were found 97.25, 94.90 and 95.24%, respectively. The study reveal that IDC had relatively lower adult weight and consumed less feed without affecting egg production compared to NSC under intensive management condition and could be exploited its potentiality for development of mini layer under semi-scavenging system of Bangladesh.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2016. 45 (1): 52-61
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Bhuiyan, MSA, DS Mostary, MS Ali, MM Hussain, and AJM Ferdaus. "Performances of Nageswari duck of Bangladesh under intensive management condition." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 46, no. 3 (April 7, 2018): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v46i3.36316.
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The present study was conducted to know the production and reproduction potentials, and egg quality characteristics of Nageswari duck under intensive management condition. Data were collected from a nucleus flock of Nageswari ducks that have been maintained from day old to 72 weeks of age at AI center, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, from May 2015 to October 2016. Irrespective of sex, the average live weight of ducklings at day old, 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7thand 9thweeks of age were observed to be 38.85±1.40, 99.06±2.93, 373.29±8.73, 650.31±11.26, 867.74±11.79 and 1076.11±16.34 g, respectively. There was a steady increasing trend observed in live weights for both drakes and ducks from 17thto 72 weeks of age. The average age of sexual maturity and weight were found 130±1.83 days and 1400.84±12.68g respectively. The average egg weight and annual egg production were 58.20±1.50g and 204.23±14.19 no’s, respectively. Hen day egg production was found 55.67±2.74% while the peak production was observed at 26th week of age. The estimated mean egg mass production (g/b/day), feed intake(g) during laying, feed conversion efficiency and performance efficiency index of Nageswari duck were 32.40±2.29, 154.85±2.27, 4.63±0.21 and 20.92±1.37, respectively in Nageswari duck. The external egg quality characteristics like shape index, egg breaking strength, shell thickness and membrane thickness were observed to be 74.59±0.61, 2.00±0.03 kg/cm2, 3.99±0.06 mm and 0.50 ± 0.02 mm respectively whereas, internal quality attributes such as albumen index, yolk index, yolk color score and Haugh unit were 8.89±0.29, 34.36±0.61, 8.42±0.28 and 86.29±1.06, respectively. In conclusion, the studied parameters of Nageswari duck provided some breed specific baseline information and year round actual production potentials of this genetic resource under intensive management condition that could be utilized for future conservation and breeding programs in Bangladesh.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2017. 46 (3): 198-205
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Bulloch, J. H., and S. S. Scully. "The structural integrity management of a deaerator feed water vessel approaching the end-of-life condition." Engineering Failure Analysis 12, no. 1 (February 2005): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2004.03.007.
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DeVries, T. J. "Review: Behaviour and its role in the nutritional management of the growing dairy heifer." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 90, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas09123.
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There has recently been a significant increase in the amount of scientific research relating dairy cattle behaviour to nutritional management, particularly with respect to the interaction with health. Much of this research has been focused on using information on the natural behavioural patterns of dairy cattle to improve management practices. As with calves and mature dairy cattle, the behaviour of growing replacement dairy heifers interacts with various nutritional management practices. For replacement dairy heifers, much of the research in this area has been focused on how these interactions relate to different feed delivery methods, the amount of feed provided, and stocking density at the feed bunk. This review describes empirical work focused on understanding how nutritional management practices affect heifer behaviour, and how these practices may affect the health, productivity, and welfare of these animals. In particular, evidence will be provided for those practices (such as total mixed ration feeding, feeding for ad libitum intake, and reducing feed bunk competition) that promote feeding behaviour patterns related to more consistent nutrient intake and improved rumen health. Even though the behavioural effects of these nutritional practices are known, additional research is still needed to further demonstrate the possible physiological consequences (e.g., rumen pH, growth rate) of these changes in behaviour. This information is needed so that further recommendations can be made on these practices so these animals may be raised for maximum production potential, while maintaining their behavioural needs, health and overall welfare.Key words: Behaviour, nutritional management, replacement dairy heifer
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Alhadab, Mohammad. "Abnormal audit fees and accrual and real earnings management: evidence from UK." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 16, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-07-2017-0050.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the relationship between abnormal audit fees and accrual-based and real-based earnings management by using a sample of 1,055 UK firm-year observations from 2006 to 2015. Design/methodology/approach Linear regression was used to test the hypothetical relation between abnormal audit fees and accrual and real earnings management. Following prior research, several proxies have been used to measure abnormal audit fees, accrual earnings management and real earnings management. Findings Abnormal audit fees were negatively associated with real earnings management. A higher level of abnormal audit fees was the major driver of enhanced audit quality, in turn reducing managers’ flexibility to use real earnings management and to manipulate reported earnings. Abnormal audit fees were found to be negatively associated with abnormal discretionary expenses, abnormal production costs and the aggregated measure of real earnings management. Practical implications This paper outlines the importance of considering any abnormal audit fees paid to audit firms. It is expected that the abnormal audit fees might compromise auditor independence and lead to a higher level of earnings management. However, the findings of this paper provide a new insight to many interested parties, e.g. regulators, audit firms, investors and creditors, that abnormal audit fees are associated with higher audit quality and higher financial reporting quality in the UK. Regulators in the meanwhile should reform the audit market by, e.g. revising the types of non-audit services that are provided for the same client, setting a cap on the maximum fees that can charged by auditors and monitoring earnings management practices. Audit firms should take into consideration that any charged abnormal level of audit fees may have a direct impact on audit quality. Originality/value This is the first study to examine the impact of abnormal audit fees on accruals and real earnings management after major regulatory changes that took place in the UK. These major changes are the adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards in 2005 and the new legislation concerning the ethical standards issued by the UK Audit Practice Board in 2004. These two major changes are expected to have a direct impact on both earnings management and audit fees, notably for the largest public listed firms. This study also focuses on one of the very developed and attractive stock markets in the world, the UK FTSE 350 stock index, that incorporates that largest 350 public firms.
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Robinson, F. E., R. A. Renema, L. Bouvier, J. J. R. Feddes, M. J. Zuidhof, J. L. Wilson, M. Newcombe, and R. I. McKay. "Effects of photostimulatory lighting and feed allocation in female broiler breeders 2. Egg and chick production on characteristics." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-018.
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Changes in egg production, chick production, and egg laying patterns were examined in individually caged female Shaver Starbro breeders in a 2 × 2 factorial design based on two photostimulation programs and two feeding programs. The light period of Fast Photoperiod (FP) hens was changed from 8L:16D to 15L:9D at 20 wk of age. Slow Photoperiod (SP) hens were switched from a 8L:16D photoperiod at 20 wk to 11L:13D, with increases to 12L:12D, 13L:11D, 14L:10D, and 15L:9D weekly to 24 wk of age. Slow Feed (SF) hens were provided small (5 g or less) weekly increases in feed allocation from 20 to 25 wk. Fast Feed (FF) hens received larger feed allocations from 20 to 25 wk (maximum difference of 25 g more feed than SF hens received). Individual body weight, egg production, sequence length profiles, fertility, and hatchability were monitored to 64 wk of age.Whereas all treatments had a high rate of egg production, total egg production was 10.9 eggs greater in the SF feeding program (200.3) compared to the FF program (189.4). Hen-day production of SF birds was 68.2% for the laying period compared to 64.5% for FF birds over the 42 wk laying period. The mean laying sequence length of SF birds was 36.4% longer than for FF birds, indicating superior egg laying patterns and ability to maintain egg production. Sequence length was longer in FP than in SP hens in early lay (22 to 35 wk of age), although this effect appeared to be transient. Hatch of fertile and hatchability were increased in the SP compared to the FP birds, indicating an advantage to the SP program with regard to total number of chicks produced. Examination of embryonic mortality by 7-d periods of incubation indicated that the FF birds had a higher incidence of early and mid-term embryonic mortality than the SF birds, possibly relating to developmental problems associated with eggs of birds with excessive follicle development. These data demonstrate that minor differences in feed allocation can have an influence on egg and chick production traits and that precise early breeder hen management is paramount to optimize chick output. Exposing 20-wk old pullets to small, multiple feed increases can increase egg production. Key words: Broiler breeders, photostimulation program, feed restriction, egg production, fertility
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Galyean, Michael. "349 The need for forage intake measurements." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.141.
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Abstract We often tell students of nutrition that “animals require quantities, not percentages, of nutrients.” Nonetheless, diets and supplements are typically formulated on a percent basis, which is convenient and works well if feed intake is known. Grazing ruminants require quantities of nutrients, but unlike their pen-fed counterparts, forage intake is unknown. Estimates of intake are essential to make management decisions relative to the quantity and timing of supplemental nutrients, which are often the largest out-of-pocket cost for ruminant production based on grazed forages. Moreover, sustainable management of grazing lands requires estimates of intake relative to available forage to set appropriate stocking rates and to assess environmental impacts (e.g. greenhouse gases). These management decisions become more critical as the physiological state of grazing animals change over time, resulting in shifts in both feed intake and nutrient requirements that affect the need for supplemental nutrients and can alter grazing management strategies. This dilemma – not knowing feed intake but needing it to make critical management and environmental decisions – necessitates the use of intake estimates as a basis for formulating supplemental nutrition plans and developing grazing management schemes. These estimates range from “thumb rules” for intake at various physiological states to more complex equations based on forage composition (also generally unknown in grazing situations), environmental variables, and various animal factors. The validity of these estimates and equations is often tested against intake values in pen-fed ruminants, as well as estimates derived from indirect methods in grazing animals (e.g. marker-based methods). Developing methods that yield accurate and precise predictions of voluntary intake by grazing ruminants has been a long-standing challenge, but the need for effective methodology and estimates of forage intake remains critical for grazing livestock.
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Puvača, Nikola, Erinda Lika, Sonila Cocoli, Tana Shtylla Kika, Vojislava Bursić, Gorica Vuković, Mirela Tomaš Simin, Aleksandra Petrović, and Magdalena Cara. "Use of Tea Tree Essential Oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) in Laying Hen’s Nutrition on Performance and Egg Fatty Acid Profile as a Promising Sustainable Organic Agricultural Tool." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 3420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083420.
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The level of production in a variety of organic production systems is often lower than in other traditional production systems. In poultry production, there is also a direct negative effect of the small scale regarding sustainable organic poultry production. Regardless of differences between organic and conventional production systems, this experiment aimed to investigate the usage of tea tree Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden and Betche) Cheel essential oils as a natural alternative to antibiotics in hen nutrition on productive parameters, table egg quality and eggs fatty acid profile as a promising sustainable organic agricultural tool. A total of 360 Lohmann Brown hens, aged 54 weeks, divided into three different treatment diets, were supplemented with 0 (T1), 40 (T2) and 80 mg/kg (T3) of M. alternifolia essential oil, respectively. Experimental treatments were replicated four times within 30 birds each. The experiment lasted for a total of 56 days (55 to 62 weeks of hens age). A 56-day experimental had two timetable periods of 28 days each: period 1 (55 to 58 weeks of hen age) and period 2 (59 to 62 weeks of hen age). For compound feed supplemented with M. alternifolia essential oil, daily egg production and the efficiency of nutrient utilization (FCR) was improved significantly (p < 0.05) until the end of week 58, with a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the thickness of eggshell, as well as egg production (p < 0.05). However, egg mass, feed consumption, FCR and albumen height, Haugh unit, and eggshell strength did not show any significant (p > 0.05) differences influenced by essential oil feed supplementation. Lower concentrations of saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and higher concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), were recorded with M. alternifolia essential oil supplementation, but without significant (p > 0.05) differences. At the end of the experiment, the obtained results showed that the addition of M. alternifolia essential oil to hen nutrition had a positive effect on production parameters and eggs fatty acid profile, with increased eggshell thickness (p < 0.05).
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Pelit, Hüseyin, Mustafa Korkmaz, and Mehmet Budakçı. "Surface roughness of thermally treated wood cut with different parameters in CNC router machine." BioResources 16, no. 3 (May 28, 2021): 5133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.5133-5147.
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The effects of different machining parameters on surface roughness values of thermally treated pine, beech, and linden woods cut in a computer numerical control (CNC) router machine were examined. Wood specimens were thermally treated at 170, 190, and 210 °C for 2 h. Then, specimens were cut in the radial and tangential directions with three different spindle speeds (12000, 15000, and 18000 rpm) and three different feed rates (3000, 4000, and 6000 mm/min) using two different end mill tools (spiral and straight) on the CNC machine. The end mill type significantly affected the roughness values of the untreated and thermally treated specimens in both directions. Lower roughness values were found in the specimens (especially pine) machined with the straight end mill compared to those machined with the spiral end mill. Roughness generally decreased in the thermally treated specimens. However, thermal treatment temperature did not have a notable effect on roughness. As the spindle speed increased, the roughness values of all specimens decreased. In contrast, as the feed rate increased, the roughness values increased. Therefore, the end mill type, feed rate, and spindle speed were the most influential parameters on the roughness.
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Neumann, Marcelo Eduardo, Maximiliane Alavarse Zambom, Maichel Jhonattas Lange, Ferenc Istvan Bankuti, Deise Dalazen Castagnara, André Luiz Garcia Dias, Rodrigo Cesar Tinini, and Tatiane Fernandes. "Typology of dairy production systems from West Parana State based on production indices and feed used." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 3 (June 22, 2016): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n3p1565.
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The dairy industry is characterised by a wide diversity of production systems. In this diverse environment, some of the difficulties can be minimised through the grouping of production units through the study of typology. The objective was to characterise the systems of milk production from West Parana State by considering production rates, area, power, facilities, and marketing of milk. To this end, 735 semi-structured interviews with dairy farmers were performed by using a questionnaire for management practices and feed that is used on the farms. To obtain the explanatory variables used for principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), a homogeneous division of 735 farmers in five groups was used. Ten per cent of producers were randomly selected for the performance of field visits to the properties, where a new questionnaire was applied with specific points regarding feeding management on the property, and feed was collected to determine its composition. The collected data were tabulated and feed was ranked based on the classification proposed by the NRC (2001). Analyses of feed were carried out in the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition of Unioeste. The West Parana State has five groups of dairy production systems. There is great variability in the fresh forages that are used, but maize silage is the main forage utilised for fermented feed, and concentrate supplementation is adopted by more than 60% of farms during both seasons. Changes in the levels of feed components are high among systems.
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MARTÍNEZ, MANUEL, ISAAC DE GASPERÍN, JORGE VICENTE, and JUAN PINOS-RODRÍGUEZ. "Effect of feed supplementation on growth performance and plasma minerals and metabolites in hair lambs grazing Panicum maximum." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 77, no. 01 (2021): 6497–2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6497.
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Forty-eight hair lambs (12.7 ± 1.9 kg BW) that grazed Panicum maximum pasture in the daytime and were kept in yards overnight were used to evaluate the influence of a feed supplement on growth performance, plasma minerals and metabolites. Lambs were randomly assigned to two treatments: no feed supplement (control) and feed supplement (300 g/head per day). The growth performance trial lasted 77 days. At the end of the trial, blood samples were collected to determine plasma minerals and metabolites. Feed supplementation improved total BW gain, ADG and feed conversion as compared to no supplementation. Supplemented lambs had higher serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin and glucose than lambs not supplemented. Packed blood cell volume, haemoglobin, urea and cholesterol, as well as blood mineral values in lambs not supplemented were similar to those of supplemented lambs. Feed supplementation of growing lambs grazing pasture in the daytime and kept in yards overnight is an important management strategy for improving growth performance and some blood metabolites related to health and nutritional status.
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Schroeder, Jon T., Ava L. Labuzetta, and Thomas A. Trabold. "Assessment of Dehydration as a Commercial-Scale Food Waste Valorization Strategy." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 5959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12155959.
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Using a commercially available dehydration unit, this study aimed to valorize various food waste streams from different sources in the Rochester, New York area. Dehydration of the food waste collected for the study helped reduce the weight of the feedstock by 70–90%, as the incoming waste streams were relatively wet. The output was materially characterized against end uses such as cattle feed, fish feed, and compost. The results demonstrated that, other than fertilizer, the remaining five end uses (compost, fish feed, cattle feed, pyrolysis, and pelletized fuel) were potentially compatible with varying waste feedstocks based on the parameters analyzed. Fish feed in particular was found to be the most compatible end use, as a number of attributes, including protein, fell within the optimal range of values. Pelletized fuel was also determined to be a viable application, as six out of eight sources of dehydrated food waste had higher heating values above the minimum U.S. standard level of 18.61 MJ/kg. Ultimately, this analysis showed that the composition of the food waste needs to be matched to an end-use application and sale of the product for dehydration to be a worthwhile valorization strategy.
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Omolola Felicia, Akinyemi, and Olawumi Simeon Olutoye. "Effects of Strain and Skip-A-Day Feed Restriction on Haematological Parameters of Broiler Chickens at Finisher Stage." Sumerianz Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary, no. 312 (December 1, 2020): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjav.312.174.177.
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Feed restriction is a management tool designed to reduce the amount of feed consumed by birds to produce more meat without jeopardizing their health condition. The present study was therefore, undertaken to investigate the effects of strain and feed restriction on haematological parameters of broiler chickens. The strains of broilers reared are Arbor Acre, Hubbard and Marshall. The four treatments and three replicates per treatment applied are: A- full feeding (control), B-5th week feed restricted, C- 6th week feed restricted and D- 7th week feed restricted groups. After each feed restriction regime the birds were restored to full feeding until the termination of the experiment on the 56th day. At the end of the experiment on the 56th day, two birds from each replicate were randomly selected for blood collection. Analyzed results showed that there was no significant (p>0.05) effect of strain on all the haematological parameters at 8th week except for red blood cell. With respect to red blood cell, Hubbard birds showed superiority to other two strains which recorded similar (p>0.05) mean values. All feeding trials employed had positive impact on the birds’ hematological parameters regardless of strain. Therefore, any of the feed restriction regime could be employed without compromising the health of the birds.
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Dewhurst, R. J., S. M. Rutter, and A. J. Rook. "Nutritional and grazing management of the dairy cow." BSAP Occasional Publication 28 (2001): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500041005.
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AbstractThe pre-requisites for nutritional management of dairy cows are information about how much feed is being consumed as well as the nutrients that are being derived from that feed. Studies of feed intake and nutrient supply have been limited by difficult experimental techniques, particularly with grazing animals. The models derived from much earlier work are of only general applicability and there is a need for more site-specific information in order to benefit further from conceptual advances.We have adopted a different approach to studying herbage intake and nutrient supply, using less-invasive approaches as well as techniques that monitor more accessible aspects of these processes, such as jaw movements. These techniques have a major advantage, in addition to their value as research tools, because they could translate directly into commercial applications in on-farm monitoring. The use of diagnostics and behavioural recording is well explored in relation to health monitoring; here we argue for its potential to advance the application of knowledge about grazing and nutrition. We will illustrate this approach using our experiences in measuring grazing behaviour, using IGER behaviour recorders and assessing rumen function, using a series of non-invasive techniques.The IGER grazing behaviour recorder allows us to record jaw movements and hence grazing and ruminating time and bite dynamics. It also allows the recording of steps and is now being developed to incorporate non-invasive rumen state sensors. It has made a major contribution to our understanding of the foraging strategies of grazing animals and their effect on herbage intake. This technology has the potential to be developed for on-farm monitoring of foraging behaviour providing valuable inputs to the prediction of herbage intake, in decision support systems for grazing.The introduction of concept of protein degradation and microbial synthesis in the rumen are significant advances in protein rationing schemes. However, real progress has been limited because the lack of consistent experimental results means that models have little relevance to specific farm situations. We foresee considerable opportunities to monitor products of rumen degradation and synthesis that appear in milk (e.g. odd-chain fatty acids) or breath (e.g. sulphides).Taken together these technologies open the possibilities of an entirely new approach to nutritional management of dairy cows, with site-specific recommendations based on information gathered using new sensors that are incorporated into computerised feeding equipment and milking parlours.
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Putra, Pasca Dwi. "THE CAPACITY IMPROVEMENT OF EGG DUCK FARMERS IN DESA KOLAM THROUGH ENHANCING THEIR FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILL." Journal of Community Research and Service 1, no. 2 (March 29, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jcrs.v1i2.9346.
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AbstractThe purpose of community service is for training and counseling to duck farmers to plan and market their business to be better and can compete in the business world. In addition, the importance of financial management and entrepreneurship helps the farmers to plan their finances and marketing so that people can know the potential they have and see opportunities to develop the livestock business. The results of this dedication show that training and counseling of financial and entrepreneurial management helps farmers in financial planning such as feed and maintenance costs incurred, calculate the reasonable selling price of eggs, and plan future activities in developing the livestock business. Due to background education of farmers not from financial, so deep enough approach is required in explaining financial management and entrepreneurship as well as simple submission so that farmers can more easily understand the application of financial management concepts and entrepreneurship in the business world.Keywords: Financial Management, Entrepreneurship, Duck Farmers, Desa Kolam
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Pordomingo, Eduardo, Eugenia Paturlanne, and Mauricio Márquez. "Management control of grass-fed beef in the semiarid pampas." Perspectivas 9, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/perspectivas-2019-v9n2a07.
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Ward, Jayne, and Ingrid L. Mainland. "Microwear in Modern Rooting and Stall-fed Pigs: the Potential of Dental Microwear Analysis for Exploring Pig Diet and Management in the Past." Environmental Archaeology 4, no. 1 (May 1999): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/env.1999.4.1.25.
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Grabau, Morgan, Karla Wilke, and Mary E. Drewnoski. "75 Management of the Young Calf When Dams Are Limit-fed in Confinement." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.193.
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Abstract Limit-feeding cows in confinement can lower feed costs; however, calves have limited time to access feed. This study was designed to evaluate management options to economically improve calf performance. Calves (n = 54) were stratified by age (105 ± 16 DOA) and assigned randomly to one of nine groups, then each group assigned randomly to one of three treatments: 1) kept with dam with access to cow diet only (PAIRS) 2) early-weaned (EW) or 3) kept with dam with access to creep (CREEP). The cow diet was 54% wet distillers grains (WDGS), 37% straw, and 8% corn. This diet was fed to meet dry cow requirements (7.7 kg DM/d) for EW, lactation requirements (10.9 kg DM/d) in CREEP, and lactation requirements plus allow for some calf intake (14.8 kg DM/d) in PAIRS. The calf diet consisted of 51% alfalfa hay, 25% WDGS, and 22% corn. Calves in the EW had greater (P < 0.01) intake (5.0 kg DM/d) than CREEP (4.1 kg DM/d) from 105 to 203 DOA. Calf ADG differed (P < 0.01) among treatments from 105 to 203 DOA, with CREEP (1.29 kg/d) being greater (P = 0.02) than EW (1.01 kg/d) and both being greater (P ≤ 0.02) than PAIRS (0.74 kg/d). At ~203 DOA, PAIRS and CREEP were weaned and all calves were fed a growing diet. Calf intakes during the growing phase (223 to 314 DOA) did not differ (P = 0.39). However, calf ADG tended (P < 0.06) to differ. The ADG of PAIRS (1.13 kg/d) and EW (1.10 kg/d) did not differ (P = 0.67) but were greater (P ≤ 0.05) than CREEP (0.92 kg/d). However, when calf value and total feed costs were considered, creep resulted in the most return over feed costs at weaning as well as at the end of growing.
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Haryuni, Nining, Eko Widodo, and Edhy Sudjarwo. "EFEK PENAMBAHAN JUS DAUN SIRIH (Piper bettle linn) SEBAGAI ADITIF PAKAN TERHADAP PERFORMA AYAM PETELUR." Briliant: Jurnal Riset dan Konseptual 2, no. 4 (November 13, 2017): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.28926/briliant.v2i4.100.
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Development of poultry has been done in terms of breeding, feeding and management. However, the implementation still faces many challenges such as the problem of production decrease. One cause of the decline in production is a health disorder caused by pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella sp and Escherichia coli). One way to overcome the problem is the use of Piper bettle linn Juice as a feed additive. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Piper bettle linn Juice as a feed additive to the performance of laying hens. The method used is the biological test of laying hens age 69 weeks of Isa Brown Strain of 250 laying hens, using Completely Randomized Design (RAL) with 5 treatments and 5 replications. The results of the research showed that Piper bettle linn Juice gave no significant effect (P> 0,05) to feed consumption and mortality. Influence significantly (P<0,01) to Hen Day Production (HDP), egg weight and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR).
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Cabrera Walsh, Guillermo, Crébio J. Ávila, Nora Cabrera, Dori E. Nava, Alexandre de Sene Pinto, and Donald C. Weber. "Biology and Management of Pest Diabrotica Species in South America." Insects 11, no. 7 (July 8, 2020): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11070421.
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The genus Diabrotica has over 400 described species, the majority of them neotropical. However, only three species of neotropical Diabrotica are considered agricultural pests: D. speciosa, D. balteata, and D. viridula. D. speciosa and D. balteata are polyphagous both as adults and during the larval stage. D. viridula are stenophagous during the larval stage, feeding essentially on maize roots, and polyphagous as adults. The larvae of the three species are pests on maize, but D. speciosa larvae also feed on potatoes and peanuts, while D. balteata larvae feed on beans and peanuts. None of these species express a winter/dry season egg diapause, displaying instead several continuous, latitude-mediated generations per year. This hinders the use of crop rotation as a management tool, although early planting can help in the temperate regions of the distribution of D. speciosa. The parasitoids of adults, Celatoria bosqi and Centistes gasseni, do not exert much control on Diabrotica populations, or show potential for inundative biocontrol plans. Management options are limited to insecticide applications and Bt genetically modified (GM) maize. Other techniques that show promise are products using Beauveria bassiana and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, semiochemical attractants for monitoring purposes or as toxic baits, and plant resistance.
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Pankova, Svitlana. "THE EFFECT OF STOCKING DENSITY ON EGG PRODUCTION, PRESERVATION AND EFFICIENCY OF USING LAYING HENS IN BATTERY CAGES." Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine, no. 124 (2020): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32900/2312-8402-2020-124-123-134.
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The influence of different floor areas in cages on the productivity, safety and economic performance of laying hens was evaluated. The study was carried out on chickens of the Ukrainian breed Birkivska barvysta of the egg production direction, the gene pool of which is preserved in the State Poultry Research Station of NAAS. The total number of birds in the experiment was 568 laying hens.The experiment was carried out using cages with an area of 90 × 90 cm when placing in them 7, 8, 9 and 10 birds, which corresponded to a stocking density of 1157.1, 1012.5, 900 and 810 cm2 per hen. The experiment lasted 33 weeks, starting at 17 weeks of age. The weight of the birds was determined by individual weighing at the beginning and the end of the experiment. Accounting for egg production, feed costs and mortality was carried out daily, the weight of eggs was determined at the age of 30 weeks by weighing the daily harvest in the context of groups. It has been established that stocking density significantly affects the main zootechnical and economic indicators of keeping laying hens. A decrease in the cage area to 810 cm2 per hen due to an increase in the number of birds in it led to a significant decrease in egg production, final live weight and safety, as well as to a deterioration in feed conversion (P<0.05). At the same time, the change in stocking density did not have a particular effect on egg weight. The obtained results show that the optimal placement for cages of this type is the placement of 7-8 layers in them at a stocking density of 1000-1150 cm2 per hen and a feeder lengthof 11-12.5 cm.Under such conditions, due to higher egg production by 21-27 pieces, safety by 5.5-6.2% and lower feed costs for 10 eggs, by 0.46-0.56 kg from one layer received 53.5-69 UAH additional gains compared to 810 cm2 per hen with a 9 cm feeder length.Placing birds of 10 heads in a cage, although it allows increasing its number in the poultry house by 43%, as a result of an excessive reduction in the area of feeding and drinking, harms its productive and economic indicators. That is, the increase in space for the birds - is a management tool that can be used to optimize the performance of egg production, preservation and consumption of feed in laying hens.
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Rotikan, Febrian, L. J. Lambey, B. Bagau, and J. Laihat. "PERFORMANS PRODUKSI BURUNG PUYUH BETINA (Coturnix coturnix japonica) PADA LAMA PENCAHAYAAN YANG BERBEDA." ZOOTEC 38, no. 1 (April 26, 2018): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.38.1.2018.19390.
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PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF FEMALE QUAILS (Coturnix coturnix japonica) UNDER DIFFERENT LIGTH ILLUMINATIONS. The objective of this study was to evaluate the duration effect of light illuminations on egg production performance of female quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Total of 80 female quails at the age of 3 weeks old were used in this study. The total of 4 birds were raised in the cage of 40x30 cm. Birds were randomly put in the cage using completely randomized design for the four treatments consisting of cage without light illumination (R0), cage with light illumination during 4 hours per day (R1), cage with light illumination during 8 hours per day (R2), and cage with light illumination during 12 hours per day (R3). Variables measured were feed consumption, age at first laying egg, egg production and egg weight. Results showed that light illumination did not significantly affect feed consumption, age at first laying egg, egg production and egg weight. Therefore, it can be concluded that production management of female quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) did not need light illumination during 4, 8 and 12 hours per day. Key words: Female quail, Light illuminations, Production performance
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Sivcev, Ivan, Petar Kljajic, Miroslav Kostic, Lazar Sivcev, and Sladjan Stankovic. "Management of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 27, no. 3 (2012): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1203189s.
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Western corn rootworm (WCR) was registered for the first time in Europe near the Surcin international airport in Serbia in 1992. The spread of WCR on the territory of Serbia and its population density increased fast. The Serbian territory was entirely populated in the following few years, while major damages occurred on corn grown for two or more years in the same field. Data on damages caused to over 140,000 ha under corn until 1999 were collected by organized monitoring. After 2000 and 2003, population abundance of D.v. virgifera, as well as the number of damaged corn fields, significantly decreased due to drought and application of crop rotation. Corn rootworm has one generation per year. It overwinters in the egg stage. Under the climatic conditions of Serbia larvae hatching starts around May 15th. The highest number of larvae on root is observed around June 20th when feeding is most intensive and plants become lodged as they lose roots. First adults emerge by the end of June. Their abundance increases during July and reaches maximum by the end of the month. From the second decade of August the abundance decreases. Adults are present in the field until the first frosts. Larvae are much more harmful and significant than adults. Larvae feed on roots or into roots by boring. Roots can be entirely destroyed under heavy attack and the host plants lodged already at the end of June. Under our climatic and agrotechnical conditions, adults are sporadic pests. Adults are a threat only when sowing is done after the optimal sowing date or in case of stubble corn sowing. Crop rotation is an efficient and most widespread means of WCR control. No damage on corn grown in crop rotation has been registered in Serbia for now. In the first year of production corn does not require protection from Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte larvae. Several insecticides have performed high efficacy by application at sowing and have been registered for commercial use. On the other hand, soil insecticides have never been applied on a significant area in Serbia.
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Akter, S., SC Das, AS Apu, T. Ahmed, A. Lahiry, A. Afrin, and NJ Nishat. "Early sex determination of Turkey by observation of differences in body weight between male and female." Progressive Agriculture 31, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v31i3.52126.
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The present study was conducted to determine the early sex in turkeys by observation of the differences in body weight between male and female birds. A total of 30-day old black color unsexed poults having almost similar body weight at hatching were considered for the experimentation and housed at the Poultry Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh. All birds were reared up to 12 weeks of age under intensive management with supplementation of commercial broiler starter and grower feeds. Birds were reared under similar management conditions. Significantly higher (p<0.01) body weight was attained in male poults (104g/bird) than the female (90g/bird) at the end of 1st week of age. Similarly, at the end of 2nd week of age higher (p<0.01) body weight attained by male poults (198.31g/bird) than the female (162.13g/bird). At the end of 3rd weeks of age male poults attained higher (p<0.01) body weight (307.23g/bird) than the female (251.33g/bird). After 4 weeks of rearing, male turkeys attained significantly higher (p<0.01) live body weight (424.46g/bird) than the female turkeys (347.87g/bird). The weekly average body weight gains of male and female birds were 94.18g/bird and 76.5g/bird, respectively. Thus, the male and female birds were successfully identified on the basis of differences in their body weight. Weekly feed intake for both the male and female birds was also increased with their age. Up to 4 weeks of age, both the male and female poults consumed same amount of feed (753.46g/bird). The FCR of male and female poults differed non-significantly in 1st, 3rd and 4th week. On the contrary, in 2nd week of age the FCR of male poults (1.60) was significantly lower (p<0.01) than female (2.11). Survivability was 100% up to 4th week of age irrespective of sex of the poults. The birds were reared up to 12 weeks of age until to confirm their sex by observation of the phenotypic appearance. Results of the phenotypic observation of male and female birds correspondence hundred percent accuracy with the results obtained in body weight based differences between male and female birds. It is therefore concluded that farmers can identify male or female poults as early as first week of age on the basis of body weight differences.
Progressive Agriculture 31 (3): 218-226, 2020
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Raydugin, Yuri. "Consistent Application of Risk Management for Selection of Engineering Design Options in Mega-Projects." International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 1, no. 4 (October 2012): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2012100104.
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Traditional application of project risk management is limited to identifying and addressing project risks and then developing cost along with schedule contingencies. This paper proposes a method to consistently utilize the project risk management methods during Front End Engineering Design (FEED) phase of project development to select engineering design options. This method was called for recently to make several key engineering design decisions in a mega-project (case study). It allows significantly accelerate decision making and successfully manage various types of bias through leveraging the structure and visualization it provides. The proposed method is also applicable for engineering change management in any phase including operations.