Dissertations / Theses: 'Feed waste'

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Barnett, G. M. (Gordon M. ). "Feed additives and animal waste phosphorous reactions." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41322.

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Organic phosphorus (P$ sb{ rm o}$) in farm animal wastes must be mineralized to inorganic P for subsequent plant use. This study was conducted to determine if feed additives affect P$ sb{ rm o}$ mineralization, manure decomposition, and plant growth. Feed additives in aqueous systems affected the P mineralization of inositol hexaphosphate by phytase and of adenosine monophosphate by alkaline phosphatase. Pronounced effects were produced by bacitracin and both enzymes and by neomycin on phytase. Feed additives in dairy cattle (Bos taurus L.) manure produced effects on microbial activity as measured by gas production that differed from those produced on fecal phosphatase activity. Additives applied directly or with manure to Ste. Rosalie clay, Greensboro loam, or silica sand had no effect on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yield but did produce additive, rate, growth medium, and manure dependent effects on plant P concentration and soil phosphatase activity. Therefore, each feed additive must be independently evaluated to determine its effect on biological systems.

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Chaddick, Justin Garrett. "Sustainable tilapia feed derived from urban food waste." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54468.

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Finding an alternative to fishmeal and fish oil in animal feeds has been a topic of increasing interest due to the pressures being put on the ocean’s fisheries and the increasing world demand for animal protein. An often-overlooked source of nutrients is in the form of food waste. One third of all food produced globally ends up in landfills, wasting a huge amount of nutrients and embodied energy that could otherwise be redirected towards productive use. This study investigated the feasibility of feeding Hermetia illucens, the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), grown on urban food waste, and Lemna minor, a species of duckweed, to tilapia in a recirculating aquaponic system as a compound feed. The study compared the growth of two groups of 58 tilapia over 44 days; one group was fed commercial pellets and the other a compound feed composed of BSFL and duckweed. The group fed the commercial pellets achieved heavier weight gain than the group fed the experimental feed but both groups resulted in steady weight gain and had similar mortality rates. Feeding the experimental feed composed of BSFL and duckweed to tilapia in an aquaponics system is an effective method of diverting food waste from the landfill and further research should be done to optimize this process.

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Budu, Ben Asare. "Economic feasibility of processing food waste and incorporating processed food waste products in least cost duck feeds." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33067.

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The focus of this thesis was to analyze the least cost of producing rations for ducks in three age categories from a mixture of conventional feed ingredients and three different processed food waste products and to examine the financial and economic feasibility of establishing an industrial plant to produce these food waste products in the Montreal region. The first part of the thesis was investigated through the use of a linear programming model. The effect of recognizing the variability of protein levels in the various feed ingredients was examined through the use of chance-constrained programming. The second part of the thesis was examined using economic and financial analyses for the investment. The basic plant requirements to produce the three processed food waste products were the same, however energy costs were different for the three products. Revenue was generated from tipping fees and the sale of the three processed food waste products. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Ayangbile, Gbemiga A. "Utilization of crab processing waste and chitin associated with the waste as feed for ruminants." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54763.

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Four experiments were conducted with crab processing waste. Addition of 1.5% propionic/formic acid prevented degradation up to 14 d. Desirable fermentation was achieved when 32% of the treated crab waste was ensiled with 32% straw, 16% molasses, and 20% water with or without .1% microbial inoculant. The pH of the silage was lowered and high concentration of lactic acid was observed. Use of .2% NaOCl or .4% H₂O₂ retarded spoilage of crab processing waste up to 7 d. Ensiling of the treated waste (32%), straw (32%), molasses (16%), and H₂0 (20%) indicated that the chemical used in preservation enhanced fermentation. Addition of .4% NaOCl and 1.5% acetic acid to the crab processing waste retarded degradation up to d 4. The trimethylamine (TMA) concentration and NH₃ evolution were highest for the untreated waste while the lowest concentration for TMA and NH₃ evolution were observed for the NaOH-treated waste. Addition of 1% NaNO₂ or combination of .4% NaOCl/CaOCl (1:1, w/w) preserved the waste for up to 10 d. The evolution of NH₃ and H2₂S, and TMA concentration were lowest for the waste treated with 1% NaNO₂. Apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, CP, energy, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose decreased linearly (P<.01) with level of crab waste-straw silage in diets containing 0, 50, and 100% crab waste-straw silage. Nitrogen retention increased linearly (P<.05) with level of crab waste-straw silage. The apparent absorption was higher (P<.01) and retention was positive (P<.05) for Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu and Fe with sheep fed the highest level of crab waste-straw silage. Daily gain, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics tended to be higher for steers fed 30% crab waste-straw silage, dry basis. The flavor and overall desirability of cooked meat were not adversely affected by feeding up to 30% crab waste-straw silage, dry basis. Modifying the existing methods of quantifying chitin showed that initial decalcification or deprotinization of the samples with chemicals are not necessary. Similar values were obtained for chitin when ADF/ashing method was compared to the ADF/deacetylation method. These methods prevented loss of chitin during preparation. Digestibility of chitin was higher (58%) for sheep fed 100% crab waste-straw silage compared to the value of 37% in sheep fed 50% crab waste-straw silage. When ADF/ashing method was used in quantifying chitin, higher disappearances were obtained for samples containing 100% crab meal kept in the rumen or incubated in vitro for 72 h. Ph. D.

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Johnson, Hailey E. "Co-utilisation of microalgae for wastewater treatment and the production of animal feed supplements." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003999.

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Microalgae have a variety of commercial applications, the oldest of which include utilisation as a food source and for use in wastewater treatment. These applications, however, are seldom combined due to toxicity concerns, for ethical reasons, and generally the requirement for cultivation of a single algae species for use as a feed supplement. These problems might be negated if a “safer” wastewater such as that from agricultural and/or commercial food production facilities were to be utilised and if a stable algae population can be maintained. In this investigation preliminary studies were carried out using an Integrated Algae Pond System (IAPS) for domestic wastewater treatment to determine the species composition in the associated High Rate Algae Ponds (HRAPs). The effect of different modes of operation, continuous versus batch, on nutrient removal, productivity and species composition was also investigated. Furthermore, indigenous species in the HRAP were isolated and molecularly identified as, Chlorella, Micractinium, Scenedesmus and Pediastrum. Additionally, the effect of the nor amino acid, 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMTBA) and its Cu-chelated derivative, on the growth and biochemical composition of Chlorella, Micractinium, Scenedesmus, Pediastrum and Spirulina was investigated. Species composition in the HRAP was stable under continuous operation with Micractinium dominating > 90% of the algae population. Under batch operation the population dynamic shifted; Chlorella outcompeted Micractinium possibly due to nutrient depletion and selective grazing pressures caused by proliferation of Daphnia. Higher species diversity was observed during batch mode as slower growing algae were able to establish in the HRAP. Nutrient removal efficiency and biomass productivity was higher in continuous mode, however lower nutrient levels were obtained in batch operation. HMTBA did not significantly affect growth rate, however treatment with 10 mg.L-1 resulted in slightly increased growth rate in Micractinium and increased final biomass concentrations in Chlorella, Micractinium and Spirulina (although this was not statistically significant for Micractinium and Spirulina), which are known mixotrophic species. Algae treated with Cu-HMTBA, showed reduced final biomass concentration with 10 mg.L-1, caused by Cu toxicity. Biochemical composition of the algae was species-specific and differed through the growth cycle, with high protein observed during early growth and high carbohydrate during late growth/early stationary phase. Additionally, 0.1 mg.L-1 HMTBA and Cu-HMTBA significantly reduced protein content in Chlorella, Micractinium, Scenedesmus and Pediastrum. In conclusion, operation of the HRAP in continuous culture provided suitable wastewater treatment with high productivity of an ideal species, Micractinium, for use in animal feed supplementation. This species had 40% protein content during growth (higher than the other species tested) and dominated the HRAP at > 90% of the algae population during continuous mode. Addition of HMTBA (> 1 mg.L-1) to algae cultivation systems and those treating wastewater, has the potential to improve productivity and the value of the biomass by enhancing protein content. Overall, the co-utilisation of microalgae for wastewater treatment and the generation of a biomass rich in protein, for incorporation into formulated animal feed supplements, represents a closed ecosystem which conserves nutrients and regenerates a most valuable resource, water.

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Mo, Wing Yin. "Food wastes as feeds incorporated with Chinese herbs and prebiotic fibers on growth and non-specific immunity of grass carp, bighead, mud carp and Nile tilapia." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2014. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/91.

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Food waste accounts for about 1/3 of the municipal waste generated in Hong Kong. Using food waste as major ingredients to produce fish feed pellets could ease part of the disposal pressure on the existing landfill sites. The present study focused on the use of food wastes and feed supplements (prebiotic fibres and Chinese herbs) for rearing freshwater fish (grass carp, bighead, mud carp and Nile tilapia) in Hong Kong. Two isonitrogenous formulations, Food Waste Diet A (FWA), consisted of 53% cereal, 10% fruit and vegetables, 8% bone meal, 4% other food waste, 10% fishmeal, 15% corn meal and Food Waste Diet B (FWB), consisted of 25% meat, 28% cereal, 10% fruit and vegetables, 8% bone meal, 4% other food waste, 10% fishmeal, 15% corn meal were manufactured by Kowloon Biotechnology Ltd, were used as feeds for rearing grass carp, bighead, mud carp and Nile tilapia. The essential amino acid profiles and proximate compositions (crude protein, crude lipid and total phosphorous) of the two food waste based feed pellets were compared with other common feed items, including Napier grass, rice bran, breads, noodles, soybean dreg (remains of soybean after juicing for soybean milk) and the commercial feed pellets (Jiefeng® 613). Jiefeng® 613, FWA and FWB possessed 5.83%, 5.76% 5.79% (% protein) of lysine, which could satisfy the dietary requirements of both grass carp and Nile tilapia. Results indicated all the fish feed pellets possessed sufficient essential amino acids and suitable proximate compositions (crude lipid, crude protein, crude fibre and non-fibrous carbohydrate) for both grass carp and Nile tilapia. A field trial was conducted using the three feed pellets (Jiefeng® 613, FWA and FWB) to study their effects on fish growth (grass carp, bighead and mud carp) as well as water quality. FWA that possessing a higher P content (2770 μg/g feed, while control= 967 μg/g feed and FWB= 1942 μg/g feed) favoured the growth of plankton and led to better growth of bighead carp (in terms of length gain, wet weight gain and productivity), while grass carp fed with FWB showed significant better growth (in terms of length gain, wet weight gain, productivity, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio), probably due to the relatively lower amount of carbohydrate (24.2%) and CHO:L ratio (1.83) than Control and FWA. Mud carp grew equally well in ponds fed with the three diets. FWB was subsequentially selected for further feeding experiments. A laboratory feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of feeding grass carp and Nile tilapia with FWB on their growth performance in terms of relative weight gain (RWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein digestibility. Both fish fed with FWB showed similar growth performances to groups fed with control diet (Jiefeng® 613), while grass carp showed impaired protein digestibility when compared to group fed with control diet. FWB supplemented with 0.3% of vitamin-mineral premix (VMP) significantly improved the growth performance of both fish species and protein digestibility for grass carp. Results suggested that FWB incorporation with VMP would be necessary as it significantly enhanced growth of the fish. Four dietary supplements (inulin, mannan-oligosacharride, huangqi and goji, at the rates of 0.2% or 2%, w/w) were incorporated into FWB for further enhancing fish growth as well as non-specific immunity of grass carp and Nile tilapia. Grass carp fed with 0.2% and 2% inulin, 2% MOS and 0.2% goji, and Nile tilapia fed with 0.2% goji had significantly enhanced growth (RWG, FCR, SGR and PER). Both prebiotic fibres and Chinese herbs boosted the tested non-specific immune parameters (total serum immunoglobin, serum bactericidal activity and anti-protease activity) of both species. Among all the dietary supplements, 0.2% goji appeared to be the best supplement for both grass carp and Nile tilapia as it significantly enhanced the growth among all experimental diets. Grass carp and Nile tilapia fed with 0.2% showed about 10% and 30% higher RWG, 10% and 30% lower FCR value, respectively, than groups fed with other experimental diets. Moreover, all the tested non-specific immune parameters (total serum immunoglobin, serum bactericidal activity and anti-protease activity) were significantly enhanced when compared with the groups fed with control diets (Control and FWB without supplementation) . The present study demonstrated the feasibilities of using food wastes incorporated with feed supplements (prebiotic fibres and Chinese herbs) to enhance fish growth and immunity, for the sustainable development of Hong Kong inland aquaculture.

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Abazinge, Michael D. A. "Studies of methods of preserving and enhancing fermentation, nutritional value and palatability of seafood waste for feeding ruminants." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49972.

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Farhat, Antoine G. "Nutritional evaluation of industrial food wastes in ducks diets." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0006/MQ29689.pdf.

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Essilfie, Rexford Justice, Hawkesbury Agricultural College, and Faculty of Food and Environmental Sciences. "Protein upgrading of orange peel waste for stock feed by solid substrate fermentation." THESIS_FES_XXX_Essilfie_R.xml, 1985. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/353.

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Protein upgrading of orange peel waste was carried out by Solid Substrate Fermentation using an Aspergillus sp. inoculum in a waste peel mixture containing peel waste, potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KH2 PO4), ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4] and molasses. Fermentation lasted 72 hours at 30C. after which crude protein level in the substrate increased from 5% to 13%. Factors found to be important in determing the efficiency of the fermentation process included fermentable sugar content of the medium, nitrogen and mineral levels, initial temperature, PH, moisture, agitation of the medium, and size of particles constituting the substrate. Protein quality of the fermented peel was evaluated by PEP assay and a PER value of 0.78 was recorded. It is suggested that a low level of total amino acids is the major contributory factor to this low PEP value. Total amino acid level measured 5.75g per 100g fermented peel waste. Master of Science (Hons)

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Essilfie, Rexford Justice. "Protein upgrading of orange peel waste for stock feed by solid substrate fermentation /." View thesis, 1985. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20031205.144428/index.html.

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Thesis (M.Sc.) -- Hawkesbury Agricultural College, 1985. "A thesis submitted to Hawkesbury Agricultural College in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science."

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Jones, Natalie Kaye. "Tetracyclines In Swine Waste." TopSCHOLAR®, 2014. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1326.

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Antibiotics are added to animal feeds as prophylactic agents and to encourage weight gain in livestock. However, there is concern that the widespread use of antibiotics in animal agriculture encourages for the selection of resistance genes and has contributed to the rise of multiply antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. For this reason, there is interest in quantifying antibiotics in environmental samples. The determination of three antibiotics in swine waste, namely chlortetracycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline, using LC-MS with electrospray ionization is presented here in. Antibiotics from swine waste were quantified across the lifespan of the swine. Trends were present in each of the four life stages (gestation, farrowing, nursery, and finishing). The nursery stage of life presented the most dominate concentrations and the most consistent trend in antibiotic concentrations.

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Chaudhry, Saeed Mukhtar. "Processing and nutritional value of poultry litter and slaughter house by-product." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09162005-115004/.

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Kwak, Wansup. "Solubility, degradability and utilization by ruminants of broiler litter processed by ensiling, deepstacking and composting." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07122007-103927/.

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Masciola, David A. "Effects of feed oil content, transmembrane pressure and membrane rotational speed on permeate water quality in high-shear rotary ultrafiltration." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=465.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999. Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 128 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-128).

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Ayangbile, Gbemiga A. "Methods of preserving and enhancing fermentation and nutritional value of caged layer waste-wheat straw silages fed to sheep." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64564.

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Three experiments were conducted with fresh caged layer waste collected within 24 h after excretion. The waste was stored uncovered for 42 d in polyethylene lined 210 liter metal drums. In the first experiment, waste was treated with no additive, 1 and 1.5% formaldehyde, 1.5 and 2% sodium metabisulfite and 1. 5 and 2% propionic/formic acid (1: 1, w/w). In the second experiment, the additives used were: none, 1% formaldehyde, 1.5% sodium metabisulfite, 1.5% propionic/formic (1: 1, w/w), 10% dry sugar cane molasses and 10% dry molasses plus 2% sodium chloride (salt). In this experiment, the wastes were ensiled with wheat straw (60:40, wet basis) in 4-liter cardboard containers double lined with polyethylene with the following additives: control, 10% dry molasses, silage inoculant or 10% dry molasses plus inoculant. In the third study, the preservatives were: untreated, 1% formaldehyde, 10% dry molasses or 10% dry molasses and 2% salt. After 42 d, treated wastes and straw (60:40) were ensiled with 10% dry molasses in 210 liter metal drums doubled lined with polyethylene. A metabolism trial was conducted with 30 crossbred wethers fed a basal diet alone or with silages containing the wastes which had been treated with the preservatives (1:1, dry basis). In all studies, putrefaction, maggot infestation and dark color were observed for untreated waste. The tops of the wastes treated with sodium metabisulfite and formaldehyde were covered with mold. Formaldehyde-treated waste maintained a stable pH, and water-soluble carbohydrate level. The higher level of propionic/formic acid was effective against visible deterioration. The pH of the silages containing molasses-treated waste was lower than for silages containing control or chemically-treated wastes. Adding molasses at ensiling reduced pH and increased lactic acid. Digestibilities of organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were lower (P<.05) for the diet containing silage made from untreated waste, compared to diets containing silage made from treated waste. In all studies, putrefaction, maggot infestation and dark color were observed for untreated waste. The tops of the wastes treated with sodium metabisulfite and formaldehyde were covered with mold. Formaldehyde treated waste maintained a stable pH, and water-soluble carbohydrate level. The higher level of propionic/formic acid was effective against visible deterioration. The pH of the the silages containing molasses-treated waste was lower than for silages containing control or chemically-treated wastes. Adding molasses at ensiling reduced pH and increased lactic acid. Digestibilities of organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were lower (P<.05) for the diet containing silage made from untreated waste, compared to diets containing silage made from treated waste. Master of Science

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Normand, Luc. "Recycling of agro-industrial food wastes into feed for Pekin duck meat production towards a sustainable agriculture in the Province of Quebec." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0004/MQ29759.pdf.

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Wang, Xuan. "Nitrogen conservation by struvite formation during composting process with food wastes." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/201.

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Food waste as a dominant fraction of municipal solid waste was in most of cases buried in landfills creating a burden on big cities with large populations such as Hong Kong. Composting provided an environmentally viable technology to divert food waste to resource utilization for the production of valuable organic fertilizer. The main problem associated with food waste composting was the intensive acidification prior the commencement of the composting process, which is commonly adjusted by the addition of alkaline materials such as lime. However, more than 50% of the initial nitrogen will be lost as ammonia, which not just reduces the nutrient value of the compost but also leads to serious odour generation. Therefore the objective of this study was to develop means to reduce the nitrogen loss through struvite formation. The first experiment of this research investigated the feasibility of controlling the nitrogen loss through struvite formation during food waste composting. Struvite forms when magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) salts exist in equimolar ratio at a slightly alkaline pH. Thus to fix the ammonia, MgO and K2HPO4 were added to food waste indifferent molar ratios (P1, 0.05M/kg MgO and 0.05M/kg K2HPO4; P2, 0.05M/kg MgO and 0.1M/kg K2HPO4) to induce struvite formation that can fix the compost-borne ammonia during composting. The pH of the composting mass of P1 was below 5 for more than one. However, the pH of P2 was controlled in a narrow range from 6.8 to 8.7. This slightly alkaline pH ensured a good microbial activity and improved the degradation rate as well as the precipitation of struvite. In treatment P2, the formation of struvite effectively reduced the nitrogen loss from 40.8% to 23.3% when compared to treatment with lime amendment. However, electrical conductivity (EC) of the compost increased to 6.4 mS/cm due to the addition of Mg and P salts. High salinity of the compost retarded seed germination which required further investigation to reduce the salinity while maintaining good nitrogen removal. To overcome this issue, lime as the more effective alkaline amendment, was supplemented in different concentrations along with struvite salts (to P1 treatment having less Mg salt that could reduce the salinity) to alleviate the low pH and struvite formation. The pH of the composting masses were effectively increased with increasing lime dosages and 2.25% lime was sufficient to maintain the pH in alkaline condition that significantly improved the degradation of active organic compounds resulting in increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soluble organic nitrogen (SON) contents. With 2.25% lime and struvite salts, ammonia emission was significantly reduced from 44.3 to 27.4% through struvite formation compared with lime alone treatment. Furthermore, the EC were also decreased from 5.21to 3.40 mS/cm when lime amendment rate increased from 0.75% to 3%. However, the ammonia emission increased with an increase in lime dosage. Interfering ions such as calcium and potassium were reported to affect the struvite formation and pH control. Therefore, in the subsequent experiment, the influence of different types of P salts was investigated to reduce the salinity as well as N loss. When K2HPO4, Na2HPO4 and H3PO4 were used as the supplementary P salts, there were no significant differences on nitrogen conservation. In addition, the results indicated that K+ and Na+ were attached on the surface of struvite rather than constituted the crystal structure. Compared with other P salts, the presence of K+ in K2HPO4 also made a contribution to total nutrient content that benefited the final product. When CaO was gradually substituted with MgO as pH amendment, ammonia emission was significantly reduced implying that Ca2+ ions would influence the struvite formation, either by competing for phosphate ions or by interfering with the crystallization. However, this negative effect could be ignored when the Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio was below 1:2. Considering the cost of MgO, supplementation of Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio at 1:2 (0.15M CaO and 0.3M MgO) with 0.05M K2HPO4 was identified as the optimum conditions (Treatment M0.3) that effectively reduced the nitrogen loss to 28% in contrast to 46% with lime addition. The significant reduction of ammonia emission through struvite formation was observed with the optimum condition that the odour unit (OU) of ammonia emission was reduced to 1.8×104 when compared with lime treatment (3.0×104) indicating a significant reduction of OIMAX (maximum odour index). Meanwhile, the well-controlled pH of this technology ensured the effective decomposition of organic matter that significantly reduced the emission of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) also. The population of total bacteria was also improved due to the addition of phosphate salts. The total nutrient content of struvite composts of treatment with optimum condition (M0.3) was 4.14% (1.5% N, 0.44% P and 2.2% K) that was higher than normal lime treated compost 2.92% (1.3% N, 0.34% P and 1.28% K). In pot experiment, soil was amended with composts at 0, 2.5%, 5% or 10% (w/w dry wt. basis). At the same application rate, the biomass yields of Chinese cabbage and cherry tomato plants were improved by struvite compost when compared tonormal compost. Considering the increasing salinity of soil with high application rate, the optimum dosage of 5% struvite compost is recommended. To conclude, a food waste composting technology was developed to achieve good nitrogen conservation and decomposition that alleviated odour issue and produced compost with higher nutrient contents, which increased its application value

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Ximenes, JÃlio CÃsar Martins. "Shrimp waste biotransformation in high value added products." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16575.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico A carcinicultura Ã o segmento da aquicultura que mais cresce no mundo. No Brasil, o CearÃ Ã o maior produtor com 50% de toda a produÃÃo. Sabe-se que aproximadamente 40% do peso do camarÃo sejam considerados resÃduos, como a cabeÃa, a cauda e a casca, gerando grandes quantidades de resÃduos que devem ser descartados adequadamente. Assim, o reaproveitamento de resÃduos da carcinicultura atravÃs de recursos biotecnolÃgicos surge como uma alternativa inovadora para reduzir a poluiÃÃo ambiental causada por essa atividade. O presente estudo teve por objetivo aperfeiÃoar um processo biotecnolÃgico baseado na utilizaÃÃo de consÃrcio bacteriano capaz de fermentar os resÃduos da carcinicultura transformando-os em lÃquor para ser utilizado na alimentaÃÃo de pÃs-larvas de TilÃpia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) em fase de reversÃo sexual. As linhagens de bactÃrias lÃticas utilizadas foram identificadas atravÃs do sequenciamento dos genes RNAr 16S, rpoA e pheS e por testes bioquÃmicos envolvendo a habilidade de fermentar carboidratos. Para a seleÃÃo do consÃrcio foram realizados estudos de cinÃtica quÃmica, modelos matemÃticos de Monod, Andrews e Levenspiel para determinar possÃveis tipos de inibiÃÃo do processo de fermentaÃÃo lÃtica de cabeÃas de camarÃo. Para avaliar o potencial do lÃquor resultante da fermentaÃÃo como suplemento na alimentaÃÃo de pÃs-larvas de tilÃpia foram confeccionadas raÃÃes com inclusÃes de lÃquor na proporÃÃo de 15, 30 e 45 %, monitorando-se a qualidade da Ãgua e os parÃmetros de temperatura, oxigÃnio dissolvido, pH, salinidade, nitrogÃnio amoniacal total, nitrito, nitrato e ortofosfato, alÃm do desempenho zootÃcnico. Para tanto, foram avaliados a taxa de sobrevivÃncia, taxa de crescimento especÃfico, ganho em peso e comprimento, fator de conversÃo alimentar e seleÃÃo por tamanho. Como resultados deste trabalho foram identificadas linhagens de lactobacilos nomeadas Lact7, Lact8, Lact9 e Lact14 como pertencentes a espÃcie Lactobacillus plantarum, Lact6 como L. futsaii e Lact11 como Pediococcus acidilactici. Quantos aos parÃmetros cinÃticos da fermentaÃÃo, as linhagens Lacts6, Lact7 e Lact14 apresentaram os melhores resultados e nÃo houve indÃcios de inibiÃÃo pelo substrato ou produto. Durante a fermentaÃÃo das cabeÃas de camarÃo o consÃrcio formado pelas linhagens Lact6 e Lact14 produziram os mais altos rendimentos de Ãcido lÃtico, cerca de 100 g.L-1. InclusÃes do lÃquor resultante da fermentaÃÃo lÃtica dos resÃduos de camarÃo nas proporÃÃes de 15 e 30 % proporcionaram os melhores resultados para sobrevivÃncias, ganho em peso e comprimento, taxa de crescimento especÃfico e biomassa de pÃs-larvas de TilÃpia do Nilo. A conversÃo alimentar nÃo diferiu entre os tratamentos. Nitrito, nitrato e ortofosfato aumentaram significativamente ao longo das semanas, embora as concentraÃÃes tenham se mantido em nÃveis aceitÃveis, bem como os demais parÃmetros se mantiveram dentro do recomendado durante o desenvolvimento da tilÃpia. Os dados desse estudo mostraram que Ã tecnologicamente viÃvel transformar resÃduos da carcinicultura em produtos de valor agregado por fermentaÃÃo lÃtica. O lÃquor resultante da fermentaÃÃo, rico em proteÃnas, pigmentos e minerais pode ser incorporado na proporÃÃo de atÃ 30% na raÃÃo, sem causar nenhum impactado no desenvolvimento de pÃs-larva da tilÃpia e portanto, trazendo benefÃcios econÃmicos e destinaÃÃo apropriada para resÃduos da carcinicultura. Shrimp farming is the fastest growing segment in aquiculture in the world. In Brazil, Ceara is the largest producer with 50 % of all production. Approximately 40 % of the shrimp weight is considered waste as the head, tail and bark, generating large amounts of waste that must be properly discarded. Thus, the reuse of shrimp farming waste through biotechnological resources emerges as an innovative alternative to reduce environmental pollution caused by that activity. This study aimed to perform a biotechnological process based on bacterial consortium capable to fermenting shrimp waste turning them into a liquor used in feed for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) post-larvae in sex reversal process. Lactic acid bacteria strains used were identified by sequencing of the 16S rRNA, rpoA and pheS genes and biochemical tests involving the ability to ferment carbohydrates. For the consortium selection some studies were performed such as chemical kinetics use of Monod, Andrews and Levenspiel mathematical models to determine possible types of inhibition. To evaluate the liquor potential from fermentation as a supplement in feed for tilapia post-larvae were prepared feed diets with liquor inclusions of 15, 30 and 45 %, by monitoring the water quality and temperature parameters, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate and orthophosphate in addition to growth performance. For that, we evaluated the survival rate, specific growth rate, weight and length gain, feed conversion factor and selection by size. This work identified lactobacilli strains named Lact 7, Lact 8, Lact 9 and Lact 14 as belonging to Lactobacillus plantarum species, Lact 6 as L. futsaii and Lact 11 as Pediococcus acidilactici. As to fermentation kinetic parameters, Lact 6, Lact 7 and Lact 14 strains showed the best results and there was no evidence of inhibition by substrate or product. During shrimp heads fermentation Lact 6 and Lact 14 consortium produced the highest lactic acid yields, about 100 g.L-1. Liquor inclusions of 15 and 30 % provided the best results for survival, weight and length gain, specific growth rate and biomass of Nile tilapia post-larvae. Feed conversion did not differ between treatments, being slightly higher in treatment with 30 % of liquor. Nitrite, nitrate and orthophosphate increased significantly over the weeks, although concentrations have remained at acceptable levels and other parameters remained within the recommended during the tilapia development. The data from this study showed that it is technologically feasible to transform shrimp farming waste into added-value products by lactic fermentation. The resulting liquor fermentation, rich in protein, minerals and pigments can be incorporated in a proportion of up to 30% in tilapia feed, without causing, any impact the development of tilapia post-larvae and thus bringing economic benefits and proper disposition of shrimp farming waste.

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Cooke, Judith A. "Utilization of phosphorus and other minerals from broiler litter and swine waste." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64667.

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Two metabolism trials were conducted with 15 wethers surgically equipped with duodenal and ileal cannulas to study the absorption of P and certain other minerals from swine waste and broiler litter. The effect of source and level of P on rumen cellulytic bacterial populations was also determined. Animals were fed a low P basal diet until serum inorganic P averaged 5.5 mg/dl, then randomly assigned to the following diets: low P basal alone, or supplemented with swine waste, broiler litter, dicalcium phosphate, or soybean meal. Trials consisted of a 7-d preliminary period, a 7-d collection of urine and feces and a 6-d sampling of duodenal and ileal digesta, and feces. Animals fed the waste diets tended to absorb more P than those fed the conventional supplements. Calculated by difference, sheep absorbed more P from swine waste and broiler litter than from dicalcium phosphate and soybean meal (P< .1). Less Ca was absorbed from the waste diets than from the conventionally supplemented diets (P< .05). Expressed as g/d, there was no difference in Mg absorption between waste and conventional diets. Sheep fed waste tended to digest more dry matter and a higher percentage of ADF in the large intestine. Lignin was primarily digested in the large intestine of all sheep. More cellulytic bacteria were isolated from the rumen of sheep fed the supplemented diets (P< .05). Both P intake and P recycling appear to be important influences on cellulytic bacteria in the rumen. Both broiler litter and swine waste appear to be good sources of P and Mg for ruminants. Ph. D.

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20

Cheng, Zhang. "Use of food waste feeds for culturing low trophic level fish (grass carp, bighead carp and mud carp): persistent toxic substances." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2014. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/76.

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This study aimed at using different types of food wastes as major sources of protein to replace the fish meal used in fish feeds to produce quality fish. The major objectives were to (1) investigate the variations of metalloid/metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the fish ponds (pond mud and water), and food wastes used as fish feeds; (2) analyze bioaccumulation and biomagnification of pollutants in the food chains; and (3) evaluate the potential health risks of exposure (to these pollutants) via dietary intake of fish fed with food waste feeds. The traditional fish farming model was used to culture low trophic level fish: a filter feeder (bighead, Aristichthys nobilis), a herbivore (grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and a bottom feeder (mud carp, Cirrhina molitorella), which are more environmental friendly as they can utilize more solar energy. Furthermore, low-trophic level fish are less susceptible to the accumulation of toxic chemicals. Two types of food wastes (mainly containing cereal (Food Waste A) and meat waste meal (Food Waste B)) were used as the major source of protein to replace the fish meal in fish feed to culture fish. The concentrations of metalloid (arsenic (As)), metals (mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni)) in water, suspended particulate matter and sediment of the 3 experimental fish ponds located in Sha Tau Kok Organic Farm were monitored (bi-monthly during the first half year and tri-monthly during the second half year) and the results were similar to or lower than those in the commercial fish ponds around the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Results of the health risk assessments indicated that human consumption of grass carp (a herbivore) which fed food waste feed pellets would be safer than other fish species (mud carp, bighead carp and largemouth bass). There were no or lower magnifications, and low concentrations of metalloid/metals contained in the ponds indicated that the practice of traditional pond management by draining pond water regularly can provide a better fish pond habitat for birds and other wildlife. Furthermore, the use of food waste instead of fish meal (mainly consisted of contaminated trash fish) further reduced Hg accumulation in the cultured fish. During October 2011 - December 2012, the concentrations of PAHs and OCPs in three experimental fish ponds were monitored (bi-monthly during the first half year and tri-monthly during the second half year). The results were similar to or lower than those obtained in commercial fish ponds around the PRD region. The mean concentrations of .PAHs and .OCPs in sediment and fish collected from the experimental fish ponds during the 2nd half year (May 2012 to December 2012) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in the 1st half year (October 2011 to April, 2012). .PAHs and .DDTs in the two species of fish (grass carp and bighead carp) were significantly increased (p<0.05) with time, and PAHs and DDTs in grass carp and bighead carp fed with commercial fish feed pellets (control group) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the fish fed with food waste pellets (Food Waste A and Food Waste B). Fruit, vegetables, bone meal and meat products were the major sources of PAHs and OCPs contamination for producing Food Waste A and Food Waste B. No significant increases in PAHs and DDTs concentrations with trophic levels were observed in the experimental ponds, showing that PAHs were not biomagnifed in the omnivorous food chains (plankton, grass carp, bighead carp and mud carp). DDTs were lower magnifications than those predatory food chains (plankton, trash fish, and largemouth bass) in farmed ponds. There was a very low cancer risk for PAHs and DDTs exerted on humans via consumption of bighead carp, grass carp and mud carp (fed with food waste and commercial pellets). Furthermore, the use of food waste instead of fish meal (mainly consisted of contaminated trash fish) further reduced accumulation of PAHs and DDTs in the cultured fish.PAHs and DDTs exerted on humans via consumption of bighead carp, grass carp and mud carp (fed with food waste and commercial pellets). Furthermore, the use of food waste instead of fish meal (mainly consisted of contaminated trash fish) further reduced accumulation of PAHs and DDTs in the cultured fish. The present results revealed that recycling of food waste for cultivating low trophic level fish (mainly bighead carp and grass carp) is feasible, which will also ease the disposal pressure of the large volume of food waste, a common problem encountered in densely populated cites such as Hong Kong.

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Yeh, Kang-ni, and 葉康妮. "New approaches to food waste recycling and their application potentialin Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31256077.

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22

Wakeham, Andres I. "Preservation and nutritional value of caged layer waste treated with different preservatives." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64568.

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Two experiments were conducted with caged layer waste. In the first experiment fresh waste was treated with: no additive, 2% formaldehyde, 3% sodium metabisulfite, 1% formaldehyde and 2% propionic acid, 3% formic and 2% propionic acids and stored in polyethylene lined 208 liter metal drums. In experiment II waste treated with 2% formaldehyde, 1 % formaldehyde and 2% prop ionic, 3 % formic and 2% propionic (w/w), stored for at least 42 d, used in a metabolism trial as N supplements to a basal diet fed to sheep. The formaldehyde, formaldehyde/propionic and formic/propionic treatments eliminated the bacterial decomposition of the waste and no undesirable fermentation was observed on the stored material. Waste treated with no additive or sodium metabisulfite underwent putrefaction. Nitrogen supplementation of a basal diet with treated caged layer wastes improved apparent digestibility of crude protein and N retention in sheep fed these diets. Supplementation of a basal diet with chemically treated caged layer waste improves the nutritional value of the diet which suggests that caged layer waste is efficiently utilized as a N source by ruminants when used as a protein supplement. Master of Science

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23

Bojor, Olire Innocent. "Evaluation of an alternative organic waste disposal system in Chevron-Escravos : a case study / O.I. Bojor." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2586.

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Fadhila, Audinisa. "Integrating novel circular economy technologies in complex trans-sector value chains : Case study of insect larvae conversion technology within waste and feed value chains." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284339.

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Even as the current linear value chains (LVC) of organic waste and animal feed hold the potential to become circular, these practices continue to pose major environmental risks such as deforestation and overfishing. Therefore, a novel circular value chain (CVC) is proposed, connecting the organic waste stream with animal feed production by the use of insect-based organic waste conversion technology. The Black Soldier Fly (BSF) is chosen as the insect-based conversion technology since it has nutritional properties, which serves both waste treatment and animal feed material production purposes. Although there are already initiatives and collaborations in the Swedish context, the transition has not yet been successful. The study aims to identify and propose required solutions for the value chain transition. By using the transitional study tools of Technological Innovation System (TIS) and Multi Level Perspective (MLP) alongside sustainable value chain transition studies, it is found that technological and information-related adjustments are required to further enable the transition. Technological adjustments are studied from the perspective of Ragn-Sells AB as a potential insect- based organic waste conversion actor. Scenarios to see economical sustainability were designed based on the quantity fluctuation of waste as material input (3,000 tons per year and 15,000 tons per year), possibility of automated operation which affects both investment and operating costs of the facility, and procurement of small BSF larvae (off-site and in-site breeding). From the different scenarios designed, it is found that the scenario with the capacity of 15,000 tons per year, higher investment due to automation, and on-site breeding is the most preferable for the case. To answer information- related needs, an Informational Flow Framework (IFF) is proposed. The IFF consists of “Value Chain Stakeholders”, “CVC Relevant Regulations”, “Information Data Pool”, and “Information Flow”. The framework’s main function is to identify the type of material information required to be distributed in the system and the stakeholders whom require and/or provide various information, with the main goal of increasing the trust among the stakeholders related to material information. Trots att den nuvarande linjära värdekedjan (Linear Value Chain) för organiskt avfall och djurfoder har potentialen för en cirkulär ekonomi, så utgör den nuvarande praxisen fortfarande stora risker såsom avskogning samt överfiske. Därför föreslås en ny cirkulär värdekedja (Circular Value Chain), som förbinder den organiska avfallsströmmen med djurfoderproduktion med användning av insektbaserad omvandlingsteknologi för organiskt avfall. Svart soldat fluga (Black Soldier Fly/BSF) utses som den insektsbaserade omvandlingsteknologin eftersom den har näringsegenskaper som bistår både avfallsbehandling och djurfoderproduktionsändamål. Trots att det redan finns initiativ och samarbeten i det svenska sammanhanget har övergången ännu inte lyckats. Studien syftar till att identifiera och föreslå nödvändiga lösningar för den cirkuläravärdekedjan. Genom att använda övergångsstudieverktygen av Teknologiskt Innovations System (TIS) samt Multi Level Perspective (MLP) och diverse värdekedjeövergångsstudier, konstateras det att tekniska och informationsrelaterade justeringarkrävs för att ytterligare möjliggöra övergången från en linjär till en cirkulär värdekedja. Teknologiska anpassningar studeras ur Ragn-Sells ABs perspektiv som en potentiell aktör för omvandling av organiskt avfall. Scenarier för att undersöka ekonomisk hållbarhet utformades baserat påfluktuering av mängden avfall som materialinmatning (3,000 ton per år och 15, 000 ton per år), möjlighet till automatiserad drift som påverkar både CAPEX & OPEX i anläggningen (hög CAPEX och låg CAPEX), och upphandling av små BSF-larver (avel utanför anläggningen). Från de olika utformade scenarierna konstaterades att scenariot med en kapacitet på 15,000 ton per år, hög CAPEX och avel på plats är det mest fördelaktiga för Ragn Sells AB. För att besvara informationsrelaterad justering föreslås en informationsflödesram (IFF). IFF består av ”Value Chain Interessholders”, “CVC Relevant Regulations”, “Information Data Pool” och “Information Flow”. Ramens huvudfunktion är att identifiera vilken typ av materialinformation som krävs för att distribueras i systemet och den aktör som kräver och/eller tillhandahåller informationen, med det huvudsakliga målet att öka förtroendet bland aktörerna relaterade till materiell information.

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25

Nassif, Laurent. "Accelerating treatment of radioactive waste by evaporative fractional crystallization." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33868.

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The purpose of the work described in this thesis was to explore the use of fractional crystallization as a technology that can be used to separate medium-curie waste from the Hanford Site tank farms into a high-curie waste stream, which can be sent to a Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP), and a low-curie waste stream, which can be sent to Bulk Vitrification. The successful semi-batch crystallization of sodium salts from two single shell tank simulant solutions (SST Early Feed, SST Late Feed) demonstrated that the recovered crystalline product met the purity requirement for exclusion of cesium, sodium recovery in the crystalline product and the requirement on the sulfate-to-sodium molar ratio in the stream to be diverted to the WTP. The experimental apparatus, procedures and results obtained in this thesis on scaled-down experiments of SST Early and Late Feed simulated solutions were adapted and reproduced under hot-cell with actual wastes by our partners at Hanford. To prepare the application of the pretreatment process to pilot scale process, several varation to the feed solutions were investigated including the presence of carboxylates and amines organics compounds and solids particles. Results of the study showed that 4 organics species presented complications to the process (NTA, HEDTA, EDTA and sodium citrate) while the other species (Formate, acetate, glycolate and IDA) and solids particles did not in the conditions of the stored wastes. In this thesis, the kinetics of the crystalline species formed at the condition of the early feed certification run (66 °C and 25 g/h evaporation) were determined along with the effect of the operating temperature and evaporation rate on these kinetics. On one hand, the study of evaporation rate values ranging from 25g/h to 75g/h showed that an increase in evaporation rate increased the specific nucleation while decreasing the specific growth rate. On the other hand, experiments on operating temperature ranging from 35 °C to 75 °C displayed that the nucleation rate of all species increased with temperature at the exception of sodium carbonate monohydrate and burkeite crystals, and that the growth rate of all species increased with temperature at the exception of sodium nitrate. Furthermore, sulfate based crystals such as trisodium fluoride sulfate were only roduced at 45 °C and 75 °C. A simple steady state MSMPR population balance model was developed expressing the total population density function as the sum of the specific population density functions. The specific semi-batch crystallization kinetics were implemented in this model.

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26

Francisco, Pedro. "Compostagem biotecnológica acelerada para produção de ração ou adubo a partir de resíduos de lixo verde." Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, 2015. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/23515.

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Submitted by Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia (mebiotec.ufba@gmail.com) on 2017-04-04T15:29:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertaçao Final - Pedro Francisco.pdf: 1195456 bytes, checksum: a53bc6eb1a16d4f2d61f8cd28da0a649 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Delba Rosa (delba@ufba.br) on 2017-07-06T13:21:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertaçao Final - Pedro Francisco.pdf: 1195456 bytes, checksum: a53bc6eb1a16d4f2d61f8cd28da0a649 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-06T13:21:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertaçao Final - Pedro Francisco.pdf: 1195456 bytes, checksum: a53bc6eb1a16d4f2d61f8cd28da0a649 (MD5) CNPq O acentuado crescimento do agronegócio implicou no aumento do consumo de insumos e na geração de resíduos nas atividades agropecuária e agroindustrial. Nos grandes centros urbanos do litoral brasileiro, por exemplo, 70% de lixo verde são constituídos por poda de árvores e resíduos de coco verde, criando um sério problema para os aterros sanitários. Os primeiros resultam da poda das árvores da cidade pelas companhias de energia elétrica e os últimos resultam do consumo da água de coco verde. O mercado de coco verde tem crescido mundialmente nos últimos anos principalmente nos países de clima tropical, devido à valorização de alimentos saudáveis e naturais. Os resíduos do coco verde levam de 8 a 10 anos para se decompor e a sua incorreta destinação leva a que se constituam em focos de insetos, geração de gases mal cheirosos e de efeito estufa. Desta forma, o presente trabalho destinou-se a compostagem de resíduos sólidos vegetais tendo como matéria prima poda de árvores e coco, ambos verdes, provenientes da zona urbana de Salvador para produção de adubo e/ou ração para ruminantes. Os resíduos foram selecionados baseando-se na sua viabilidade, levando em consideração a origem, tamanho e estado de maturidade. Foi feito balanço de massas mediante a adição de minerais de baixos teores e ajuste da relação C/N pela adição de uréia em proporções diversificadas. Também se adicionou micro-organismos provenientes de compostagem anterior de poda de árvore e proveniente da biomassa em compostagem. Foram isolados e inoculados micro-organismos celulolíticos e nitrificantes presentes no bioprocesso. Efetuou-se monitoramento e controle dos teores de umidade, temperatura, emissão de amônia e pH. O resultado revelou que a inoculação com micro-organismos celulolíticos e nitrificantes e o enriquecimento com compostos de fósforo e cálcio acelerou a compostagem do resíduo de coco verde e poda de árvore, no entanto, a compostagem ocorreu de forma parcial, em particular sobre o pó, dado que parte da fibra de coco não está sendo degradada. Os tratamentos cuja relação C/N foi reduzida para 30/1 e enriquecidos com minerais de baixos teores na concentração de 1,16%, 0,98% e 0,32% para KH2PO4, Na2HPO4 e CaCO3, respectivamente, compostaram em menor tempo, sendo que o processo decorreu de forma mais satisfatória quando o volume do resíduo era maior. Contudo, apesar da elevada qualidade nutricional que o composto apresenta ainda não pode ser usado como ração devido à elevada concentração de fibras que pode trazer conseqüências para a saúde dos animais. Contudo, poderá ser utilizado como adubo, pois atende às exigências oficiais para essa finalidade. The sharp growth of agribusiness resulted in increased consumption of inputs and the generation of wastes in the agricultural and agro-industrial activities. In large urban centers of the Brazilian coast, for example, 70% of green wastes consists of trimming of trees and green coconut wastes, creating a serious problem for landfills. The first result of pruning of trees in the city by electric power companies and the last result from the green coconut water consumption. The market for green coconut has grown worldwide in recent years mainly in tropical countries due to the appreciation of healthy and natural foods. The residue of green coconut leads of 8 to 10 years to decompose, and constitute in focus of insects, smelly gas generation and greenhouse effect. Thus, the present work aimed composting of vegetables solid waste, using as raw material, green coconut and green pruning trees in diversified levels of species, from urban zone of Salvador to produce fertilizer and/or animal feed for ruminants. The residues were selected based on their feasibility, taking into consideration the origin, size and state of maturity. Mass balance was done by adding low levels minerals and C/N ratio adjustment was done by adding urea in diverse proportions. Also it was added microorganisms from previous composting of trimming trees and from biomass in composting. Futhermore to short the bioprocess time specific microorganisms such as cellulolytic and nitrifying bacteria where isolated and added I the process. Levels of moisture, temperature, pH and ammonia emission were monitored and controlled. The results revealed that the inoculation with nitrifying and cellulolytic micro-organisms and enrichment of phosphorus and calcium compounds accelerated waste composting, nevertheless, composting occurred partially, in particular under powder because part of coconut fiber was not being degraded. The treatments whose C/N ratio was reduced to 30/1 and enriched with minerals of low levels in the concentration of 1.16 %, 0.98 % and 0.32 % of KH2PO4, NaHPO4 and CaCO3, respectively, composted quickly, but the process held more satisfactory way when the residue volume was greater. However, despite the high nutritional quality of the compound, it can not yet be used as feed due to incomplete degradation of the fiber, but can be used as a fertilizer.

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27

Wosniak, Bárbara. "Efeito de tipos de hidrolisado de de sardinha (Clupeidae), sobre o desempenho de juvenis de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen)." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2015. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/955.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA15MA172.pdf: 630395 bytes, checksum: f43d3e3e988e19b889727b435ec35757 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-29 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of soluble and insoluble fractions of protein hydrolysates of different waste sardines (Clupeidae), on the performance of juvenile catfish. We tested two types of muscle hydrolyzate, soluble fraction and insoluble assessed individually (WSF and FIM) and combined with each other (WSF + END), and two types of viscera hydrolyzed soluble fraction of natural guts and industrialized (FSVN FSVI E) . The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments (type hydrolyzate) and five repetitions. The juveniles are kept in tanks of 30 liters with densidadel 8 fish per tank, to which were cultured for 56 days. The results were analyzed using parametric variance analysis (ANOVA) and subjected to the Duncan test (5% significance). The final best results, weight gain, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio were obtained with the diet containing a combination of soluble and insoluble fractions of the hydrolyzate muscle, and the diet containing the soluble fraction of the hydrolyzate of industrial offal. A diet containing hydrolyzed soluble industrial viscera was also the most consumed by the animals. A diet containing hydrolyzed insoluble muscle was the one that gave the worst results consumption. The worst feed conversion was obtained for the diet containing the soluble hydrolyzed muscle. Survival, body composition and ammonia excretion did not differ between treatments. The best performance results are obtained using crude hydrolysates which combine the benefits of both fractions. The degree of hydrolysis has a direct effect on feed intake. Furthermore, it was shown that soluble hydrolysates can be used at high levels of inclusion, from which nutrients are adequately balanced diets O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização das frações solúveis e insolúveis de hidrolisados proteicos de diferentes resíduos de sardinha (Sardinella sp.), sobre o desempenho de juvenis de jundiá. Foram testados dois tipos de hidrolisado de músculo, fração solúvel e insolúvel avaliadas individualmente (FSM e FIM) e combinadas entre si (FSM+FIM), e dois tipos de hidrolisado de vísceras, fração solúvel de vísceras natural e industrializada (FSVN E FSVI). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (tipos de hidrolisado) e cinco repetições. Os juvenis foram mantidos em aquários de 30 litros, com densidade de 8 peixes por aquário, ao qual foram cultivados por 56 dias. Os resultados foram analisados por meio de Análise de Variância Paramétrica (ANOVA), e submetidos ao teste de Duncan (5% de significância). Os melhores resultados de peso final, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e taxa de eficiência proteica foram obtidas com a dieta contendo a combinação das frações solúveis e insolúveis do hidrolisado de músculo, e com a dieta contendo a fração solúvel do hidrolisado de vísceras industrial. A dieta contendo hidrolisado solúvel de vísceras industrial também foi a mais consumida pelos animais. A dieta contendo o hidrolisado insolúvel de músculo foi a que proporcionou os piores resultados de consumo. A pior conversão alimentar foi obtida para a dieta contendo o hidrolisado solúvel de músculo. A sobrevivência, a composição corporal e a excreção de amônia não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Os melhores resultados de desempenho são obtidos com hidrolisados brutos que combinam os benefícios das duas frações. O grau de hidrólise tem efeito direto sobre o consumo de ração. Além disso, foi demonstrado que os hidrolisados solúveis podem ser utilizados em níveis elevados de inclusão, desde que os nutrientes das dietas sejam adequadamente balanceados

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Boelter, Juliana Ferreira. "Obtenção, caracterização e utilização de farinha de silagem de sardinha na formulação de rações para camarão." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4093.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1312585 bytes, checksum: fbb9ae4e44e8f9ce58da93108370cbc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-13 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Carciniculture is a relevant economic activity, which grows each day worldwide. Currently, the most cultivated species in the world is Litopenaeus vannamei, because of its hardiness, adaptability and high growth in different environmental conditions, generating good levels of productivity, excellent meat quality and good market acceptance. The feeds are responsible for a considerable share of operacional costs of cultivation, and the protein source is the most expensive component. Fish meal is traditionally used, although its high cost and limited supply. Based on this, the search for ingredients to replace fish meal is becoming increasingly necessary. This study consisted in making a sardine waste silage meal, which was used to replace, in different proportions, the fish meal in feeds. The chemical composition of the six diets prepared and the control diet were determined, as well as their thermal, physical and microbiological stabilities. Juveniles of L. vannamei were fed for 40 days, and were evaluated in the biomass gain and survival rate. The ensiling process was fast, convenient and economical. The sardine silage meal showed good levels of protein, minerals and lipids. The formulated diets had superior physical stability compared with the commercial feed, and good thermal and microbiological stabilities. Good results in groth were observed from 60% replacement of fish meal by silage meal, and total replacement was the most effective in weight gain, and besides providing good results, use an inexpensive technique and removes from the environment potentially polluting waste. A carcinicultura é uma atividade econômica relevante, que cresce a cada dia em âmbito mundial. Atualmente, a espécie mais cultivada no mundo é Litopenaeus vannamei, devido à sua rusticidade, alta capacidade de adaptação e crescimento em diferentes condições ambientais, gerando bons níveis de produtividade, excelente qualidade da carne e boa aceitação no mercado. As rações são responsáveis por uma parte considerável dos custos operacionais de cultivo, e a fonte protéica é o componente mais caro. Tradicionalmente é usada a farinha de peixe, que além do alto custo possui oferta limitada. Visto isso, a procura por ingredientes que substituam a farinha de peixe é cada vez mais necessária. Este estudo consistiu na fabricação de uma farinha de silagem de resíduos de sardinha, que foi utilizada para substituir, em diferentes proporções, a farinha de peixe em rações formuladas artesanalmente. A composição química das seis dietas elaboradas e da ração controle foram determinadas, assim como suas estabilidades térmica, física e microbiológica. Os juvenis de L. vannamei foram alimentados durante 40 dias, sendo avaliados o ganho de biomassa e a taxa de sobrevivência. O processo de ensilamento mostrou-se rápido, prático e econômico. A farinha de silagem de sardinha apresentou bons níveis de proteína, minerais e lipídios. As rações formuladas apresentaram estabilidade física superior às rações comercias, além de boa estabilidade térmica e microbiológica. Bons resultados em crescimento foram observados a partir de 60% de substituição de farinha de peixe por farinha de silagem, sendo a substituição total a mais eficiente em ganho de peso, mostrando-se vantajosa, pois além de proporcionar bons resultados, utiliza uma técnica pouco onerosa e retira do ambiente resíduos potencialmente poluidores.

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Bratti, Fabio Cesar. "Uso da cama de aviário como fertilizante orgânico na produção de aveia preta e milho." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1527.

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Dissertação composta por 2 artigos. CNPq A cama aviária vem sendo estudada na produção agrícola e de pastagens, como alternativa de adubação orgânica e para correção de solos. Com este trabalho objetivou-se estimar a quantidade e o destino da produção de resíduos orgânicos a partir da cama de aviário gerada na região de Dois Vizinhos-PR, e com essa determinação estimar a quantidade de resíduos de cama de frangos de corte no Paraná, juntamente com essa avaliação foi analisado a taxa de decomposição da cama e a produção da aveia preta com diferentes doses de cama de frangos de corte, e de matrizes de frangos de corte, na sequencia foi avaliado a produção do milho Zea mays, utilizando o efeito residual da cama. O trabalho foi realizado em duas etapas, a primeira no período compreendido entre abril e dezembro de 2012. A coleta de dados para a estimativa da quantificação de resíduos de cama, realizada com a colaboração de uma empresa multinacional produtora de aves localizada na região sudoeste do Paraná. A segunda parte que estimou a decomposição da cama de aviário bem como a produção da aveia e de milho foi realizada em área experimental da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Campus Dois Vizinhos, no período total compreendido entre abril de 2012 a abril de 2013. Para a determinação da decomposição da cama foram realizadas 10 coletas, de sacos de tecido voal que continham amostras de 100 gramas de ambos os tipos do resíduo orgânico, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Para estimar a produção da aveia preta Avena strigosa cv. IAPAR 61, foram utilizadas as doses de 0; 6,5; 13 e 19,5 t ha-1 de cama de frango de corte e matrizes de frango de corte, sendo aplicados também tratamentos com fertilizante mineral: 100 kg ha-1 de P2O5; 100 kg ha-1 de K2O e 150 ha-1 de N, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições em esquema fatorial. Para a cultura do milho, cultivada após cultivo da aveia preta, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial com parcela subdividida. A maior produção de resíduo por m2/ciclo de produção da avicultura na região de Dois Vizinhos foi constatada na produção de frango de corte, seguido pela produção de matrizes e recria de matrizes, sendo 91,6667; 72,2222;34,5622 kg m-2 respectivamente. Isso pode ser atribuído a alimentação ad libidum dos frangos de corte. O destino de cada cama é a utilização em lavouras e venda para empresas especializadas. A produção de resíduos para o sistema de criação de frangos de corte no Paraná foi de 991.372.000,915 kg/ciclo no ciclo de um ano.Quanto a decomposição da cama a velocidade de decomposição de cama de frango de corte foi mais acelerada que a cama matrizes, sendo que com 153 dias de incubação cerca de 60% do resíduo de aviários de frango de corte se decompôs,enquanto para a outra apenas 40% nesse mesmo tempo de incubação. A produção da aveia foi maior quando usada cama de aviário de frango de corte se comparado à cama de aviário de matrizes, superando a produção de forragem obtida com adubação mineral nas doses acima de 6,5 t ha-1 de cama e com máxima produção na dose de 13 t ha-1 de cama. Quanto à produção de milho, foi encontrado uma maior produção de grãos com adubação de cama de aviário de frango de corte na dosagem de 13 t.ha-1, apresentando uma média de produção de 8432,41 Kg.ha-1 , enquanto que para a mesma dosagem de cama de matrizes a média foi de 8562,5 Kg.ha-1. Porém, para cama de matrizes a dosagem que apresentou maior produção de grãos foi a de 19,5 t.ha-1. Isso pode ser devido ao efeito residual da cama de aviário, que no caso da cama de frango, apresentou a taxa de decomposição mais rápida que a cama de matrizes. Portanto a adubação com 13 t.ha-1 de cama aviária de frango de corte para aveia e milho seria uma interessante estratégia para controle dos resíduos, de acordo com a disponibilidade dos nutrientes e dos diferentes sistemas de produção. Poultry litter has been studied in agricultural and pasture, as an alternative organic fertilizer and soil correction. The amount of litter generated in poultry production in Dois Vizinhos, southwest of Paraná, was assessed and used this measurement to estimate the waste poultry litter in Paraná, along with that assessment was analyzed the production of oats Oats strigosa and corn Zea mays using the residual effect of the litter, with different doses of litter from broilers and breeders. The study was conducted in two stages, the first in the period between April and December 2012. Data collection for an estimated quantification of litter was made with the collaboration of a multinational poultry industry located in the southwest region of Paraná. The second part which estimated the decomposition of litter and the production of oats and corn was conducted in the experimental area of the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (Campus Dois Vizinhos), the total period between April 2012 to April 2013. For the decomposition of the litter 10 samples were taken from voile fabric bags that contained 100 g samples of both types of organic waste. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications, treatments composed of two types of residue obtained from poultry production. To estimate the production of oat Avena strigosa cv. IAPAR 61, we used doses of 0, 6.5, 13 and 19.5 t ha-1 of poultry litter and breeders litter, being also applied mineral fertilizer: 100 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 100 kg ha-1 K2O ha-1 and 150 N.The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications in a factorial design. For maize, grown after oat cultivation, the experimental design was a randomized block design in a subdivided factorial. The major production of poultry litter by m2/ciclo in the region of Dois Vizinhos was found in the production of broilers, followed by the production of layers and breeders, with 91.6667, 72.2222,34.5622 kg m-2, respectively. The decomposition rate of broiler litter was faster that the breeders, of which were 153-day incubation 60% of the residue of poultry broiler decomposed, while the other residue only 40% in the same incubation time. The production of oats was greater when used litter from broiler compared to poultry breeders, surpassing the production of forage obtained with mineral fertilizer doses above 6.5 t ha-1litter and maximum production at a dose of 13 t ha-1 litter. Regarding the production of corn, found a higher grain yield with fertilization of breeders litter in the dosage of 13 t ha-1, with an average production of 8562,5 kg ha-1, while for the same dosage of brolier litter the average was 8432,41 kg ha-1. But the higher grain yield was 19,5 t ha-1with breeders litter. This may be due to the residual effect of litter, in the case of poultry litter showed the decomposition rate faster than the breeders litter. So fertilization with 13 t ha-1 litter from poultry to oats and corn would be an interesting strategy for the destination of litter, according to the availability of nutrients and different production systems. 5000

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Freitas, Beatriz Iolanda Peixoto de. "O DESPERDÍCIO DE ALIMENTOS NA CENTRAL DE ABASTECIMENTO DE GOIÂNIA: ASPECTOS ECONÔMICOS, TECNOLÓGICOS, SOCIAIS E ALTERNATIVA PARA SOLUÇÃO." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2006. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2561.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:44:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BEATRIZ IOLANDA PEIXOTO DE FREITAS.pdf: 760613 bytes, checksum: 6b27c7ff153bcd7af88cfe9656042066 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-31 The CEASA, of Goiás, located in the city of Goiânia, has a lot of problems with the large quantity of food that is wasted inside its prencises. Lots of vegetables and fruits that can be used are going to the garbage can every day. This problem means a catastrophy to the local economy, specially to the society: beggars come to collect the fruits and vegetables that are in good conditions. In this academic works auctor, I studied the wasted food in the Central of Supply of Goiás and a possible consumer to the processed product that is made of oddment fruits and vegetables. Three researchs were made to check some solutions for that problem. The first one was made in the Central to check the quantity of food that was been wasted. The second one was about the opinion of the employees; they talked about their ideas and solutions for the problem. The last one, made in four institutions, makes an evaluatian if the alternative would have the popular approbation by questionnaires, presentations and movies. The results showed that there is a lot of factors show points to a solution that can be easily implanted and the possible consumers approved the proposition. It was concluded that the processed food is an interesting alternative and could resolve the problem of wasting food and decrease the costs of food for the social institutions. A Central de Abastecimento de Goiás situada no Município de Goiânia, enfrenta atualmente muitos problemas com a grande quantidade de alimentos desperdiçada dentro de seus domínios. Quantidades estas potencialmente aproveitáveis, que são enviadas para o lixo todos os dias. Este problema gera conseqüências desastrosas para a economia e principalmente para a sociedade; visto que, um grande número de catadores de lixo se aglomera para coletar estas frutas e hortaliças que ainda encontram-se em condições de aproveitamento. Este trabalho estudou e pesquisou à respeito do desperdício de alimentos na Central de Abastecimento de Goiás, de possíveis consumidores para um produto processado à base de sobras de frutas e hortaliças. Foram efetuadas três pesquisas de campo que objetivaram verificar algumas alternativas para o problema. A primeira pesquisa foi realizada na própria Central de Abastecimento de Goiás para verificação da quantidade de alimento que era descartado todos os dias, a segunda pesquisa foi uma pesquisa de opinião em que os funcionários administrativos do expuseram suas idéias à respeito da melhor forma de solução para o problema e a terceira pesquisa de campo, realizada em quatro instituições avaliou se a alternativa apresentada teria aprovação popular através de questionários, palestras e a apresentação de um filme. O trabalho mostrou que existem muitos fatores facilitadores da implementação da proposta. Os resultados demonstram que a possibilidade de implantação é grande e que os possíveis consumidores se mostraram propensos a consumir o alimento processado à base de sobras. Conclui-se desta forma que o alimento processado à base de sobras é uma alternativa interessante e poderá resolver o problema do desperdício de alimentos na Central de Abastecimento de Goiás, diminuindo os custos com alimentação para instituições.

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Chan, Man Ting. "Optimizing food waste composting process in fed-batch composter." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/217.

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Composting is considered as an effective and sustainable food waste treatment technology from the perspectives of volume reduction, stabilization and releasing the pressure on landfills. Community composter is a decentralized composting facility in fed-batch operational mode which is usually being installed in the backyard of institutes, hospitals, housing estate etc. to handle the food wastes generated daily. Albeit numerous operational issues including high initial acidity and oil content, poor decomposition and odor generation are commonly encountered in these facilities, which make it difficult to be accepted by the public. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to develop a composting mix formulation that can provide a solution to all these issues in a fed-batch food waste composting process. The first phase of this study aims at finding out an optimized formulation in a batch-scale food waste composting process through the use of alkaline amendments and microbial inoculum. For the first two experiments, artificial food wastes were prepared by mixing 1.3kg bread, 1kg boiled rice, 1kg cabbage, 0.5kg fully boiled pork and mixed with sawdust to obtain a C/N of 30 and adjusted moisture of the mixtures to 55%. The effect of different concentrations of zeolite compared to lime was studied in the first experiment. Zeolite was amended with food wastes and sawdust mixtures at 2% (ZI-2), 5% (ZI-5), 10% (ZI-10) to compare with lime in 2.25% (L-2.25) w/w (dry weight basis) and composted for 56 days. Results demonstrated that 10% of zeolite was optimal amendment rate compared to lower dosage of zeolite (2% & 5%) with stronger pH buffering capacity and greater decomposition efficiency. Addition of 2.25% of lime buffered the pH efficiently but increased the ammonia loss significantly which eventually reduced total nitrogen (TN) content of final product and posed odor emission problem. Amendment of 10% zeolite provided a higher adsorption affinity on ammonia resulting in 2.05% of TN value of final product which was higher than 1.72% of lime treatment. Furthermore, significantly higher seed germination 150% was achieved of ZI-10 compost compared to 135% of L-2.25 due to low ammonium content of product. The first experiment showed that application of less than 10% zeolite was not sufficient to buffer the acidity; as a result, organic matter decomposition was inhibited. However, the cost and reduction in treatment percentage of food waste in 10% application rate of zeolite is an issue of concern. To tackle this dilemma, food waste was amended with struvite salts at 1:2 molar ratio of MgO and K2HPO4 (Mg:P) with or without zeolite amended at either 5% or 10% amendment (Mg:P, Z5 + Mg:P & Z10 + Mg:P) and a control treatment with food waste only was also included. Results showed that treatment of Z10 + Mg:P was synergistically achieved of pH and EC buffering, and N conservation but not for the case of 5 % zeolite. Treatment of Z10 + Mg:P further reduced the N loss to 18% compared to 25% and 27% of Mg:P and Z5 + Mg:P respectively. However, there was insignificant difference in the final nitrogen content and decomposition rate among all treatments with struvite salts amendment. Comparing to the treatment of Z-10 of the first experiment to Z10 + Mg:P of the second experiment, Z-10 showed superior performance since better decomposition efficiency, shorter time to require to pass the GI (28 Days) and lower cost because of salts exclusion. To develop a multipurpose formulation for the fed-batch operational food waste composter, high lipids problem in food waste cannot be neglected because it is a critical factor to hinder the decomposition efficiency. Inoculation of oil degradative microorganisms was reported as an effective approach to facilitate the lipids. Therefore, the third experiment was to investigate the overall composting performance supplemented with 10% zeolite and microbial consortium. 10% zeolite with bacterial consortium significantly reduced the lipid contents from 7% to 1% compared to control treatments. Furthermore, treatments amended with 10% zeolite was proved to reduce ammonia emission and total volatile fatty acids level in the composting mass, therefore the total odor emission level can be reduced. Zeolite at 10% was found to be a suitable optimum additive for both synthetic and real-food wastes. Therefore, treatment of 10% zeolite with bacterial consortium is selected as an optimized formulation for further study of its application in a fed-batch composter. Following the food waste zeolite composting formulation obtained in Phase I, the aim of Phase II was to develop an ideal composting mix formulation for on-site commercial composters. Although the results have been demonstrated 10% zeolite with bacterial consortium facilitated the composting efficiency in batch composter, those amendments may be over-estimated if applied in a fed batch composter by using real food wastes. With this constraint, the applicability of these additives in commercial fed-batch composter needs to be assessed using locally generated food wastes. Treatments included food waste and sawdust mixtures at 4:1 mixing ratio (wet weight basis) were mixed with 2.25% of lime (L2.25), 10% of zeolite (Z10) and 10% zeolite with bacterial inoculum (Z10+O) and a control of food waste with sawdust mixture only was also included. 35 kg compost mixture was fed into each composter respectively daily for a period of 42 days. Only Z10+O was the most suitable composting mix for fed-batch food waste composting process with continuous sustained high temperature (55-60oC), optimal moisture (55%-60%), alkaline pH and low EC during the experimental period. Bacterial inoculum significantly improved the lipids decomposition from 22.16% (C) to 3.10% (Z10+O) after the composting period. In contrast, lime and zeolite alone treatments could not maintain the optimal pH that led to reduce degradation and longer stabilization period. Only compost taken from Z10+O treatment could be classified as mature compost. The aim of the third study phase was to examine an optimal application rate of food waste compost produced from decentralized food waste composter for plant. A plant growth experiment was conducted in this phase to evaluate the change in soil properties and plant growth of Brassica chinensis and Lycopersicon esculentum. The experiment was conducted in a loamy soil amended with 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% food waste compost amendment rate compared to the control soil with chemical fertilizer amendment only. Results indicated that 5% was the optimal application rate of food waste compost for both crops among all treatments which can be evidenced by the highest biomass production and nutrients value of the plant tissues. Plant available nutrients such as NH4+, NO3-, PO43- were proportionally increased with increase in compost application rate. However, 2.5% of the food waste compost did not provide sufficient nutrients for plant growth and 10% showed negative effects due to increased salts content. Plants amended with chemical fertilizer had relatively low biomass production compared to compost amended treatments due to soil compaction and fast leaching of nutrients. It can be concluded that application of 10% zeolite with microbial consortium is an ideal composting mix formulation for on-site commercial composters and 5% is an optimal application rate of food waste compost of Brassica chinensis and Lycopersicon esculentum

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Santos, Marciliano de Melo. "Desempenho de ovinos Santa Inês alimentados com níveis de proteína oriundas do resíduo de camarão em substituição a uma fonte protéica convencional." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2010. http://ri.ufs.br/jspui/handle/123456789/6597.

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One of the main problems to reach good and productive results of sheeps for slaughtering relies on the quantity and quality of available food to such animals feeding. In the northeast, hay is short and of bad quality over drought period and when supplemented by traditional proteinic sources, the production cost is reasonably high. One viable alternative to solve such feeding deficiency is using agribusiness residues such as shrimp s wastes since this byproduct shows good feeding value especially concerning proteins. Such waste can be used to substitute soy in a lot of feeding systems, mainly in the confinement one. This waste presents low production cost decreasing total costs of confinement systems. One of the measures to evaluate the waste effect on sheeps feeding is analyze the performance of such animals under different levels of this waste addition and compare it to the traditional proteinic source (soy bren). This work was aimed at evaluating the Santa Inês sheeps performance fed with protein levels derived from shrimp waste in place of a conventional protein source. Um dos principais problemas para se atingir bons resultados produtivos com ovinos de corte está na quantidade e na qualidade disponível de alimentos para a nutrição destes animas. Na região nordeste a forragem é escassa e de baixa qualidade nos períodos de estiagem por isso quando suplementados por fontes protéicas convencionais o custo de produção é elevado consideravelmente. Para uma possível melhoria desse problema poderíamos sugeri uma alternativa viável para se contornar esta deficiência alimentar, que é a utilização de resíduos agroindustriais tais como o resíduo de camarão, visto que este subproduto apresenta bom valor nutricional principalmente em proteína. Este resíduo pode ser utilizado em substituição à soja em diversos sistemas de alimentação, principalmente em sistema de confinamento, apresentando baixo custo de produção diminuindo os gastos com sistemas de confinamento. Uma das medidas para avaliar o efeito do resíduo na alimentação de ovinos é analisar o desempenho destes animais submetidos a diferentes níveis de adição deste resíduo e comparando-o com fonte protéica convencional (farelo de soja). Por meio do presente trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de ovinos Santa Inês alimentados com níveis de proteína oriundas do resíduo de camarão em substituição uma fonte protéica convencional.

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Nassif, Laurent. "Use of evaporative fractional crystallization in the pretreatment process of multi-salt single shell tank Hanford nuclear wastes." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22706.

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The purpose of the work described in this thesis was to explore the use of fractional crystallization as a technology that can be used to separate medium-curie waste from the Hanford Site tank farms into a high-curie waste stream, which can be sent to a Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP), and a low-curie waste stream, which can be sent to Bulk Vitrification. The successful semi-batch crystallization of sodium salts from two single shell tank simulant solutions (SST Early Feed, SST Late Feed) demonstrated that the recovered crystalline product met the purity requirement for exclusion of cesium, sodium recovery in the crystalline product and the requirement on the sulfate-to-sodium molar ratio in the stream to be diverted to the WTP. In this thesis, experimental apparatus, procedures and results are given on scaled-down experiments of SST Early Feed for hot-cell adaptation along with operating parameters and crystallization mechanism studies on early feed multi-solute crystallization. Moreover, guidance is given regarding future steps towards adapting the technology to multi-salt crystallization kinetic parameter estimates and modeling. Crystallization, Evaporative Fractional Crystallization, Nuclear Waste Pretreatment, Cesium Removal, Hanford, SST Early and Late feed, Multi-solute, Multi-salts, Simulant Testing

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De, Silva Lekamwasam L. S. S. K. "Poultry feeds prepared from fermented prawn waste silage." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/28068.

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The use of shrimp processing waste with other cheap raw materials such as cassava was studied as a potential low cost animal feed, specially in developing countries. The impact on the economies of the shrimp industry and possible effects on the environmental were taken into consideration in developing the project.

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Ferrara, Ida. "Essays on solid waste management, the impact of user fees." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0026/NQ39265.pdf.

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Lai, Wei-Chuan. "Reaction engineering of heterogeneous feeds : municipal solid waste as a model /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9849.

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Chillara, Naveen. "Abrasive Blasting Process Optimization: Enhancing Productivity, and Reducing Consumption and Solid/Hazardous Wastes." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2005. http://louisdl.louislibraries.org/u?/NOD,209.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of New Orleans, 2005. Title from electronic submission form. "A thesis ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Engineering"--Thesis t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Bhila, TE, MM Ratsaka, A. Kanengoni, and FK Siebrits. "Effect of sun drying on microbes in non-conventional." South African Journal of Animal Science, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001208.

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Abstract There is concern whether cabbage and beetroot wastes from the Fresh Produce Market are safe for feeding animals given the fact that some will have been discarded at the onset of putrefaction. This study evaluated the effects of sun-drying on microbiological load (E. coli, coliform, yeast and moulds and total bacterial count) in waste vegetables from the fresh produce market, since smallholder farmers tend to use the by-products without processing given the opportunity. Cabbage and beetroot wastes were sun dried to 14% moisture and micro-organisms were enumerated on both wet and dried samples. The results showed that sun drying reduced the level of micro-organisms significantly in both cabbage and beetroot. Although microbial load varied from batch to batch in the wet samples, coliforms were significantly more abundant in wet beetroot than in the dried samples. However, dried beetroot contained significantly more yeast and moulds. Wet cabbage contained more coliform and yeast and moulds compared to sun-dried cabbage. The sun drying process is thus an efficient processing method for resource poor farmers to reduce the microbial load in these animal feed sources and improve their shelf life.

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Radebe, Nomvula Emily. "Utilization of whole hatchery waste meal as alternative feedstuff in broiler diets." Thesis, [Bloemfontein?] : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/168.

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Thesis (M. Tech.(Agriculture: Animal Production)) - Central University of technology, Free State, 2012 A 42-day feeding trial involving 180 day old broiler chicks was carried out at Glen Agric Institute ARC poultry section to study the effects of whole hatchery waste meal (WHWM) as an alternative in broiler diets. In this study whole hatchery waste meal (WHHW) replaced fish meal (FM), protein for protein, in broiler diets at 0, 10, 20, and 30% levels. One hundred and eighty broiler chickens were grouped, 45 birds per treatment which were further replicated 3 times (15 birds per replicate) in a completely randomized design. Feed and water supply were offered to birds ad libitum while standard management practices were meticulously adopted. Samples of the two test ingredients were sent to a lab for chemical analysis and the results indicated that FM had higher content of crude protein (73.18%) while that of WHWM was 4226. The calcium phosphorus ratio was 16.6:1 for WHWM as against 1.5:1 in the FM. The results also indicated a higher content of Ash% and Ether extract for WHWM (18.12) and (23.94) respectively. The higher ash content could be due to the high content of eggshell at the time of processing. At the end of the feeding trial broiler performance, blood, carcass characteristics and the economic benefit of using WHWM in broiler diets were determined. Blood and meat samples were collected and sent to the pathology laboratory at the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein for hematological and meat characteristics analysis. Results for broiler performance showed that broilers fed diet 2 had highest values for feed intake (118.25g/bird/day), weight gain (50.16g/bird/day) and daily protein intake (29.08g/bird/day) while those fed with diet 3 were superior in the efficiency of feed conversion (2.31). The highest value of abdominal fat 1.12% was observed in birds fed diet 2. The highest live mass was observed in birds fed diets containing no WHWM (2.83), while non significant difference were observed in live mass of birds fed diet 1, 3 and 4. Broilers fed control diet had highest mean values for eviscerated weight (2.20kg) and dressing percentage (77.86%). Blood samples were sent for analysis of White blood cells (WBC), Red blood cells (RBC) and Haemoglobin (HGB), Hematogrit (HCT), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The results showed marginal variations in blood parameters. White blood cell counts were higher for birds fed control diet (519.59 x 103/1) than those fed WHWM (484.93 X 103/1). Non significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed on the HGB of all treatment groups including the control group. RBC counts of T1-T3 were not significantly different from each other but statistically significantly different from T4 (30% WHWM). The highest value of 2.67 106/ mm3 was observed in birds fed a higher level of WHWM. High RBC and HGB counts in the birds fed WHWM are an indicative of higher oxygen carrying capacity. The HCT and MCH results showed nonsignificant differences between T1, T3 and T4, except T2 which was significantly different from the other treatment groups. The MCV values for T1-T4 were 132.58, 126.47, 129.15 and 128.15 10'15L respectively. The highest and lowest values were recorded on T1 and T2 respectively. The feed costs decreased with an increase in the level of WHWM in broiler diets. The lowest feed cost/kg weight gain of R8.69 recorded for broilers fed on diet three. This agrees with several studies which documented the use of hatching waste in poultry diet as means of reducing feed cost (Babiker et al 1991; Abiola, 1999; Abiola, 2000; Abiola and Onunkwor 2004). It can be concluded that 10% of FM can be replaced with WHWM in broiler diets without adverse effects on growth, hematological and carcass traits.

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Goosen, Neill Jurgens. "Investigation of potential bio-active properties and effects on production performance of aquafeed ingredients derived from fish processing waste by way of enzymatic autolysis." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95907.

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Thesis (PhD) -- tellenbosch University, 2014. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is part of the continuing global research effort dedicated to finding alternative aquafeed ingredients, which not only replace fish meal and fish oil as sources of essential nutrients in aquafeeds, but also provide specialist functional properties when included in feeds. Due to constraints in supply of fish meal and fish oil originating from wild capture fisheries, the continually growing aquafeed industry requires new sources of raw materials for the production of high quality feeds. The aim of the study was to investigate the specialist functional properties of feed ingredients (with emphasis on immune-stimulation potential) derived from fish processing waste after enzymatic hydrolysis by endogenous proteolytic enzymes (autolysis). Further aims were to (i) quantify effects of these feed ingredients on production performance of two species relevant to the South African aquaculture industry, namely Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus and South African abalone Haliotis midae, (ii) compare performance to commercially available enzymatically produced feed ingredients, and (iii) separate the functional effects of these fish processing waste derived feed ingredients from the acid used to preserve them against bacterial spoilage during the autolysis process. Oil recovered after autolysis of rainbow trout viscera proved to be an attractive feed ingredient due to favourable effects on the non-specific cellular immune function of both Mozambique tilapia and South African abalone. However, in South African abalone, increased immune function due to inclusion of fish oil was accompanied by a significant decrease in production performance. The inclusion of hydrolysed proteins, obtained by autolysis of fish waste, in aquaculture feeds also improved non-specific immunity and survival of Mozambique tilapia significantly – independently of the preserving acid – although the same was not observed for South African abalone. Production performance was dependent on dietary hydrolysed protein inclusion levels in both species; excessive inclusion resulted in decreased production performance. The performance of dietary hydrolysed protein from autolysis and those from commercial production processes were significantly different, possibly as a result of different raw material origins and production processes. It is further shown that formic acid can contribute to improved water stability in abalone feeds, a novel mode of action not previously described. The study concludes that the simple autolysis process for processing of fish waste can provide aquafeed ingredients with immune stimulatory potential, which can contribute to improved production performance in the Mozambique tilapia and the South African abalone. The result can contribute to improved sustainability of the aquafeed industry, through substitution of fish meal and fish oil derived from capture fisheries with processed fish waste components. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie vorm deel van die voortdurende en wêreldwye soeke na nuwe akwakultuur voerbestanddele wat nie net vismeel en –olie kan vervang as bron van noodsaaklike voedingstowwe nie, maar wat ook gespesialiseerde funksionele eienskappe openbaar wanneer dit in akwavoere ingesluit word. As gevolg van beperkings in die voorsiening van vismeel en –olie afkomstig vanaf wilde visserye, word die voortdurend groeiende akwavoer bedryf genoodsaak om nuwe grondstowwe te benut vir die vervaardiging van hoë kwaliteit voere. Die doelwit van die studie was om moontlike gespesialiseerde funksionele eienskappe (met spesifieke klem op potensiële immuun-stimulasie) van voerbestanddele te ondersoek wat herwin is vanaf reënboogforel proseseringsafval, na ensiematiese hidrolise d.m.v. endogene ensieme teenwoordig in die afval (outolise). Verdere doelwitte was om (i) effekte op produksie prestasie van hierdie bestanddele te kwantifiseer in twee akwakultuur spesies relevant tot die Suid- Afrikaanse bedryf (naamlik die Mosambiekse kurper Oreochromis mossambicus en die Suid- Afrikaanse perlemoen Haliotis midae), (ii) om produksie prestasie te vergelyk met kommersieel beskikbare voerbestanddele voorberei d.m.v. ensiemtegnologie, en (iii) om die moontlike effekte van die voerbestanddele te skei van die van die sure gebruik om die bestanddele te preserveer tydens die outolitiese proses. Daar is bevind dat olie herwin na outolise van reënboogforel ingewande ‘n goeie voerbestanddeel is wat gunstige effekte op die nie-spesifieke, sellulêre immuniteit van beide Mosambiekse kurper en Suid-Afrikaanse perlemoen gehad het. In die Suid-Afrikaanse perlemoen het verbeterde immuunfunksie gepaard gegaan met ‘n verswakking in produksie prestasie. Die gehidroliseerde proteïen komponent van ge-outoliseerde prosesseringsafval het ook beduidende verbetering in nie spesifieke immuniteit en oorlewing van Mosambiekse kurper tot gevolg gehad - onafhanklik van die preserverende suur - maar dieselfde is nie in die Suid-Afrikaanse perlemoen waargeneem nie. Produksie prestasie was afhanklik van die insluitingsvlakke van gehidroliseerde proteïen in beide spesies en dit is bevind dat oormatige insluiting produksie nadelig beïnvloed. Prestasie van proteïen afkomstig van outolise en die van ‘n kommersiële produksieproses het beduidend verskil, moontlik as gevolg van verskillende grondstowwe en prosesseringstegnieke. Daar is verder vir die eerste keer getoon dat mieresuur ‘n beduidende verbetering in waterstabiliteit in sekere perlemoenvoere teweeg kan bring. Die studie kom tot die slotsom dat die eenvoudige outolise proses funksionele akwavoerbestanddele kan produseer wat kan bydra tot ‘n verbetering in produksie prestasie in die Mosambiekse kurper en Suid-Afrikaanse perlemoen. Die resultaat kan bydra tot verbeterde volhoubaarheid van die akwavoer bedryf, deur vismeel en –olie afkomstig van wilde visserye, te vervang.

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Littier, Heather Melissa. "Antibiotic resistance gene abundance in feces of calves fed pirlimycin-dosed whole milk." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56589.

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Exposure to antibiotics has the potential to increase the incidence and proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in the gut and fecal microbiome. Non-saleable, antibiotic-containing milk from cows treated with antibiotics (waste milk) is commonly fed to dairy calves but the effects of ingestion of antibiotics at an early age on the gut microbiome and the development of ARG in the naive gut are not well understood. Pirlimycin, a lincosamide antibiotic acting against Gram positive bacteria through inhibiting protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosome, is commonly used as mastitis therapy. Lincosamides are also considered highly important in human medicine, often used against Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile infections. Emerging microbial resistance to pirlimycin is of concern for both animal and human health. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of early lincosamide antibiotic exposure on the abundance of ARG in feces of milk-fed calves. Eight female Holstein calves were blocked by age, paired by block, and randomly assigned to pasteurized whole milk (control; n = 4) or milk containing 0.2 mg/L of pirlimycin (treatment; n = 4). Calves were enrolled after receiving two colostrum feedings and were fed 5.68 L of pasteurized whole milk, treatment, or control, divided into two daily feedings, from d 1 to d 50 of age. After weaning calves were fed non-medicated starter grain ad libitum. Fecal samples were collected weekly until 85 d of age and freeze-dried. DNA was extracted using QiaAmp® Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit and qPCR was used to quantify the absolute abundance (gene copies/g of wet feces) and relative abundance (gene copies/copies of 16S rRNA genes) of erm(B), tet(O), tet(W) and 16S rRNA genes. Data was analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Abundance of 16S rRNA genes, tet(O) and tet(W) were not different between control and pirlimycin-fed calves nor were the relative abundance of tet(O) (mean = 0.050 tet(O) copies/16S rRNA genes) or tet(W) (0.561 tet(W) copies/16S rRNA genes). While abundance of erm(B) was higher in pirlimycin-fed calves compared to control calves (6.46 and 6.04 log gene copies/g wet feces; P = 0.04) the relative abundance of erm(B) (0.273 gene copies/16S rRNA genes) in feces of calves was not influenced by treatment. There was an effect of day (P < 0.10) for absolute abundance of tet(O), tet(W), and erm(B) indicating that the levels change with time as the fecal microbiome develops. This study suggests that feeding pirlimycin-containing non-saleable milk to growing calves may increase environmental loading of erm(B), which codes for resistance to highly important macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics. Additional research is needed on effects of feeding waste milk to calves on other fecal ARG and on the post-excretion and post-application fate of these genes. Master of Science

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Kennedy, Julie Blair Rankins Darrell L. "Evaluation of cotton gin trash as a roughage source for stocker cattle." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Theses/KENNEDY_JULIE_5.pdf.

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Henuk, Yusuf Leonard. "Nutrient adjustments of the diets fed to cage and barn laying hens to decrease waste /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17039.pdf.

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Tauvette, Geoffrey Yvon. "Operating strategies for a nitrogen deficient waste using a continuously fed cyclically aerated sequencing batch reactor." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0022/MQ50666.pdf.

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Thomson, Douglas Edward. "Determination of the effects of fish size and feed pellet size on the settling characteristics of Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) culture cleaning wastes." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26649.

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This research reports on the determination of the effects of fish size and feed pellet size on the settling characteristics of Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) culture, tank cleaning wastes. Flocculant particle settling curves (Type II) were developed from settling column analysis of cleaning wastes from 11-311 gram Rainbow trout fed a moist pellet diet (Oregon Moist Pellet ®). Four feed pellet sizes were investigated: 3/32, 1/8, 5/32 and 3/16 inch. Overall non-filterable residue removal curves and individual particle settling velocity distribution curves, derived from the Type II settling curve of each fish size and feed pellet size group, were compared. Slopes and y-intercepts of the linearized overall non-filterable residue removal curves and individual particle settling velocity distribution curves were compared using the Equality of Slope Test (S:SLTEST). Results of the test for a common regression equation indicated there were no significant differences in the proportional distribution of particle sizes within the cleaning wastes. Variations observed in the initial rates of removal within the overall non-filterable residue removal curves were considered insignificant Settling trials were pooled in order to obtain single curves, characterizing the overall solids removal rate and the individual particle settling velocity distribution of the waste solids. Applied Science, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Graduate

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R, Raul Meneses. "Utilization of Poultry Waste (Composted Caged-Layer) as a Supplement for Sheep Fed Straw During Late Pregnancy." DigitalCommons@USU, 1989. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4138.

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The utilization of composed caged-layer waste (CCLW) in diets for pregnant ewes fed cereal straw was evaluated. Five sheep were assigned to five diets containing, 0, 5.72, 11.37, 23.80, and 32.69% CCLW in a 5x5 Latin square design. Water intake, feed intake and feces output were measured. Feed and feces were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), organic matter, hemicellulose and minerals. Thus, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance could be calculated. Forty dry, pregnant ewes in the last third of generation were assigned to four dietary treatments contained 0, 11.25, 22.08 and 31.26% CCLW in a complete randomized design. The response measured were ewe weight change, lamb birth weight and wool growth. A ewe surgically fitted with a ruminal cannula was assisted to each treatment. These ewes were adapted to diets for a 7-day period and then ruminal sumples were collected at 0, 3, 9 and 12 hours post-feeding. Connulated ewes were rotated through each treatment pen in a 4x4 Latin square design. Collected samples were analyzed for ph, volatile fatty acids, ammonia and total protozoa. Dry matter and organic matter apparent digestibility decreased as the level of CCLW increased (P<0.08). Other measurements (crude protein, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and total ash apparent digestibility and nitrogen balance) did not differ between treatments (P<0.05). A biological trend indicated an improvement in structural carbohydrate digestibility as the level of CCLW increased. Ruminal propionic acid concentrations increased as the level of CCLW increased. Ruminal propionic acid concentrations increased as the level of CCLW increased (P<0.05). Ruminal ph and ammonia concentration tended to increase as the level of CCLW increased. These measurements indicated a better ruminal environment for fiber hydrolysis. Daily body weight gain, lamb birth weight and wool growth of ewes did not differ between treatments (P<0.05). The results show that CCLW is a satisfactory source of supplemental nitrogen for gestating ewes.

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周厚華 and Donna Chaw. "Biochemical changes in the fermentation bedding of the "pig-on-litter"method of pig farming: with special emphasison biodegradation of nitrogen compounds and odour production." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43893740.

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Wikström, Camilla, and Borell Ludwig Sandberg. "Avfall inom byggsektorn : En jämförelse mellan gemensam och traditionell avfallshantering." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-174367.

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Idag är miljö och hållbarhet en mycket aktuell fråga, inte minst i byggbranschen. Branschen står för en stor del av all energianvändning och det avfall som genereras. I strävan mot ett hållbart samhälle finns ett stort utrymme för utveckling och förbättring. Rapporten behandlar hur en gemensam och traditionell avfallshantering skiljer sig utifrån flera aspekter. En jämförelse av totalt uppkommet avfall, fraktionsfördelning, medeltömning och behandlingskostnader har genomförts. Från produktionsdata har det konstaterats att den gemensamma avfallshanteringen genererat mindre avfallsmängder, både totalt och per BTA. Störst procentuell minskning har skett i fraktionerna blandat avfall och deponi, vilka båda är relaterade till stora kostnader och miljöpåverkan. Behandlingskostnaden per BTA har minskat med 39 % i den gemensamma avfallshanteringen. Oavsett avfallshanteringsmetod utgör brännbart den största avfallsmängden och högsta behandlingskostnaden. Här finns utrymme för förbättringar och vidare sortering. Den gemensamma avfallshanteringen använder främst små avfallsbehållare vilket uppfattats vara en av orsakerna till bättre sortering och minskad total avfallsmängd. En annan orsak är antalet fraktioner som nyttjats i projekten, där en tydlig minskning av mängden blandat avfall påvisats i samband med ett ökat antal fraktioner. Kundnyttor och mervärden har varit svåra att styrka annat än från diskussioner med personer i branschen samt från egna observationer. Exempel på mervärde är flexibiliteten att anpassa avfallshanteringen efter behoven som uppstår på plats. Fortsättningsvis bör man tidigt i byggprocessen utreda om en gemensam avfallshantering är möjlig eller inte. Om möjligheten finns bör denna nyttjas för att minska avfallsmängder och behandlingskostnader. En gemensam avfallshantering kan till exempel användas av bolag med flera projekt inom samma område. Sustainability and the environment are current issues in today’s world, especially in the construction industry. The industry stands for a big part of the energy consumption and the waste that is generated. There are considerable scopes for development and improvement to pursuit a sustainable community. The report describes, from many perspectives how common and traditional waste management are different from each other and a comparison has been done of total waste, fraction distribution, average voiding and treatment cost. Production data has shown that common waste management is producing less waste, both totally and per gross floor area. The fractions mixed waste and waste dump have the biggest percentage reduction. Both are related to large cost and environmental impact. Treatment costs per gross floor area have been reduced by 39 % in the common waste management. The fraction combustible has the largest amount of waste and the biggest treatment cost regardless of the waste management method. Here is room for improvement and further sorting. The common waste management uses mostly small containers which are perceived to be one reason for better sorting and less waste produced. Another reason is the amount of fractions used in the projects. A distinct reduction of mixed waste has been detected with higher amount of fractions. Costumer benefits and other values are hard to justify other than from discussions with people in the business and from our own observations. An example of benefits is the flexibility to adjust the waste management by needs arising on site. Further should an investigation be done early in the building process to see if a common waste management is possible or not. If it is a possibility, it should be used to lower the amount of waste and cost. Common waste management could for example be used when many companies have projects in the same area.

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Elsayed, Nada. "Catalytic Upgrading of Biogas to Fuels: Role of Reforming Temperature, Oxidation Feeds, and Contaminants." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6618.

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Global energy demands are constantly increasing and fossil fuels are a finite resource. The shift towards alternative, more renewable and sustainable fuels is inevitable. Furthermore, the increased emissions of greenhouse gases have forced a pressing need to find cleaner, more environmentally friendly sources of fuel. Biomass energy is a promising alternative fuel because it offers several important advantages. It is a renewable energy form, it comes from many sources and produces biogas (CH4 and CO2). Furthermore, it can have a zero carbon footprint; this is due to the fact that the carbon produced is from the same carbon used to make the biomass. In addition, by replacing fossil fuels, the emissions of CH4 and CO2 (both greenhouse gases) is reduced. Biomass-derived syngas (H2 and CO) can be utilized as a feedstock for many important industrial processes such as methanol synthesis, ammonia synthesis and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) to produce long chain hydrocarbon fuels. Municipal solid waste (MSW) biomass is considered as the source of the biomass for this dissertation work. MSW accounts for 20% of man-made methane emissions making it an attractive source for utilization. However, methane reforming to synthesis gas (H2 and CO) typically occurs at temperatures higher than 600°C making it economically challenging at the smaller scale of MSW conversion processes. This dissertation effort focused on formulating low precious metal loaded heterogeneous catalysts that can reform methane at low temperature (T<500°C) making the process more industrially viable. The effect of select contaminants (siloxanes) in the biogas on the reforming catalysts was studied through accelerated poisoning. Finally, the syngas ratio was improved by combining low temperature dry reforming with steam reforming (termed bi-reforming). The catalyst system used for this dissertation study was comprised of 1.34wt%Ni- 1.00wt%Mg on a Ceria-Zirconia oxide support (0.6:0.4 ratio respectively). The catalysts were doped with platinum (0-0.64% by mass) and compared to palladium doped catalysts (0-0.51% by mass). The ratio chosen for the support, Ce0.6Zr0.4, was determined to be the best ratio in terms of activity and surface area by previous studies done in this group [1]. Nickel has been widely studied as methane reforming catalyst [2-6]. Alone, nickel atoms are prone to carbon deposition especially during methane decomposition, however, coupling NiO with MgO helps to reduce carbon deposition by reducing agglomeration of Ni crystallites, thereby improving catalyst lifetime [2, 7]. Furthermore, addition of small amounts of noble metals such as Pt or Pd help to drive the reduction of the catalyst to lower temperatures and enhance catalytic activity. Different metal loadings of Pt and Pd were tested to determine the optimum catalyst that will reform methane at low temperatures, is resistant to deactivation and produces a high syngas ratio (~2:1) which is necessary for processes such as FTS. Preliminary results have shown that in general Pt is superior in this catalyst system for low temperature reforming of methane. It consistently had syngas ratios near the desired ratio compared to Pd, it did not deactivate with extended time on stream and overall had higher turnover frequencies. This catalyst system has potential to make industrial reforming of methane from biomass feedstock more economically viable.

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Maynou, Lombardo Georgina. "Characterization of antimicrobial resistance and bacterial diversity in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract of calves fed different types of milk." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/458671.

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L’ús de la llet de rebuig procedent de vaques tractades amb antimicrobians en l’alimentació de vedells lactants és una pràctica habitual entre els ramaders. En aquesta tesi es van realitzar tres estudis per avaluar els efectes de l’alimentació de vedelles lactants amb llet de rebuig sobre el desenvolupament de bacteris resistentsa antimicrobians i la microbiota del tracte gastrointestinal i respiratori. En el primer estudi es van avaluar els patrons de resistència a antimicrobians d’Escherichia coli aïllada de mostres fecals i Pasteurella multocida de mostres nasals de vedelles Holstein alimentades amb llet de rebuig o amb llet en pols. L’alimentació amb llet de rebuig va augmentar la prevalença d’ E.colifecal i de P. multocidanasal resistent a alguns de antimicrobians testats. No obstant, patrons de resistència similars entre colònies d’E. coli aïllades de mostres ambientals i de vedelles al naixement i a les 6 setmanes d’edat suggereixen l’existència d’altres factors, tals com la contaminació ambiental, en l’adquisició de bacteris resistents. També es van observar diferencies en les probabilitats d’aïllar E. coli resistent segons l’edat dels vedells. En el segon i tercer estudi, es va utilitzar llet de rebuig pasteuritzada amb residus d’antibiòtics beta-lactàmics o llet en pols per alimentar vedelles lactants Holstein. La resistència antimicrobiana d'aïllats d’E. coli fecal va ser avaluada tant a nivell fenotípic com genotípic a l’inici de l’estudi, i abans i després del deslletament.L'alimentació dels vedells amb llet de rebuig pasteuritzada va augmentar la prevalença d’E. coli fenotípicament resistent a diferents antimicrobians beta-lactàmics, així com la probabilitat d’aïllar colònies d’E. coli portadores del gen de resistència a cefalosporines blaCMY-2. No obstant, un cop les vedelles eren deslletades, la prevalença d’E. coli resistent a beta-lactàmics disminuïa en vedelles alimentades amb llet de rebuig tot i que seguia sent superior que en aquelles alimentades amb llet en pols. Pel que fa a la microbiota del tracte gastrointestinal i respiratori de les vedelles, ni la diversitat ni la riquesa de les poblacions bacterianes es van veure afectades pel tipus de llet consumida. No obstant, l’anàlisi de distàncies filogenètiques entre comunitats bacterianes va indicar diferències significatives entre règims alimentaris tant en la microbiota nasal com la fecal suggerint un efecte dels residus antimicrobians presents a la llet o d’altres substàncies que no es troben en els lacto-reemplaçants sobre la microbiota de les vedelles. D’altra banda, l’alimentació de vedelles amb llet de rebuig pasteuritzada també va afectar la composició taxonòmica de les poblacions bacterianes del tracte respiratori però no la d’aquelles del tracte gastrointestinal. En conclusió, l’alimentació de vedelles lactants amb llet de rebuig fomenta la presència de bacteris resistents en el tracte gastrointestinal i nasal del vedells, així com influencia l’estructura de les comunitats bacterianes que colonitzen aquestes parts del cos. The use of waste milk produced by cows treated with antimicrobials to feed dairy calves is a frequent practice among dairy operators.In this thesis, three studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding waste milk to dairy calves on the development of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and on microbiotaof both, the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract. In the first study antimicrobial resistance profiles in fecal Escherichia coli and nasal Pasteurella multocida isolated from Holstein dairy calves fed waste milk or milk replacer were compared. Feeding waste milk to dairy calves increased the prevalence of resistant fecal E. coli and nasal P. multocidato some of the antimicrobials tested. However, similar profiles of antimicrobial resistance among colonies of E. coli isolated from environmental samples and calves at birth and at 6 week of age suggested other factors, such as environmental contamination, in the acquisition of resistant bacteria. Furthermore, differences on the probabilities to isolate resistant E. coli were also observed depending on calf age. In the second and third study, pasteurized waste milk containing beta-lactam antimicrobial residues was used to feed Holstein dairy calves. Antimicrobial resistance in fecal E. coli isolates was evaluated at both, phenotypic and genotypic level, before and after weaning. Feeding pasteurized waste milk to calves increased the prevalence of phenotypic resistant E. coli to different beta-lactam antimicrobials, as well as the probability to isolate E. coli colonies carrying the cephalosporin resistance gene blaCMY-2. However, once calves were weaned, the prevalence of resistant E. coli to beta-lactams decreased in calves fed pasteurized waste milk, although it continued being greater in such calves than in those fed milk replacer. Regarding microbiota of both, the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract of calves, neither diversity nor richness of bacterial populations was affected by the type of milk ingested. However, the analysis of phylogenetic distances among bacteria communities indicated significant differences between feeding regimes in nasal and fecal microbiota, suggesting an effect of the presence of antimicrobial residues or other substances in waster milk but not in milk replacers. On the other hand, feeding pasteurized waste milk to calves also affected taxonomic composition of nasal bacterial communities but nor those from the gastrointestinal tract. In conclusion, feeding dairy calves waste milk triggers the presence of resistant bacteria in both, the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract of dairy calves, as well as it influences the structure of bacterial communities colonizing these body regions.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Feed waste'

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