Journal articles on the topic 'Felice Romani'

As anyone who has worked in the theatre will know, the journey from deciding to stage a work to its performance has two characteristics: the close interdependence of various artistic and organisational forces, and unpredictability. It should thus come as no surprise that a collection of documents concerning Felice Romani, a figure central to early nineteenth-century operatic life, presents an image both complex and constantly shifting; nor that in such sources the tasks of the librettist, even one of distinction, are always interwoven with those of other theatrical personalities: impresarios, singers and composers, administrators, executives, mediators, journalists, dancers, set-designers, craftsmen and factotums. This exploration of Romani and his trade seeks to describe these collaborations, while remaining sensitive to those fundamental aspects of nineteenth-century librettistic work that were their raison d'être. It will therefore be useful to proceed in two stages: first, to reflect on the nature and function of Romani's dramatic-poetic creations; then to provide synchronic sketches of his working relationships, dwelling on three of the most important – with theatrical institutions, with singers and with composers.

Die Verarbeitung des Librettos von Felice Romani in Giacomo Meyerbeers Oper "Margarete von Anjou" (Mailand, 1820) wird analysiert und aus mehreren Blickwinkeln betrachtet: (a) die Grundsätze der stilistischen Einheitlichkeit,von denen sich der Dichter inspirieren ließ (b) die sich daraus ergebende "Italianisierung / Regularisierung" nach den Regeln des semiseriösen Operngenre im gleichnamigen Drama des Guillaume Pixérécourt (c) die wahrscheinlich vom Komponisten verlangte besondere Fülle /Weite einiger musikalischer Nummern mit Blick auf die dichterische Vorformung / Präfiguration (d) die dramatisch-musikalischen Entscheidungen bezüglich der Umsetzung oder Abweichung von der sogenannten Präfiguration, die Meyerbeer bei der Vertonung angewandt hat.

Haemoparasites of the genus Babesia infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals. Feline babesiosis is considered endemic in South Africa, while data on Babesia spp. infection in felids in Europe is scarce. Using samples from 51 wild felids, 44 Felis silvestris and 7 Lynx lynx, the study aimed to determine the presence and genetic diversity of Babesia spp. in wild felids in Romania by analyzing the 18S rDNA and two mitochondrial markers, cytochrome b (Cytb) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes. By 18S rDNA analyses, Babesia spp. DNA was detected in 20 European wild felids. All sequences showed 100% similarity to B. canis by BLAST analysis. Conversely, Cytb and COI analyses revealed the presence of two Babesia spp., B. pisicii n. sp., which we herein describe, and B. canis. The pairwise comparison of both mitochondrial genes of B. pisicii n. sp. showed a genetic distance of at least 10.3% from the most closely related species, B. rossi. Phylogenetic analyses of Cytb and COI genes revealed that B. pisicii n. sp. is related to the so-called “large” canid-associated Babesia species forming a separate subclade in a sister position to B. rossi.

SummaryDirofilaria immitis (Nematoda: Filarioidea) is the causative agent of heartworm disease (HWD), a severe and potentially fatal condition in dogs. Although cats are considered more resistant to infection than dogs, they are also susceptible to heartworm infection. Moreover, the clinical importance of feline dirofilariosis has increased in recent years, especially in heartworm endemic areas. In contrast to dog, definitive antemortem diagnosis of heartworm infection in cat is difficult to achieve and a combination of testing methods must be used for clinical confirmation. Here we describe a clinical case of heartworm infection in a 12-year-old male mixed breed cat, originated from Southern Romania, which was referred to a veterinary clinic with a history of vomiting and clinical signs of respiratory distress. The thoracic radiograph showed a diffuse bronchointerstitial pattern of the pulmonary parenchyma. The serological test for D. immitis circulating antibody was positive and heartworms were visualized by echocardiography in the main pulmonary artery. In conclusion, the present study clearly shows that cats are at risk for D. immitis infection in heartworm-endemic areas in Romania. Additionally, the findings highlight the urgent need for increased awareness among veterinary practitioners of the existence of feline heartworm diseases and for adequate prophylactic measures to be applied. To our knowledge, this is the first report on clinical evolution and radiographic and echocardiographic features of a naturally heartworm-infected cat in Romania.

Transformações na sociedade medieval levaram no século XIII ao fortalecimento do poder temporal. A comunidade cristã, única dirigida pelo papa, era questionada. O conflito que resultou de duas forças - de um lado o poder real e de outro o poder papal - deixou claro que o poder temporal procurava se fortalecer e tomar-se independente do poder papal. Felipe, O Belo de França, que lançava o desafio, teve ao seu lado os legistas que fundamentavam sua argumentação, entre outros textos, no Direito Romano. Entre os pensadores da época ao lado do papado destaca-se o estudo em profundidade produzido por Egídio Romano, De Ecclesiastica Potestate.

Gli studiosi si sono a lungo chiesti perché un'aula absidata e il suo vestibolo adiacente, appartenente al Foro della Pace di Vespasiano, doveva essere stato scelto come sito per la prima chiesa cristiana nel Foro Romano, quella dei Santi Cosma e Damiano, un progetto di Papa Felice IV (526–30). Con questo articolo si suggerisce che uno dei fattori che ha influenzato la scelta può essere stata la precedente presenza in quest'area dei tesori tratti dal Tempio di Gerusalemme, rubati a Roma dai Vandali nel 455. Questa storia puó spiegare l'aggiunta di un candelabro d'oro alla decorazione musiva dell'arco di trionfo — che altrimenti segue l'iconografia di San Paolo fuori le mura —, come pure l'inusuale espressione della dedica scritta.

Abstract Female characters occupy a special place in Felicia Mihali’s novels. Victims of both Man and History, they show a remarkable endurance in the face of life’s difficulties. Special attention will be paid to the novels Le Pays du fromage [The Land of Cheese] and Confession pour un ordinateur [Confession to a Computer] whose narrators (re)construct their identity from fragmented memories, readings, and reveries. With the help of Boris Cyrulnik’ observations, this article will show how these enduring women’s resilience is “knitted” concurrently with that of their people, a people tried by many social and historic disruptions.

SUMMARYNematodes of the Angiostrongylidae family, such as Angiostrongylus vasorum and Angiostrongylus cantonensis, may cause potentially life-threatening diseases in several mammal species. Alongside these well-known species, Angiostrongylus chabaudi has been recently found affecting the cardiopulmonary system of domestic and wild cats from Italy, Germany, Greece, Romania and Bulgaria. Nonetheless, significant gaps in the understanding of A. chabaudi epidemiology include the lack of information of species acting as intermediate host and of the morphological description of larval stages. Cornu aspersum (n = 30) land snails were infected with 100 first-stage larvae of A. chabaudi collected from a naturally infected wildcat in Romania. Larvae at different developmental stages were found in 29 out of 30 (96·7%) infected snails and a total of 282 (mean 9·8 ± 3·02 larvae per each specimen) were collected from the gastropods. Here we demonstrate that A. chabaudi develops in snails and report C. aspersum as potential intermediate host for this parasitic nematode. Findings of this study are central to understand the ecological features of feline angiostrongylosis and its epidemiology within paratenic and intermediate hosts.

AbstractFeline injection-site sarcomas were initially described by Hendrick and Goldschmidt (1991). The link between vaccination site and sarcoma occurrence suggested the term of vaccine-associated sarcomas. Our paper describes an unusual feline injection-site fibrosarcoma with cerebellar metastasis. A 7-year-old female domestic short-hair cat was submitted to the Pathology Department (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj- Napoca, Romania) for necropsy. A subcutaneous tumor (relapse) in the interscapular region and multiple metastatic masses in the lungs, kidneys, subcutaneous tissue (scapular and thigh regions) and cerebellum were observed. Cytological, histological and immunohistochemical (for vimentin, desmin, multi-cytokeratin, α-smooth muscle actin, S100 and CD45) analyses from all tumors were performed. Cytological examination identifi ed highly pleomorphic spindle-shaped cells admixed with neoplastic multinucleated giant cells. Histologically, all neoplastic masses were composed of numerous spindle cells arranged into interlacing bundles. Extensive intratumoral areas of necrosis along with a neutrophilic infiltrate were also detected. A fibrillary material was present among neoplastic cells (green stained by Masson’s trichrome method), suggesting a collagenous structure. In all tumors assessed, immunohistochemistry showed an intense reaction only for vimentin in numerous neoplastic cells. Based on the history, gross, cytological, histological and immunohistochemical data, the final diagnosis was recurrent feline injection-site fibrosarcoma, with multiple metastases (including in the cerebellum). Overall, an uncommon case of feline injection-site fibrosarcoma has been reported. This is the first consistent record of an injection site sarcoma in a cat with cerebellar metastasis.

Alonso de San Martín, hijo ilegítimo de Felipe IV, procreado de madre soltera, fue promovido a órdenes sagradas entre 1658 y 1675, desde la tonsura al episcopado, e investido de diferentes beneficios eclesiásticos, con mayor relevancia como abad de Alcalá la Real (Jaén), y más tarde, en 1675, al obispado de Oviedo, aunque finalmente su hermanastro Carlos II lo promovió a la mitra de Cuenca, en 1681 hasta 1705. En su condición de obispo residencial, y previamente como abad con poder jurisdiccional, no dejó de cumplir sus responsabilidades, incluida la de juez, merced a la recepción de uno de los institutos del Derecho posclásico romano, que aparece legalmente con Constantino, aunque tiene mayor desarrollo normativo en tiempos de Justiniano, desde donde pasó al Ius Commune romano-canónico medieval, llegando hasta la Edad Moderna. En la segunda parte, de este estudio, se analizan tres actuaciones pro-cesales, que tuvieron como protagonista al obispo Alonso de San Martín, durante el ejercicio de su ministerio episcopal en las diócesis de Oviedo y Cuenca

El episodio de los jesuitas castellanos que enviaron memoriales a la Inquisición española en contra del gobierno del General Aquaviva es uno de los más conocidos y conflictivos de la Historia de la Compañía de Jesús. Más desconocido, pero igualmente interesante, es el caso de los jesuitas memorialistas italianos que trataron de cambiar el gobierno y la espiritualidad de la Compañía, en un momento en que todavía la Orden era eminentemente hispana, con un monarca, Felipe II, que ejercía un férreo control sobre la Orden. Las quejas de estos memorialistas italianos a la Inquisición romana reflejaban un problema muy complejo, lleno de connotaciones políticas y de luchas de poder dentro y fuera de la Compañía.

En 1622 Gregorio XV canonizó a Isidro labrador, Teresa de Ávila, Ignacio de Loyola, Francisco Javier y Felipe Neri. El presente artículo se centra en la historia del proceso de canonización del fundador de los oratorianos y los apoyos que la causa recibió del ducado de Toscana y de Francia. Por otro lado, se pone de relieve cómo una serie de decisiones (la canonización múltiple, el orden de precedencia de los santos, la bula pontificia, el aparato festivo) dependieron de una negociación política y diplomática llevada adelante por el papa con el objetivo de alcanzar un punto de equilibrio entre Francia y España y, sobre todo, de resaltar el carácter «romano» de aquellas canonizaciones.

The article outlines approaches and syntheses of high complexity, made within the framework of reference compositional creations by leading composers from Romania and the Republic of Moldova. Among them are Sigismund Toduta, Paul Constantinescu, Vasile Spatarelu, Felicia Donceanu, Viorel Munteanu, Dan Voiculescu, Vladimir Rotaru, Vlad Burlea, etc. The compositional approaches to poetic sources, which fall within the musical trends of the 20th century and are representative of national and universal music, are particularly diverse and original.

Los procesos inquisitoriales emprendidos en Córdoba a fines del reinado de Isabel la Católica provocaron una serie de turbulencias en el colectivo judeoconverso que desestabilizaron el reino de Castilla. Aunque la dimensión socio-religiosa del fenómeno ha suscitado algunos análisis, no se han explorado sus vínculos con la disputa sucesoria que enfrentó a Felipe I de Castilla −el Hermoso− y Fernando el Católico (1504-1506), ni se ha ahondado en la actitud del papado ante aquellos procesos que implicaron al arzobispo de Granada, fray Hernando de Talavera. Con documentación inédita de archivos españoles y franceses, el presente artículo estudia la pugna mantenida por ambos monarcas por el control de la Inquisición, reconstruye sus respectivas negociaciones con la Curia romana, y valora la política de Julio II para resolver la crisis evitando su politización.

Alguns pesquisadores destacam a força retórica da mensagem do livro do Apocalipse de João, como é o caso, por exemplo, de Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, Lewis Snyder e Jean Felipe de Assis. Neste artigo, apresentaremos para discussão o método da análise retórica proposto por Roland Meynet com suas vantagens e limites para uma compreensão dos hinos do Apocalipse. Observam-se algumas especificidades no Apocalipse para o êxito da aplicação de tal método, como, por exemplo, o grego raro do livro com interferências das línguas hebraica e aramaica na estrutura gramatical e o contato com a cultura greco-romana. Serão expostas outras abordagens recentes dos hinos do Apocalipse e as metodologias escolhidas pelos pesquisadores do tema em contraste com a retórica bíblica. Por fim, será verificada a dificuldade de aplicar o método de Meynet aos hinos do Apocalipse e qual seria uma opção metodológica possível.

Este artículo da a conocer, documenta y analiza las pinturas del retablo mayor de la iglesia de San Pedro de la localidad zaragozana de Sabiñán, ejecutadas por el aragonés Jusepe Martínez, pintor del rey ad honorem, en 1653. Asimismo, se establecen los modelos iconográficos en los que se pudo basar para crear estas composiciones. El estudio detallado de estos lienzos pone de relieve las características de la producción artística de Martínez, a caballo entre el clasicismo, aprendido de Guido Reni y Domenichino durante su estancia romana, y el naturalismo de raíz caravaggiesca, por lo que se convierten en una magnífica muestra de la influencia del arte italiano en la pintura aragonesa.

Dirofilaria immitis is a worldwide spread nematode affecting the pulmonary artery and the heart of dogs (rarely reported in cats), especially in areas where the dogs show a high prevalence of infection. Angiostrongylus chabaudi is, in turn, a cardiopulmonary nematode of felids identified in several southern European countries and Germany. Co-infections of Dirofilaria immitis and Angiostrongylus spp. are known only in canids. We report a case of D. immitis and A. chabaudi co-infection in a road-killed wildcat originating from Southeastern Romania. Overall, 17 nematodes were collected from the pulmonary arteries of the wildcat and were morphologically identified as A. chabaudi (2 males and 15 females). Another nematode was collected from the right ventricle and identified as adult male D. immitis. Genomic DNA was extracted from one nematode of each of the two species and a fragment of the cox1 gene was amplified and sequenced. The sequences obtained from the nematodes showed 100% similarity to a sequence of A. chabaudi isolated from Romania (Accession number KU521521) and to various D. immitis sequences from Europe, Asia and Australia (e.g. KT716014, EU159111, AJ537512). This is the first report of A. chabaudi and D. immitis co-infection in a felid, revealing the possibility of similar situations in domestic cats. This requires a more in-depth clinical and laboratory examination of animals with respiratory and cardiac symptoms.

Abstract The lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) is a parasite of domestic and wild felids with worldwide distribution. The parasite lives in bronchioles and alveolar ducts, and its presence is associated with respiratory clinical signs. Cat lungworms are still considered by many clinicians sporadic and rarely are taken into account in the cat pathology. Therefore, in this paper we present a clinical and epidemiological study on cats with natural A. abstrusus infection. For this, 131 cats, with exclusive outdoor or outdoor and indoor access, of different gender (49 males, 82 females) and age (between 2 months and 11 years), from Southern and Center Romania, were included in the study. Of them, individual fresh faecal samples were collected and analyzed to identify first-stage larvae (L1) of lungworms, using a Baermann technique, and eggs/oocysts of other endoparasites, by a flotation method. Subsequently, of the examined samples, 6.10% (8/131) were positive for A. abstrusus. The positive cats aged between 3 months and 2 years. Of them, 3 cats were co-infected: two with Toxocara cati and one with Ancylostoma tubaeforme. Clinically, 75% (6/8) of the infected cats displayed respiratory signs varying from mild (sporadic coughing, sneezing) (n=3) to severe symptoms (mucopurulent nasal discharge, abdominal breathing) (n=3), while 25% (2/8) showed no respiratory signs. The three cats with severe respiratory disease were infected only with A.abstrusus. In conclusion, veterinary practitioners should include Aelurostrongylus infection in the differential diagnosis of catʼs respiratory pathology.

<p>Es bien conocida la presencia de un discurso político “maya” en Yucatán durante el gobierno de Felipe Carrillo Puerto (1922-1924). Ésta formó parte de un proyecto político socialista regional durante el mandato presidencial de Obregón, basado en la movilización de los campesinos<br />a favor de una transformación radical de la sociedad, vertebrado en la extensa red de las “Ligas de Resistencia”. Para impulsar este proyecto se echó mano al pasado ancestral de los campesinos, evocando la gloria<br />de la cultura maya; esto para restituir dignidad e infundir orgullo étnico entre la población. En ello se pueden observar ciertas analogías con lo que sucedía en Italia en esos mismos años al iniciarse el gobierno de Benito Mussolini, donde se evocaba al pasado ancestral romano. Desde ste punto de vista, ambos proyectos (sin duda diferentes en múltiples aspectos) pueden leerse como el intento de aprovechar la fuerza simbólica de los lazos ancestrales para dar consistencia e impulso a una<br />transformación revolucionaria de la sociedad. Se presentan aquí algunas claves de lectura para situar la peculiar experiencia yucateca de los años veinte en una perspectiva más amplia.</p>

RESUMENEl trabajo aborda el estudio de la inscripción que ostenta una lápida de mármol conservada en la ermita de Nuestra Señora de la Vega. Además de editar y traducir su texto, analiza el contexto histórico y arqueológico de la zona de Torre de Juan Abad y del Campo de Montiel y explora los escasos restos de cultura islámica que conservan. Se concluye que el texto está en lengua árabe y grafía cúfica simple y que fue grabado en la segunda mitad del siglo X sobre una lápida romana reutilizada. Menciona los nombres de dos varones y podría haber sido escrito por uno de ellos, tal vez encontrándose faltos de libertad.PALABRAS CLAVE: epigrafía árabe, graffiti, al-Ándalus, califato, Campo de Montiel.ABSTRACTThe article deals with an inscription on a marble stone that is kept in the chapel of our Lady of la Vega. 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Madrid, Madrid, CSIC, 1949; Reino de Toledo, Madrid, CSIC, 3 vols, 1951-1963; Ciudad Real, Madrid, CSIC.Planchuelo Portalés, G. (1954), Estudio del Alto Guadiana y de la altiplanicie del Campo de Montiel, Madrid, Instituto de Estudios Manchegos.Porras Arboledas, P. A. (1997), La Orden de Santiago en el siglo XV. La Provincia de Castilla. Madrid, Dykinson.Retuerce Velasco, M. (2003), “Cerámica medieval, moderna y contemporánea de Villanueva de la Fuente (Ciudad Real)”, en Benítez de Lugo, L. (coord.), Mentesa Oretana: 1998-2002, Valdepeñas, pp. 247-254.Ruiz Argilés, V. (1955), “Torre de Juan Abad (Ciudad Real). Descubrimientos arqueológicos”, Noticiario Arqueológico Hispánico, 2/1-3, Madrid, pp. 138-142.Ruibal Rodríguez, A. (1984), “Eznavexore o ¿Torres de Xoray?: vestigios islámicos en el primer enclave santiaguista de Ciudad Real”, Al-Qanṭara, 5/1-2, pp. 429-450.San Martín, C. M. (1953): “Los hallazgos arqueológicos de Alcázar de San Juan y Torre de Juan Abad”, Cuadernos de Estudios Manchegos, 6, pp. 32-40.Vallvé, J. (1986), La división territorial de la España musulmana, Madrid, CSIC.Zozaya, J. (2014), “Notas sobre la reutilización de tumbas de santones musulmanes de Al-Ándalus”, Boletín de Arqueología Medieval, 18, pp. 251-275.

Listado Póster Niveles séricos de 25 hidroxivitamina D en una cohorte de gestantes con y sin preeclampsia de la ciudad de Bogotá. Yessica Agudelo Zapata, Luis Miguel Maldonado Acosta, Héctor Fabio Sandoval Alzate, Natalia Elvira Poveda, María Fernanda Garcés, Jonathan Alexander Cortés Vásquez, Andrés Felipe Linares Vaca, Carlos Alejandro Mancera Rodríguez, Shahar Alexandra Perea Ariza, Karen Yuliana Ramírez Iriarte, Camilo Andrés Castro Saldarriaga, Juan Manuel Arteaga Díaz, Roberto Franco Vega, Edith Ángel Müller, Arturo José Parada Baños y Jorge E. Caminos. Póster Determinantes hormonales y biquímicos de la densidad mineral ósea en hombres no diabéticos. Romero MC, Martínez LA, Pulido JC, Rincón JD, Roncancio JS, Alzate JP, Arteaga JM, Franco R, Maldonado LM, Caminos JE. Póster Utilidad del FRaX® de población colombiana dentro del algoritmo de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la osteoporosis en el II Consenso Colombiano de osteoporosis. Medina, Rosero O, Rueda Plata P, Sánchez Escobar F, Chalem Choueka M, González MA,. Román A, Terront A, Páez A, Rueda C, Builes CA, Pérez C, Fernández Ávila DG Vásquez, D, González D, Pinilla E, Reina E, Vásquez EM, Vargas F, Linares F, Altamar G, Molina GA, Pineda GA, Arenas HM, Vélez JA, Molina JF, Jaller JJ, Londoño R, Clark P, Angulo O, Molina CF. Póster Vitamina D y dislipidemias en mujeres mayores de 50 años en los municipios de Baranoa y Sabanalarga, Atlántico. Becerra JE, Sarmiento Rubiano L, Rebolledo Cobos R, Suárez Dávila H, Sánchez L. Póster Estudio retrospectivo-prospectivo observacional en la vida real del tratamiento con denosumab en pacientes mexicanas (base de datos ROSEMARY). Cons M. Fidencio Jasqui Salomón, Salinas Carlos, Macias Amador, Zarain Alfonso, Reza Albarrán AA, Peña Hugo, Morales Jorge, Balcázar José Luis, Elizondo Jaime, De la Peña Pilar. Póster Relevancia de la nacionalidad para la determinación del riesgo de fracturas según FRaX®. Jasqui Bucay A, Jasqui Bucay A, Jasqui Romano S. Póster Vitamin D status and effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25oHD) serum levels on the risk of fractures in the teriparatide versus risedronate vero clinical trial. Minisola S, Marin F, Kendler DL, Geusens P, Zerbini C, Russo L, Greenspan SL, Casado E, Fahrleitner- Pammer A, Stepan JJ, Lespessailles E, Moericke R, Bagur A, Lakatos P, López-Romero P, Body JJ. Póster Study design and baseline characteristics of the population enrolled in a multinational, observational study of teriparatide (alafos). Chen CH, Alsalmawy A, Ish-Shalom S, Lim SJ, Al- Ali N, Cunha Borges JL, Yang H, Casas N, Altan L, Moll T, Gurbuz S, Brnabic AJM, Marin F Póster Manejo subóptimo de fracturas por fragilidad en servicio de traumatología del Hospital Regional de antofagasta 2015-2016. Zapata Pizarro A, Alvarado Villarroel J, Leppes Jenkis F. Póster Cultivos primarios, una aproximación experimental para el estudio del desarrollo osteogénico. Soria AM, Pustovrh MC, Salazar L, Ortiz M, Valencia C. Póster Composición corporal, densidad mineral ósea y fuerza muscular en transgénero mujer y hombre previo al tratamiento cruzado (THC). Abdala R; *Nagelberg A; Zanchetta MB; Silveira F. Póster Calcificación de arterias coronarias en una paciente con hiperparatiroidismo secundario y falla renal crónica. Castellanos R, Vesga B, Isaza JR, Hoyos K.

RESUMENA mediados del siglo XVI, la mina de azogue de Almadén adquirió una gran importancia debido al descubrimiento del método industrial de la amalgamación para los minerales de plata de baja ley. Los accidentes, enfermedades y el impago de salarios hicieron que el trabajo de minero no fuera atractivo para los forasteros, de modo que faltaban brazos para dar la producción de azogue necesaria para abastecer a las minas americanas de plata. En el siglo XVII, el Consejo de Hacienda intentó solucionar el problema de las consignaciones económicas, lo que resultó harto difícil en una España con graves dificultades financieras y, por otra parte, trató de conseguir mano de obra para la mina, fuera forzada, esclava o procedente del repartimiento de pueblos cercanos.PALABRAS CLAVE: Almadén, azogue, siglo XVII, mineros, repartimiento.ABSTRACTIn the middle of the 16th century, the Almadén quicksilver mine acquired considerable importance due to the discovery of the industrial method of amalgamation of low-grade silver ores. Accidents, diseases and unpaid wages made mining work unattractive to outsiders, so manpower was needed for the quicksilver production necessary to supply American silver mines. In the 17th century, theFinance Council attempted to solve the problem of economic consignments, which was very difficult in a Spain with serious financial difficulties and, meanwhile, tried to obtain workers for the mine, be they forced, enslaved or from the repartimiento of nearby villages.KEY WORDS: Almadén, quicksilver, 17th century, miners, repartimiento. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAgricolae, G., De Re Metallica libri XII, Basileae: Froben, 1556.Álvarez Nogal, C., El crédito de la monarquía hispánica en el reinado de Felipe IV, Ávila, Junta de Castilla y León, 1997.Bleiberg, G., El informe secreto de Mateo Alemán sobre el trabajo forzoso en las minas de Almadén, Londres, Tamesis Book Limited, 1984.Carande, R., Carlos V y sus banqueros, Barcelona, Editorial Crítica, 1987.Castillo Martos, M., Bartolomé de Medina y el siglo XVI. Un sevillano lleva la revolución tecnológica a América, Sevilla, Ayuntamiento de Sevilla, 2001.Dobado González, R., “Las minas de Almadén, el monopolio del azogue y la producción de plata en Nueva España en el siglo XVIII”, en La savia del imperio. Tres estudios de economía colonial, Salamanca, 1997, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, pp. 403-495.Gil Bautista, R., Almadén del Azogue, Puertollano, Ediciones Puertollano, 2013.Gil Bautista, R., Las minas de Almadén en la Edad Moderna, Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, 2015.González, T., Registro y relación general de minas de la Corona de Castilla, Madrid, Imprenta de Don Miguel de Burgos, 1832.Hernández Sobrino, A., Los esclavos del rey. Los forzados de Su Majestad en las minas de Almadén, años 1550-1800, Ciudad Real, Fundación Almadén y Asociación Montesur, 1982.Hernández Sobrino, A., Silvestre Madrid, M. A. y Almansa Rodríguez, E., “La mina de azogue de Almadén en la época del Quijote” en La España del Quijote: IV Centenario Cervantes, Llerena, 2017, Sociedad Extremeña de Historia, pp. 161-172.Langue, F. y Salazar-Soler, C., Dictionaire des termes miniers en usage en Amerique espagnole (XVI-XIX siecle), Paris, Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, 1993.Matilla Tascón, A., Historia de las minas de Almadén, Vol. I: Desde la época romana hasta el año 1645, Madrid, Consejo de Administración de Minas de Almadén y Arrayanes, 1958.Matilla Tascón, A., Historia de las minas de Almadén, vol. II: Desde 1646 a 1799, Madrid, Minas de Almadén y Arrayanes, S.A. e Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, 1987.Menéndez Navarro, A., Catástrofe morboso de las minas mercuriales de la villa de Almadén del Azogue (1778) de José Parés y Franqués, edición anotada, Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla- La Mancha, 1998.Prieto, C., La minería en el Nuevo Mundo, Madrid, Ediciones de la Revista de Occidente, 1977.Prior Cabanillas, J., La pena de minas: los forzados de Almadén, 1646-1649, Ciudad Real, Fundación Almadén y Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, 2006.Sánchez Gómez, J., De minería, metalurgia y comercio de metales. La minería no férrica en el reino de Castilla, 1450-1610, Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca e Instituto Tecnológico GeoMinero de España, 1989.Sánchez Gómez, J., “La técnica en la producción de metales monedables en España y en América”, en La savia del imperio. Tres estudios de economía colonial, Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 1997, pp. 17-264.Silvestre Madrid, M. Á., Mineros de Almadén en la América Colonial, Trabajo Fin de Máster, Universidad de Córdoba, inédito, 2014.Voltes Bou, P., El ocaso de los Fugger en España. Operaciones de los Fugger en la España del siglo XVII, Ciudad Real, Fundación Almadén, 2009.

<img src="/public/site/images/pgranata/intro.jpg" alt="" /><br /><p class="titolo"><strong>Aspetti clinico-organizzativi nella degenza medica ospedaliera in Italia: il ruolo della Medicina Interna nel dipartimento medico e continuità assistenziale</strong> 499<br /><em>G. Panigada, I. Chiti</em></p><img src="/public/site/images/pgranata/Sezioni3.jpg" alt="" /><br /><p class="titolo"><strong>Organizzazione delle Medicine Interne della Toscana: analisi specifica delle criticità</strong> 503<br /><em>R. Laureano, S. Meini</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>Risultati di una <em>survey</em> sulla complessità promossa da FADOI</strong> 509<br /><em>M. Gambacorta, A. Montagnani, P. Gnerre</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong><em>Fare di più non significa fare meglio</em>: il contributo FADOI al programma di <em>Slow Medicine</em> per una medicina sostenibile</strong> 513<br /><em>L. Lusiani, R. Frediani, A. Fortini, R. Nardi</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>Gli effetti della riorganizzazione ospedaliera sulla comunicazione medico-paziente: un’analisi di cambiamento necessario</strong> 523<br /><em>M. Felici, S. Lenti</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>Survey sui fabbisogni di formazione e aggiornamento degli internisti FADOI</strong> 528<br /><em>C. Canale, M. Cannone, M. La Regina, R. Risicato, M. Silingardi</em></p><img src="/public/site/images/pgranata/Sezioni21.jpg" alt="" /> <br /><p class="titolo"><strong>L’internista ospedaliero: dentro o fuori?</strong> 531<br /><em>F. Orlandini, F. Pietrantonio</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>La telemedicina in Medicina Interna</strong> 537<br /><em>A. Sciascera</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong><em>Red flags</em> e modelli di <em>fast track</em> per accedere rapidamente alla diagnosi precoce</strong> 541<br /><em>F. Pieralli, F. Corradi</em></p><img src="/public/site/images/pgranata/Sezioni4.jpg" alt="" /><br /><p class="titolo"><strong>Sovraffollamento e qualità assistenziale in Ospedale: sono previste soluzioni nei patti per la salute?</strong> 544<br /><em>A. Fontanella</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>L’area critica di medicina interna: stato dell’arte nella Regione Puglia. Quali motivazioni? Per quali pazienti? Secondo quali normative?</strong> 548<br /><em>F. Ventrella</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>Il <em>medico tutor</em> nell’ospedale per intensità di cura</strong> 556<br /><em>M. Alessandri</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>L’<em>Hospitalist</em></strong> 563<br /><em>I. Stefani, A. Mazzone</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>Il dipartimento medico è tuttora una soluzione per il governo clinico della complessità assistenziale?</strong> 567<br /><em>G. Landini</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>Modalità organizzative e clima interno nell’area medica</strong> 569<br /><em>S. De Carli, R. Re</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>Malattie endocrino-metaboliche in area medica: percorsi clinico-assistenziali ed implicazioni economiche</strong> 575<br /><em>M. Cappagli, S. Barbieri, V. Scardigli, C. Rossi, L. Sanna, E. Romano</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>Cure palliative: nuova branca specialistica o competenze da riscoprire?</strong> 583<br /><em>G. Chesi, P. Montanari, R. Nardi</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>Strumenti di comunicazione esterna per la continuità assistenziale: dimissioni protette, percorsi integrati ospedale territorio, integrazione di servizi</strong> 588<br /><em>G. Chesi, E. Scalabrini, N. Branchetti, C. Sarti, F. Bencivenni, A. Giudici</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong><em>Integrated delivery system</em>: effetti su costi e qualità. Quale futuro?</strong> 599<br /><em>E. Desideri</em></p><p class="titolo"><strong>L’ospedale del futuro tra assistenza in acuzie e continuità di cura: il modello inglese può essere implementato anche nei nostri ospedali?</strong> 601<br /><em>P. Gnerre, M. Gambacorta, A. Montagnani</em></p><img src="/public/site/images/pgranata/concl.jpg" alt="" /><p class="titolo"><strong>Conclusioni: chi garantisce il coordinamento e la continuità delle cure?</strong> 608<br /><em>C. Nozzoli</em></p><img src="/public/site/images/pgranata/appendix.jpg" alt="" /><br /><p class="titolo"><strong>I documenti FADOI</strong> 610<br /><em>M. Campanini</em></p>

RESUMENEl objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los mecanismos de financiación y de control de las instituciones religiosas por los laicos en las primeras décadas de la conquista y colonización de Hispanoamérica. Investigar sobre la inversión laica en lo sagrado supone en un primer lugar aclarar la historiografía sobre laicos, religión y dinero en las sociedades de Antiguo Régimen y su trasposición en América, planteando una mirada desde el punto de vista de las motivaciones múltiples de los actores seglares. A través del ejemplo de restituciones, donaciones y legados en losAndes, se explora el papel de los laicos españoles, y también de las poblaciones indígenas, en el establecimiento de la densa red de instituciones católicas que se construye entonces. La propuesta postula el protagonismo de actores laicos en la construcción de un espacio cristiano en los Andes peruanos en el siglo XVI y principios del XVII, donde la inversión económica permite contribuir a la transición de una sociedad de guerra y conquista a una sociedad corporativa pacificada.PALABRAS CLAVE: Hispanoamérica-Andes, religión, economía, encomienda, siglos XVI y XVII.ABSTRACTThis article aims to reflect on the mechanisms of financing and control of religious institutions by the laity in the first decades of the conquest and colonization of Spanish America. Investigating lay investment in the sacred sphere means first of all to clarifying historiography on laity, religion and money within Ancien Régime societies and their transposition to America, taking into account the multiple motivations of secular actors. The example of restitutions, donations and legacies inthe Andes enables us to explore the role of the Spanish laity and indigenous populations in the establishment of the dense network of Catholic institutions that was established during this period. The proposal postulates the role of lay actors in the construction of a Christian space in the Peruvian Andes in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, when economic investment contributed to the transition from a society of war and conquest to a pacified, corporate society.KEY WORDS: Hispanic America-Andes, religion, economics, encomienda, 16th and 17th centuries. BIBLIOGRAFIAAbercrombie, T., “Tributes to Bad Conscience: Charity, Restitution, and Inheritance in Cacique and Encomendero Testaments of 16th-Century Charcas”, en Kellogg, S. y Restall, M. (eds.), Dead Giveaways, Indigenous Testaments of Colonial Mesoamerica end the Andes, Salt Lake city, University of Utah Press, 1998, pp. 249-289.Aladjidi, P., Le roi, père des pauvres: France XIIIe-XVe siècle, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2008.Alberro, S., Les Espagnols dans le Mexique colonial: histoire d’une acculturation, Paris, A. Colin, 1992.Alden, D., The making of an enterprise: the Society of Jesus in Portugal, its empire, and beyond 1540-1750, Stanford California, Stanford University Press, 1996.Angulo, D., “El capitán Gómez de León, vecino fundador de la ciudad de Arequipa. Probança e información de los servicios que hizo a S. M. en estos Reynos del Piru el Cap. Gomez de León, vecino que fue de cibdad de Ariquipa, fecha el año MCXXXI a pedimento de sus hijos y herederos”, Revista del archivo nacional del Perú, Tomo VI, entrega II, Julio-diciembre 1928, pp. 95-148.Atienza López, Á., Tiempos de conventos: una historia social de las fundaciones en la España moderna, Madrid, Marcial Pons Historia, 2008.Azpilcueta Navarro, M. de, Manual de penitentes, Estella, Adrián de Anvers, 1566.Baschet, J., “Un Moyen Âge mondialisé? Remarques sur les ressorts précoces de la dynamique occidentale”, en Renaud, O., Schaub, J.-F., Thireau, I. (eds.), Faire des sciences sociales, comparer, Paris, éditions de l’EHESS, 2012, pp. 23-59.Boltanski, A. y Maldavsky, A., “Laity and Procurement of Funds», en Fabre, P.-A., Rurale, F. (eds.), Claudio Acquaviva SJ (1581-1615). A Jesuit Generalship at the time of the invention of the modern Catholicism, Leyden, Brill, 2017, pp. 191-216.Borges Morán, P., El envío de misioneros a América durante la época española, Salamanca, Universidad Pontifícia, 1977.Bourdieu, P., “L’économie des biens symboliques», Raisons pratiques: sur la théorie de l’action, Paris, Seuil, [1994] 1996, pp. 177-213.Brizuela Molina, S., “¿Cómo se funda un convento? Algunas consideraciones en torno al surgimiento de la vida monástica femenina en Santa Fe de Bogotá (1578-1645)”, Anuario de historia regional y de las Fronteras, vol. 22, n. 2, 2017, pp. 165-192.Brown, P., Le prix du salut. Les chrétiens, l’argent et l’au-delà en Occident (IIIe-VIIIe siècle), Paris, Belin, 2016.Burke, P., La Renaissance européenne, Paris, Seuil, 2000.Burns, K., Hábitos coloniales: los conventos y la economía espiritual del Cuzco, Lima, Quellca, IFEA, 2008.Cabanes, B y Piketty, G., “Sortir de la guerre: jalons pour une histoire en chantier”, Histoire@Politique. Politique, culture, société, n. 3, nov.-dic. 2007.Cantú, F., “Evoluzione et significato della dottrina della restituzione in Bartolomé de Las Casas. Con il contributo di un documento inedito”, Critica Storica XII-Nuova serie, n. 2-3-4, 1975, pp. 231-319.Castelnau-L’Estoile, C. de, “Les fils soumis de la Très sainte Église, esclavages et stratégies matrimoniales à Rio de Janeiro au début du XVIIIe siècle», en Cottias, M., Mattos, H. (eds.), Esclavage et Subjectivités dans l’Atlantique luso-brésilien et français (XVIIe-XXe), [OpenEdition Press, avril 2016. Internet : <http://books.openedition.org/ http://books.openedition.org/oep/1501>. ISBN : 9782821855861]Celestino, O. y Meyers, A., Las cofradías en el Perú, Francfort, Iberoamericana, 1981.Celestino, O., “Confréries religieuses, noblesse indienne et économie agraire”, L’Homme, 1992, vol. 32, n. 122-124, pp. 99-113.Châtellier Louis, L’Europe des dévots, Paris, Flammarion, 1987.Christian, W., Religiosidad local en la España de Felipe II, Madrid, Nerea, 1991.Christin, O., Confesser sa foi. Conflits confessionnels et identités religieuses dans l’Europe moderne (XVIe-XVIIe siècles), Seyssel, Champ Vallon, 2009.Christin, O., La paix de religion: l’autonomisation de la raison politique au XVIe siècle, Paris, Seuil, 1997.Clavero, B., Antidora: Antropología católica de la economía moderna, Milan, Giuffrè, 1991.Cobo Betancourt, “Los caciques muiscas y el patrocinio de lo sagrado en el Nuevo Reino de Granada”, en A. Maldavsky y R. Di Stefano (eds.), Invertir en lo sagrado: salvación y dominación territorial en América y Europa (siglos XVI-XX), Santa Rosa, EdUNLPam, 2018, cap. 1, mobi.Colmenares, G., Haciendas de los jesuitas en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, siglo XVIII, Bogotá, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1969.Comaroff, J. y Comaroff, J., Of Revelation and Revolution. Vol. 1, Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1991.Costeloe, M. P., Church wealth in Mexico: a study of the “Juzgado de Capellanias” in the archbishopric of Mexico 1800-1856, London, Cambridge University Press, 1967.Croq, L. y Garrioch, D., La religion vécue. Les laïcs dans l’Europe moderne, Rennes, PUR, 2013.Cushner, N. P., Farm and Factory: The Jesuits and the development of Agrarian Capitalism in Colonial Quito, 1600-1767, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1982.Cushner, N. P., Jesuit Ranches and the Agrarian Development of Colonial Argentina, 1650-1767, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1983.Cushner, N. P., Why have we come here? The Jesuits and the First Evangelization of Native America, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.De Boer, W., La conquista dell’anima, Turin, Einaudi, 2004.De Certeau M., “La beauté du mort : le concept de ‘culture populaire’», Politique aujourd’hui, décembre 1970, pp. 3-23.De Certeau, M., L’invention du quotidien. T. 1. Arts de Faire, Paris, Gallimard, 1990.De la Puente Brunke, J., Encomienda y encomenderos en el Perú. Estudio social y político de una institución, Sevilla, Diputación provincial de Sevilla, 1992.Del Río M., “Riquezas y poder: las restituciones a los indios del repartimiento de Paria”, en T. Bouysse-Cassagne (ed.), Saberes y Memorias en los Andes. In memoriam Thierry Saignes, Paris, IHEAL-IFEA, 1997, pp. 261-278.Van Deusen, N. E., Between the sacred and the worldly: the institutional and cultural practice of recogimiento in Colonial Lima, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2001.Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, 1937, s.v. “Restitution”.Durkheim, É., Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1960 [1912].Duviols, P. La lutte contre les religions autochtones dans le Pérou colonial: l’extirpation de l’idolâtrie entre 1532 et 1660, Lima, IFEA, 1971.Espinoza, Augusto, “De Guerras y de Dagas: crédito y parentesco en una familia limeña del siglo XVII”, Histórica, XXXVII.1 (2013), pp. 7-56.Estenssoro Fuchs, J.-C., Del paganismo a la santidad: la incorporación de los Indios del Perú al catolicismo, 1532-1750, Lima, IFEA, 2003.Fontaine, L., L’économie morale: pauvreté, crédit et confiance dans l’Europe préindustrielle, Paris, Gallimard, 2008.Froeschlé-Chopard, M.-H., La Religion populaire en Provence orientale au XVIIIe siècle, Paris, Beauchesne, 1980.Glave, L. 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Mirjana POLIĆ BOBIĆ: Kalifornijski zapisi oca Ferdinanda Konšćaka iz Družbe Isusove, Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, Zagreb, 2015.U ovoj knjizi autorica je iscrpno i kompetentno, kao ponajbolji prevodilac pisane ostavštine Ferdinanda Konšćaka, analitički i metodološki kvalitetno, uz podrobna objašnjenja i popratna razmišljanja, na tristo stranica predstavila bogatu i vrijednu pisanu ostavštinu kao i relevantne spise o njegovom radu i o njemu. To je do sada najsveobuhvatniji pristup obradi spisa ovoga pripadnika Družbe Isusove u nas, koji uvelike pridonosi spoznaji o veličini i značenju njegovih znanstvenih i istraživačkih dosega, ne samo za geografiju nego za pojedine druge znanosti. Opsežni uvod čine četiri poglavlja autoričine sveobuhvatne rasprave 1. o Konšćakovim zapisima i životu s popisom i opisom rukopisa i izdanja Konšćakovih tekstova o Novom svijetu i o njegovu životu, 2. o tome kako je Konšćak mogao dospjeti u Donju Kaliforniju, 3. o Kaliforniji od mita do utopijskog projekta te 4. o kraljevskim i misionarskim interesima, utopijskim obrascima i svakodnevnici sa zaključnim razmatranjima. Spisateljičina rasprava o navedenim aspektima, opservacije i razmatrani predlošci brojnih prethodnika, suvremenika i kasnijih istraživača i promicatelja Konšćakova rada i djela odaju vrsnu poznavateljicu brojnih predložaka i dokumentacije, neobjavljene i objavljene, dostupne i manje dostupne o našem isusovcu istraživaču. Drugi dio, može se slobodno istaknuti, krucijalni su prijevodi petnaestak autentičnih zapisa, dakle pisama, izvješća, dnevnika, opisa, Ferdinanda Konšćaka iz kojih se neposredno saznaje o njegovim putovanjima, otkrićima, spoznajama, poslanju, sukobljavanjima pa sve do intimnijih razmišljanja u prepisci ili izviješćima kroz koja izbija mnoštvo dokaza o njemu kao o izrazitom isusovačkom humanistu, entuzijastu, misionaru i istraživaču. To su pisma subraći, nadređenima, meksičkom provincijalu, superiorima, vizitatorima, prijateljima, dnevnici i dr., te također dva prijevoda drugih autora Miguela del Barca i oca Francisca Zevallosa koji se tiču Ferdinanda Konšćaka. Djelo prate i zahvala, popis izvora uz prevedene Konšćakove tekstove, literatura, sažetci na španjolskom i engleskom jeziku i kratki opis života i rada autorice. Otac Ferdinand Konšćak, poznat u svjetskoj literaturi i kao Ferdinando Consag (španj.) utemeljitelj Donje Kalifornije (Baja California), rođen je u Varaždinu 2. prosinca 1703., a umro je u misiji Santa Gertrudis u Donjoj Kaliforniji (Meksiko) 10. rujna 1759. Pristupio je isusovačkom redu 1719. u Trenčinu u Slovačkoj. Filozofiju je završio u Grazu, zatim radio na kolegijima u Zagrebu, pa Budimu. Prije završetka studija teologije u Grazu, odobren mu je odlazak u Novi svijet pa je 1729. otišao u Španjolsku, odakle je iz Cadiza 1731. krenuo u jednom od jedrenjaka flote za Indije. Preko Havane, stigao je u Veracruz te u Meksiko gdje je 1731. završio započeti studij teologije. Na poluotok Donje Kalifornije stigao je 1732. u redukciju Loreto gdje je najprije boravio, pa 1733. prešao u San Ignacio, zatim na sam jug poluotoka, pa ponovno u San Ignacio odakle je opsluživao velik dio izoliranih krajeva, dajući posebno velik doprinos osnivanju misija Santa Gertrudis i San Francisco de Borja. Kao isusovački misionar postao je jedan od najslavnijih istraživača meksičkoga poluotoka Kalifornije, koji je dokazao da je Kalifornija poluotok. Naime, poslije ranijih spoznaja (još od 30-ih godina 16. st.) da je Donja Kalifornija poluotok (v. Planciusov zemljovid svijeta 1592., i Meteliusov Kalifornije 1598.), u 17. i početkom 18. stoljeća počeli su se u Europi pojavljivati pogrješni, dosta tvrdokorni stavovi da je riječ o otoku kao i zemljovidi na kojima je tako i prikazivana. Stoga je trebalo ponovno, a iz sasvim pragmatičnih razloga, podastrijeti nove dokaze o poluotoku. Premda se već subrat Francisco E. Kino u četiri svoja putovanja 1697. – 1702. uvjerio da je Kalifornija poluotok, to otkriće nije bilo prihvaćeno pa su se tražili novi dokazi. Konšćakovo istraživanje dokazalo je drugi put poluotočnost Donje Kalifornije. Čak je i kasnije bilo dvojbi o poluotočnosti pa je 1766. tamo poslan otac Wenceslao Linck da provjeri Konšćakovu tvrdnju. Priznati su mu znanstveni doprinosi u matematici, astronomiji, prirodoslovlju, etnologiji, geografiji i geologiji. Bio je graditelj cesta, vodoopskrbnih objekata i obrambenih nasipa te nadzornik svih isusovačkih misija u Meksiku, a njegovo ime nosi otočić Roca Consag (Consag Rocks na sjeveru Kalifornijskog zaljeva 17 milja od grada San Felipe). Miguel del Barco, kojeg je kasnije iščitavao i Alexander von Humboldt, navodio je Konšćaka kao važnog izvora opisa ratničkih običaja, društvenog ustroja tamošnjih indijanskih zajednica, njihovih jezika, vjerovanja, načina odijevanja, prehrambenih navika, obreda uvođenja u zrelo doba života. Uz brojne pohode, poduzeo je i tri veće ekspedicije (1746., 1751. i 1753.) u kojima je sustavno istraživao neznana područja poluotoka. U prvoj do ušća Rio Colorada, razriješio je više od dva stoljeća podržavanu dvojbu o Donjoj Kaliforniji, dokazavši da nije otok nego poluotok. Oko 1748. izradio je precizan zemljovid Donje Kalifornije, a oko 1750. i zemljovid Kalifornijskog zaljeva, ucrtavši u njih brojna naselja, misije, imena zaljeva, rtova, otoka, pojave vode (na njegovu zemljovidu Aguage) itd. kao i imena plemena. Zanimljivi su prikazi reljefa, posebice vulkanskog područja Las Virgenes (en los quales sehàn de scubierto Volcanes d Fuego. Año 1746), zaljeva, rtova, otoka i otočića u Kalifornijskom zaljevu itd. U svim ekspedicijama bilježio je podatke o terenu, prirodnim bogatstvima i starosjediocima. Osnovao je nove misije, gradio akvadukte, nasipe, kanale za odvodnju, sudjelovao pri otvaranju prvih rudnika srebra na poluotoku. Još za života objavljeni su njegovi dnevnici ekspedicijâ, prevedeni na nekoliko jezika, u više izdanja, a njegovi zemljovidi poluotokâ i zaljevâ bili su poznati u to doba i nerijetko precrtavani. U prvom pohodu 1746. Konšćak je s posadama i pratnjom na četiri jedrenjaka, počevši od luke San Carlos (daje opširan opis luke, voda, rtova), najbliže misiji San Ignacio, uz istočnu obalu poluotoka istražio najprije širi prostor zaljeva Santisima Trinidad (lovište bisernica s hridinastim dnom, opasnim za ronioce, San Bernabé i otočić s tuljanima). Nastavili su do područja rta San Juan de Bauptista, niske obale s glinenim nanosima, pojavom vode i priobalnim hridima što opširnije opisuje, zatim do rta San Miguel, koji sa sljedećim rtom zatvara zaljev, s barom, vrelom vode, lovištem bisernica, gdje za nevremena more izbacuje mnoštvo školjaka tvoreći nasip koji već kršteni domoroci nazivaju Pepena. U mjestu San Miguel de la Peña održali su poduku domorocima poganima, od kojih su neke i krstili. Dalje opširno opisuje obalu, vrste dna, odvaljene litice, pojave ilovasta tla uz obalu s kaktusom cardón i čičkom, brojnim pticama, pojavama mramora. U blizini rta San Gabriel de las Almeja ili Salsipuedes (prema imenu susjednog otočja) spominje otočić Tortuguilla (tj. Kornjačica) koji Kalifornijci nazivaju Serro Blanco, obližnja naselja u kojima je bilo ponešto krštenika. Domoroci skupljaju vodu, pa makar i slankastu jer su izvori rijetkost. Dno je opasno, hridinasto, spominje neku žutu pećinu, s opisom obale. Skupine domorodaca dovodile su djecu na krštenje, ali bilo je i onih, na koje su bili upozoreni da spremaju napad na ekspediciju, pa su nastavili prema zaljevu San Rafael gdje su na ušću rijeke Kada Koaman u razgovorima s gostoljubivim domorocima, koji su ih vodili do brzaca vode i zdenca, saznali da njih i ronioce napadaju gorštaci. Posebno je važan opis toplih vrela koja su vidljiva za oseke, a za plime su poplavljena morem, priobalnih dijelova s konkavnim stijenama s izvorima vode, šljunčanim i pješčanim nanosima, drvećem mezquite. Pohod je nastavljen prema rtu San Antonio. Tamošnjem malom zaljevu dali su ime Purgatorio (Čistilište). Zatim su obišli stjenoviti i hridinasti rt Las Animas i stigli u duboku i pogodnu uvalu Los Angeles zaštićenu ulančenim otocima na ulazu s pojavom vode koja teče sa strmih padina. Ovdje su bili izloženi prijetnjama okupljenih domorodaca sa sjevera koji su brodove pratili nekoliko dana. Nastavili su do dijela Los Remedios s uvalom Nostra Señora de los Remedios, s nasuprotnim otokom Angel Santo de la Guarda. Za njega navodi da je dosta izdužen, širi na sjeverozapadu i da se od rta San Rafael proteže sve do otočića San Juan i San Pablo, a i dijelu obale su dali isto ime. Svugdje ima dosta bisernica. Kanal između otoka i obale poluotoka pun je kitova pa ga zovi Kitovim tjesnacem (Canal de Ballenas). Skromne, guste i bljutave vode našli su i na dijelu obale koji su nazvali po danu dolaska, San Pedro e Pablo. Nastavili su do zaljeva San Luis Gonzaga i njegova otoka okruženog rtovima, povoljnog za sidrenje, s više slanih lokava na kopnu i bogat ribom, a na zemljovidu je ovdje označeno ime na kopnu San Stanislao (sv. Stanislav; poljski isusovac iz 16. st.). Tu se nalazi i voda San Estanislao. Stalno su susretali negostoljubive, preplašene domoroce, a u moru posvuda sedefaste školjke. Sljedećem dijelu obale nadjenuli su ime San Sebastian, a zatim dio obale zvan Visitación završava na sjeveru istoimenim visokim rtom. Dalje je obala niska, ravna, blatna i kamenita, s dosta antilopa, divljih koza i ovnova, a naišli su i na ključalo sumporno vrelo s dimom (zacijelo solfatar). Sljedeća zona, nazvana Santa Ysabel, zadnje je nalazište školjaka bisernica, jer ih dalje nije bilo, a u blizini, na dijelu dosta teško pristupačne obale s pješčanim prudovima s dražicom San Fermin našli su pitku vodu. Nastavili su prema uvali San Felipe de Jesús, a prošavši San Buonaventuru, obala je postala niska, pješčana, močvarna (Marismas na zemljovidu) s planinama udaljenima tri do četiri lige, bez uvala i izvora, s plitkim morem (Pantanas), zamuljeno. Stigavši do ušća Crvene rijeke, vode su postale obojene, opore, nezdrave. Unatoč vrlo teškim uvjetima, naišli su na pitku vodu pri ušću, na kojem rukavci rijeke odvajaju tri niska močvarna otoka. Nanos rijeke prostire se miljama, a snaga plimnih valova, kao i same rijeke, dovodila je do havarija pa je jedan od brodova stradao. Istražili su područje oko ušća, ustanovivši da s kalifornijske strane rijeka vijuga i među planinama. Nakon dvadeset pet dana istraživačkog pohoda, Konšćak prvi put spominje zemljovid koji je izrađivao navodeći: „Petnaestorica naših kretala se jedno vrijeme kopnom, pa su nam donijeli vijesti o stanju u močvari koja se nalazi na samom rtu toga podvodnoga područja i mi to ucrtasmo u zemljovid“ na kojem je bila označena sjeverna širina. Ovaj Konšćakov dnevnik otac Miguel de la Barca kasnije je popratio podrobnim objašnjenjima i komentarima. U drugoj ekspediciji Konšćak je putovao kopnom poluotoka prema sjeveru i do Tihog oceana. Taj pohod o kojem piše u pismu prijatelju i posebno opširno u dnevniku, odvijao se 1751. iz misije San Ignacio, zapravo iz La Piedad (kasnije nazvana Santa Gertrudis) prema San Everardu kroz Sierra Madre na drugu stranu poluotoka do Oceana. Pohod se odvijao uz pomoć konja, najprije u bezvodnom kraju s bodljikavim stablima milapa, gdje su domoroci već bili pokršteni. Zatim su stigli do korita Kalmayia, koje je pripadalo oselju Nuestra Señora dela Visitación, zatim do Nuestra Señora dela Desponsación de Pui te potoka Kanjaikamána, Nakon nekoliko dana došli su do Ajavaiamina, tekućice s vodom, potom do Anguma, potoka Ziénage u Mezcalu, nešto sjevernije. U dnevniku spominje otoke u tjesnacu Santa Barbara i otok Cerros (Cedros) ili Santisima Trinidad, koji domoroci zovu Vamalgua ili (G)Uamalgua (tj. kuća magle) te rt Mendocino i otok Cenizas na Oceanu. Došavši do mjesta Kalvalaga pogled im se pružio na mali, ali visok otok „koji pomorci koji putuju za Filipine zovu Guadalupe“. Odatle su se vratili natrag do potoka Ziénage i potoka Kanjaikamána, te se zadržali kod vrela Medakal. Slijedi opis obale nasuprot otoku Cedros, gdje ima u moru mnoštvo kitova, gdje su pronašli ostatke brodoloma nekog broda, a spominje i Zaljev (očito Vizcaíno). Uskoro su stigli u indijanski Laboakal, odakle su se ponovno vratili u La Piedad i San Everardo, odakle su i krenuli. Svugdje opisuje život, vjerovanja, ponašanja i običaje domorodaca. Iz vremena između drugog i trećeg pohoda, posebno je važan opis otkrivenih dijelova Kalifornije i dijelova Meksika. Najprije za Donju Kaliforniju kaže da je siromašna, bezvodna, s nešto ruda i bisernicama, u nju misionari dolaze iz svojih misija u Sinaloi, na koju se kratko osvrće. Misije su geografski razmještene od najjužnije San Lucas do najsjevernije Santa Gertrudis. Plodnog zemljišta ima samo na jugu, i tamo žive u bolestima i međusobnim sukobima vrlo razrijeđeni Perikujci i Vajkurci te Guajkurci. Tri misije Perikujaca, Santa Rosa, Santiago i San José del Cabo, svedene su na Santiago i seoce San José, a vajkurske su misije Nuestra Señora de Pilar na jugu i Nuestra Señora de los Dolores i San Luis Gonzaga nešto sjevernije s oceanske strane. Ishodište misijskog rada i kraljevskih snaga je Loreto, nekad Concho, u području malobrojnog naroda Monkujaca, jezikom različitog od drugih, a okružuje ga prostorno istaknut narod Kočimaca ili Lajmona. Tamo je sedam misija (od juga prema sjeveru: San Javier, San José de Comondú, Purísima Concepción, Santa Rosalia, Nuestra Señora de Guadelupe, San Ignacio i Santa Gertrudis). Opisuje različitost narječja plemena, njihovih običaja te napose način jedenja (s uzicom uz dvostruko žvakanje). Poluotokom se pruža bezvodno sredogorje Sierra Madre, a priobalje je još bezvodnije pa su samo tri misije na obali. Otvoreni su i rudnici (Santa Anna i dr.). Ima nešto srebra, dosta naslaga soli i salitre. Uz poluotok su i otoci, s oceanske strane su važniji Santa Magdalena, La Navidad de Nuestra Señora i Cerros (Uamalgua). S ovoga posljednjeg domoroci su prešli na kopno i dio ih se naselio u San Estanislau. Bave se i lovom na morske dabrove (nutrije). S istočne strane poluotoka ima više pogodnih luka (Concepción, Los Angeles i dr.), zaljeva te otoka, od kojih su za pristajanje pogodna tri: Espíritu Santo (za plime dva otoka, vrelo vode), San José (domoroci tamo love divljač koja u želudcima ima bezoar, kamen koji stvaraju preživači i ima ljekovita svojstva) i onaj posvećen Gospi Karmelskoj na kojem je solana. Navodi da su svi otoci Kalifornijskog zaljeva nenaseljeni, premda je na nekima prije bilo stanovnika, ali su prešli na kopno u misije. Opisuje različitost školjki bisernica i samih bisera prema boji (na jugu su bijeli, sjevernije u raznim bojama) s kojima se trguje, purpurnu školjku, a ističe da su brojne i zmije te morske kornjače s obje strane poluotoka, ali onih s prozirnim oklopom koje daju skupu kornjačevinu ima samo na jugu. Bavi se i različitim biljkama (medesa, agave, tedá, gorka smokva, kaktusi, razni sukulenti, garambulla, pitahaye, cardón, portulak, šćir) od kojih su neke jestive, ljekovite, a za prehranu su važni i zečevi, kunići, šišmiši pa i štakori. Česti su leopardi, rjeđi jaguari, divlje mačke, vukovi, ima kojota, a lisice su brojne, i sve ih domoroci jedu. Otrovnice čegrtuše su posvuda kao i brojne druge, većinom neotrovne zmije. Spominje i guštere i crve koje domoroci sve jedu osim daždevnjaka i nekoga crvenog crva, te pojedine kukce (stjenice, skakavce, razne pauke pa i tarantule i dr.). Od ptica spominje brojne grabljivice, orlove, gavrane te golubove, neke vrste nalik na fazane i prepelice. Srebro se vadi u rudnicima na jugu, bakra ima po kamenju, željeza također u grumenima, sumpora u izobilju, galice, različitih mramora i prozirca nalik na dijamant. Daje opširne opise običaja i životnih navika domorodaca, muškaraca i žena, nošnje, ženidbe, vjerovanja, idola, vračeva, glazbe, plesova, mnogoženstva (naročito kod stasitih i svijetloputih Perikujaca), vještina lova, prehrane, pogrebnih običaja, inicijacije itd. Vrlo pojednostavnjeno daje opise pojedinih stijena, ruda, okamina, konglomerata i breča pokušavajući objasniti njihov postanak. Na kraju u bilješci navodi luke s oceanske strane kad se od otoka Cerros putuje na sjever: San Hipólito i San Damián prije otoka Cenizas, a zatim San Francisco (de Borja, op. p.), Las Vírgenes, San Simón i Judas te San Diego, koji je razmjerno blizu misije San Borja. Treći pohod 1753. godine, čiji izvorni opis (dnevnik) do sada nije poznat, ali se ponešto saznaje iz drugih napisa, ostvaren je kroz unutrašnjost poluotoka na sjever do 30. stupnja sjeverne širine. Ovaj je put prošao u puno gostoljubivijem okruženju domorodaca, kopnom od Santa Gertrudis preko naselja uz zaljev Los Angeles, do naselja u sredogorju nedaleko od zaljeva San Luis Gonzaga. Osim što je brojnim pothvatima osnivao sigurna naselja, vodoopskrbne sustave, smirivao sukobe među plemenima, onemogućavao pljačke s različitih strana, počeo opismenjavati i liječiti domoroce od zaraza i epidemija, otvarajući im tako put u civilizirani način života, za geografe su značajni i njegovi pisani doprinosi. Uz manje opservacije o Havani, Veracruzu, otocima Alacranes u Meksičkom zaljevu, otkrio je svjetskoj geografskoj spoznaji oblik i zemljopisna obilježja istočne obale Donje Kalifornije, duljinu otoka Angel de la Guarda, mjesto za misiju San Francisco de Borja, izvor rijeke Adac. Istražujući terene oko misija San Ignacio, koji je na granici prema sjeveru (frontera del Norte), Santa Gertrudis, te velik dio Kalifornijskog zaljeva (ili Crvenog mora), u njegovim se zapisima ističu misija Guadelupe, oblast Primeria (današnje Sonora i Sinaloa), ušće Crvene rijeke, temeljit opis zaljeva Los Angeles, vrlo pogodne prirodne luke s vrelima vode i više otočića u blizini (južno od Kanala kitova Canal de Ballenas na njegovoj karti) s pogodnim pristupom iz luka Caborce i Tepoce, koji, s obzirom na povoljne vjetrove, omogućuje prolaz kroz „zastrašujuće otoke Salsipuedes“, Laogiú, tj. planine San Rafael i mnoge druge u ovom tekstu navedene. Geografi, ali i svi drugi koje ova problematika zanima, u ovom će zanimljivom štivu zahvaljujući trudu autorice, pronaći poticaje za saznanja o Ferdinandu Konšćaku i njegovim otkrićima i zapisima, a možda i za daljnje pronalaženje drugih, do danas još nepoznatih rukopisa, bilo njegovih ili o njemu. Autorica Polić Bobić je za knjigu o ocu Ferdinandu Konšćaku dobila nagradu Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti za najviša znanstvena i umjetnička dostignuća u Republici Hrvatskoj za 2015. godinu za područje društvenih znanosti Mirjana POLIĆ BOBIĆ, Mijo KORADE: Paragvajska pisma: Ivan Marchesetti i Nikola Plantić, isusovci u Paragvajskoj provinciji Družbe Isusove, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 2015. Iz pera vrsne hispanistice, urednice i književne prevoditeljice, redovite profesorice španjolske i hispanoameričke književnosti na Filozofskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu te koautora, crkvenog povjesničara i povjesničara kulture, suradnika Hrvatskog instituta za povijest u Zagrebu i nasl. redovitog profesora na Hrvatskim studijima Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, dostupno je široj javnosti kulturološko ostvarenje koje ima i brojne sastavnice povijesno-zemljopisne naravi, pa je stoga zanimljivo ne samo za povjesničare, hispaniste i druge, nego posebice i za geografe. Prof. Polić Bobić inače se bavi istraživanjem književnosti i kulturne povijesti kolonijalne Amerike te hrvatsko-hispanskim kulturnim vezama, a prof. Mijo Korade hrvatskom latinističkom historiografijom, historiografijom hrvatskoga redovništva, odnosima Crkve i države, poviješću školstva u Hrvata i hrvatskim putnicima i putopiscima. Knjiga se u prvom dijelu bavi Paragvajskom provincijom Družbe Isusove i njezinim misijama u kojima su srednjoeuropski isusovci, među kojima i hrvatski, u okviru opće i kulturne povijesti kolonijalne Amerike dali istaknut doprinos ne samo zemljopisnom širenju misijskih projekata, nego i sveukupnom udjelu Družbe Isusove u kulturi, povijesti, geografiji, književnosti itd. kolonijalnih posjeda. Razmatranim spisima te redovničke pokrajine, u kojoj su o nastanku tzv. redukcija, tj. naseobina u kojima se obavljala evangelizacija indijanskih plemena Guarani i drugih, omogućen je odgovarajući pristup poznavanju onovremenih procesa, uz ostalo i sociogeografskih, u prostoru južnoameričkoga geopolitičkog sraza dvaju katoličkih kolonijalnih imperija, španjolskog i portugalskog. U porječjima Parane, Paragvaja, Urugvaja s njihovim brojnim pritokama, u okviru većeg broja (više od četrdeset) misija na teritoriju današnje Argentine, Paragvaja, Bolivije i Brazila, između 1585. (1604.) i 1767. ostvarivani su suživot i društveno-gospodarsko uređenje potaknuti djelovanjem požrtvovnih isusovaca, među kojima se ističu i oni iz hrvatskoga prostora tadašnje Austrijske provincije Družbe Isusove, Ivan Krstitelj Marchesetti iz Rijeke i Nikola Plantić iz Zagreba, čija su pisma predmet ove knjige. Red kojem su pripadali zacrtao je stvaranje kršćanskog društva, ustrojstveno i gospodarski izvan utega tadašnjih europskih kasnofeudalnih odnosa, bližeg pravednim novozavjetnim učenjima o ravnopravnosti i vrijednosti svih ljudskih bića. Taj „jedinstveni socijalni eksperiment u povijesti čovječanstva“, koji je imao i svoje političko-geografsko naličje, premda je doživio mnoge poticaje, priznanja i podršku mnogih suvremenika, ugašen je, na štetu posebice brazilskih guaranskih misija. Tome su uzrok bila međudržavna i unutarcrkvena nesuglasja, agresivnost odmetnika i pojedinih kolonizatora te posebice objede i optužbe da misionari zlorabe zasnovane redukcije za svoje bogaćenje i širenje nekoga svojeg zamišljenog kraljevstva. Otuda i kasnije neosnovane i izmišljene reinterpretacije o Plantiću kao „paragvajskom kralju“, kao „komunističkom kralju“ i sl. Od 1585. do 1767. Družba je provela dvadesetpet istraživačkih pohoda, ostavivši o tome brojna pismena svjedočanstva. Epilog gotovo dvostoljetnih nastojanja isusovaca, u vrtlogu dinastičkih interesa i prekrajanja i u sukobu portugalskih i španjolskih geopolitičkih prisezanja, bio je, nažalost, porazan, posebice za stotine tisuća domorodaca koji su pristali na pokrštavanje i novi način života ostvaren kroz misionarske redukcije. Pojam redukcija (lat. reducere – natrag dovesti) ovdje označava misijska naselja, tzv. Paragvajske redukcije u koje su iz divljih krajeva i prašuma okupljani Indijanci da žive sigurni u organiziranoj kršćanskoj zajednici. Prostirale su se na području dugačkom više od 1000 km i širokom oko 300 km, površine više od 400 tisuća četvornih kilometara. Prva je bila Loreto (1609.), u pokrajini Guayara. Najsjevernija redukcija, San Ignacio del Norte, bila je na 16. usporednici, a najjužnija, Yapeyu, između 29. i 30. usporednice južne zemljopisne širine. U početku su bile izrazito ugrožene od neprijatelja kraljevske kuće i guvernera, raznih španjolskih upravitelja i veleposjednika, portugalskih trupa i posebice odmetnika, a kasnije su konsolidirane u tzv. Kršćansku Republiku Paragvaj koja je uživala visoku autonomiju unutar Španjolskog Kraljevstva. U vrijeme procvata redukcija, ustrojenih po načelu „zajednički posjed, zajednički rad, zajednički plodovi“ 30-ih i 40-ih godina 18. stoljeća živjelo je u njima i više od 140 000 osoba. Uređenje naseobina i zemljišnih imanja svakako je bitno utjecalo na stvaranje novoga oblika kulturnog krajobraza u divljim predjelima južnoameričkog kontinenta. U drugom dijelu knjige predstavljena su do sada neobjavljena pisma navedene dvojice hrvatskih isusovaca u izvorniku na španjolskom i u hrvatskom prijevodu, pisma iz njihove prepiske i druga pisma u kojima se spominje Ivan Marchesetti (Rijeka, 10. prosinca 1704. – Candelaria, Paragvaj, 5. veljače 1767.). Ivan Marchesetti umro je u Novom svijetu prije protjerivanja Družbe Isusove 1767. godine. U Argentinu je stigao 1734. i ondje, poslije priprema u Córdobi, od 1738. do smrti djelovao kao misionar i upravitelj u sedam misija. U Nuestra Señora de Fe uveo je plantažni uzgoj štitastih uši – košenila za proizvodnju grimiznih boja te priređivanje lijekova i začina te ustrojio samoobranu grada. Uspješno je pokrenuo proizvodnju i trgovinu poljoprivrednim kulturama u redukcijama (maté, duhan, trska, sukno i dr.). Nikola Plantić (Zagreb, 2. prosinca 1720. – Varaždin, 15. lipnja 1777.), koji je bio u Paragvaju, ali nije poslan u misije, nego je kao profesor filozofije i teologije boravio u Cordobi, vratio se u Hrvatsku gdje je i umro. Prije odlaska u Južnu Ameriku 1748. studirao je filozofiju u Zagrebu i Grazu, a teologiju u Trnavi te 1747. zaređen. Bio je i rektor isusovačkoga kolegija u Buenos Airesu te superior u Montevideu. Nakon izgona isusovaca na temelju patenta Karla III., vratio se 1768. u Zagreb. Od 1771. bio je rektor isusovačkoga kolegija u Varaždinu, gdje je ostao i nakon ukinuća reda 1773. Popraćena opsežnim bilješkama, pisma Marchesettija i Plantića subraći pohranjena u argentinskom državnom arhivu, svjedoče o misijama, tegobama, gospodarskom i društvenom ustroju, svakodnevnom životu, dvojbama i borbama misionara, kolonizatora i domorodačkih plemena. Prepisku je pronašao pok. Milan Blažeković te ju je predao 1992. godine drugom autoru knjige dr. Koradeu. Ova pisma, kao izvorna svjedočanstva, važna su potka u izučavanju povijesno-zemljopisnih okolnosti tristogodišnjega kolonijalnog razdoblja i nastanka južnoameričkih društava. Autori su ih popratili znanstvenim studioznim razmatranjima o životu i radu dvojice misionara te njihovu utjecaju na subraću redovnike, druge suvremenike i naraštaje koji su slijedili. Posebno je obrađena i legenda o kralju Nikoli, tj. intriga o Plantiću kao kralju paragvajskih Indijanaca, izmišljena i proširena za potrebe pristalica sramotno rigidne reakcije na jednu humanu, gospodarski uspješnu misionarsku stečevinu i koliko je bilo moguće, ostvarenje pravednog suživota domorodaca i kolonizatora. Svakoga geografa, kao i brojne druge čitatelje, zanimat će ovo štivo kao dokumentacija i svjedočanstvo jednog vremena i geopolitičkih zbivanja unutar kojih je, unatoč brojnim poteškoćama, ostvarena jedna od najhumanijih do sada poznatih ljudskih zajednica. Kada su godine 1750. Španjolska i Portugal provele bestidnu trgovinu s gradovima-misijama zamjenom sedam redukcija na istočnoj obali Urugvaja za bogatu koloniju San Sacramento na ušću rijeke La Plate, u mjesec dana moralo se iseliti 30 tisuća ljudi sa svom pokretnom imovinom iz sedam misijskih župa. Guarani su morali prepustiti sav svoj 150-godišnji trud svojim neprijateljima. Brojni prosvjedi civilnih i crkvenih vlasti u Americi i u Španjolskoj nisu, nažalost, bili od pomoći. Unatoč kasnijem povratu na prijašnje stanje, protjerivanjem isusovačkog reda u Portugalu, ubrzo i u Španjolskoj, te geopolitičkim previranjima u 19. stoljeću, baština prosvjetiteljskih i vjerskih misija ubrzano se gasila. Ipak, ostale su brojne potvrde, uz ostalo i pisma naših redovnika, veličanstvenog postignuća jednoga crkvenog reda, doprinosa općem boljitku svijeta. Isusovci su svojim redukcijama u Paragvaju ispisali zasigurno jednu od najljepših stranica socijalne povijesti kao i povijesnog zemljopisa na karti svijeta. Knjiga je izašla u izdanju Matice hrvatske, kao prva knjiga u sklopu edicije Biblioteka Historia. Glavna urednica je Romana Horvat, a recenzenti su dr. sc. Marino Manin iz Instituta za migracije i narodnosti u Zagrebu i dr. sc. Damir Zorić, etnolog i povjesničar iz Matice hrvatske. Knjiga ima dvjesto četrdeset šest stranica s osamnaest slika (dvanaest u bojama), bibliografijom i kazalom osobnih imena. Kao što je s uspjehom i suosjećanjem za Guaranske redukcije svojevremeno prihvaćen filmski oskarovac Misija na ovu temu, tako i ova knjiga ne ostavlja ravnodušnima sve one koji teže pravednijim i humanijim odnosima među ljudskim zajednicama.

Abstract Background The hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) of the genus Mycoplasma are recognized as important bacteria that parasitize red blood cells, causing hemolytic anemia in many mammalian species, including cats. No information is available concerning the presence of feline hemoplasma infections in cats in Romania. Thus, the objective of the present study was to provide data on the occurrence and molecular characterization of hemotropic mycoplasmas in client-owned cats in Romania. Methods Blood samples from 51 unhealthy cats, originating from Timişoara Municipality, Romania, were screened for the presence of hemoplasmas using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S rRNA gene and sequencing assays. PCR-positive samples were subsequently analyzed by phylogenetic and population genetic analysis. Results Molecular analysis revealed 11 (21.6%) positive samples, consisting of 8 (72.7%) Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum and 3 (27.3%) Mycoplasma haemofelis confirmed positives. Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis was not detected, and no co-infections were registered. No significant associations (p > 0.05) were found between the hemoplasma infection status and age, gender, breed, presence of ectoparasites, feline leukemia virus/feline immunodeficiency virus positivity of cats, or the sampling season. However, outdoor access was positively associated (p = 0.049) with infection and could be considered a risk factor (OR = 4.1) in acquiring feline hemotropic mycoplasmas. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that our sequences clustered with those selected from the GenBank database in two distinct clades. The registered population genetic indices were strongly supportive of the great variance in sequences between the recorded Mycoplasma species. Conclusions The findings support the occurrence of feline hemoplasma infections in previously uninvestigated territories of Europe, providing useful information for small animal practitioners. To our knowledge, the present survey is the first reported molecular evidence of feline hemoplasma infections in Romania.

Este articulo retrata la imagen de Felipe II en la historiografía de lengua alemana. Como España ejerció una posición hegemónica en Europa Central, y con relación al Reich ('Camino Español'), la imagen del Rey Prudente no pudo ser sino negativa. Llama la atención que el rey atrajera el interés de historiadores tan importantes como Friedrich von Schiller y Leopold von Ranke. Los dos —como el público en general— se interesaron sobre todo por la figura de don Carlos y el presunto papel de Felipe II en la muerte del príncipe. Ranke y su escuela se sintieron fascinados por la construcción y los problemas del Imperio español. Pero en general durante el siglo xx la historiografía en los países de lengua alemana no mostró gran interés por el Rey Prudente, ya que hasta la fecha carecemos de una biografía escrita por un historiador de lengua alemana.This article outlines the image of Philip II in the German-speaking historiography. As Spain exercised a hegemonical position with regard to the 'Reich', and especially at its western territories ('Spanish Road'), the image of Philip was mainly a negative one. It is interesting to note that this king attracted the attention of some the most prominent historians in Germán language: Friedrich von Schiller and especially Leopold von Ranke; both — as the Germán public— were interested (although not exclusively) in the death of Don Carlos and the possible role Philip played in it. Ranke and this followers were also fascinated by the size and problems of Spanish Empire. But generally speaking one could say that the «prudent king» stood not in the forefront of interest of German-speaking historians, as did Gustav Adolf, Richelieu or Louis XVI.

Egídio Romano nasceu no ano de 1246, morreu em 1346 e deixou, em especial, uma obra cuja releitura, guardadas as devidas proporções, pode ser aplicada aos nossos dias. Em seus tratados metafísicos, se mostra como um teólogo independente e profundo conhecedor da filosofia islâmica. Mas a obra que nos convém, no momento, foi a que dedicou a seu discípulo, Felipe o belo, futuro rei da França. O terceiro dos três livros que compõem esse seus escritos trata da teoria dos poderes. Ainda que esteja claro a influencia de Aristóteles e Santo Tomás (de quem foi aluno), nesse livro, a teoria central deriva, em sua essência, de Santo Agostinho.Segundo o que escreveu à época, havia somente dois poderes: o poder do Papa e o poder do rei, mas ambos os poderes não atuavam em condições de igualdade: o poder temporal (do rei) estava submetido ao poder espiritual ( do Papa). “Se o poder terrenal se equivoca deve ser julgado pelo poder espiritual, seu superior, mas se o poder espiritual, especialmente o poder do Sumo Pontífice age equivocadamente somente pode ser julgado por Deus”. Essa tese de supremacia papal sobre o imperador teve marcada influência no conflito histórico entre Felipe IV da França e o Papa Bonifácio VIII.Mas, história à parte, passemos ao tema central dessa crônica que nos interessa no momento. De lá para cá muita coisa mudou, sabemos todos. Alguns reinados (dentre os poucos que ainda restam) têm nos oferecido péssimos exemplos de conduta, e o nosso recém eleito Papa Francisco, que tenta agora pôr ordem na própria casa, já não tem o poder defendido por Egídio Romano. Em contrapartida, os poderes antes concentrados em poucas pessoas se multiplicaram, exatamente como no milagre dos pães, criando mais algumas castas. E, ao que parece, aí vem mais uma. Se já me causava estranheza ter que me referir aos juízes como “Sua Excelência”, qual não foi o meu espanto quando soube que a câmara de deputados (grifo e letras minúsculas propositais) nos obriga, a partir desse momento, a dispensar aos delegados de policia o mesmo tratamento dado aos juízes. Diante de tal decisão, o que fica é a impressão de que estamos sendo, mais uma vez, colonizados, não por um país estrangeiro, mas, o que é pior, por um exército de algumas centenas de cidadãos, eleitos para justamente defender os direitos dos que os puseram naquela casa.Quando Egídio mediou o conflito entre o rei e o Papa (citado acima), ele tomou partido do Papa, afirmando que, da mesma maneira que o corpo está submetido ao poder da alma, o poder temporal deve estar submetido ao poder espiritual. Continua ele: “non ad usum, sed ad nutum” ( não para brandi-la, senão para mandar). O que ele queria dizer é que apesar de a igreja ter a espada material, ela não deveria usá-la.Resta-nos saber se a tal lei não legitimará mais uma espada para os que já detém o poder e que, com isso, podem utilizá-lo prepotentemente. Se assim o for, só nos resta rezar para que uma outra espada, a de Dâmocles, tal qual a lenda, paire sobre as suas cabeças e os faça agir com imparcialidade e justiça.

O sistema dos Estados na Europa, nos Tempos Modernos e Contemporâneos, até o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial, era caracterizado pelo antagonismo entre o Império Romano-Germânico, e mais tarde a Alemanha, por um lado, e a França, por outro. Esse artigo tem como objetivo principal apresentar as origens desse conflito na virada da Idade Média para os Tempos Modernos, quando os Habsburgos lutaram contra os reis franceses pela herança de Borgonha (1477-1493), a extensão dessas lutas à Itália, em que a França e a Espanha eram os verdadeiros adversários (1494-1516) e, acumulando os antagonismos antigos entre a Borgonha e a França, assim como entre a Espanha e a França, as cinco guerras entre Carlos V e Francisco I, inclusive os seus filhos herdeiros e sucessores Felipe II e Henrique II, pela hegemonia da Itália e do mundo (1521-1559). The European struggle between the Habsgurg and Valois dynasties for Burgundy and Italy Abstract The system of states in Europe in the early Modern and Contemporary times, until the end of the Second World War, was caracterized by the antagonism between the Roman-German Empire or Germany on the one side and France in the other. The main goal of this article is to present the origins of this conflict at the turning point of the Middle Ages to the early Modern times, when the Habsburgs fought with the kings of France for the heritage of Burgundy (1477-1493), the expansion of the struggles to Italy, where France and Spain were the real opponents (1494-1516) and, taking over the ancient antagonism between Burgundy and France as between Spain and France, the five wars between Charles V and Francis I, including their sons and sucessors Philip IIand Henry V for the hegemony in Italy and the world (1521-1559).

Scientific Program Oral Presentations Authors Title Abstract CONSTANTIN MUNTEANU, Mihail HOTETEU, Diana MUNTEANU, Gabriela DOGARU - 12 minutes PERSPECTIVES OF BALNEOLOGY - INTERNATIONAL DATA INPUTS, NATIONAL OUTPUTS Link L1 UMBERTO SOLIMENE - 14 minutes CLIMATE AND HEALTH: A NEW CHALLENGE FOR AN OLD SCIENCE Link L2 Zeki KARAGÜLLE - 14 minutes BALNEOLOGICAL TREATMENTS WITH NATURAL HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) Waters Link L3 Constantin Florin Dragan, Liliana Padure, Gelu Onose - 12 minutes SPECIFIC ADVANCED QUANTIFICATIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ANGULATION OF THE MAIN SCOLIOTIC CURVE AND LEG SWING IN THE GAIT PHASES, IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH AND WITHOUT POSTURAL TREATMENT Link L4 Irina ALBADI, Camelia CIOBOTARU, Andreea-Alexandra LUPU, Ionela BALASA, Claudiu FATU, Enghin SACHIR, Gelu ONOSE - 12 minutes A MULTIMODAL APPROACHES TO MANAGE REHABILITATION THERAPY OF DISFUNCTIONALS ASPECTS TO A PACIENT WITH GOUT, MIELLITUS DIABETES, ATRIAL FIBRILATION AND MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY STROKE Link L5 ELENA RAEVSCHI - 12 minutes PREVENTION CONSIDERATIONS IN Cardiovascular Diseases regarding the premature mortality reduction Link L6 ANIȘOARA CIMIL - 12 minutes THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE REHABILITATION PROGRAMME ACCORDING TO THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF PROSTHETIC JOINT PATHOLOGY Link L7 TRAIAN -VIRGILIU SURDU, Monica SURDU, Olga SURDU - 10 minutes FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (INDUSTRY 4.0) AND MODERN THERMAL MEDICINE (THERME 4.0) IN XXIST CENTURY Link L8 Gabriela DOGARU, Akos MOLNAR, Marieta MOTRICALA - 10 minutes EFFECTS OF CARBONATED MINERAL WATER AND MOFETTE IN BĂILE TUŞNAD IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE Link L9 Q & A – 12 minutes Authors Title Abstract Aurelian Anghelescu, Valentin Deaconu, Catalina Axente,Elena Constantin, Gelu Onose - 12 minutes THERAPEUTIC DIFFICULTIES IN A YOUNG PATIENT WITH MULTIDRUG RESISTANT EPILEPSY (NEEDING VAGAL NERVE ELECTROSTIMULATION), SEQUELAE AFTER CONGENITAL VASCULAR CEREBRAL MALFORMATION, WITH CHRONIC GAIT IMPAIRMENTS AND RECENT TRAUMATIC BRAIN COMPLICATION Link L10 Luminița NIRLU, Alexandru G. STAVRICĂ, Laura Georgiana Popescu, Ana Carmen Albeșteanu, Ali-Osman Saglam, Gelu Onose - 12 minutes DIAGNOSTIC PARTICULARITIES AND MULTIMODAL THERAPEUTIC AND REHABILITATION APPROACHES TO A COMPLEX CASE OF POST ISCHEMIC STROKE WITH DYSPHAGIA AND DYSPHONIA, ASSOCIATING MILLARD-GUBLER AND WALLENBERG SYNDROMES - CASE REPORT Link L11 Cristina Octaviana DAIA, Croitoru Stefana, Mariana Axente, Gelu ONOSE - 14 minutes IONTOPHORESIS AND LASER APPLICATIONS IN FACIAL NERVE PALSY Link L12 Doina Maria MOLDOVAN, Gabriela DOGARU - 12 minutes SPLINTING VERSUS SURGICAL TREATMENT IN MALLET FINGER Link L13 Doina Maria MOLDOVAN, Gabriela DOGARU - 12 minutes EARLY REHABILITATION IN PATIENT AFTER TREATMENT FOR DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURE Link L14 Liliana PADURE, Raluca PETCU, Anca Irina GRIGORIU - 12 minutes THE IMPACT OF MULTIFACTORIAL GAIT ANALYSIS ON THE DIAGNOSIS AND REHABILITATION OF CHILDREN WITH WALKING DISORDERS Link L15 Valerica Creanga-Zarnescu, Ana-Maria Fatu, Mihaela Lungu, Violeta Sapira, Anamaria Ciubara - 12 minutes REHABILITATION POSSIBILITIES OF APHASIC PATIENT Link L16 Cristina DAIA, Simona SCHEK, Stefana CROITORU, Alina GHERGHICEANU, Gelu ONOSE - 12 minutes FAVORABLE REHABILITATION RESULTS ON A PATIENT WITH SEVERE LEFT HEMIPLEGIA AFTER AN INTRAPARENCHYMAL HEMATOMA Link L17 Elena VIZITIU, Mihai CONSTANTINESCU, Sînziana Călina SILIȘTEANU - 12 minutes THE ROLE OF THERAPEUTIC SWIMMING IN THE PROPHYLAXIS OF SCOLIOSIS IN THE "C" LEFT IN CHILDREN DURING THE PREPUBERTAL PERIOD Link L18 Q & A – 12 minutes Authors Title Abstract Alexandru G. STAVRICĂ, Luminiţa Nirlu, Laura Georgiana Popescu, Ana Carmen Albeşteanu, Gelu ONOSE - 12 minutes DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN REHABILITATION CORRELATED TO A CASE OF TETRAPARESIS (WITH PREDOMINANCE OF PARAPARESIS) AFTER SEVERE CCT - BIFRONTO - BASAL AND BITEMPORAL CONTUSION. Link L19 Ana Maria Bumbea, Otilia Rogoveanu, Carmen,Albu Rodica Traistaru, Catalin,Bostina, Bogdan Stefan Bumbea, Roxana Dumitrascu, Borcan Madalina MANAGEMENT OF SPASTICITY IN NEUROLOGICAL PATIENTS Link L20 Laura Georgiana Popescu, Luminița Nirlu, Ana Carmen Albeșteanu, Ali Osman Saglam, Gelu Onose - 12 minutes PARTICULARITIES OF COMPLEX THERAPEUTICALLY-REHABILITATIVE MANAGEMENT, STEPWISE, IN A PATIENT WITH POST-CCT PSYCHO-COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN A LARGE POLYTRAMATIC CONTEXT - CASE REPORT Link L21 Adrian MELNIC, Oleg PASCAL - 12 minutes DEVELOPING STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS COMORBIDITY IN STROKE REHABILITATION. Link L22 Dorin-Gheorghe TRIFF, Simona POP - 12 minutes MONOGENIC DISEASES WITH MUSCULO ARTICULAR LAXITY. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES OF RECOVERY THERAPY Link L23 Catalin Ionite, Dragos Arotaritei, Mihai Ilea, Mariana Rotariu - 12 minutes THE USE OF ELASTIC BANDS IN THE RECOVERY OF ANKLE SPRAINS Link L24 Mariana Rotariu, Marius Turnea, Calin Corciova, Catalin Ionite - 12 minutes THE EFFECTS OF CUBE THERAPY IN THE RECOVERY OF THE ARTHROSIS HAND IN GERIATRICS Link L25 Cristian Ştefan LIUŞNEA - 12 minutes FITNESS AND WELLNESS. CONCEPTUAL DELIMITATIONS Link L26 Adriana LUPU - 12 minutes NSAID THERAPY OF MUSCULOSKELETAL PAINS AND ITS PARTICULARITIES IN THE PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS Link L27 Q & A – 12 minutes Authors Title Abstract Mihaela MANDU, Cristinel Dumitru BADIU, Raluca PETCU, Cosmin OPREA, Gelu ONOSE - 12 minutes CLINICAL-EVOLUTIVE PARTICULARITIES AND A MULTIMODAL THERAPEUTIC-REHABILITATIVE, AS WELL AS THROUGH CONNECTED CARES, APPROACH, IN A CASE OF HEMIPLEGIA AFTER ISCHEMIC CARDIO-EMBOLIC STROKE WITHIN A POLYPATHOLOGICAL CONTEXT Link L28 Ana Carmen Albesteanu, Laura Georgiana Popescu, Luminița Nirlu, Ali Osman Saglam, Gelu Onose - 12 minutes MULTIMODAL - REHABILITATIVE THERAPEUTICAL APPROACHES IN A COMPLEX OF PATHOLOGY INCLUDING POSSIBLY EVOLVING DISCARIOTIC TYPE - CASE REPORT Link L29 Liliana PADURE, Cristian Adam, Laura Fierbinteanu - 12 minutes ATTACHMENT - PROGNOSTIC FACTOR IN MEDICAL RECOVERY Link L30 Prof. Alexandru Vlad Ciurea - 20 minutes MOTILITY OR MORBIDITY IN NEUROSURGERY Link L31 Valerica CREANGA-ZARNESCU, Ana-Maria FATU, Anamaria CIUBARA, Violeta SAPIRA,Aurelia ROMILA, Mihaela LUNGU - 12 minutes EXERCISES PROGRAM AND REHABILITATION IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE Link L32 Irina VERINCEANU,Alice MUNTEANU, Andreea STOICA, Stefan ISPAS - 12 minutes THE CARDIAC REHABILITATION IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Link L33 Marius Turnea, Catalin Ionite, Mihai Ilea, Dragos Arotaritei - 12 minutes STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF PHYSIOTHERAPEUTIC MEANS USED IN THE RECOVERY OF MUSCLE INJURIES IN ATHLETES Link L34 Mihaiela CHICU, Eugen BITERE - 10 minutes THE ROLE OF IL1β IN CARTILAGINOUS DISTRUCTION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS Link L35 Mihaiela CHICU, Eugen BITERE - 10 minutes THE ROLE OF THE INFLAMMASOMS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY REACTION Link L36 Q & A – 8 minutes Authors Title Abstract Prof. Dr. Gelu Onose, (Keynote Speaker) Vlad Ciobanu, Corina Sporea - 20 minutes A TOPICAL SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW AND REAPPRAISAL ON ESSAYS TOWARDS SYSTEMATIZING CLINICAL ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS USED TO EVALUATE NEURO-functional deficits after spinal cord injuries, mainly in adults, including through the ICF(-DH) conceptual framework Link L37 Diana-Elena SERBAN, Aurelian ANGHELESCU, Elena CONSTANTIN, Gelu ONOSE - 12 minutes THE ACQUISITION OF SELF-DEFENSE TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES AGAINST THE ACT OF AGGRESSION IN THE PACIENT WITH PARAPLEGIA, WHEEL-CHAIR INDEPENDENT Link L38 Aurelian Anghelescu, Elena Constantin, Anca Sanda Mihaescu, Gelu Onose - 12 minutes “PREVENTION IS CURE, EDUCATION IS ESSENTIAL” - RESPONSIBLE IMPLICATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN EDUCATIONAL AND PROPHYLACTIC ACTIONS AGAINST ACCIDENTAL CERVICAL SPINAL CORD INJURY AND SEVERE DISABILITIES BY DIVING IN UNVERIFIED WATERS. Link L39 Alexandra SPORICI, Irina ANGHEL, Lapadat MAGDALENA, Gelu ONOSE - 12 minutes RECOVERABLE RESULTS AT A PATIENT WITH AIS/FRANKEL D INCOMPLETE TETRAPLEGIA / POST SPINAL CORD INJURY BY FALLING FROM A HEIGHT, ON AN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS BACKGROUND Link L40 Ioana ANDONE, Carmen CHIPĂRUȘ, Andreea FRUNZA, Aura SPÎNU, Simona STOICA, Liliana ONOSE, George PATRASCU, Gelu ONOSE -12 minutes CLINICAL, PARACLINICAL ASPECTS AND COMPLEX THERAPEUTICAL APPROACHES IN A PATIENT WITH INCOMPLETE PARAPLEGIA, POST THORACIC MENIGIOMA SURGICALLY TREATED, IN NEUROFIBROMATOSIS CONTEXT Link L41 Cristina Octaviana DAIA, Alina-Elena Gherghiceanu, Helene Ivan, Gelu ONOSE - 12 minutes RESEARCH ON NEUROREHABILITATION RESULTS IN VERTEBRO-MEDULLARY POST-TRAUMATIC CONDITIONS ASSOCIATING FRACTURES, IN A POLITRAMATIC CONTEXT Link L42 Ali-Osman Saglam, Alexandru G. Stavrica, Ana Carmen Albeşteanu, Laura Georgiana Popescu, Luminita Nirlu, Gelu Onose - 12 minutes MEDICAL-REHABILITATION ENDEAVORS, CARE INTERVENTIONS AND CONNOTATIONS OF A MEDICO-SOCIAL TYPE, IN A COMPLEX POLYPATHOLOGICAL CASE: PARAPLEGIA, SPONDYLODISCITIS, KIDNEY FAILURE IN THE HAEMODIALYSIS STAGE AND BILATERAL NEPHROSTOMIES AFTER SURGICALY TREATTED BLADDER NEOPLASM. Link L43 Sorina Petrușan-Dunca, Liviu Lazăr, Tiberiu-Dorin Corha - 12 minutes INDICATIONS AND LIMITIS OF REHABILITATION TREATMENT FOR LUMBAR DISCOPATHY IN PREGNACY Link L44 Q & A – 8 minutes Authors Title Abstract Elena Silvia SHELBY, Mihaela AXENTE, Liliana PĂDURE - 12 minutes CHARCOT MARIE TOOTH DISEASE. CASE PRESENTATION. GENETIC DISEASES WHICH REQUIRE physical rehabilitation Link L45 Link L46 Simona Carniciu - 12 minutes Influence of nutrition and exercise on the use of different energy substrates in the prevention of metabolic diseases Link L81 Simona-Isabelle STOICA, Carmen Elena CHIPĂRUȘ, Magdalena Vasilica LAPADAT, George PĂTRAȘCU, Gelu ONOSE - 12 minutes CLINICAL-THERAPEUTIC AND RECUPERATORY FEATURES IN A PATIENT WITH PLURIPATOLOGY: ISCHEMIC STROKE, ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE (SECHELAR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION), CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND MONSTROUS GOUT- CASE PRESENTATION Link L47 Eugen BITERE, Mihaiela CHICU - 12 minutes PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ATHEROGENESIS AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES Link L48 Victoria CHIHAI, Alisa TĂBÎRȚĂ, Anastasia ROTĂREANU, Vladlena MIHAILOV, Mihail CÎRÎM - 12 minutes THE IMPACT OF ACTIVE KINETIC PROGRAMS ON CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL STATUS ADRESSED TO PEOPLE WITH DIABETIC ANGIOPATHY Link L49 Ana-Maria Fătu, Ana Maria Pâslaru, Valerica Creangă-Zărnescu, Alexandru Nechifor, Mădălina Verenca, Mihaela Lungu, Anamaria Ciubară - 12 minutes THE IMPACT OF COGNITIVE DECLINE ON STROKE REHABILITATION Link L50 Alisa TĂBÎRŢĂ, Victoria CHIHAI - 12 minutes THE USE OF TRINITY AMPUTATION AND PROSTHESIS EXPERIENCE SCALES IN THE COMPLEX REHABILITATION OF PERSONS WITH LOWER LIBM AMPUTATION Link L51 Ilie ONU, Mariana ROTARIU, Elvina MIHALAȘ, Călin CORCIOVĂ - 12 minutes STUDY ON EFFICIENCY OF ELECTROTHERAPY AND PHYSIOTHERAPY MANAGEMENT ON HERNIATED LUMBAR DISC Link L52 María G. Souto Figueroa, Antonio Freire Magariños RESEARCH - SURVEY TO 142 THERMALIST WHO HAVE PERFORMED A THERMAL CURE AT THE BATHS OF BAÑOS DE MOLGAS (OURENSE) AND AUGAS SANTAS (LUGO) - GALICIA – SPAIN Link L53 Q & A – 12 minutes Authors Title Abstract Irina Ionica - 12 minutes ACUPUNCTURE IN REHABILITATION - A GENERAL VIEW Link L54 Denisa COAJĂ, Gabriela DOGARU - 12 minutes THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF FINNISH SAUNA BATHING Link L55 Otilia ROGOVEANU, Florin GHERGHINA , Rodica TRAISTARU - 12 minutes SPINA BIFIDA – FUNCTIONAL REHABILITATION METHODS IN CHILDREN Link L56 Mihaela DUTESCU, Raluca OLTEAN, Petru NENADICI - 12 minutes GEOAGIU BAI RESORT - OUR EXPERIENCE OF MEDICAL REHABILITATION TREATMENT Link L57 Dumitru MIHĂILĂ, SILISTEANU Sinziana Calina, ȚICULEANU Mihaela (Ciurlică) - 12 minutes THE METEOROLOGICAL COMPLEX AND THE HUMAN PATHOLOGY. CASE STUDY – SUCEAVA COUNTY Link L58 Mariana VARODI, Gabriela DOGARU - 12 minutes EFFICACY OF NATURAL THERAPEUTIC FACTORS FROM OCNA SIBIULUI SPA RESORT IN GONARTHROSIS Link L59 Boróka-Panna GÁSPÁR, Gabriela DOGARU - 12 minutes BONE HYDRATION AND MINERAL WATERS Link L60 CALIN BOCHIS, LIVIU LAZAR, HORAȚIU URECHESCU, CARMEN NISTOR-CSEPPENTO, FELICIA CIOARA, NICOLETA PASCALAU, ALIN BOCHIS , DIANA IOVANOVICI - 12 minutes CORRELATION OF VAS PAIN SCORE WITH FUNCTION AT THE PACIENTS WITH TEMPOROMANDIBULAR OSTEOARTHRITIS Link L61 Marian Romeo CALIN, Ileana RADULESCU, Mihaela Antonina CALIN, Elena Roxana ALMASAN - 12 minutes RADIOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF PELOID AND SALT WATER USED FOR THERAPY AND BALNEARY TRATAMENT FROM TECHIRGHIOL LAKE, ROMANIA Link L62 Q & A – 12 minutes Authors Title Abstract Cristina PETRESCU - 12 minutes EFFICACY NATURAL THERAPEUTIC FACTORS FROM BAILE GOVORA IN BRONCHIAL ASTHMA Link L63 PARASCHIVA POSTOLACHE - 12 minutes PULMONARY REHABILITATION SAVES LIVES AND IMPROVES LIFE Link L64 DOINA-CLEMENTINA COJOCARU, PARASCHIVA POSTOLACHE - 12 minutes ASSESSMENT OF DYSPNEA IN PULMONARY REHABILITATION PRACTICE Link L65 PARASCHIVA POSTOLACHE, CRISTINA LACATUSI - 12 minutes HELIOTHERAPY, CLIMATOTHERAPY AND PATIENTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASES Link L66 CONSTANTIN MUNTEANU, DIANA MUNTEANU, MIHAIL HOTETEU - 12 minutes BIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS OF SPELEOTHERAPY Link L67 PARASCHIVA POSTOLACHE, CRISTINA LACATUSI, DOINA-CLEMENTINA COJOCARU - 12 minutes AEROSOLS AND BREATHING Link L68 PARASCHIVA POSTOLACHE, MADALINA ZEBEGA - 12 minutes RESPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING AND RESPIRATORY REHABILITATION Link L69 CRISTI FRENȚ, GEORGETA MAIORESCU - 12 minutes DEVELOPMENTS AND INVOLUTIONS OF TOURISM IN THE SPA RESORTS IN ROMANIA AND THE CASE STUDY FOR LACUL SĂRAT RESORT Link L70 Dragos Arotaritei, Andrei Gheorghita, Mariana Rotariu, Marius Turnea - 12 minutes MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SULPHUR ABSORPTION PROCESS, A POSSIBLE APPLICATION IN CURE WITH SULPHUROUS MINERAL WATER Link L71 Q & A – 12 minutes Authors Title Abstract Mihai Ciocanu, Anișoara Cimil - 12 minutes THE EFFICIENCY OF THE REHABILITATION SERVICE IN HOSPITAL CONDITIONS Link L72 Sinziana Calina SILIȘTEANU, Andrei Emanuel SILIȘTEANU - 12 minutes TRIAL ON THE WATER CONSUMPTION BY THE PERSONS IN THE GROUP AGED 19-30 YEARS Link L73 Liviu Lazăr, Florin Marcu, Felicia Cioară, Carmen Nistor Csepentö - 12 minutes MANAGEMENT OF SPECIAL ARTERIAL DISEASES Link L74 Mihaela-Carmen SUCEVEANU, Paul-Nicolae SUCEVEANU - 12 minutes EVOLUTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AFTER MORE THAN 2 PERIODIC HOSPITALIZATIONS IN THE COVASNA HOSPITAL FOR CARDIOVASCULAR REHABILITATION Link L75 Mihaela DUTESCU, Adina TRAILA, Margit SERBAN, Emilia URSU, Dorina MIU, Ioana MALITA, Bianca CIRESAN - 12 minutes THE EFFICIENCY OF MEDICAL REHABILITATION TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH HEMOPHILIA AFTER SURGICAL ORTHOPEDIC INTERVENTIONS - THE EXPERIENCE OF "CRISTIAN SERBAN" BUZIAS CENTER Link L76 Dorin-Gheorghe TRIFF, Simona POP - 12 minutes PRECURSORS OF BALENOLOGY EDUCATION IN ROMANIA Link L77 Dr. Eugenia Dumitrescu, Dr. Carmen Enescu - 12 minutes ANTIALLERGIC PROCEDURES MOST COMMONLY USED IN PHYSICAL RECOVERY MEDICINE AND BALNEOLOGY Link L78 Mihail HOTETEU, Constantin MUNTEANU, Diana MUNTEANU, Gabriela DOGARU - 12 minutes PELOIDS - PERSPECTIVES ON RESEARCH AND FUTURE PLANS Link L79 Liliana Stanciu, Daniela Profir, Viorica Marin, Doinița Oprea, Elena Ionescu, Elena Almășan, Carmen Oprea - 12 minutes THE SCIENCE OF AGING WELL Link L80 Q & A – 12 minutes POSTER SESSION Authors Title Abstract Andra Pintilie, Liliana Pădure, Andrada Mirea, Corina Sporea Proprioceptive Functional Vibration Stimulation as therapeutic tool in spasticity management of jump gait pattern of spastic diplegic children with cerebral palsy Poster 1 Andra Pintilie, Liliana Pădure, Andrada Mirea, Corina Sporea Modern computerized techniques for gait’s functional evaluation through a specialized wireless inertial sensor – premise for orthopedic corrective shoes wear in children with gait disorders secondary to Cerebral Palsy Poster 2 Ana Maria PÂSLARU, Ana Maria FĂTU, Anamaria CIUBARĂ The role of medical recovery in oncology Poster 3 Maria Veronica MORCOV, Liliana PADURE, Cristian Gabriel MORCOV, Gelu ONOSE Exercises availed by sensor-based computer advanced devices: part of the interactive cognitive recovery – adjuvant of the therapy applied in the Centrul National Clinic de Recuperare Neuropsihomotorie Copii “Dr. N. Robanescu” Poster 4 Avram Mihai, Liliana Padure, Gelu Onose Theoretical fundamentals and conceptual premise for advanced proprioceptive and sensory stimulus apparatus, with sequential evaluation for the treatment of the recuperator in the equilibrium disorder, from Cerebral Palsy (PC) casuistry. Poster 5 Andrada MIREA, Gelu ONOSE, Madalina LEANCA, Florin-Petru GRIGORAS, Mihaela AXENTE, Liliana PADURE, Corina SPOREA Respiratory management in patients with rare progressive neuromuscular diseases Poster 6 Mihaela MANDU, Elena CONSTANTIN, Cristinel Dumitru BADIU, Cosmin Daniel OPREA, Cristina DAIA, Gelu ONOSE Presentation od the Fugl Meyer Assesment scale and related suggesttion in order to enhance its level of implementation in inner neurorehabilitation units Poster 7 ALEXANDRU BOGDAN-CĂTĂLIN, ALINA SIMONA ȘOVREA, ANNE-MARIE CONSTANTIN, ADINA BIANCA BOȘCA, CARMEN GEORGIU, MONICA POPA Complex oral rehabilitation in an elderly patient with periodontal disease who exercises regularly Poster 8 Dorin-Gheorghe TRIFF, Simona POP MORBIDITY BY OSTEO-MUSCULO-ARTICULAR DISEASES IN THE OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN MARAMURES COUNTY. THE IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL RECOVERY AND RECORDS THROUGH ELECTRONIC DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Poster 9 Authors Title Abstract Mihaela Antonina CALIN, Marian Romeo CALIN, Constantin Munteanu New evidence on the effects of pelotherapy on local microcirculation Poster 10 Izabela Lazar, Gabriela Dogaru The effectiveness of balnear treatment in the management of psoriasis Poster 11 Dorin-Gheorghe TRIFF, Mușata Dacia BOCOȘ CORRELATIONS OF OSTEOMUSCULO-ARTICULAR DISEASES WITH WORK ABILITY, PERCEIVED SELF EFFICACY AND OCCUPATIONAL STRESSORS AT A REGULAR MEDICAL CHECK-UP IN PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION UNITS Poster 12 Doroteea Teoibas-Serban, Valentin Stan, Dan Blendea PREVENTION OF LUMBAR DISC HERNIATION IN YOUNG ADULT POPULATION: A PRACTICAL APPROACH Poster 13 Călin Corciovă, Cătălina Luca, Robert Fuior, Flavia Corciovă Development a Monitoring Device for Arm Rehabilitation Poster 14 Simona Daniela Zavalichi, Marius Andrei Zavalichi, Sorin Stratulat, Florin Mitu Cardiovascular rehabilitation: challenges in a case of acute myocardial infarction and familial hypercholesterolemia Poster 15 Simona-Isabelle STOICA, Ioana TANASE, Gelu ONOSE Influences and consequences resulting in addictions in general and to chronic alcoholism, especially for patients with spinal cord injury Poster 16 Roxana Dumitrascu, Ana Maria Bumbea, Carmen Albu, Otilia Rogoveanu, Catalin Bostina, Rodica Traistaru, Borcan Madalina BIOMECHANICAL DYSFUNCTIONS OF THE FOOT – MAJOR IMPACT ON THE KINETIC CHAIN Poster 17 Otilia Rogoveanu, Gherghina Florin, Caimac Dan, Trifu Ramona, Cruceru Andra, Beldie C Medical rehabilitation in post-stroke spastic hemiparesis in young patients Poster 18 Ana Maria Bumbea, Otilia Rogoveanu, Roxana Dumitrascu, Bogdan Stefan Bumbea, Catalin Bostina, Albu Carmen, Borcan Madalina PERIPHERAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION - A CHALLENGE IN VERTEBRAL POSTTRAUMATIC RECOVERY Poster 19 Authors Title Abstract Dănuţ PĂCURAR, Mihaela Ramona PĂCURAR KNEE ARTHROPLASTY RECOVERY OF AN CANCER PATIENT Poster 20 Dănuţ PĂCURAR, Mihaela Ramona PĂCURAR THE IMPACT OF OSTEOARTICULAR PATHOLOGY IN POSTSTROKE RECOVERY Poster 21 Borcan Madalina, Bumbea Ana Maria, Bostina Catalin, Radoi Georgeta, Bumbea Bogdan EFFICIENT REHABILITATION TREATMENT IN A CASE WITH MAV-RUPTA MALFORMATION Poster 22 Demirgian Sibel, Nan Simona, Lulea Adela, Lascu Ioana, Marin Viorica Is possible the management of synovial chondromatosis of the hip by arthroscopy or complex balneal treament? Poster 23 Mădălina Codruța Verenca, Sorina Mierlan, Claudiu Elisei Tanase The Efficiency of Medical Treatment of Scoliosis – Paediatrics Poster 24 Florentina NASTASE¹, Alin Laurentiu TATU², Madalina Codruta VERENCA¹ Orthopaedic manifestations of Neurofibromatosis type 1 – case report Poster 25 Simona CARNICIU, Anatolie BACIU, Vasile FEDAS The attenuation of energy metabolic misbalance by means of aerobic, hypoxic, hypothermal adaptation and environment optimization at recreation resort center Poster 26 Irina Anghel, Alexandra Sporici, Magdalena Lapadat, Gelu Onose Complex clinical and therapeutic rehabilitation approach of a patient with Complete AIS/Frankel A quadriplegia post cervical spinal cord injury after accidental fall off a trailer and multiple complications occurring during disease progression - case study Poster 27 Ana-Maria Pelin , Monica Georgescu , Cristina Stefanescu , Costinela Georgescu Molecular treatment strategies in osteoporosis Poster 28