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Journal articles on the topic 'Feline immunodeficiency virus. Cats Leukemia in animals'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Madewell, Bruce R., Tracy L. Gieger, Patricia A. Pesavento, and Michael S. Kent. "Vaccine Site-Associated Sarcoma and Malignant Lymphoma in Cats: A Report of Six Cases (1997–2002)." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0400047.

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Six cats developed malignant lymphoma 3 to 45 months after treatment for vaccine site-associated sarcoma. During the same time period, 184 cats were evaluated in the teaching hospital for vaccine site-associated sarcomas. Feline vaccine site-associated sarcoma is not believed to be associated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection. Five of six cats were negative by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for FeLV antigens at the times of diagnosis of both sarcoma and lymphoma, and no cats were infected with feline immunodeficiency virus.
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2

Rocha, Mariana Araújo, Reginaldo Pereira Sousa Filho, Keytyanne Oliveira Sampaio, and Marina Gabriela Monteiro Carvalho Mori da Cunha. "Seroprevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus in domestic cats of Fortaleza, Ceará." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 56, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): e146687. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2019.146687.

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Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) are important etiologic agents of immunosuppressive diseases in felines. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of these retroviruses in domestic cats in Fortaleza, Ceará and the epidemiological factors associated with these infections. Between 2015 and 2016, 138 blood samples were collected and tested for FIV and FeLV by the enzyme immunoadsorption assay (ELISA). Parameters such as breed, gender, age, reproductive status, multi-cat environment, outdoor access and clinical manifestations were evaluated. The results showed that 12.32% were positive for FIV, 5.80% for FeLV and 1.45% for co-infection (FIV/FeLV). FIV+ animals were mostly mixed breed, neutered male adult cats, with indoor lifestyle and living in a multi-cat household. The most common clinical manifestation observed was disorders of the oral cavity. Factors found to increase the risk for FeLV seropositivity include mixed breed, young, spayed female cats, indoor lifestyle living in a multi-cat household were the most common epidemiological factors observed. The most common clinical manifestation was anorexia and apathy. The prevalence of these viruses were relatively high, compared with other region of Brazil. This study demonstrated that mixed breed, castrated, multi-cat environment and indoor lifestyle animals are of greater relevance for FIV and FeLV infection diseases. Factors related to cat demographics and health such as age, sex and type of household are important predictors for seropositive status to FeLV or FIV in Fortaleza. High prevalence of FeLV or FIV observed in our study is of concern, in view of the immunosuppressive potential of the two pathogens.
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3

Kelly, Patrick J., Lenita Moura, Tanya Miller, Jaime Thurk, Nicole Perreault, Adriana Weil, Ricardo Maggio, Helene Lucas, and Edward Breitschwerdt. "Feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus andBartonellaspecies in stray cats on St Kitts, West Indies." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 12, no. 6 (June 2010): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2009.12.015.

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4

Levy, Julie K., Patti S. Snyder, Larissa M. Taveres, Jennifer L. Hooks, Mike J. Pegelow, Margaret R. Slater, Kathy L. Hughes, and Marc E. Salute. "Prevalence and Risk Factors for Heartworm Infection in Cats From Northern Florida." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 39, no. 6 (November 1, 2003): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0390533.

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Necropsies were performed on 630 adult cats in northern Florida to determine the prevalence and risk factors for heartworm infection in cats of this region. Heartworms were identified in 4.9% of cats, and serological evidence of heartworm exposure was present in 17% of cats. Not all cats from which heartworms were recovered were seropositive for heartworm antigen or antibody. There was no association between heartworm infection and co-infection with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Male cats were at higher risk of infection with heartworm, FeLV, or FIV than were females. Because even a single heartworm can cause clinical disease or death in cats, the authors conclude that cats in this region should receive heartworm prophylaxis to prevent heartworm infection.
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5

Andersen, Philip R., and Phyllis Tyrrell. "Feline immunodeficiency virus diagnosis after vaccination." Animal Health Research Reviews 5, no. 2 (December 2004): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ahr200493.

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AbstractPrior to the widespread use of vaccination for the control of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection, diagnosis was made by the detection of antibodies against FIV. A number of commercial animal side tests perform quite well for this determination, with positive predictive values between 91 and 100% and negative predictive values between 96 and 100%. Furthermore, results of these tests could be confirmed by western blot analysis of FIV test-positive sera. Currently, a killed whole virus FIV vaccine has been made available to practitioners. Vaccinated cats seroconvert by ELISA and western blot, making presently available diagnostic tests, which rely on antibody detection, useless in cats after vaccination. The advisory panels of the American Association of Feline Practitioners and Academy of Feline Medicine both recommend testing for feline leukemia virus antigen and FIV antibody before vaccination.
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6

Shelton, GH, ML Linenberger, CK Grant, and JL Abkowitz. "Hematologic manifestations of feline immunodeficiency virus infection." Blood 76, no. 6 (September 15, 1990): 1104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v76.6.1104.1104.

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Abstract Studies were done on 53 cats with community-acquired infection with the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) to determine if hematologic abnormalities were comparable with those observed in patients seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Nine cats were asymptomatic, 24 had clinical symptoms equivalent to AIDS-related complex (ARC), and 20 had AIDS-like disease. Hematologic abnormalities were detected in 75% (40 of 53) of FIV-seropositive cats, and multiple concurrent cytopenias were common. Anemia, lymphopenia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia occurred in 36%, 53%, 34%, and 8% of FIV- seropositive cats, respectively. Cytopenias were seen only in symptomatic (ARC or AIDS) cats. The occurrence of cytopenias and the distribution of clinical stages were similar in cats with concurrent feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection and those with FIV alone, suggesting that these abnormalities were a direct consequence of FIV infection. In addition, abnormalities were noted in 72% of marrows from symptomatic cats and included hyperplasia of individual cell lineages and dysmorphic features. Our results demonstrate that the hematologic manifestations of FIV infection are strikingly similar to those reported in HIV-seropositive patients. Thus, FIV infection in cats is an excellent animal model to study the pathogenesis of blood and marrow abnormalities in AIDS, as well as to evaluate the hematologic toxicities of drug therapies.
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7

Shelton, GH, ML Linenberger, CK Grant, and JL Abkowitz. "Hematologic manifestations of feline immunodeficiency virus infection." Blood 76, no. 6 (September 15, 1990): 1104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v76.6.1104.bloodjournal7661104.

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Studies were done on 53 cats with community-acquired infection with the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) to determine if hematologic abnormalities were comparable with those observed in patients seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Nine cats were asymptomatic, 24 had clinical symptoms equivalent to AIDS-related complex (ARC), and 20 had AIDS-like disease. Hematologic abnormalities were detected in 75% (40 of 53) of FIV-seropositive cats, and multiple concurrent cytopenias were common. Anemia, lymphopenia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia occurred in 36%, 53%, 34%, and 8% of FIV- seropositive cats, respectively. Cytopenias were seen only in symptomatic (ARC or AIDS) cats. The occurrence of cytopenias and the distribution of clinical stages were similar in cats with concurrent feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection and those with FIV alone, suggesting that these abnormalities were a direct consequence of FIV infection. In addition, abnormalities were noted in 72% of marrows from symptomatic cats and included hyperplasia of individual cell lineages and dysmorphic features. Our results demonstrate that the hematologic manifestations of FIV infection are strikingly similar to those reported in HIV-seropositive patients. Thus, FIV infection in cats is an excellent animal model to study the pathogenesis of blood and marrow abnormalities in AIDS, as well as to evaluate the hematologic toxicities of drug therapies.
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8

Brown, MR, and KS Rogers. "Neutropenia in dogs and cats: a retrospective study of 261 cases." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 37, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-37-2-131.

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Case records of 232 dogs and 29 cats with neutropenia were reviewed to examine the spectrum of underlying etiologies causing the neutropenia. Six etiological categories included nonbacterial infectious disease; increased demand due to marked inflammation, bacterial sepsis, or endotoxemia; drug-associated neutropenia; primary bone-marrow disease; immune-mediated neutropenia; and diseases of unclear etiology. The largest single category associated with the development of neutropenia was nonbacterial infectious disease (e.g., feline leukemia virus [FeLV], feline immunodeficiency virus [FIV], histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and parvovirus), with parvovirus infection accounting for 47.1% of all cases. The least common (0.38%) cause was naturally occurring immune-mediated neutropenia.
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9

Ortega-Pacheco, Antonio, Armando J. Aguilar-Caballero, Rafael F. Colin-Flores, Karla Y. Acosta-Viana, Eugenia Guzman-Marin, and Matilde Jimenez-Coello. "Seroprevalence of feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus and heartworm infection among owned cats in tropical Mexico." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 16, no. 6 (November 6, 2013): 460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x13509995.

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10

Tejerizo, G., A. Doménech, J. C. Illera, G. Silván, and E. Gómez-Lucía. "Altered plasma concentrations of sex hormones in cats infected by feline immunodeficiency virus or feline leukemia virus." Domestic Animal Endocrinology 42, no. 2 (February 2012): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.11.001.

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11

Naidenko, S. V., J. A. Hernandez-Blanco, E. V. Pavlova, M. N. Erofeeva, P. A. Sorokin, M. N. Litvinov, A. K. Kotlyar, N. S. Sulikhan, and V. V. Rozhnov. "Primary study of seroprevalence to virus pathogens in wild felids of South Primorie, Russia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 8 (August 2018): 839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0192.

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Seroprevalence to nine different virus pathogens was estimated for Russian big cats (Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica Temminck, 1844) and far-eastern leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis (Schiegel, 1857))) in Southern Primorie, Russia (n = 25), in 2008–2016. Serum samples from smaller cats (Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758)) and far-eastern wildcat (leopard cat) (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus (Elliot, 1871))) were also tested for these pathogens (n = 19) during the same period. Felids of Russian Southern Primorie showed seroprevalence to eight out of nine tested pathogens, including highly dangerous feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, and canine distemper virus. Antibodies to feline panleukopenia virus were found to be much more widespread in cats (45%) than antibodies to any other virus. They were detected in samples taken from tigers, leopards, and far-eastern wildcats but not lynxes. Antibodies to pseudorabies virus were detected only in Amur tiger (29%), whose main prey is the most common carrier of the virus (wild boar), unlike for the other studied cats’ species.
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12

Kostiuk, I. A., I. A. Zhukova, L. M. Liakhovych, A. Yu Ulyanitskaya, E. S. Kochevenko, N. I. Lonhus, and M. S. Osman. "Feline leukemias: Features of pathogenic changes in blood." Journal for Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology and Biosafety 5, no. 3 (September 16, 2019): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36016/jvmbbs-2019-5-3-3.

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Feline viral leukemia is a widespread disease in various countries around the world. According to the data provided by nation-wide data sets, from 3.1% of cats (in the USA) to 24.5% (in Thailand) tested positive for FeLV. In Ukraine, there are practically no results of studying this phenomenon. Leukemia is a malignant blood disease. According to various sources, the animals die within 3–4 years, there is also the possibility of recovery, but the greatest danger is the hidden, chronic course, the virus carriers and the unlimited possibility of spreading the virus, both among domestic and among street animals. The latent course and long incubation period of this disease impede timely diagnosis and effective therapeutic measures. Infection of healthy animals can occur as a result of contact with infected animals, during participation in exhibitions, during the breeding of animals, contacts with stray cats. Manifestations of viral leukemia can vary, affecting primarily the work of the immune system. The pathogenic mechanisms of the disease development should be studied in connection with viral damage to bone marrow stem cells and impaired blood formation processes, the development of an immunodeficiency state. The identification of qualitative and quantitative changes in blood cells and the determination of pathogenic mechanisms of disease development are necessary for early diagnosis of the disease and prevention of infection in healthy animals. Detection of specific signs typical for the leukemic blood picture in cats is a necessary part of a comprehensive diagnosis, together with specific studies (PCR, etc.). A blood test is the primary stage of detecting a disease. Specific structural and functional changes, in particular neutrophils, lymphocytes and erythrocytes, allow us to broaden our understanding of the development of symptoms, the course of the disease and possible outcomes
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13

Abramo, F., F. Bastelli, S. Nardoni, and F. Mancianti. "Feline Cutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis Due to Cladophyalophora Bantiana." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 4, no. 3 (September 2002): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jfms.2002.0183.

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A case of feline cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to Cladophyalophora bantiana is described. The cat was presented with breathing difficulty and a swollen, ulcerated nodule on the dorsal nose and left nostril. Histological examination of the nodule revealed a cystic granulomatous dermatitis characterised by neutrophils, macrophages and giant cells. Pigmented, yeast-like fungus cells and hyphal elements were easily identified in haematoxylin-eosin stained tissue sections. Cladophyalophora bantiana was isolated from a tissue specimen. This organism, primarily known to cause cerebral infection in humans and cats, only rarely causes cutaneous infection. Despite anti-fungal chemotherapy two relapses occurred. The cat was feline immunodeficiency virus - and feline leukemia virus-negative and even if the owner was unaware of trauma, the hypothesis of wound contamination is the most likely.
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14

MaloneyHuss, Martha A., Glenna E. Mauldin, Dorothy C. Brown, Sridhar M. Veluvolu, and Erika L. Krick. "Efficacy and toxicity of mustargen, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone (MOPP) for the treatment of relapsed or resistant lymphoma in cats." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 22, no. 4 (April 17, 2019): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x19841916.

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Objectives The aims of this study were to evaluate the safety of mustargen, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone (MOPP) chemotherapy in the treatment of relapsed or refractory feline lymphoma, and to determine the overall response rate and median remission time with this protocol. Methods The medical records of 38 cats with relapsed or refractory lymphoma treated with MOPP chemotherapy at three institutions (University of Pennsylvania, the Animal Medical Center, and VCA Western Veterinary Specialist and Emergency Centre) were examined. Information evaluated included patient signalment, feline immunodeficiency virus/feline leukemia virus status, anatomic location(s) of lymphoma, prior protocols (type and number), MOPP doses, MOPP response, remission duration, hematologic and biochemical parameters, and owner-reported adverse effects. Results Overall, 70.3% of cats responded to MOPP chemotherapy. Among the responders, the median remission duration was 166 days. The most common adverse effects were neutropenia and gastrointestinal upset, which were reported in 18.4% of cats. In 55.3% of cats, no adverse effects were reported. In total, 30.8% of responders continued to respond 6 months following the initiation of MOPP, and 15.4% maintained a response 1 year after starting MOPP. Conclusions and relevance MOPP is a safe protocol for the treatment of relapsed or refractory feline lymphoma, with a promising overall response rate and median remission time.
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Little, Susan, Julie Levy, Katrin Hartmann, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, Margaret Hosie, Glenn Olah, and Kelly St Denis. "2020 AAFP Feline Retrovirus Testing and Management Guidelines." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 22, no. 1 (January 2020): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x19895940.

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Clinical importance: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infections are found in cats worldwide. Both infections are associated with a variety of clinical signs and can impact quality of life and longevity. Scope: This document is an update of the 2008 American Association of Feline Practitioners’ feline retrovirus management guidelines and represents current knowledge on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of retrovirus infections in cats. Testing and interpretation: Although vaccines are available for FeLV in many countries and for FIV in some countries, identification of infected cats remains an important factor for preventing new infections. The retrovirus status of every cat at risk of infection should be known. Cats should be tested as soon as possible after they are acquired, following exposure to an infected cat or a cat of unknown infection status, prior to vaccination against FeLV or FIV, and whenever clinical illness occurs. It might not be possible to determine a cat’s infection status based on testing at a single point in time; repeat testing using different methods could be required. Although FeLV and FIV infections can be associated with clinical disease, some infected cats, especially those infected with FIV, can live for many years with good quality of life. Management of infected cats: There is a paucity of data evaluating treatments for infected cats, especially antiretroviral and immunomodulatory drugs. Management of infected cats is focused on effective preventive healthcare strategies, and prompt identification and treatment of illness, as well as limiting the spread of infection.
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16

Costa, Fernanda V. A. da, Stella de F. Valle, Gustavo Machado, Luís G. Corbellini, Elisa M. Coelho, Rafael B. Rosa, and Félix H. D. González. "Hematological findings and factors associated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) positivity in cats from southern Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 12 (December 2017): 1531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017001200028.

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ABSTRACT: Using a retrospective study, 493 cats tested for FeLV and FIV were selected for analysis of the association between hematologic findings and positivity at immunoassay test. Individual and hematologic variables were assessed considering the influence of results using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Out 153 of the 493 cats were positive for FeLV (31%), 50 were positive for FIV (10.1%) and 22 were positive for both FIV and FeLV (4.4%). Multivariate analysis detected significant associations between FeLV infection and age below 1 year (p=0.01), age from 1 to 10 years (p=0.03), and crossbreed (p=0.04). Male cats were more likely to be FIV-positive (p=0.002). Regarding hematological changes, FeLV-positive cats have higher odds to anemia, leukopenia and lymphopenia than FeLV-negative cats. FIV-positive cats are more likely to have anemia than negative. Identification of associated factors related to animal status and correlation of hematological disorders with infection by retroviruses in cats could be useful for detecting these retroviral diseases in cats.
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Gomerčić, Tomislav, Matko Perharić, Josip Kusak, Vedran Slijepčević, Vilim Starešina, Vladimir Stevanović, Vesna Mojčec Perko, Ira Topličanec, and Magda Sindičić. "A retroviral survey of endangered Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) from Croatia." Veterinarski arhiv 91, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24099/vet.arhiv.0857.

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The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) may cause persistent, lifelong and lethal infections in domestic and wild felids worldwide. FIV has been confirmed in most Felidae species, while FeLV infection is rare among non-domestic cats. The view that retroviruses are pathogenic in domestic cats but not in other free-ranging felid species was disproved by recent findings of retroviral pathology in several wild felids. The epidemiology of retroviral infections in felids in Croatia was only investigated in urban domestic cats, while there are no data for wild cat species. As the reintroduced Dinaric lynx (Lynx lynx) population suffers from low genetic diversity, which reduces their ability to adapt to new viral outbreaks, the health status of this lynx population is of particular concern. Two different commercial immunochromatographic assays were used for qualitative detection of FIV antibodies and FeLV antigens, while PCR was used for amplification of proviral gag and env genes in Eurasian lynx blood samples. All the 17 Eurasian lynx samples collected between 2001 and 2019 tested negative in both immunochromatographic and molecular tests. Even though our sample size was rather small, considering the fact that the population size of lynx in Croatia is estimated at 40 - 60 animals, our results can be considered representative for the population’s health status. Also, data about retroviral prevalence in Eurasian lynxes are scarce, so any new findings are very valuable.
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18

Hwang, Jusun, Nicole L. Gottdenker, Dae-Hyun Oh, Ho-Woo Nam, Hang Lee, and Myung-Sun Chun. "Disentangling the link between supplemental feeding, population density, and the prevalence of pathogens in urban stray cats." PeerJ 6 (June 25, 2018): e4988. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4988.

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Background Supplemental feeding of free-roaming animals, including wildlife and feral or stray animals, is well known to have a substantial impact on various aspects of animal ecology including habitat use, activity patterns, and host-pathogen interactions. Among them, an increased population density (PD) of animals receiving supplemental food raises concerns regarding the transmission of pathogens in these host populations. The primary aim of this study was to investigate how supplemental feeding is associated with host PD and prevalence of pathogens with different transmission modes in urban stray cats. We hypothesized that supplemental feeding would be positively associated with host PD and the prevalence of pathogens with density-dependent transmission modes compared with pathogens with transmission modes that are considered relatively density-independent. Methods This study was conducted in six districts in Seoul, Republic of Korea which were selected based on different degrees of supplemental feeding and cat caretaker activity (CCA). The PD of stray cats was estimated by mark-recapture surveys. Stray cat blood samples (N = 302) were collected from stray cats by local animal hospitals from each district performing the trap-neuter-release which tested for eight pathogens with different transmission modes (feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline panleukopenia virus, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus-1, Bartonella henselae, hemoplasma, and Toxoplasma gondii) with molecular or serological assays. Associations between the prevalence of each pathogen and PD, CCA, and sex of cats were statistically analyzed. Results In contrast to initial predictions, the cat PD was generally higher in low CCA districts. The prevalence of (FeLV), which is transmitted through direct contact, was significantly higher in areas with a high CCA, conforming to our hypothesis. On the other hand, the prevalence of feline parvovirus, which can be spread by environmental transmission, was higher in low CCA districts. The remaining six pathogens did not show any association with the CCA; however, they had a unique association with the PD or the sex of the stray cats. Discussion Our findings suggest that in addition to influencing the PD, supplemental feeding may affect the prevalence of pathogens in urban animals by mechanisms such as increased aggregation and/or altered foraging strategies, with different consequences depending on the transmission mode of each pathogen.
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Rolim, Veronica Machado, Saulo Petinatti Pavarini, Fabrício Souza Campos, Viviam Pignone, Cláudia Faraco, Marcelo de Souza Muccillo, Paulo Michel Roehe, Fernanda Viera Amorim da Costa, and David Driemeier. "Clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular characterization of feline chronic gingivostomatitis." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 19, no. 4 (July 9, 2016): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x16628578.

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Objectives This study presents the clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular characterization of 26 cats with feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCG). Methods Oral mucosal biopsies, blood and swabs were collected from cats presenting with oral lesions. The tissue sections were submitted for histopathology and immunohistochemical analysis for feline calicivirus (FCV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). The swabs were subjected to PCR analysis for FCV, and blood for FeLV and FIV. Results The main clinical findings were dysphagia (88.2%), halitosis (76.5%), sialorrhea (47.1%), weight loss (41.2%), intense oral discomfort (35.3%), oral hemorrhage (17.6%), and lackluster and fragile coat (11.8%). Gross inspection revealed bilateral lesions across the palatoglossal fold to the lateral tongue base. The lesions were diffuse, proliferative, intensely red and friable, and bled easily upon examination in 80.8% of cases. In 23.1% of cases, the lesions were multifocal to coalescent, at times forming multiple vesicles on a reddened, edematous palatoglossal fold. Microscopic examination showed that 15.4% of lesions had moderate (grade 2) and 84.6% had severe (grade 3) inflammation. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of FeLV antigens in the epithelium and the inflammatory infiltrate of 30.8% of the cats with FCG. FCV antigens were not detected in the FCG lesions. Conclusions and relevance The FCG cases analyzed could not be correlated with FCV. It is possible that FeLV plays a role as a causal agent of lesions in cases where the presence of the virus has been confirmed by immunohistochemistry in epithelial samples.
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Demkin, Vladimir V., and Andrey A. Kazakov. "Prevalence of hemotropic mycoplasmas and coinfection with feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in cats in the Moscow region, Russia." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 190 (May 2021): 105339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105339.

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21

Pavlova, Ekaterina V., Vadim E. Kirilyuk, and Sergey V. Naidenko. "Patterns of seroprevalence of feline viruses among domestic cats (Felis catus) and Pallas’ cats (Otocolobus manul) in Daursky Reserve, Russia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 11 (November 2015): 849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0006.

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Few data are available on the prevalence of feline viruses in the wild and little is known about natural sources of infections. The aim of this study was to estimate patterns of seroprevalence to feline viruses (feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline calicivirus (FCV), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline herpesvirus (FHV), and feline leukemia virus (FeLV)) in two cat species, domestic cats (Felis catus L., 1758) (n = 61) and Pallas’ cats (Otocolobus manul (Pallas, 1776)) (n = 24), living in the same area, in Daursky Reserve, Russia. Our results indicate that four of five viruses are circulating in the study area, with the exception of FHV. The pattern of FCV and FPV prevalence differed from FIV and FeLV. FCV and FPV seroprevalence did not depend on the sex and predominated in the group of cats living in the village (76% and 55%, respectively). No Pallas’ cats were seropositive to these viruses. The prevalence of FIV and FeLV were similar in areas with different cat densities (at the stations (16% for both viruses) and in the village (16% for both viruses)). The patterns of seroprevalence between species testify to the low rate of interspecific contacts. In Pallas’ cats, we found the presence of antibodies to FIV to be 5% and antigens of FeLV to be 5%, pathogens for which transmission demand close direct contacts between animals (mainly aggressive and (or) sexual contact), which is typical in the breeding season. Arid climate may also reduce patterns of viral prevalence in the study area, decreasing the risk of infection for both cat species.
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22

Cline, Martha G., Angela L. Witzel, Tamberlyn D. Moyers, and Claudia A. Kirk. "Body composition of lean outdoor intact cats vs lean indoor neutered cats using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 21, no. 6 (June 18, 2018): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x18780872.

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Objectives The objectives for this study were to compare the body composition of adult indoor neutered domestic cats with outdoor intact cats with an ideal body condition score using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and to report the body composition findings of free-roaming cats, as this has not been previously reported. Most domestic house cats differ from free-roaming cats as they are confined indoors and neutered. Indoor neutered cats have reduced activity and hormonal alterations that may result in lower muscle mass and higher body fat percentages vs outdoor intact cats, despite similar body condition scores. Methods Twenty-one outdoor intact cats (10 male, 11 female) were selected from a trap–neuter–return program and 16 indoor neutered domestic cats (10 male, six female) were client-owned. Inclusion criteria included an estimated age between 1 and 6 years, complete blood count, biochemistry panel, urinalysis, total thyroxine, feline leukemia virus/feline immunodeficiency virus screening and a body condition score of 4–5/9. Results Indoor neutered cats had a higher body fat percentage (22.1% [range 17.3–28.2%]) than outdoor intact cats (17.3% [range 10.0–33.6%]; P = 0.002). Indoor neutered male cats had a higher body fat percentage ( P <0.001) than outdoor intact cats. No difference in body fat percentage was observed in female cats ( P = 0.159). Indoor neutered domestic cats had a higher bone mineral density than outdoor intact cats ( P = 0.023). Conclusions and relevance The results of this study suggest indoor confinement and neutering increase body fat percentage and bone mineral density in cats with an ideal body condition score.
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Quackenbush, SL, JI Mullins, and EA Hoover. "Colony forming T lymphocyte deficit in the development of feline retrovirus induced immunodeficiency syndrome." Blood 73, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v73.2.509.509.

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Abstract The identification and molecular cloning of a feline leukemia virus (FeLV) isolate (FeLV-FAIDS) that consistently produces immunodeficiency syndrome has allowed prospective investigation of events that occur in the prodromal phase of disease. Using a T-lymphocyte colony forming assay (T-CFU-Ic) we have demonstrated that a drastic depletion of circulating T-CFU-Ic prefigures the development of clinical immunodeficiency disease in inoculated cats and correlates with the appearance and replication of the FeLV-FAIDS variant genome in serially collected bone marrow samples. During the same presymptomatic time period, no significant alterations in conventional mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenic responses or in circulating lymphocyte numbers were evident. Thus T-CFU-Ic assay but not conventional mitogen-driven blastogenesis identified animals destined to develop immunodeficiency syndrome. The correlation among T-CFU-Ic depletion, the replication of the lymphocytopathic FeLV-FAIDS variant genome in hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, and the onset of clinical disease, infers that ablation of a colony-forming T lymphocyte progenitor subset is important in the early pathogenesis of feline retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome.
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Quackenbush, SL, JI Mullins, and EA Hoover. "Colony forming T lymphocyte deficit in the development of feline retrovirus induced immunodeficiency syndrome." Blood 73, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v73.2.509.bloodjournal732509.

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The identification and molecular cloning of a feline leukemia virus (FeLV) isolate (FeLV-FAIDS) that consistently produces immunodeficiency syndrome has allowed prospective investigation of events that occur in the prodromal phase of disease. Using a T-lymphocyte colony forming assay (T-CFU-Ic) we have demonstrated that a drastic depletion of circulating T-CFU-Ic prefigures the development of clinical immunodeficiency disease in inoculated cats and correlates with the appearance and replication of the FeLV-FAIDS variant genome in serially collected bone marrow samples. During the same presymptomatic time period, no significant alterations in conventional mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenic responses or in circulating lymphocyte numbers were evident. Thus T-CFU-Ic assay but not conventional mitogen-driven blastogenesis identified animals destined to develop immunodeficiency syndrome. The correlation among T-CFU-Ic depletion, the replication of the lymphocytopathic FeLV-FAIDS variant genome in hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, and the onset of clinical disease, infers that ablation of a colony-forming T lymphocyte progenitor subset is important in the early pathogenesis of feline retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome.
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Mendes-de-Almeida, Flavya, Maria Carolina Ferreira Faria, Aline Serricella Branco, Maria Lucia Serrão, Aline Moreira Souza, Nádia Almosny, Márcia Charme, and Norma Labarthe. "Sanitary conditions of a colony of urban feral cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) in a zoological garden of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 46, no. 5 (October 2004): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652004000500007.

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The colony of urban stray cats living in the Rio de Janeiro zoological garden was studied in order to develop a population and health control program. As many cats as possible were captured during two months (47 animals) and were classified according to gender, age, weight and coat markings. They were submitted to a general health evaluation, examined for the presence of ectoparasites and sent to a surgical neutering program. All animals had a blood sample drawn for CBC, platelet count, heartworm and retroviruses detection. Capillary blood smears were made for hemoparasites detection. Coat marking and colors were tabby (59.7%), followed by solid black (17%); torbie (10.6%); bicolor (10.6%) and harlequin (2.1%). The only ectoparasites found were fleas, which infested 28% of the animals. The hemoparasites found were Haemobartonella felis (38%) and piroplasmas that could not be differentiated between Cytauxzoon spp. and Babesia spp. (47%). No cat was found infected by Dirofilaria immitis or FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus), although FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus) antibodies could be detected (21%). There was no correlation between hemoparasites and FIV infections. The estimated total cat population (mark-recapture method) was 59; 68% female and 32% male, suggesting that a neutering program is in fact needed.
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Macieira, Daniel B., Rita de Cássia A. A. de Menezes, Cristiane B. Damico, Nádia R. P. Almosny, Heather L. McLane, Joanne K. Daggy, and Joanne B. Messick. "Prevalence and risk factors for hemoplasmas in domestic cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus and/or feline leukemia virus in Rio de Janeiro — Brazil." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 10, no. 2 (April 2008): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.08.002.

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Lin, Jessica, Valentina L. Kouznetsova, and Igor F. Tsigelny. "Molecular Mechanisms of Feline Cancers." OBM Genetics 05, no. 02 (December 8, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/obm.genet.2102131.

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Feline cancers have not been studied as extensively as canine cancers, though they may offer similar advantages, with cats being immunocompetent animals subject to similar conditions as their human counterparts. The most common feline cancers include lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sarcoma, and mammary tumors, though mast cell tumors were also investigated in this review. As the pathogenesis of many feline cancers remains unclear, this study seeks to elucidate some molecular mechanisms behind feline cancers. Feline lymphoma has been commonly associated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), though in recent years it has appeared more as lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Chromosomal alterations (translocations) due to the virus-associated lymphoma, as well as aberrant gene expression (such as in COX-2 and MDR1) have been identified in the past. While feline lymphoma may be divided into many subtypes, feline sarcoma may be divided into two broad classifications of feline injection site associated (FISS) sarcoma and spontaneous sarcoma, with FISS being a potential model for inflammation leading to tumorigenesis in humans. Previous studies have found multiple chromosomal alterations (including aneuploidy and chromosomal translocations), as well as aberrations in gene expression in feline sarcoma. In the past, oral squamous cell carcinoma has been proposed as a model for human head and neck cancer, and mammary tumors have been proposed as a model for human breast cancers due to similar prognosis and phenotype, as well as higher rate of occurrence in cats than in humans. Mutations have been identified in genes such as TP53, ERBB2, and TWIST1 in feline mammary tumors. c-KIT mutations were commonly located in feline mast cell tumors, though these findings were not particularly significant in terms of correlation to other prognostic indicators. This review seeks to elucidate pathways and treatments for feline cancers for the field of comparative genomics and oncology.
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Fromont, Emmanuelle, Franck Courchamp, Dominique Pontier, and Marc Artois. "Infection strategies of retroviruses and social grouping of domestic cats." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 12 (December 1, 1997): 1994–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-832.

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It is thought that parasites may exert selective pressure on the social structure of host populations. We compared the impact of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV), two retroviruses commonly found in domestic cats (Felis catus). Because of low transmissibility and virulence, both infections have a worldwide distribution and low prevalence. Transmission modes differ: FIV is transmitted only through biting, while FeLV transmission occurs by biting, licking, grooming, and sharing food and from mother to fetus. FeLV is also more pathogenic than FIV. We compared FIV and FeLV prevalence and risk factors within five populations of cats. FIV infection occurred almost exclusively among adult male cats fighting to acquire and maintain dominant status. Classes at risk for FeLV infection included sexually intact cats allowed to roam freely. The impact of FeLV on host population growth was greater than that of FIV but varied among populations. Our results show that FIV is favoured by individual aggressiveness and a hierarchical social system, while FeLV is more prevalent among socially active cats. FeLV may constitute a source of selective pressure against numerous amicable contacts, particularly in urban cat populations, where aggression among individuals is reduced.
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Sousa, Sebastiana Adriana Pereira, Helcileia Dias Santos, Cristiane América de Carvalho, Aline Marinho Machado, Letícia Espindola de Oliveira, Taiã Mairon Peixoto Ribeiro, Adriana Genelhá Carreira, et al. "Acute visceral leishmaniasis in a domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) from the state of Tocantins, Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 4 (June 7, 2019): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n4p1723.

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is expanding in the Brazilian territory. Dogs are considered an important urban reservoir; however, studies have demonstrated the presence of infected cats in some Brazilian states. This report aimed to describe a case of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum infection in a two-month-old domestic feline from a Brazilian region with a high incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis. The analyzed samples were the cat’s blood, conjunctiva, spleen, liver, popliteal, submandibular and mesenteric lymph nodes, skin, lung and kidney. The diagnostic methods were: parasitological examination, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and an immunoflurescence antibody test (IFAT). All tissues were positive. The title obtained using the IFAT was 1:160. The animal was negative for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). This work addresses the first case of feline leishmaniasis in the state of Tocantins, and reveals data that may contribute to the knowledge of the disease, since it has been shown to be able to develop rapidly and fatally in kittens, with the ability to infect several tissues.
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Gomez-Lucia, Collado, Miró, Martín, Benítez, and Doménech. "Follow-Up of Viral Parameters in FeLV- or FIV-Naturally Infected Cats Treated Orally with Low Doses of Human Interferon Alpha." Viruses 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11090845.

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Specific treatments for the long-life infections by feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are either toxic, expensive or not too effective. Interferon α (IFN-α) is an immunomodulatory molecule which has been shown in vitro to decrease the release of infective particles. The aim of this study was to follow the progress of the clinical score and viral parameters of FeLV- and FIV-naturally infected privately owned cats treated with recombinant human IFN-α (rHuIFN-α, Roferon-A). Twenty-seven FeLV-infected cats (FeLV+) and 31 FIV-infected cats (FIV+) were enrolled in the study. Owners were instructed to orally administer 1 mL/day of 60 IU rHuIFN-α/mL in alternating weeks for four months. Blood samples were taken at the beginning of the study (M0), mid-treatment (M2), end of treatment (M4), and 6–10 months later (M10). Clinical status at these time points improved notably with rHuIFN-α treatment, regardless of the initial severity of the disease, an effect which lasted throughout the study in most animals (15 of the 16 FeLV+ symptomatic cats; 20 of the 22 FIV+ symptomatic cats) improved markedly their clinical situation. In FeLV+ cats plasma antigenemia (p27CA), reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, and proviral load decreased at M2 and M4 but increased again at M10 (“rebound effect”). The level of antigenemia or RT activity was below the detection limits in FIV+ cats, and the effect on proviral load was less marked than in FeLV+ cats. Taken together, these results indicate that rHuIFN-α is a good candidate for treating FeLV+ cats, but the “rebound effect” seen when treatment was discontinued suggests that additional studies should be conducted to clarify its effect on progression of the infection in cats.
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Pavlova, Ekaterina V., Evgeny A. Ivanov, Vadim E. Kiriluk, and Vyacheslav V. Rozhnov. "Assessment of physiological status of felids as indicator of their welfare in the wild." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2015.13.1.06.

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One of the main approaches to monitoring the welfare of wild mammal populations in the wild is animal health estimation based on an analysis of their physiological parameters. To assess that for the natural felid populations, we analyzed adrenal activity level, white blood cells (WBC) counts and occurrence of seropositive reactions to different diseases. The first study was conducted in the Southwest Primorye, in natural habitats of Far Eastern leopard. Unevenly cold and snowy winters in 2010 and 2011 provided extreme natural conditions for overwintering mammals across the Russian Far East. Adrenocortical activity of leopards was significantly higher in 2011 (fecal cortisol level was 712.7 ± 92.4 ng g-1) than in 2010 (361.4 ± 80.5 ng g-1). We suggest that abundance and availability of weakened deer and carcasses could facilitate hunting for leopards and help them to avoid starvation. In the second study we used WBC counts as a health index for three felid species: Pallas cat (Daursky State Nature Biosphere Reserve, 2010), Far Eastern leopard (Southwestern Prymorie, 2011), Siberian tiger (Ussuriskii Reserve, 2010-2011). The ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes (N:L) was used as an indicator of stress and/or disease state. Occurrence of seropositive reactions to 12 different pathogens was analyzed in all the animals after the hematological analysis. Pallas cats had the lowest N:L ratio (1.0 ± 0.1), significantly differing from leopards (42.8 ± 16.0) and tigers (24.5 ± 9.2). The N:L ratio correlated with the occurrence of seropositive reactions but not with the pathogen diversity. Pallas cats had the lowest occurrence of positive reactions to 4 pathogens: Toxoplasma gondii (12.5%), Mycoplasma sp. (12.5%), influenza A (7.1%), and feline leukemia virus (8.3%). Leopards had the highest N:L and occurrence of seropositive reactions only to 2 infections: T. gondii (16.6%) and Candida sp. (100%). On the contrary, tigers had positive responses to 6 pathogens, including canine distemper (7.7%), feline immunodeficiency virus (8.3%) and Aujeszky’s disease (31%), which were not found in other cats. Values of N:L depended also on the time spent to get blood samples. In the big felid species effects of glucocorticoids on the WBC ratio (neutrophilia) were obtained in blood samples from anesthetized animals, taken more than 2 hours after capture. In Pallas cats blood samples were collected within 13 ± 2 min without anesthesia. Thus the high N:L ratio in big felids can be explained by several reasons: stress of capture, immunosuppression and a high diversity of detected infections. The present findings may have important implications for creation of effective conservation strategies of rare felid species in the wild.
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Spada, Eva, Roberta Perego, Elena Assunta Sgamma, and Daniela Proverbio. "Survival time and effect of selected predictor variables on survival in owned pet cats seropositive for feline immunodeficiency and leukemia virus attending a referral clinic in northern Italy." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 150 (February 2018): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.12.001.

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Michelle Willis, A. "Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 30, no. 5 (September 2000): 971–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(00)05001-4.

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McCaw, DL, GD Boon, AE Jergens, MR Kern, MH Bowles, and JC Johnson. "Immunomodulation therapy for feline leukemia virus infection." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 37, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-37-4-356.

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Clinically ill feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-infected cats, treated with Staphylococcus protein A (SPA) or oral interferon alpha (IFN), or both, were compared with cats treated with saline (SAL). Nine cats received SPA/SAL, nine received SPA/IFN, 10 received SAL/IFN, and eight received SAL/SAL. Twelve cats survived and completed the 100-week therapy. Significantly more owners of cats treated with SPA/SAL thought their cat's health improved during treatment compared to owners of cats treated with SAL/SAL (P=0.05, pair-wise comparison) or SPA/IFN (P=0.05, pair-wise comparison). No significant differences in body weight, temperature, hematocrit, red blood cell counts, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, reticulocyte counts, white blood cell or neutrophil numbers, lymphocyte concentrations, bone-marrow cytopathology, FeLV status, survival time, activity, or appetite scores were observed. No significant differences in the owners' subjective assessment of their cat's health following treatment with SAL/IFN, SPA/IFN, or SAL/SAL were seen. Therapy with SPA as a single agent results in the owners' subjective impression of improved health of their FeLV-infected cats.
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Alves. "Occurrence of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus and Feline Leukemia Virus Infection in Cats." American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajavsp.2011.125.129.

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Raukar, Jelena. "Prevalence of feline coronavirus, feline leukemia virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus in client-owned cats in Croatia." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN NATURAL SCIENCES 8 (July 30, 2021): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jns.v8i.9091.

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This study aimed to determine prevalences for anti-FCoV antibody, FeLV antigen, FeLV proviral DNA, and anti-FIV antibody among client-owned cats from the cities of Zagreb and Varaždin in Croatia. Subjects included 106 client-owned cats tested at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. Blood samples were tested with IFA for anti-FCoV antibody and IFA FCoV antibody titeres, with ELISA for FeLV p27 antigen, with PCR for FeLV proviral DNA, and with RIM for anti-FIV antibody. Prevalence of FCoV and FeLV was 41.51% and 6.60%, respectively. A coinfection with FeLV/FCoV and FIV/FCoV prevalence was 7.55% and 5.66%. No cats were coinfected with FIV and FeLV. All three viruses were detected, confirming their presence in Croatia. The seroepidemiological findings demonstrate that both feline retroviruses and feline coronavirus are important feline pathogens in Croatia.
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Reinacher, M. "Feline Leukemia Virus-associated Enteritis—A Condition with Features of Feline Panleukopenia." Veterinary Pathology 24, no. 1 (January 1987): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588702400101.

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Infection with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was demonstrated immunohistologically in 218 necropsied cats suffering from enteritis. The animals were divided into three groups according to histopathological criteria. The first group exhibited the signs of feline panleukopenia in intestine, lymphoid tissues, and bone marrow. Only 1.6% of these animals were FeLV-infected. The animals of the second group had histopathological alterations as seen in cats suffering from feline panleukopenia, but these were found only in the intestine and not in lymphoid tissues or bone marrow. Of these 71.9% were infected with FeLV. The third group consisted of all other cats suffering from enteritis of which 6.3% were FeLV-positive. The association between FeLV infection and the lesions seen in the animals of group 1 (feline panleukopenia) and group 3 (other types of enteritis) is statistically not significant whereas the alterations exhibited by the cats of group 2 are significantly FeLV-associated. Cats with FeLV-associated enteritis (group 2) are of a mean age of about 2.5 years and are significantly older than animals with feline panleukopenia which are of a mean age of about half a year. Thus a FeLV-associated enteritis exists as a histopathologically recognizable condition which sometimes might be mistaken for feline panleukopenia in routine post-mortem investigations.
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Winkler, I. G., M. Löchelt, and R. L. P. Flower. "Epidemiology of Feline Foamy Virus and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infections in Domestic and Feral Cats: a Seroepidemiological Study." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 9 (1999): 2848–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.9.2848-2851.1999.

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Although foamy viruses (Spumaviruses) have repeatedly been isolated from both healthy and diseased cats, cattle, and primates, the primary mode of transmission of those common viruses remains undefined. A database of the feline foamy virus (FeFV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibody status, age, and sex of 389 domestic cats presented to veterinarians was assembled. A similar database for 66 feral (wild) cats was also assembled. That FeFV antibody status reflects infection was validated by PCR. Both FeFV and FIV infection rates were found to gradually increase with age, and over 70% of cats older than 9 years were seropositive for FeFV. In domestic cats, the prevalence of FeFV infection was similar in both sexes. In feral cats, FeFV infection was more prevalent in female cats than in male cats. Although both FeFV and FIV have been reported to be transmitted by biting, the patterns of infection observed are more consistent with an interpretation that transmission of these two retroviruses is not the same. The prevalence of FIV infection is highest in nondesexed male cats, the animals most likely to display aggressive behavior. The gradual increase in the proportion of FeFV-infected animals is consistent with transmission of foamy viruses by intimate social contact between animals and less commonly by aggressive behavior.
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Westman, Mark E., Richard Malik, Evelyn Hall, Matthew Harris, Margaret J. Hosie, and Jacqueline M. Norris. "Duration of antibody response following vaccination against feline immunodeficiency virus." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 19, no. 10 (October 23, 2016): 1055–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x16673292.

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Objectives Recently, two point-of-care (PoC) feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibody test kits (Witness and Anigen Rapid) were reported as being able to differentiate FIV-vaccinated from FIV-infected cats at a single time point, irrespective of the gap between testing and last vaccination (0–7 years). The aim of the current study was to investigate systematically anti-FIV antibody production over time in response to the recommended primary FIV vaccination series. Methods First, residual plasma from the original study was tested using a laboratory-based ELISA to determine whether negative results with PoC testing were due to reduced as opposed to absent antibodies to gp40. Second, a prospective study was performed using immunologically naive client-owned kittens and cats given a primary FIV vaccination series using a commercially available inactivated whole cell/inactivated whole virus vaccine (Fel-O-Vax FIV, three subcutaneous injections at 4 week intervals) and tested systematically (up to 11 times) over 6 months, using four commercially available PoC FIV antibody kits (SNAP FIV/FeLV Combo [detects antibodies to p15/p24], Witness FeLV/FIV [gp40], Anigen Rapid FIV/FeLV [p24/gp40] and VetScan FeLV/FIV Rapid [p24]). Results The laboratory-based ELISA showed cats from the original study vaccinated within the previous 0–15 months had detectable levels of antibodies to gp40, despite testing negative with two kits that use gp40 as a capture antigen (Witness and Anigen Rapid kits). The prospective study showed that antibody testing with SNAP Combo and VetScan Rapid was positive in all cats 2 weeks after the second primary FIV vaccination, and remained positive for the duration of the study (12/12 and 10/12 cats positive, respectively). Antibody testing with Witness and Anigen Rapid was also positive in a high proportion of cats 2 weeks after the second primary FIV vaccination (8/12 and 7/12, respectively), but antibody levels declined below the level of detection in most cats (10/12) by 1 month after the third (final) primary FIV vaccination. All cats tested negative using Witness and Anigen Rapid 6 months after the third primary FIV vaccination. Conclusions and relevance This study has shown that a primary course of FIV vaccination does not interfere with FIV antibody testing in cats using Witness and Anigen Rapid, provided primary vaccination has not occurred within the previous 6 months. Consequently, Witness and Anigen Rapid antibody test kits can be used reliably to determine FIV infection status at the time of annual booster FIV vaccination to help detect ‘vaccine breakthroughs’ and in cats that have not received a primary course of FIV vaccination within the preceding 6 months. The duration of antibody response following annual booster FIV vaccination and the resulting effect on antibody testing using PoC kits needs to be determined by further research. The mechanism(s) for the variation in FIV antibody test kit performance remains unclear.
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Lara, Valéria Maria, Sueli Akemi Taniwaki, and João Pessoa Araújo Júnior. "Occurrence of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats." Ciência Rural 38, no. 8 (November 2008): 2245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782008000800024.

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The occurrence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in Brazil has been previously described. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of FIV infection in 454 blood samples from healthy and sick domestic cats from 13 cities of São Paulo State, Brazil as well as to evaluate the risk factors associated with the infection. The results showed that 14.7% (67/454) of the cats were infected with FIV. The clinical evaluation showed that 29.2% of the FIV-positive animals were sick, while 7.3% did not show any type of clinical manifestation. In addition, the vast majority (23.1%) of positive cases corresponded to free-roaming owned cats. The incidence of FIV infection was higher in males (20.3%) than in females (9.7%). The results suggest that certain characteristics such as gender, health status and lifestyle may be associated with the risk of being infected with FIV in the population of cats studied.
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Carmichael, K. P., D. Bienzle, and J. J. Mcdonnell. "Feline Leukemia Virus-associated Myelopathy in Cats." Veterinary Pathology 39, no. 5 (September 2002): 536–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.39-5-536.

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Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection is associated with distinct neoplastic, hematologic, and immunosuppressive diseases. Here we report on a novel neurologic syndrome in 16 cats infected with FeLV for more than 2 years. Clinical signs consisted of abnormal vocalization, hyperesthesia, and paresis progressing to paralysis. The clinical course of affected cats involved gradually progressive neurologic dysfunction invariably resulting in euthanasia. Microscopically, white-matter degeneration with dilation of myelin sheaths and swollen axons was identified in the spinal cord and brain stem of affected animals. Neither neoplastic nor hematologic diseases commonly associated with FeLV infection were present. Fungal and protozoal infection in one animal was suggestive of impaired immune competence. Immunohistochemical staining of affected tissues revealed consistent expression of FeLV p27 antigens in neurons, endothelial cells, and glial cells. Furthermore, proviral DNA was amplified from multiple sections of spinal cord as well as intestine, spleen, and lymph nodes. These findings suggest that in a proportion of chronically FeLV-infected cats, a virus evolved with cytopathic potential for cells in the central nervous system.
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Reche, Archivaldo, Alexandre GT Daniel, Telma C. P. Lazaro Strauss, Carlos P. Taborda, Shirlei A. Vieira Marques, Kátia Haipek, Lilian J. Oliveira, Janaína M. Monteiro, and José R. Kfoury. "Cutaneous mycoflora and CD4:CD8 ratio of cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 12, no. 4 (April 2010): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2009.12.017.

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This study was designed to compare cutaneous mycoflora isolation and CD4+:CD8+ ratio in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats with that in FIV-uninfected cats. Sixty cats were examined. Twenty-five were FIV-infected cats and 35 were FIV-uninfected cats. All 60 cats were FeLV-negative. Fungi were speciated and immunophenotyping of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes was performed. At least one fungal colony was isolated from 22/25 (88%) FIV-infected cats. Among the FIV-uninfected cats fungal colonies were recovered from 13/35 (37%) specimens. Dermatophytes were recovered from 2/25 (8%) FIV-infected cats (one Microsporum gypseum, one Microsporum canis) and 3/35 (8.5%) FIV-uninfected cats ( M gypseum). Malassezia species was the most commonly isolated organism from both groups of cats (51.6%). Malassezia species was more commonly isolated from FIV-infected cats than FIV-uninfected cats (84% vs 28.6%). The CD4+ to CD8+ lymphocyte ratio for FIV-infected cats was significantly lower than the CD4+ to CD8+ ratio in the FIV-uninfected cats. The CD4+ to CD8+ lymphocyte ratio for FIV-infected cats with cutaneous overall fungal isolation was significantly lower than the CD4:CD8 lymphocyte ratio in the FIV-infected cats but without cutaneous fungal isolation. We can conclude that immunologic depletion due to retroviral infection might represent a risk factor to cutaneous fungal colonization in cats.
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Fisch, Harvey, and Norman H. Altman. "Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Population of Pet Cats from Southeastern Florida." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1, no. 4 (October 1989): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063878900100411.

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Blood samples from 95 randomly selected pet cats that were brought to veterinarians in southeastern Florida were tested for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Virus-specific antibodies (indicative of virus infection) were found in 8 of the 95 (8.4%) cats tested. All of the virus-infected cats were males (statistically significant, P ≤ 0.016) and were at least 1 year of age. The 3 most severely ill cats infected with FIV were also infected with feline leukemia virus.
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44

Gleich, S., and K. Hartmann. "Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected and Feline Leukemia Virus-Infected Cats." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 23, no. 3 (May 2009): 552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0303.x.

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45

Ueland, K., and H. Lutz. "Prevalence of Feline Leukemia Virus and Antibodies to Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in Cats in Norway." Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B 39, no. 1-10 (January 12, 1992): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1992.tb01137.x.

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46

Little, Susan. "A review of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence in cats in Canada." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 143, no. 3-4 (October 2011): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.018.

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47

Arjona, Alvaro, Elena Escolar, Iria Soto, Nuria Barquero, Daniel Martin, and Esperanza Gomez-Lucia. "Seroepidemiological Survey of Infection by Feline Leukemia Virus and Immunodeficiency Virus in Madrid and Correlation with Some Clinical Aspects." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 9 (2000): 3448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.9.3448-3449.2000.

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A study of 180 healthy cats found that 15.6% were feline leukemia virus (FeLV) positive, 8.3% were feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) positive, and 1.1% were FIV and FeLV positive, which corresponded to 30.4, 13.8, and 2.6, of 115 cats with FIV- and FeLV-related symptoms, respectively. Differences were seen in the sexes and ages of the populations studied. Anemia, leukopenia, and lymphopenia were the most frequent hematological abnormalities in infected cats.
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Yamaguchi, N., D. W. Macdonald, W. C. Passanisi, D. A. Harbour, and C. D. Hopper. "Parasite prevalence in free-ranging farm cats,Felis silvestris catus." Epidemiology and Infection 116, no. 2 (April 1996): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800052468.

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SUMMARYNo animals tested were positive for feline leukaemia virus antigen andChlamydia psittaciantibodies, but all were positive for antibodies to feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV1) and rotavirus. They had antibodies to feline parvovirus (96%), feline coronavirus (84%) and cowpox virus (2%). Antibody to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) was found in 53% of animals, which were less likely to be infected withHaemobartonella felis, and had higher FHV antibody titres than cats without FIV. FCV was isolated from 51% cats and FHV1 and feline reovirus each from 4%.H. feliswas present in 42% of animals, and antibody toToxoplasma gondiiin 62%. Clinical abnormality had a significant association with FIV and feline calicivirus infections, but sex, age, social status and feeding group had no significant association with prevalence of any parasites.Toxocara catiandToxascaris leoninaeggs were found, respectively, in 91% and 82% of animals tested.
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Davies, C., and GC Troy. "Deep mycotic infections in cats." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 32, no. 5 (September 1, 1996): 380–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-32-5-380.

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A review of deep mycotic infections assessed incidence, signalment, clinical presentation, and outcome in 571 feline cases. Pertinent findings included a predisposition in young, male cats for Sporothrix schenckii and Blastomyces dermatitidis. There was an increased incidence of feline leukemia virus infection in cases with histoplasmosis and of feline panleukopenia virus infection in cases with either aspergillosis or mucoralosis. Few other predisposing conditions were identified. Cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, and sporotrichosis had better prognoses for recovery. Blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and aspergillosis commonly were disseminated infections and were associated with guarded-to-poor prognoses.
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Quimby, Jessica M., Thomas Elston, Jennifer Hawley, Melissa Brewer, Arianne Miller, and Michael R. Lappin. "Evaluation of the association ofBartonellaspecies, feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus with chronic feline gingivostomatitis." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 10, no. 1 (February 2008): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.05.007.

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