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1
Labenski, Sheri A. "Female defendants in international criminal law and beyond." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2018. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/30321/.
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Gender justice is an important component of contemporary international criminal law. Feminist scholars and practitioners have been instrumental in advancing gender law reform within international criminal law and a key outcome has been the prosecution of conflict related sexual violence, in particular through the work of the Ad Hoc Tribunals for Rwanda and the Former Yugoslavia, as well as analysis of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. This thesis argues that, despite these important gains with respect to gender justice in international criminal law, there has been inadequate attention to women as potential perpetrators, defendants, and suspects of international crimes. In addressing the absence of female defendants from prosecution under international criminal law, I argue that expectations with regard to gender are reproduced in international criminal law without sufficient understanding of the diversity of gender as a power relation reproduced intersectionally with other power relations. Following Engle's work on the hypervisibility of women as victims of sexual violence, the thesis analyses female defendants in legal and cultural contexts to examine female violence in armed conflict, beyond gendered meanings. Furthermore, through drawing on feminist approaches from MacKinnon to Kapur, to examine constructions of gender, sexuality, race and class, within law, the thesis challenges narrow assumptions with respect to gender in armed conflict that collapse into stereotypes of raced victimhood and sexual vulnerability. Gender is understood, not as a form of identity, but as a power arrangement that is implicated in racial, ethnic, classist, and socio-economic understandings of conflict and of culture. Thus, enhanced understanding of the complexity of gender in armed conflict is advocated through the study of female defendants. The thesis highlights representations of women accused of international crimes in the ICTY, ICTR, and the ECCC, and identifies tensions between international and domestic dialogues as a result. The study of the ICTY demonstrates the friction between the pursuit of gender justice and the limited gendered narratives women are represented through in depictions of the conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. Similarly, in the ICTR the thesis demonstrates a racialised preoccupation with violence that further reproduces gender, minus its complex relation with race stereotypes. In the study of the ECCC the absence of female defendants is analysed via tensions between local and international perceptions of political leadership, law, and gender. This is not a study of the stories of individual female defendants; rather the research explores how understandings of gender, international law, and armed conflict shift when female defendants are positioned as the focus of analysis.
2
Armentrout, Elizabeth G. "An Analysis of Adler's Theory and the Female Criminal." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4642/.
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This research paper addressed the following question: Do select case studies conform to Dr. Freda Adler's theory regarding socio-economic influences on female criminal behavior or dispute her theory? My research involved three female criminals: Karla Faye Tucker, Andrea Yates, and Susan Smith. I addressed Adler's theory in detail, other theories, the makeup of the female criminal and various female crimes. This study provided evidence that all three case studies conform to Adler's theory. nIn accordance with Adler's theory, each of these three females committed crimes of accessibility. None of the three individuals sought to commit a premeditated act or to murder unknown victims. They were motivated by emotions arising at a point in time when access/opportunity presented itself.
3
Chau, Shui-hoi Malina. "An exploratory study of criminal activities and female offenders in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20621863.
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Short, R. M. "Female criminality 1780-1830." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6e575ce9-f164-48c9-9955-3cf5eab4808b.
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This thesis studies aspects of women's criminal behaviour during the period from 1780-1830, using the criminal court records from two juridical areas: the City of London and the county of Berkshire. It considers all types of indictable crime, that tried in the local quarter session court and in the assize (high) court. It first establishes the numerical significance of female crime, which accounted for as little as one tenth of all indictments, with some variation between different courts and urban and rural areas. It also establishes some characteristics of female criminals, their age, marital status and place of birth. Compared to men, women's crime was less concentrated in the years of early adulthood, though the ill-defined nature of marriage among the lower orders at this period makes it difficult to establish any firm conclusions about the influence of marriage on a woman's criminal career. To attempt to explain these patterns, this work studies the social context of women's criminal activity, for this purpose separating property and violent crime. In the former case, a stress upon the practical, organizational aspects of crime suggests correlations between criminal potential and wider social freedoms. In the field of violent crime, women's involvement was more prevalent than might have been expected, challenging the notion that women's experience of violence is predominantly as a victim. Finally, the idea that women's lenient treatment by prosecutors accounts for their absence from the criminal records is addressed. From media accounts of women's crime there is evidence of a general disinclination to invest women with any criminal potential. A study of sentencing patterns reveals that women were less likely to be harshly treated that their male counterparts, though with some variation between crime types. It is argued however tha it is women's lesser criminal capacity, pre-determined by her social position, which creates these patterns, rather than the "chivalry" of male prosecutors.
5
Gore, Sally Elizabeth. "Raging hormones and excuses : female-specific syndromes and criminal (non-) responsibility." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252025.
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This thesis focuses on two parallel debates. The first concerns the fact that premenstrual syndrome (PMS) can be recognised by the criminal law and used as the basis of an excuse or in mitigation. The second takes as its starting point the existing academic criticism of the infanticide offence/defence, which in turn gives rise to the question of whether postnatal illnesses should be able to give rise to a criminal defence or be employed as a factor that goes to mitigation of sentence. In order to move both debates further, I draw on theories from medicine, philosophy and law and I consider the following issues and their impact on the specific questions in this thesis: 1) When are particular symptoms or experiences classified as disease or illness and what is the significance of these labels? 2) What is the theoretical basis for holding an individual criminally responsible and when should people suffering from mental disorder be wholly or partially excused or be able to raise a condition in mitigation? 3) To what extent does the existing criminal law meet these requirements and/or how should it be reformed in order to do so? I begin by looking at the current legal position and at the way in which the legal debate in this area has been conducted so far. I identify a number of questions that have characterised the so-called ‘feminist debate’ which centres around authors who object to the formal recognition of female-specific medical problems for gender-political reasons. An examination of the principal medical literature on both conditions demonstrates that although the symptoms and aetiologies of the two conditions are not settled, their existence is not doubted by medical science. Furthermore, both can be regarded as subcategories of the generic group of mental disorders categorised as depression. I answer the question of when something is considered a disease by demonstrating the philosophical underpinnings of the concept. The disease and illness labels are used to signify that an individual is not regarded as responsible for their symptoms and thus is excused by society from partaking in their normal social role when ill.
6
Chau, Shui-hoi Malina, and 周瑞開. "An exploratory study of criminal activities and female offenders in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31978459.
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7
Alton, Louise Elizabeth. "Creating choices in the UK : re-imagining the female criminal justice system." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5158.
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The prison system of the UK is riddled with sexual inequality, substantially the same
procedures and facilities being extended to both male and female prisoners, representing
a failure to realise that the two genders experience incarceration in materially different
ways. The current formation of the system is blind to the social inequalities and
difficulties which construct the identities of the majority of female offenders, resulting in
an array of fundamental human rights abuses. Furthermore, decisions which
significantly disadvantage female inmates are made daily, with little consideration given
as to the correct bases for making such life changing choices.
Time and time again however, proposals for meaningful and radical reform are met only
with lethargic stalling by the Government, which seems content to pander to a punitive
public desire heavily constructed by unjustified media representation.
While similar processes have also operated in the Canadian context, federal female
prison reform has taken a decidedly feminist tilt over the last 20 years. It is in light of
this that thorough comparative examination and analysis of North American penal reform
will provide a body of information which will eventually constitute an invaluable
resource upon which to draw in planning the UK’s next moves towards a more
substantively equal and effective female criminal justice system.
8
Vincent, Susan D. "Female offenders and dependent romantic relationships : is there a link between dependent romantic relationships with men and the criminal activities of women? /." Connect to online version, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1989/3562.
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9
Rodrigues, Daniela Maria Duarte. "Perfil da homicida portuguesa." Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/6954.
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Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em CriminologiaÉ sabida da dicotomia que existe na nossa sociedade em relação ao género masculino e feminino. Sabemos o quão estigmatizadas são as mulheres em detrimento dos homens por terem o estereótipo de serem frágeis, sentimentais e com fraca força física enquanto que o homem tem como estereótipo ser rude, forte e mais irracional que as mulheres agindo mais vezes sem pensar e movidos pelos seus sentimentos mais negativos de ira ou raiva. Tendo isto em conta, é mais fácil prever um homem capaz de matar alguém que uma mulher e quando esta o faz é logo associada a um ato masculino o que não corresponde à verdade. Ambos os géneros são capazes de matar sendo por isso de interesse que hajam estudos acerca desta problemática. Para isso será feita uma revisão da literatura acerca de todas as envolvências neste assunto. O presente estudo tem como objetivo traçar um perfil da mulher portuguesa que já tenha cometido o crime de homicídio. Nesta sequência, sendo este projeto de graduação uma proposta de realização de uma investigação, a mesma terá como instrumento a realização de entrevistas às mulheres que estejam a cumprir pena pelo crime de homicídio e a análise de processos especificamente de mulheres homicidas para que possa ser feito um cruzamento de dados com o intuito de, então, traçar o perfil.
It is known of the dichotomy that exists in our society in relation to the male and female gender. We know how stigmatized women are to the detriment of men because they have the stereotype of being fragile, sentimental, and physically weak, whereas man has a stereotyped of being rude, strong, and more irrational than women, acting more often without thinking by moving of their more negative feelings such as anger. With this in mind, it’s easier to predict a man is more capable of killing than a woman, and when she does so it’s soon associated with a male act that doesn’t correspond to the truth. Both genres are capable of killing and therefore of interest are studies on this problem. For this, a review of the literature on all the implications in this subject will be made. In this sequence, since this graduation project is a proposal for conducting an investigation, it will have as an instrument the interviewing of women who are serving a sentence for the crime of homicide and the analysis of cases specifically of homicidal women so that it can be done a crossing of data in order to then draw the profile.
N/A
10
Palk, Deirdre E. P. "Gender, crime and discretion in the English criminal justice system, 1780s to 1830s." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30725.
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Historians of English crime and criminal justice agree that females are more leniently treated by the criminal justice system. Fewer females are prosecuted for unlawful activities, and, when they are, they are more readily acquitted, or receive lighter sentences than males. However, reasons for this remain elusive. References to the paternalism of those involved in the system, together with notions about masculinity and femininity in a patriarchally ordered society, have been offered in the absence of other more focused and systematic evidence.;This thesis follows a systematic enquiry about three crimes which attributed the death sentence - shoplifting, pickpocketing, and uttering forged Bank of England notes. The period of the study covers the 1780s to the 1830s, and is centred on London and Middlesex. It considers involvement in each crime by gender. The approach seeks to avoid the over-generalisation resulting from synthesis of statistics for a wide variety of offences, and to allow a clearer view of how men and women operated in committing offences. This systematic approach follows the offenders involved in the three crimes through the criminal justice system, so far as it is possible to do so, since the public trial and sentencing at the Old Bailey were not the end of the decision-making story. Previous studies have largely neglected to follow-through to the stage of commutation of sentences and pardons where influences on the decision-makers differed from those on decision-makers at earlier stages of the system.;In particular, this thesis focuses on the gendered context of the specific behaviour of male and female offenders in the selected offences, on the effects of a patriarchal system of justice, and on the needs of the State to make political decisions about the disposal of offenders.
11
Czaika, Gabrielle. "The social construction of female criminality : women, mental health, and the criminal justice system." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ64030.pdf.
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12
Blanchette, Kelley Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "The Relationships between criminal history, mental disorder, and recidivism among federally sentenced female offenders." Ottawa, 1996.
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13
Ehrhardt, Elizabeth J. "The social context of female criminal victimization: a domain-specific routine activity/lifestyle analysis /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487856906258258.
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14
Borrey, Anne. "Ol kalabus meri a study of female prisoners in Papua New Guinea /." Boroko, Papua New Guinea : Papua New Guinea Law Reform Commission, 1992. http://books.google.com/books?id=SpXaAAAAMAAJ.
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15
Jaber, Maysaa Husam. "Sirens in command: the criminal femme fatale in American hardboiled crime fiction." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/sirens-in-command-the-criminal-femme-fatale-in-american-hardboiled-crime-fiction(a6a35b81-665e-4f1a-9f3c-a8c286fe3796).html.
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This thesis challenges the traditional view of the 'femme fatale' as merely a dangerous and ravenous sexual predator who leads men into ruination. Critical, especially feminist, scholarship mostly regards the femme fatale as a sexist construction of a male fantasy and treats her as an expression of misogyny that ultimately serves to reaffirm male authority. But this thesis proposes alternative ways of viewing the femme fatale by showing how she can also serve as a figure for imagining female agency. As such, I focus on a particular character type that is distinct from the general archetype of the femme fatale because of the greater degree of agency she demonstrates. This 'criminal femme fatale' uses her sexual appeal and irresistible wiles both to manipulate men and to commit criminal acts, usually murder, in order to advance her goals with deliberate intent and full culpability. This thesis reveals and explains the agency of the criminal femme fatales in American Hardboiled crime fiction between the late 1920s and the end of World War II in the works of three authors: Dashiell Hammett, Raymond Chandler and James M. Cain. The criminal femme fatales in the narratives of these authors show a subversive power and an ability to act - even though, or perhaps only if, this action is a criminal one. I show that these criminal femme fatales exhibit agency through their efforts to challenge not only the 'masculine' genre and the criminal space that this genre represents, but also to undercut the male protagonist's role and prove his failure in asserting control and dominance. Hammett's narratives provide good examples of how the criminal femme fatales function on a par with male gangsters in an underworld of crime and corruption. Chandler's work demonstrates a different case of absent/present criminal women who are set against the detective and ultimately question his power and mastery. Cain's narratives show the agency of the criminal femme fatales in the convergence between their ambition for social mobility and their sexual power over the male characters. To explain how these female characters exhibit agency, I situate this body of literature alongside contemporaneous legal and medical discourses on female criminality. I argue that the literary female criminal is a fundamentally different portrayal because she breaks the 'mad-bad' woman dichotomy that dominates both legal and medical discourses on female criminality. I show that the criminal femme fatales' negotiations of female agency within hardboiled crime fiction fluctuate and shift between the two poles of the criminalized and the medicalized women. These criminal femme fatales exhibit culpability in their actions that bring them into an encounter with the criminal justice system and resist being pathologized as women who suffer from a psychological ailment that affect their control. The thesis concludes that the ways in which the criminal femme fatales trouble normative socio-cultural conceptions relating to docile femininity and passive sexuality, not only destabilize the totality and fixity of the stereotype of the femme fatale in hardboiled crime fiction, but also open up broader debates about the representation of women in popular culture and the intersections between genre and gender.
16
Su, Susan Chih-Wen. "Female property crime offenders: Explanations from economic marginalization perspective." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2673.
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This research explores whether women offenders who committed property crimes suffer from feminization of poverty, and social deprivations as asserted by the economic marginalization theory. Social deprivations include being a single parent with dependent children at home, being the main financial supporter of a household and being primary caretaker to minor children.
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Warmingham, Amy Marie. "Roles and Services of Probation Officers Among Rural Female Juvenile Offenders." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3845.
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Each year, hundreds of thousands of youth move through juvenile justice systems in the United States, and the number of female offenders is increasing. At the probation level, there appears to be a lack of services, such as mentoring, mental health services, sex education, and counseling, to meet the gender-specific needs of female juvenile delinquents in rural settings. The purpose of this study was to discover county probation officers' perceptions of girls' needs and the officers' decision-making processes related to recommending services. This case study was based on feminist criminology theory. The research questions sought to learn how probation officers working with female juvenile offenders in a rural county describe their roles in the supervision process and how they decide which gender-specific services are most appropriate. Three probation officers in a rural jurisdiction in a northeastern state were interviewed, and the responses were coded and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Findings indicated that the officers neither viewed girls differently nor felt the need to treat the genders differently, even though their responses revealed that female youth are more often subject to truancy, promiscuity, and running away than male youth. The primary recommendation resulting from the study is to implement gender-responsive programs to meet the diverse needs of delinquent girls. Such programs would offer female youth more guidance and rehabilitation, potentially reducing future offending. This study has implications for positive social change in informing those serving in the youth criminal justice field, and families involved in the system, about the gap in understanding and implementing gender-specific strategies to meet the needs of rural female youth in conflict with the law.
18
Wincup, Emma. "Waiting for trial : living and working in a bail hostel." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310338.
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Onifade, Eyitayo. "Risk assessment toward valid and accurate delinquency predictions with African-Americans and girls /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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20
Pia, Christina Kalus. "Redressing female victims of sexual violence: possibilities for gender-specific reparations at the International Criminal Court." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1824_1373278492.
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This paper is about the reparations regime of the International Criminal Court and reparations possibilities for victims of sexual violence. It will contain a legal analysis of the reparations system of
the Court, including the Trust Fund for Victims of the International Criminal Court. In a second step, the needs of women who experienced conflict related violence will be examined. The central
question, which this paper will try to answer, is whether the ICC reparations regime has the ability to provide gender-sensitive reparations and thus make a contribution to the improvement of
women&rsquo
s lives in post-conflict societies.
21
Hilving, Rebecca. "Violent Female Offending: Examining the Role of Psychopathy and Comorbidity with DSM-IV Personality Disorders." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30465/.
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This thesis examines the role of psychopathy in violent female offending, and explores DSM-IV personality disorders that may also be a factor. Past research on female offenders and psychopathy suggest that this is a valid construct when looking at female offenders. This study was driven by two questions: which personality disorders are most common in adult female offenders who are psychopathic, and are adult female offenders who are psychopathic more likely to have been convicted of a violent offense than those who are not psychopathic, but have at least one personality disorder. The results indicate that Cluster B personality disorders were the most common, and Cluster C the least common. The results also showed that those women who were psychopathic were no more likely to have been convicted of a violent crime than those who had at least one personality disorder, but were not psychopathic. Treatment implications and the direction of future research are discussed.
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GUNNISON, ELAINE KRISTIN. "UNDERSTANDING FEMALE DESISTANCE FROM CRIME: EXPLORING THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin996077637.
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Erbe, Joanne Marie. "Spirituality: The effects on female inmates and recidivism." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2681.
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This study examined the effects of the spiritual component of rehabilitation on female inmates who were in custody during 2002 at the Larry D. Smith Correctional Facility (LDSCF) and how church attendance relates to recidivism.
24
Hammel, Scott David. "An investigation of the validity and clinical usefulness of the MMPI-A with female juvenile delinquents /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p9992806.
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Whitehouse-Yarnell, Jennifer Margaret Redding Richard E. "The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and criminal convictions in female offenders : is substance use a mediator or moderator? /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/1304.
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MEDEIROS, ANDREA DOS SANTOS SILVA. "CRIMINAL, INSANE AND DANGEROUS: A STUDY ON SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS ABOUT FEMALE PATIENTS IN HOSPITALS OF PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT WHO TAKE PATIENTS THAT ARE IN CRIMINAL CUSTODY IN RJ." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9545@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOA presente dissertação traz uma reflexão sobre a relação entre as representações sociais construídas a respeito do crime e da periculosidade na tentativa de apreender se tais representações implicam no conjunto de práticas dos profissionais do campo médico-legal. A pesquisa, de cunho qualitativo, buscou conhecer como vem se desenvolvendo a prática dos profissionais que atuam no campo psiquiátrico-penal. Com o apoio do marco teórico das Representações Sociais, utilizando a abordagem formulada por Moscovici, procurou-se compreender a realidade dos Hospitais de Custódia e a condição da população feminina, chamando a atenção para o papel destes hospitais no contexto da Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira. A análise realizada evidenciou opiniões diferentes e divergentes entre os peritos e a equipe multidisciplinar, sobre a representação da periculosidade. Quanto à representação do crime foram identificados pontos em comum em ambos os grupos especialmente no que diz respeito ao homicídio que os levam a observar as circunstâncias em que o mesmo ocorreu, se envolveu planejamento e/ou se foi praticado com requinte de crueldade.
This present dissertation brings forward a reflection about the connection between the social representations built regarding crime and the proneness to commit crime in the attempt to apprehend if those representations implicate in the compound of practices carried on by professionals in the medical- legal field . This research, of quantitative purpose, has sought to know how the practice of professionals in the psychiatric-penal field has developed. Having the theoretical mark of Social Representations as support, and utilizing Moscovici´s approach, it has sought to understand the reality of Hospitals who take patients who are in criminal custody and the condition of the female population, calling out the attention to the role of these hospitals in the context of the Brazilian Psychiatric Reformation. The analysis undertaken has shown different and divergent opinions among experts and the multidisciplinary team, about the presentation of proneness to commit crimes. As for crime representation, some common subjects have been identified in both groups, specially on what relates to homicide and leads them to observe the circumstances in which it occurred, if it involved planning and/if it was practiced with daintiness cruelty.
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Burns-Ramirez, Angela. "The Influence of Gender and Ethnicity on the Identity and Actions of African American Female Criminal Investigators." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10264739.
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In the past four decades, women and African Americans have made great strides in the labor market, breaking the proverbial glass ceiling as well as climbing the corporate ladder. Despite scholarly studies revealing those strides across work domains, the influences of race and gender that continue to exist for African American women in the workplace—particularly when it comes to the law enforcement field—have not been studied extensively.
The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the influence of ethnicity and gender in African American women who were working as criminal investigators in federal law enforcement through the theoretical lens of identity theory and career decision-making. This study employed a phenomenological approach to capture the rich, thick descriptive summaries of participants’ experiences and convert those findings into emergent themes that accurately described the participants’ interpretation of those events. Moreover, the researcher used a modified version of Seidman’s (2006) three-interview structure for this study.
There were six findings in this study. First, perceptions of identity, in terms of race and gender or the combination of the two, did not hinder the participants in succeeding in their role as a criminal investigator. Second, participants experienced a variety of issues and challenges as a result of a combination of race and gender in regards to lack of respect, lack of support, and lack of guidance relevant to completing their duties and responsibilities. Third, five factors influenced participants’ choice of a career as a criminal investigator. Fourth, participants had a difficult time separating their identity as an African American and as a woman. Fifth, many participants perceived that training was a tool that better equipped them for doing the job. Sixth, and lastly, participants made decisions based on following the rules, regulations, and orders that governed the agency.
This study contributes to the body of research on African American female criminal investigators (and women as a whole) in federal law enforcement. Furthermore, the findings in this study have given these participants a voice.
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Rodrigues, Heloísa Barbosa Pinheiro. "A atividade profissional da mulher prostituta: referencial político criminal e para formulação de políticas públicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-21022017-153337/.
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A prostituição ainda é uma atividade inserida em um contexto de significativo desconhecimento e indiferença. As razões, necessidades, aspirações, crenças, motivações e histórias de mulheres que se dedicam a essa atividade ficam imersas em meio a preconceitos, invisíveis aos olhos da sociedade brasileira e ausentes na formulação de política criminal e pública. Por meio da análise da relação que o Estado, principalmente o direito penal, possui com a atividade de prostituição feminina e sua deficiência em garantir direitos a estas pessoas, esperamos elaborar um arsenal teórico capaz de fornecer informações elementares à criação e execução de políticas públicas e de legislação adequadas a esta parcela da população, a fim de reduzir a desigualdade social produzida pela interferência de um ordenamento jurídico cego e indiferente aos contextos em que se dá a atividade de prostituição feminina. Como forma de apresentar a complexidade em que está inserida a prática no Brasil, serão utilizados os resultados de pesquisas empíricas feitas no país por pesquisadores de diversas áreas do conhecimento.Prostitution is still an activity inserted in a significant context of ignorance and indifference. The reasons, needs, aspirations, beliefs, motivations and stories of women who are engaged in this activity are immersed amid prejudices, invisible to the eyes of Brazilian society and absent in the criminal and public policy formulation. Considering the relationship the state has had with female prostitution activity and its incapacity to properly secure rights to this specific group, we hope to develop a theoretical knowledge capable of providing basic information to the creation and implementation of public policies and also define parameters as a guideline for lawmakers and policy makers when adopting legislation or policies targeting this population, with the porpuse of reductioning social inequality produced by the interference of a blind legal system, indifferent to the contexts in which are the activity of female prostitution. In order to present the complexity in this practice in Brazil, it will be used the results of empirical research conducted in the country by researchers from different areas of knowledge.
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Barganski, Jenna Leigh. "Giving the Noose the Slip: an Analysis of Female Murderers in Oregon, 1854-1950." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4542.
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Analyzing the crimes of women murderers and how they fared in the criminal justice system demonstrates that though perceptions of gender evolved, resistance to sentencing women to death often persisted. The nature of homicides committed by women in Oregon set them apart from their male counterparts. Women were, and are, more likely to commit domestic homicides -- murders that involve a family member or partner. These crimes are typically not equated with crimes that warrant capital punishment. As a result, no woman has been subjected to the death penalty in the state.
This thesis analyzes the twenty-five women who were convicted of homicide in Oregon between 1854 and 1950. During these years the majority faced all-male court and penal systems. As such, they were handled differently in accordance with various social, cultural, and legislative shifts relating to women's roles as citizens. Through an examination of contemporary newspaper articles, inmate case files, and other Oregon State Penitentiary records, this thesis studies three distinct periods relating to these shifts: 1854-1900, 1901-1935 and 1936-1950.
The assumption that it was impossible for a woman to commit murder linked claims of insanity with criminality. The six women defendants between 1854 and 1900 were either deemed insane and transferred to the asylum or quickly released from prison to avoid potential controversy or additional expense. The twelve women convicted of homicide between 1901 and 1935 all received manslaughter convictions, an occurrence unique to this era. Following the Progressive Era, sentimental juries felt more comfortable convicting women of manslaughter. Many received indeterminate sentences of one to fifteen years and were released on parole.
The initial first-degree murder charges between 1936 and 1950 signaled a new period in the treatment of women charged with homicide. After gaining the right to vote and serve on juries, women began to be viewed more equally in the eyes of the law. During these years there was a more even distribution of manslaughter, second-degree murder, and first-degree murder convictions for the seven women defendants. This is due in part to women's growing presence in the public sphere.
In conclusion, the idea that women were submissive creatures that required the authority and protection of men in the courtroom began to fade by 1950. Each period of study demonstrates how the contemporary perception of women and their roles as citizens affected trial outcomes. However, even when women were charged with first-degree murder they were not sentenced to the death penalty -- likely due to the domestic nature of their crimes.
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Martin, Jeanette Alexandria. "The Gender-Responsive Approach for the Female Delinquent." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2934.
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The number of females arrested for violent crimes has increased. The juvenile justice system continues to be challenged with developing gender-based treatment strategies to accommodate female delinquents. The purpose of this study was to examine probation officers' perceptions of the treatment provided for female delinquents and its ability to rehabilitate, reduce recidivism, and promote successful transition among female delinquents. The framework of this study encompassed the feminist theory from a criminology perspective. Data collection included interviews with 5 probation officers in El Paso County's Juvenile Justice Detention Center. Interviews were reviewed to generate a summary of relevancy. Themes and codes pertaining to the research were identified for analysis. The participants provided several recommendations for treating the female delinquent; they also identified that a lack of resources and funding for gender-responsive treatment contributed to the systems' inability to provide gender-specific treatment for female delinquents. Implementation by the Juvenile Justice Department of gender-responsive programs would respond to the varied needs of female delinquents; thereby increasing rehabilitation, reducing recidivism, and promoting successful transition among female delinquents. This implementation would benefit society as a whole, producing productive members who are able to affect social change.
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Moyle, Kristen Katherine. "Are sex crimes gender specific? a comparison of female and male sex offender biographies, contexts of offending, and sentencing recommendations /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2008/k_moyle_012609.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in sociology)--Washington State University, December 2008.Title from PDF title page (viewed on Apr. 10, 2009). "Department of Sociology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-101).
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Kirkland, Amelia Lane. "Is There an "Innocent Female Victim" Effect in Capital Punishment Sentencing?" Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3481.
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Disparities in the administration of capital punishment are a prominent social and political issue. While the focus of death penalty disparity research initially lay with the defendant and how the defendant’s race or ethnicity affects sentencing outcomes, only marginal support for offender effects has been found. A consistent finding, however, is that victim race has a significant effect on capital sentencing outcomes. Recent examinations of the joint effects of victim characteristics indicate that victim gender also has some influence in capital sentencing decisions. While these prior studies have examined the interactive effects of victim gender and victim race the current study proposes that victim-related variables other than race may be important components in understanding the female victim effect.
This analysis is focused on understanding the joint effects of victim gender in terms of identifying an “innocent female victim” effect. Based on prior studies and theoretical perspectives, three hypotheses are proposed and tested here using a sub-population of capital cases in North Carolina between the years 1990 and 2007: 1. Cases with a female victim and male defendant will be more likely to result in the death penalty than other defendant-victim gender dyads, 2. Cases with a female victim and stranger defendant will be more likely to result in the death penalty than other dyads, and 3. Cases with a female victim who was not involved in illegal activity at the time of her victimization will be more likely to result in the death penalty than other dyads. The results indicate that victim conduct (illegal activity) and victim gender both play a role in jury sentencing recommendations, but regardless of victim conduct, cases with a female victim are the most likely to result in the death penalty. Therefore, this study finds marginal support for an “innocent female victim” effect in jury decisions to recommend the death penalty, but consistent support for a “female victim” effect. Conclusions and implications of the findings are discussed.
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Leung, Hang-san Steven. "Gender bias in policing." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42576702.
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Myers, Tamara. "Criminal women and bad girls : regulation and punishment in Montreal, 1890-1930." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40209.
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Society's attitudes toward criminal offenders changed dramatically over the nineteenth century. By the early twentieth century the system of handling offenders in Montreal was highly institutionalized and based on sex- and age-specific treatment involving the Catholic Church, civic and legal authorities, and Protestant reform organizations.A thematic study of the relationship of female offenders, concerned organizations, and the criminal justice system at the height of industrial capitalism shows that as the economy expanded and the city grew, there were increasing opportunities for women to break the law. Women's crimes were largely determined by their socio-economic status in Canadian society, often crimes of poverty and survival. The growing potential to commit crime was met with a more organized and institutionalized response and the definition of what was considered wayward female behaviour broadened. The growth of the state over the latter part of the nineteenth century in the form of new and expanded juridical and penal structures resulted in an increase in disciplining the population. For women this meant the use of laws and institutions to punish inappropriate social and sexual behaviour.
This thesis explores the gender-specific treatment of female offenders in the new institutions created ostensibly to rescue them: Fullum Street Prison for Women, the Ecole de Reforme, the Girls' Cottage Industrial School, the Juvenile Delinquents' Court, and the female police force. It looks at the construction of "criminal" and "bad" and the flexible usage of certain laws to curb unruly behaviour.
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Wolfe, Fayola. "Predictors of Community Supervision Failures among Female Offenders." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/771.
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This study explored the predictors of community supervision failures amongst female offenders in the United States criminal justice system. Female offenders have, in comparison with male offenders, particular challenges for community reintegration. This study used the relational theory and Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory to investigate the effects of childhood trauma on adult female offenders' behaviors, including substance use disorder and mental health issues. Secondary archival data were obtained from the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency's AUTO Screener and Supervision and Management Automated Record Tracking System; this data pool included information on 1,085 female offenders who had served at least one year on probation, supervised released, and/or parole. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to examine childhood trauma, adult substance use, and substance use and mental health treatments received for the study population. Additional demographic variables were also tested as predictors of community supervision failures. Age, marital status, and caregiving for dependent children were identified as significant predictors of community supervision failures. Results indicated that community supervision failures among female offenders are predicted by relational activities. Positive social change is implicated through programmatic changes offered to female offenders. It is recommended that criminal justice agencies equip female offenders with effective strategies that address relational needs such as childcare, parenting, and life skills assistance. Through these changes, female offenders are able to promote healthier lifestyles for themselves, families, and become productive members of their communities.
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Toman, Elisa L. "Female Incarceration and Prison Social Order: An Examination of Gender Differences in Prison Misconduct and In-Prison Punishments." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6966.
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The dramatic increase in the U.S. prison population has renewed scholarly interest in the prison experience. Researchers have built upon and extended classic theories of inmate behavior to better understand the mechanisms that lead to inmate violence and misbehavior. Yet, scholars still consider what happens to inmates inside of prison a “black box,” due to limited systematic assessments of the prison experience. This body of scholarship is also limited by its narrow focus on males, as theories of inmate behavior have been developed around male experiences and, in turn, ignore the possibility that gender may influence prison life. Feminist theory suggests that assessments of the prison experience necessitate a focus beyond a “gendered” analysis, to one that simultaneously takes in to account race and ethnicity. Theory indicates that the intersection of gender, race, and ethnicity influence the prison experience and the way in which prison staff react to behaviors of different inmate groups.
Accordingly, the goal of this dissertation is to address these research gaps and to systematically examine female inmate behavior and official reactions to behavior. Specifically, this dissertation examines three domains of the prison experience. First, it examines gender and race/ethnicity-based variation in the trends and predictors of formal in-prison misconduct. Second, the dissertation explores gender and racial/ethnic differences in how prisons sanction inmate misconduct and focuses specifically on the use of disciplinary confinement, losses of gain time, and assignment to extra work duty. Third, the dissertation assesses how in-prison punishments influence future in-prison misconduct and examines whether there is gender and racial/ethnic variation in those effects.
Towards this goal, this dissertation uses longitudinal data that come from the Florida Department of Corrections (FDOC), and include all inmates that entered Florida prisons between 2005 and 2011. The data are especially useful in the assessment of the female prison experience, because they include a large enough sample of female inmates of Black, White, and Hispanic background to allow for systematic empirical assessments, which are typically rare in the study of this type of population. This dissertation uses a number of different analytic techniques, including bivariate comparisons, life table analyses, multilevel logistic regression models, negative binomial regression, and multilevel survival analyses.
The dissertation’s analyses identify several critical results that advance prison research, theory, and policy. First, the findings highlight that there are notable gender and racial/ethnic differences in official misconduct, which point to the possibility of behavioral differences or differential rule enforcement, or perhaps both. At the same time, this dissertation shows that prior incarceration and age are the strongest predictors of misconduct, violence, and order violations for Black, White, and Hispanic males and females. Second, this dissertation identifies disciplinary confinement as the most frequently used in-prison sanction across male and female inmates incarcerated in Florida prisons. Third, empirical assessments showed little to no deterrent effect of harsher in-prison punishments (e.g., disciplinary confinement). More broadly, the findings underscore a need for more nuanced assessments of the female prison experience, and one that can account better for officer decision making patterns. The dissertation concludes with an overview of the findings, and a discussion of theory, research, and policy implications.
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Venegas, Maria Guadalupe. "Self-perceptions of women who kill." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1141.
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Black, Jacqueline Anita. "Using the Survey of Inmates of State and Federal Correctional Facilities to Compare Female and Male Inmate Characteristics." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2003. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/815.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between female and male prison inmates using the Survey of Inmates of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 1997. Variables examined included current offense, criminal history, drug use history, victimization history, program participation in the institution, disciplinary infractions in the institution, family history, and interaction with family while in prison. Results indicate that male inmates have worse criminal histories and longer sentences than female inmates. Female inmates have more extensive drug use histories, greater victimization histories, more program participation in the institution, and more criminality in their families of origin than do males. Moreover, males had more numerous disciplinary infractions in the institution and more serious infractions. Females had greater interaction with family while in prison than did males. Implications for future research and correctional practice are discussed.
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Osterman, Linnéa A. "Stories across borders : how female ex-offenders make sense of their journey through crime and criminal justice in Sweden and England." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2016. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/809728/.
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This thesis contributes to the internationalisation of criminological knowledge about gender and crime through a cross-national analysis of female ex-offenders' qualitative experiences of crime and criminal justice in two European countries; Sweden and England. Grounded in a feminist methodological framework, the study draws on 24 life-story narrative interviews with 12 repeat female offenders in Sweden and 12 in England, who, at the time of the interview, self-identified as desisters. Three major phases of the female journey through crime and criminal justice are represented in the study, namely; the female pathway into crime, the female experience of criminal justice and lastly, the female route out of crime. Some cross-national symmetry is detected across the samples, particularly in the areas of female experiences of gendered victimisation and issues around short custodial sentences. Overall; however, the findings demonstrate that diverse macro-processes and models, especially in terms of 'inclusive' versus 'exclusive' penal cultures, effectually 'trickle down' and produce distinctly different female micro-experiences of crime and criminal justice in Sweden and England. Providing new qualitative evidence of the 'Nordic Exceptionalism thesis’, the findings indicate that, comparatively, the Swedish model offers a macro-context, supported and reflected in allied meso-practices, which is more conducive to the formation of lasting female routes out of crime and into active participation in 'mainstream' society. The principal qualitative mechanisms that underpin this argument, identified as distinctive to the Swedish model through the cross-national thematic analysis, include: (1) a more robust infrastructure supporting individual change, exemplified in high-quality drugs and alcohol provisions; (2) lived experiences of legitimacy and trust in criminal justice interactions, encouraging less conflictual relations between the individual and authorities; (3) the impact of normalisation ideals and practices within criminal justice processes, ultimately enabling a smoother transition out from the system, and lastly; (4) subjective experiences of more accessible and attractive routes into participation and inclusion, including structured and holistic investments in quality employment support.
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Sarges, Glaucia Lindoso. "O feminino encarcerado: uma análise sobre as trajetórias de vida das reclusas brasileiras no Estabelecimento Prisional de Tires." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19111.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em SociologiaO panorama criminal em Portugal tem sofrido muitas mudanças, decorrente tanto da transnacionalização do crime no contexto das sociedades globalizadas, como do aumento da participação de estrangeiras em práticas delituosas, sobretudo, as que envolvem tráfico de estupefacientes. Dentre estas, destacam-se as brasileiras, de cuja comunidade decorre tanto o maior contingente populacional estrangeiro em território português, e, extensivamente, o maior contingente carcerário. As razões de tal aumento levam-nos a uma reflexão, numa perspectiva abrangente, capaz de inserir tanto o tópico da criminalidade feminina, bem como uma análise de género que, tomando tais brasileiras por referência, avalie os seus respectivos papéis numa panorâmica ampla, voltada desde o passado até as perspectivas pósconfinamento. Tendo por base esses pressupostos, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo investigar as razões que levaram essas mulheres à consecução do ato delituoso, buscando compreender o crime desde a versão de suas respectivas protagonistas. Concomitantemente, ambicionou-se – a partir da escuta dessas mulheres – compreender as assimilações de papéis e os efeitos do encarceramento, para assim dimensionar os eventuais desdobramentos em âmbito familiar. Para isso, optou-se pela pesquisa de terreno no Estabelecimento Prisional de Tires, de maneira que os dados foram recolhidos através de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 20 mulheres de nacionalidade brasileira. Ademais, questões como o da sobrecarga de papéis assumidos por mulheres que, vindas de relacionamentos conflituosos e abusivos, dobram a sua carga de trabalho para suprir a respectiva ausência paterna (o que as levam à sujeição aos maiores riscos); além da paulatina mudança na estrutura familiar desde o encarceramento, resultando assim na modalidade de novos arranjos familiares, na qual os avós eventualmente ocupam e suprem a ausência das mães, eis, com efeito, o que subjaz nos relatos das reclusas brasileiras, encarceradas no Estabelecimento Prisional de Tires.
The criminal landscape in Portugal has undergone many changes, as a result of both the transnationalization of crime in the context of globalized societies and the increased participation of foreigners in criminal practices, especially those involving drug trafficking. Among these are the Brazilian ones, from whose community both the largest foreign population contingent in Portuguese territory derives, and, extensively, the largest prison contingent. The reasons for this increase lead us to a reflection, in a comprehensive perspective, capable of inserting both the topic of female crime, as well as a gender analysis that, taking such brazilian women by reference, evaluates their respective roles in a broad, focused overview. from the past to the post-confinement perspective. Based on these assumptions, this dissertation aims to investigate the reasons that led these women to commit the criminal act, seeking to understand the crime since the version of their respective protagonists. At the same time, it was intended - from listening to these women - to understand the assimilation of roles and the effects of incarceration, so as to measure the possible unfolding in the family. For this, we opted for the land survey in the Prison of Tires, so that the data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 women of brazilian nationality. Moreover, issues such as the overload of roles assumed by women who, coming from conflicting and abusive relationships, double their workload to compensate for their paternal absence (which leads them to be subjected to greater risks); in addition to the gradual change in family structure since incarceration, resulting in the modality of new family arrangements, in which grandparents eventually occupy and supply the absence of mothers, this, in fact, underlies the reports of Brazilian prisoners, incarcerated in the establishment Prison of Tires.
N/A
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Ellis, Clara Guadalupe. "Female inmates perspectives on incarceration and correctional education at Coffee Creek Correctional Facility." PDXScholar, 2005. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3683.
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Prisons provide us with a place to segregate criminals from the population at large, but the ongoing question is what to do with them once we have incarcerated them? On one side there is the idea that prisons should be used to punish those who have broken the law. On the other is the idea that prisons should help to rehabilitate prisoners so that they may be reintegrated into society upon their release.
The purpose of this study was to examine the role correctional education programs played in the life of female offenders in light of the debate mentioned above. Based on qualitative research, the aim of this study was to listen to the prisoner's voice. What did inmates think about correctional education programs offered? Did they want such programs? Did they feel empowered by them, or did they resist being 'rehabilitated' and feign compliance? How did inmates make sense of their learning experience?
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Quadrelli, Carol A. "Aberrance, Agency and Social Constructions of Women Offenders." Queensland University of Technology, 2003. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15849/.
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Traditionally offending women are framed through essentialist discourses of pathologisation and the family. Hence, good women are constructed as passive, compliant, vulnerable to victimisation, and nurturers. Offending women are constructed within criminal justice processes as disordered, physiologically and psychologically flawed. Censure or sympathy dispensed to women within the system is contingent on a number of key factors: the type of offence, the category of women involved, and the way in which women interact and negotiate the discourses used to construct their aberrance.
The focus of this thesis is offending women and how they are socially constructed through legal and penal discourses within the court and the prison. However this thesis rejects the essentialist framework which positions women as passive recipients of an omnipotent patriarchal criminal justice system and thus having no agency. Nor is this thesis about creating a new entity to encompass all offending women. Instead an anti- essentialist approach is adopted that allows the body, power, and women's agency to be theorised. This approach provides a more complex and detailed account of women's aberrance that acknowledges the diverse range of women, their experiences and negotiations of criminal justice processes. The combination of real women's lived experiences and an alternative theoretical framework provides a very different perspective in which to understand female offending.
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Diwan, Naazneen S. "Female Legal Subjects And Excused Violence: Male Collective Welfare Through State-Sanctioned Discipline In The Levantine French Mandate And Metropolis." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1222186748.
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Tello, Garcia Selma Geovanna. "Female Sexual and Reproductive Health Beyond Foetal Right to Life : A Comparative Analysis of Gender Equality in Mexican Criminal Law with Relation to Abortion." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-36668.
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The aim of this study has been to analyse the ways Mexican states articulates the actions of women undergoing an abortion and the effects it has on criminal sanctions specified for women. This study analyses the criminal code of Mexico City which decriminalised abortion in 2007, the criminal code of Jalisco reformed in 2009 and the criminal code of Yucatán reformed in 2009. The discrimination of women had been the major concern of International Human Rights Law as well as feminist jurisprudence. This research has attempted to problematise and highlight different aspects of discrimination taking place in Mexican law. Feminist liberal theory and radical feminism had been placed to analyse the criminal codes governing Mexican abortion law. Thus, in this thesis, the problems of women to access legal abortion had been discussed as a problem of discrimination based on sex. Therefore, this study does not touch upon tensions between the foetus and the mother but the conflict that emerges in the ways the law thinks of women.
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Smith, Katrina. "Gender-Specific Programming and Quality Improvement Ratings of Florida Residential Delinquency Programs for Girls." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2238.
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Female delinquency and adult female incarceration rates increased from the 1980s until the early 2000s. Many of these women and girls have been victimized, and their unresolved victimization issues may have led them to criminal behavior which may not be adequately addressed in the juvenile and criminal justice systems. The theoretical framework for this study consisted of 3 developmental theories (pathways, trauma, and addiction theories) that facilitated an understanding of the impact of victimization and criminality in these women and girls' lives. Florida's Department of Juvenile Justice implemented changes to address the victimization issue in the 10 female gender-specific programs in the state. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of that implementation by examining whether those programs use gender-specific interventions and if so, whether they address victimization issues. This quantitative descriptive study investigated the correlation between remedial programming, victimization remediation, and the delinquency facility quality improvement (QI) rating in Florida's gender-specific delinquency programs for girls. Using a checklist questionnaire to gather information on programming content and archival data that reported the state QI ratings, a Fisher's Exact Test was used to determine the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable. The results indicated that there was no relationship between the QI ratings and victimization intervention. This study's implication for social change includes the use of findings for future programming and empirical strategies, including victimization interventions. These strategies may decrease future recidivism rates for female delinquents and adult criminality.
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Carter, Rachel Marjann. "Psychopathy in Male and Female Offenders: Validating the CAPP-IRS and Investigating the Impact of Gender Role Conformity." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1062832/.
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Recent conceptualizations of psychopathy are moving toward more inclusive, purely trait-based models. However, researchers continue to heavily rely on assessments of psychopathy that include categorical behavioral elements. The newly developed Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality – Institutional Rating Scale appears to be a promising interview-based measure of psychopathy, but research on its reliability and validity is in its infancy. As a second issue, the vast majority of research on psychopathy, particularly in offender populations, is conducted with male participants. Nonetheless, the growing body of literature involving incarcerated females suggests gender differences in the prevalence and manifestation of psychopathic traits. Reasons for these differences are unclear, but some have proposed socialized gender roles as a contributing factor. With a sample of 52 female 49 male offenders recruited from a large, metropolitan jail, this dissertation evaluated the construct validity of the CAPP-IRS and examined the effect of gender role conformity on the manifestation of psychopathic traits. Results indicated that a three-factor model of psychopathy represented by antagonistic interpersonal relations, restricted emotions, and disinhibited behavior best fit the data. Findings further suggested convergent and discriminant validity for the CAPP-IRS. Additionally, masculine and feminine gender role conformity differentially related to psychopathy, but generally accounted for a small proportion of the variance in psychopathic traits. Recommendations for future research on the CAPP model and its assessment as well as implications for the clinical assessment of psychopathy in women are discussed.
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Richards, Tara N. "Explaining the "Female Victim Effect" in Capital Sentencing Decisions: A Case for Sex-Specific Models of Capital Sentencing Research." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3741.
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The potential influence of extralegal characteristics on the outcome of post-Furman capital cases (1972) has been a focus of criminal justice researchers and legal scholars. Much of this literature has assessed the impact of victim and defendant race on the likelihood of receiving the death penalty while a relatively underdeveloped body of research focuses on how victim sex may affect capital sentencing decisions. The present study uses focal concerns theory and the chivalry hypothesis to test the potential mediating effect of theoretical variables on the relationship between victim sex and juror capital sentence decision-making. In addition, it uses victim sex specific logistic regression models to examine if different theoretical and/or control variables are important predictors of receiving the death penalty for male victim cases versus female victim cases. Findings demonstrate that victim rape mediates the relationship between victim sex and juror death penalty decision-making. In addition, findings reveal that sex specific models better explain juror decision making than the full model including victims of both sexes and that different extralegal and legal characteristics predict juror decision to choose the death penalty in cases with male victims versus female victims. Theoretical and legal implications as well as directions for future research are discussed.
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Nagle, Michelle. "Examining Effects of Parental Sexual Abuse on Female Juvenile Delinquency Using a Social Developmental Perspective." Diss., NSUWorks, 2019. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/125.
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Delinquency has traditionally been viewed as a male phenomenon, often defined in androcentric terms, and neglecting females in studies regarding delinquent behavior. However, females are the fastest growing subpopulation of the correction population, which amplifies the importance of understanding the nature and etiology of their offending. Recent research has suggested that predictors of male juvenile delinquency do not adequately explain delinquency in females, because the androcentric research ignores the damaging impact of sexual childhood abuse and other prominent family factors on female juvenile delinquents. This study aimed to examine the impact of childhood parental sexual abuse on female juvenile delinquency from a social developmental perspective by testing a sub-model of the SDM using a longitudinal database of child abuse and neglect. Results from PLS-SEM indicated that there were multiple relationships between constructs that differed between females and males, further supporting the idea of gender-specific risk factors. The strongest effect of male gender was on the relationships between parental monitoring and parental bonding and family socialization, and sexual abuse and moderate delinquency and family socialization. The strongest effect of female gender was on the relationship between sexual abuse and serious delinquency, and neighborhood safety and antisocial beliefs. Results point towards new ideas regarding differences in male and female delinquency and the impact of sexual abuse and offer support in using the Social Development Model in the study of delinquency.
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Klepper, Josie. "Examining the Relationship between Physical and Sexual Abuse and Mental Illnesses Among Female Inmates: Revising the Mental Health Care Process in Prisons." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/341.
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Females are becoming a prominent population within America’s correctional facilities, which has led to incarcerated females increasingly becoming the popular subjects of more recent research. Along with the growing population of female inmates, the rates of sexual and physical victimization reported by incarcerated females is rapidly growing. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the pre-established correlation between mental health diagnoses, and the prior physical and/or sexual abuse of female inmates within the custody of correctional institutions, outline the current treatment process, and devise a revision of the treatment process in order to improve the future of mental health care for incarcerated females. First, a brief description of the increasing female inmate population, their significant mental health care needs, and the lack of effective mental health care they are actually receiving, followed by the issues that this poses to rehabilitation and the community will be provided. Second, an examination of the commonality of childhood physical and/or sexual abuse among the female offenders that have been diagnosed with mental illnesses will be conducted. Next, a discussion of the most common mental health diagnoses of incarcerated women, what they are said to be caused by, and how they are being treated behind bars will be directed. Finally, a conclusion covering the established relationship between physical and sexual abuse and adult mental illnesses, the issues that the lack of adequate mental health care for incarcerated females poses, and what can be done to change and improve the future will be presented.
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Pecoulas, Katherine A. "Perceptions of Gangs and Their Effect on the Legal System." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/521.
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Several studies have examined the effect of gang affiliation on jury decision-making. However, none of such studies have examined how jurors perceive female gang members in the legal system, and how such perceptions may differ based on the geographic location of jurors. In the proposed study, jury-eligible participants from Chicago or Los Angeles will read a vignette about a gang member defendant, whose race and gender will vary. After reading the vignette, participants will be asked about the defendant’s guilt, sentence length, verdict confidence, aggression, and their familiarity with gang laws. It is hypothesized that while male gang members will be perceived as guiltier than females, they will receive shorter sentences. Additionally, while racial minority gang members will be perceived as guiltier, they will receive shorter sentences. Lastly, given the differing racial compositions of Chicago and Los Angeles, the combined effect of race and location will be examined on jury decision-making. These results may help in further understanding how certain types of gangs are perceived, and how these perceptions shape the legal outcomes of gang members.