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1
Brotherton, David C. "“Smartness,” “Toughness,” and “Autonomy”: Drug Use in the Context of Gang Female Delinquency." Journal of Drug Issues 26, no. 1 (January 1996): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269602600114.
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This paper, based on data from interviews with a selective sample of self-identified gang females, compares the practices and characteristics of three gangs, highlighting the interrelationship of drugs, delinquency, and social context. Using themes developed from the classical gang delinquency study of Walter Miller in 1958 (Journal of Social Issues, XIV, no. 3), this paper argues that just as he was able to discern major “focal concerns” among lower-class gang males, the same might be said of gang females. However, during the era in which Miller was writing, gang females were still considered mere “appendages” of male gangs and left unanalyzed. This paper refocuses attention on the importance of gang female agency, showing how the degree of autonomy obtained by gang females is shaped by the entrepreneurial success of their delinquent activities, especially in the field of drug sales.
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Hunt, Geoffrey P., Karen Joe-Laidler, and Kristy Evans. "The Meaning and Gendered Culture of Getting High: Gang Girls and Drug Use Issues." Contemporary Drug Problems 29, no. 2 (June 2002): 375–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090202900207.
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This paper explores drug use in the lives of female gang members. Gang researchers have traditionally neglected the roles that females play in street gangs. More recent efforts have begun to examine the social life of young women and to uncover the extent to which the women develop a subculture within a male-dominated environment. In analyzing the culture of drug use in gang life, we uncover the extent to which women use illicit drugs in a highly gendered way. We focus on the ways in which female gang members use drugs in a recreational manner, in a social setting where drug taking is normative behavior. Data for this paper are drawn from an ongoing study of street gangs in the San Francisco Bay area in which 168 female gang members were interviewed using both a quantitative and a qualitative interview schedule.
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Lanctôt, Nadine, and Marc LeBlanc. "Les adolescentes membres des bandes marginales : un potentiel antisocial atténué par la dynamique de la bande ?" Criminologie 30, no. 1 (August 16, 2005): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017400ar.
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The goal of this article is to improve our knowledge concerning the social and personal characteristics of the female gang members. Data have been collected from 150 girls who were convicted by the juvenile court of Montreal during 1992 and 1993. The analysis shows that girls who join gangs have serious handicaps which are related to their social adaptation, their personality and their deviant and delinquent conducts. Consequently, female gang membership responds to a selection process, as it does with the male membership. The profile of the female also changes depending on the structure of the gang to which they join. As the gang becomes more organized, the girls' personality gets worst. However, the context of the organized gangs seems to limit the girls to auxiliary roles rather then being an opportunity to discharge their antisocial potential.
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Dixon, Caneel, and Christine Krueger. "The Influence of Gangs in Central America with Respect to Woman’s Wellbeing." Industrial and Systems Engineering Review 8, no. 1 (March 6, 2021): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37266/iser.2020v8i1.pp68-75.
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The purpose of this paper is to identify the influence of gangs in Central America on women and the communities that the gangs control. This examination incorporates system dynamics modeling techniques, which includes using Vensim software to show both Causal Loop and Stock and Flow Diagrams. This research evaluates the influence of a community’s power over its citizens through its ability to enforce anti-gang policies and the strength of local community organizations. Comparing five different Central American countries (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua) allowed the model to provide data to create policy recommendations for the entire region in addition to each of the five countries. Our conclusions suggest that thorough increasing policies restricting gang activities and promoting women’s involvement in society (via higher levels of education, female employment, and female role models), communities will grow stronger and be less affected by the violence and influence of gangs.
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Conway-Turner, Jameela, Kari Visconti, and Adam Winsler. "The Role of Gang Involvement as a Protective Factor in the Association Between Peer Victimization and Negative Emotionality." Youth & Society 52, no. 3 (September 11, 2019): 469–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x19869803.
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Gang involvement is associated with many negative outcomes. However, the social and emotional development of gang-involved youth has received little empirical investigation. This study examines the social and emotional outcomes of gang-involved youth. Data come from the 2009 Fairfax County Youth Survey administered to eighth, 10th, and 12th grade students ( N = 27,869, 50% female, 55% minority). Hierarchical logistic regression was used to test the associations between victimization and negative emotionality, and the potential moderating effect of age and gang involvement. Results showed a positive relationship between victimization and negative emotionality. Youth involved in gangs were more likely to experience victimization. However, the association between peer victimization and negative emotionality was diminished for youth in gangs compared with those not in gangs. In addition, results showed that negative emotional outcomes from victimization were worse for middle school compared with high school students.
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Alleyne, Emma, and Elizabeth Pritchard. "Psychological and behavioral characteristics differentiating gang and non-gang girls in the UK." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 2, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-05-2015-0017.
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Purpose – Research has demonstrated that girls are involved in gangs as members and affiliates. However, the psychological processes related to female gang membership has, to date, not been examined using a rigorous comparative design. The purpose of this paper is to assess whether female gang members exhibit distinct psychological and behavioral features when compared to female non-gang youth. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 117 female students were recruited from all-girls’ secondary schools in London, UK. Gang members (n=22; identified using the Eurogang definition) were compared to non-gang youth (n=95) on self-report measures of criminal activity, sexual activity, self-esteem, anti-authority attitudes, their perceived importance of social status, and hypermasculinity, using a series of MANCOVAs. Findings – The results found that gang members reported significantly more criminal activity, sexual activity, unwanted sexual contact, and held more anti-authority attitudes when compared to their non-gang counterparts. Practical implications – These findings support Pyrooz et al.’s (2014) findings that gang membership contributes to the theoretical conceptualization of the victim-offender overlap. Practitioners need to take this into consideration when working with female gang members. Originality/value – There is very little research that explicitly examines the characteristics of female gang members with suitable comparison groups. This study adds to the growing literature on female involvement in gangs and highlights the distinct psychological and behavioral characteristics of this group. In summary, these findings support the notion that female gang members are both at risk of being sexually exploited and engaging in criminal activities.
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Cureton, Steven R., Meda Chesney-Lind, and John Hagedorn. "Female Gangs in America: Essays on Girls, Gangs and Gender." Contemporary Sociology 29, no. 5 (September 2000): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2655268.
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Hagedorn, John M., Jose Torres, and Greg Giglio. "Cocaine, kicks, and strain: patterns of substance use in Milwaukee gangs." Contemporary Drug Problems 25, no. 1 (March 1998): 113–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145099802500106.
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This study describes the patterns of substance use by male and female gang members in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from their teenage years in the 1980s into adulthood. Milwaukee gangs started out as one form of neighborhood-based drug-using peer group. There was much variation in drug use, and family variables explained little of the variation. Male gang members raised in families with a history of gang involvement and drug use were more likely than other gang members to use cocaine and to use it seriously. On the other hand, severe family distress was not related to onset, duration, or seriousness of cocaine use in either males or females. Cocaine use for both males and females increased in adulthood. It appears that the etiology of adult and adolescent drug use may differ. Neither social control theory nor differential association theory is well suited to explain the variations in gang drug use by age or gender.
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Young, Tara. "Girls and Gangs: ‘Shemale’ Gangsters in the UK?" Youth Justice 9, no. 3 (December 2009): 224–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473225409345101.
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In recent years there have been a number of high profile stories reporting increasing levels of female involvement in group related crime. According to these reports teenage girls are no longer spectators hovering on the periphery of street gangs but are hard core members actively engaging in the kind of extreme violence that is usually the preserve of men. As girl ‘gangsters’, young women are seen to be engaging in a wide range of crimes such as robbery, rape and murder. Using findings from an empirical study on young people’s use of weapons and involvement in street based groups, this article examines female involvement in ‘gangs’ and their violent behaviour. It challenges the dominant stereotype of girl ‘gangsters’ as malicious violent aggressors. The notion of the gang and implications for policy and practice will also be considered.
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Scott, Daniel, and Natalie Goulette. "Caregiver Type and Gang Involvement: A Comparison of Female and Male Gang Members." Social Sciences 12, no. 8 (July 31, 2023): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci12080432.
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Gang involvement and delinquency are prominent issues frequently examined in criminal justice scholarship. Research has revealed that gang involvement increases the likelihood of delinquency/crime, and that youth participate in gangs for a variety of reasons including protection, status, and a sense of belonging. Although research has found that various social and familial factors increase the probability of gang involvement, it primarily focuses on males, and little work has compared how a youth’s primary caregiver influences the likelihood of gang involvement among both male and female gang members. The current study uses school level data to examine gang involvement and primary caregiver type among male and female youth. The results identify significant differences in gang involvement among boys and girls when examining primary caretaker. The findings have implications for theory and programming in connection with youth gang involvement for both boys and girls.
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Mason, Karen A. "Book Review: Female Gangs in America: Essays on Girls, Gangs and Gender." Humanity & Society 25, no. 2 (May 2001): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016059760102500214.
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Kolb, Abigail, and Ted Palys. "Homegirls, Hoodrats and Hos: Co-constructing Gang Status through Discourse and Performance." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i4.334.
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Despite a growing literature regarding female gang membership, little is known about the ways in which gang-affiliated women negotiate the boundaries of gang membership. The current study, based on semi-structured interviews with twenty-four formerly gang-affiliated Chicana women involved with a prominent gang prevention/intervention organization, sought to understand how these women negotiated their interactions and understood their identity within the gang. Findings suggest that these women and the gangs in which they operate recreate broader gender norms that affect their standing and social mobility within the gang.
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Dziewanski, Dariusz. "Femme Fatales: Girl Gangsters and Violent Street Culture in Cape Town." Feminist Criminology 15, no. 4 (April 5, 2020): 438–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557085120914374.
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This article examines the ways that 21 girl gangsters perform violent street culture in Cape Town, South Africa. It examines their participation in the city’s township gangs, with a particular focus on female involvement in gang-related acts of aggression and violence. Research looks to move beyond portrayals of girl gangsters in Cape Town as either victims or accessories. It shows how they leverage street cultural performances in reaction to intersectional oppression, and in an attempt to empower themselves. Young women in this study joined gangs and took part in violence for many of the same reasons that men do—protection, income, status, and so on—as well as due to threats of sexual violence faced specifically by females. But street cultural participation for females in Cape Town also often perpetuates cycles of violent victimization, incarceration, and substance abuse that keep girl gangsters trapped in a life on the streets. In this way, females in this study broke from the binary view of girl gangsterism as either totally liberating or totally injurious, embodying both simultaneously.
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Chalas, Dawn Marie, and Jana Grekul. "I’ve Had Enough: Exploring Gang Life From the Perspective of (Ex) Members in Alberta." Prison Journal 97, no. 3 (May 11, 2017): 364–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885517705312.
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Administrators and frontline workers in correctional centers and in the community search for effective gang prevention and intervention programs. To this aim, semistructured interviews with 175 male and female adult (ex) gang members in correctional centers and community corrections exploring a range of topics were conducted. Presented here is an overview of the childhood experiences of the sample, gang experiences, and prevention and intervention strategies identified as helpful by participants. Street–prison gang connections and the impact of gang desistance are explored, as is the influence of local context on the types of gangs and the implications for programming.
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Hesketh, Robert Francis. "Joining gangs: living on the edge?" Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 5, no. 4 (November 21, 2019): 280–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-07-2019-0052.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to disseminate street gang research by Hesketh (2018) that has identified a major aspect of young disenfranchised people’s attraction to street gangs as edgework risk-taking. The study which sought to identify differences between those who joined street gangs compared to those who abstained on Merseyside. Design/methodology/approach Two samples were taken from locations within the five boroughs of Merseyside, the first comprising of 22 participants (18–25) involved in street gangs as active and ex-members with a second sample consisting of 22 participants (18–25) who had completely abstained from street gang membership. Data were collected through adoption of biographic narrative interpretive method (BNIM) (Wengraf, 2001), with analysis taking the form of Strauss and Corbin’s (1990) version of grounded theory. Findings Of the many findings that surrounded what was identified as the core category/central phenomena of “coping with limited opportunity” it emerged that marginalisation and austerity were contributing to increasing inequality and institutional constraint on young people on Merseyside. As a result, many of the 18–25 year young men felt powerless, lacking identity and aspirational drive. Joining a gang thus became not only a way in which control was seized back from such constraint through criminal risk-taking behaviour, what Lyng (1990) has termed “edgework”, but also a means in which many of the young men interviewed gained an identity of being “bad” from which intrinsically pleasurable seductive and criminally erotic sensations were derived (Katz, 1988). Moreover, a relatively new version of edgework was also identified, even though by way of male testimony. Called “vicarious edgework”, the phenomena sees young women drawn to male gang members (“bad boys”) to derive the excitement of risk indirectly while remaining law abiding. In sum, the paper highlights a concerning socio-psychological and key motivating driver triggered by marginalisation. Research limitations/implications Study samples were all male. Thus, any observations on the vicarious edgework aspect of risk taking requires further research involving both young men and women. Practical implications The paper highlights the need for more understanding of the allure of risk-taking. The paper identifies a new form of female edgework. The paper draws attention to gang membership and non-membership on Merseyside, an area that has been greatly neglected by gangs’ studies in the UK. The paper describes a novel way of data collection using an adoption of BNIM. Social implications In sum, the paper highlights a concerning socio-psychological and key motivating driver triggered by marginalisation. This, the author contends has been largely neglected by risk factor focussed interventions that largely concentrate on the idea of rational choice theory and sociological positivism. Originality/value The paper attempts to disseminate original street gang research by Hesketh (2018) that has identified a major aspect of young disenfranchised people’s attraction to street gangs as edgework risk-taking.
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Lauderdale, Michael, and Michelle Burman. "Contemporary Patterns of Female Gangs in Correctional Settings." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 19, no. 3 (April 17, 2009): 258–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10911350802694766.
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Hughes, Lorine A., Ekaterina V. Botchkovar, and James F. Short. "“Bargaining with Patriarchy” and “Bad Girl Femininity”: Relationship and Behaviors among Chicago Girl Gangs, 1959–62." Social Forces 98, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 493–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz002.
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Abstract This study uses observational, social network, and self-report survey data from a large study of male gangs in Chicago, 1959–62, to examine intragroup relationships and behaviors among their female auxiliaries, particularly the Vice Ladies and Cobraettes. Unlike descriptions of the female gang as forming a cohesive “sisterhood,” our findings revealed frequent intragroup conflict and loosely connected friendship networks. Consistent with the bulk of contemporary literature, the Chicago gang girls appeared to maintain ties with one another less for affective reasons than for the benefits they provided in the streets (e.g., peer backup). Regarding their behaviors, the Chicago gang girls engaged in both socio-sexual and stereotypically male activities, including strong-arm robbery and purse-snatching. Although sex sometimes was used to gain favor with boys, we found no evidence of it being valued and rewarded with prestige among homegirls. Instead, the most sexually active girls tended to be the least popular in the gang. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of “bad girl femininity” performed by gang girls and gang involvement as a resource for “bargaining with patriarchy.”
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Goffe, A. S., and J. Fischer. "Meat sharing between male and female Guinea baboons (Papio papio)." Primate Biology 3, no. 1 (February 4, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/pb-3-1-2016.
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Abstract. Meat sharing in non-human primates has been linked to a variety of functions, including harassment reduction, mate provisioning and status enhancement. We present observational data regarding male prey capture and male–female meat sharing in wild Guinea baboons. Guinea baboons live in a multilevel society that comprises units of males with associated females and, sometimes, secondary males. Several males of different units maintain strong bonds, resulting in the formation of parties within gangs. Female–male relationships persist irrespective of female reproductive states, yet females may also switch between males at all stages of the reproductive cycle. Our data show that males capture and kill a variety of prey, including hares and antelope. Males shared meat passively only with females in their social and reproductive units. The occurrence of oestrus females in the gang did not influence whether or not sharing would occur in that males did not share with oestrus females unless an affiliative relationship already persisted, indicating that short-term currency exchanges of meat for sex are unlikely. We hypothesise that males may benefit from feeding tolerance by retaining females, while females may increase access to potentially nutritious and rare food sources. Alternatively, females may prefer males that are generally less aggressive and thus also more likely to share meat. Long-term data will be needed to ultimately distinguish between the two accounts. Although there is no evidence that males intentionally provide necessary resources to particular females during times of high energetic demands and decreased foraging efficiency, as has been found in humans, and meat sharing is generally rare, it may have subtle, yet important effects on the maintenance of bonds in Guinea baboons.
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Barrett-Wallis, Rebecca, and Alanaise Goodwill. "The Enhanced Critical Incident Technique Investigation of Girls’ Perceptions of Prosocial Connectedness in a Wraparound Program." Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy 54, no. 4 (September 20, 2020): 756–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47634/cjcp.v54i4.68858.
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Women and girls are being implicated in gang-related operations at alarming rates. Anti-social gang behaviours such as drug trafficking, sexual exploitation, gun violence, and street entrenchment are of particular concern. British Columbia has seen a rise in gang-associated violence and homicide directed at or involving women over the last decade. Positive youth development initiatives such as the one in this study aim to support youth currently involved in or at risk of being involved in gangs. School personnel identify students who are exposed to anti-social gang behaviours and refer them to a wraparound program where they are matched with an adult mentor who works with them and their families to facilitate prosocial connections to five life domains: (a) school, (b) community, (c) home, (d) prosocial peers, and (e) the self. A 2012 evaluation report determined the program to be effective in reaching its objectives with a predominantly male population (84%). However, between 2015 and 2016, the program dramatically increased its responsiveness to girls, with a nearly 50% increase in female referrals. Using the enhanced critical incident technique (ECIT), the purpose of the study was to describe how female-identifying students articulate “prosocial connectedness” within the context of their experiences in a school-based wraparound gang prevention program. Critical incidents were collected by the first author, who interviewed eight girls and asked them the following: “What has helped/hindered/would have better helped facilitate your prosocial connectedness?” Findings were organized into 34 categories. ECIT analyses point to the effectiveness of using a relational/attachment model to inform strategies for gang prevention and school-based intervention in female youth.
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Ibarraran Bigalondo, Amaia. "Wolves, sheep and "vatos locos" : reflections of gang activity in Chicano literature." Journal of English Studies 4 (May 29, 2004): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.90.
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The difficult social and economical reality of many barrios in the city of Los Angeles, and the outgrowing anger provoked by this situation in many Chicano youngsters, has resulted in the emergence of a strong gang activity. Violence, crime and a deep sense of frustration lead the lives of the members of these groups, who, in an attempt to fight a system that does not count on them, choose to live the dark side of life. The gang, albeit its highly hierarchical system of organization, becomes the safe haven in which these angry young Chicanos seek for shelter and protection, in an often self-destructive way. Always Running (1993) by Luis J. Rodriguez and Locas (1997), by Yxta Maya Murray, expose the extreme and harsh existence of Chicano gangs, its internal and external fights for power, and the subsequent fatal consequences that these often provoke upon its members. The different visions of gang life, symbolized by their male and female protagonists, respectively, offer a rough, though extremely human vision of the dark side of the barrio.
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Ibarraran Bigalondo, Amaia. "Chicano Gangs/Chicana Girls: Surviving the "Wild" Barrio." Miscelánea: A Journal of English and American Studies 48 (January 7, 2014): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.20138830.
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The emergence and divulgation of a Chicana female identity is inevitably linked to the Chicana Movement, which favored the liberation and empowerment of the collective, long submitted to male dominance and social discrimination. Regardless the obvious achievements of the Movement in the personal and communal spheres, the situation of may US barrios is still far from being ideal, and Chicana adolescents are the victims of poor educational resources, high rates of teen pregnancy and a still overtly masculine domination. In this context, there is a big group of young Chicanas who opt for seeking empowerment and a voice by joining a collective that provides them with the visibility they lack within the mainstream society and their own group: the gang. The aim of this work is to show two different approaches to the same life situation, as portrayed in two contemporary Chicana novels, Locas (1997), by Yxta Maya Murray, and the autobiographical Two Badges: The Lives of Mona Ruiz (1997), in an attempt to expose the harsh situation these women have to endure today and the ways out/in the novels propose in such circumstances.
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Carrington, Kerry. "Girls and Violence: The Case for a Feminist Theory of Female Violence." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 2, no. 2 (September 11, 2013): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v2i2.101.
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Rises recorded for girls’ violence in countries like Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and United States have been hotly contested. One view is these rising rates of violence are an artefact of new forms of policy, policing, criminalisation and social control over young women. Another view is that young women may indeed have become more violent as they have increasingly participated in youth subcultural activities involving gangs and drugs, and cyber-cultural activities that incite and reward girls’ violence. Any comprehensive explanation will need to address how a complex interplay of cultural, social, behavioural, and policy responses contribute to these rises. This article argues that there is no singular cause, explanation or theory that accounts for the rises in adolescent female violence, and that many of the simple explanations circulating in popular culture are driven by an anti-feminist ideology. By concentrating on females as victims of violence and very rarely as perpetrators, feminist criminology has for the most part ducked the thorny issue of female violence, leaving a discursive space for anti-feminist sentiment to reign. The article concludes by arguing the case for developing a feminist theory of female violence.
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Hare, Sara, and Mariah Benham. "Life According to Popular Children's Films." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.86.10228.
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This content analysis uses data gathered from the 150 top-grossing children’s animated films from 1990 to 2020 (based on North American theater sales) to examine the gender disparities and stereotypes in children’s media. The study shows that female characters are underrepresented in lead roles (14%), main gangs (28.1%), and speaking roles (27.2%). The central female characters are portrayed stereotypically. When female characters appear, they are more likely to be portrayed in a romantic and family relationship than male characters. However, films with a greater percentage of women writers are correlated with more speaking roles for female characters. The impact of media on children’s development is indisputable due to the way technology has become ingrained in day-to-day life. The lack of representation of female characters reinforces the stereotypical portrayals that negatively affect the self-esteem of girls and train boys to expect an androcentric world. The skewed and stereotypical portrayal of female characters fails to accurately represent the diversity of other parts of the world. While many of these films are produced in the West, they are widely distributed and consumed all over the world.
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Leidig, Eviane. "From Love Jihad to Grooming Gangs: Tracing Flows of the Hypersexual Muslim Male through Far-Right Female Influencers." Religions 12, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12121083.
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This article traces the transnational flows of constructions of the hypersexualized Muslim male through a comparative analysis of love jihad in India and the specter of grooming gangs in the UK. While the former is conceived as an act of seduction and conversion, and the latter through violent rape imaginaries, foregrounding both of these narratives are sexual, gender, and family dynamics that are integral to the fear of demographic change. Building upon these narratives, this study analyzes how influential women in Hindu nationalist and European/North American far-right milieus circulate images, videos, and discourses on social media that depict Muslim men as predatory and violent, targeting Hindu and white girls, respectively. By positioning themselves as the daughters, wives, and mothers of the nation, these far-right female influencers invoke a sense of reproductive urgency, as well as advance claims of the perceived threat of, and safety from, hypersexualized Muslim men. This article illustrates how local ideological narratives of Muslim sexuality are embedded into global Islamophobic tropes of gendered nationalist imaginaries.
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Rodríguez-Salas, Gerardo. "Warrior-matriarchs’ retrotopia and democracy: Searching for the lost tribe in Alan Duff’s Once Were Warriors." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00164_1.
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The novel Once Were Warriors (1990), by Alan Duff, demystified the Māori grand narratives of the past previously romanticized by writings from the Māori Renaissance of the mid-1970s and 1980s. In contrast with the negative portrayal of Māori subjectivities and the political immobility generally perceived by critics, this study aims to reconceptualize male tribal models in Duff’s novel. On the one hand, the rangatira (or male elders) and Māori urban gangs engage in tribal patterns echoing utopias of male domination. Whilst on the other hand, female characters such as Beth Heke, her daughter Grace and the singer Mavis Tangata – as examples of warrior-matriarchs – suggest a recuperation of ancestral warriorhood through open democracy and the hybridity of a revised version of tribalism and the Eucharist.
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Duxbury, Linda, and Michael Halinski. "It’s not all about guns and gangs: role overload as a source of stress for male and female police officers." Policing and Society 28, no. 8 (June 22, 2017): 930–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2017.1342644.
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Fleisher, Mark. "Coping with Macro-Structural Adversity: Chronic Poverty, Female Youth Gangs, and Cultural Resilience in a US African-American Urban Community." Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 17, no. 4 (December 2009): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2009.00589.x.
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McQuilten, Grace. "Who is afraid of public space? Public art in a contested, secured and surveilled city." Art & the Public Sphere 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/aps_00023_1.
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In the wake of multiple global crises, fears of terrorism, rising nationalistic sentiments globally and the pervasive impacts of gender-based violence in public spaces, contemporary urban cities are permeated with surveillance, anxiety, fear and division. In this context, what role can (and should) public art be playing? This article explores this question in the context of Melbourne, a major metropolitan centre in Australia, which has been ruptured by the multiplying effects of highly publicized episodes of street violence, isolated terrorist attacks, high-profile murders and politically driven narratives about youth gangs. Looking at the work of female artists Maryann Talia Pau, Amy Spiers and Catherine Ryan, and artists from African Australian communities including Ez Deng, Atong Atem and Asia Hassan, the article addresses questions about agency and marginalization for artists working in public space, and considers how marginalized community groups may face barriers to creating artworks that engage directly in mainstream public spaces.
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Peterson, Dana, Dena C. Carson, and Eric Fowler. "What’s Sex (Composition) Got to Do with It? The Importance of Sex Composition of Gangs for Female and Male Members’ Offending and Victimization." Justice Quarterly 35, no. 6 (January 24, 2018): 941–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2018.1424231.
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Rahimipour Anaraki, Nahid. "Prison gangs in Iran: Between violence and safety." Incarceration 2, no. 2 (April 20, 2021): 263266632110052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26326663211005250.
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This article aims to bridge the gap in our knowledge about Iranian prisons and the sociodynamic relations that animate them by illuminating the characteristics and activities of prison gangs in Iran. The interaction between gang affiliation and drug networks, security and violence will be discussed in detail. The in-depth qualitative research, which is informed by grounded theory, serves as the first academic study of gangs in Iranian prisons. Research participants included 38 males and 52 females aged 10–65 years. They were recruited in several different settings, both governmental and non-governmental organizations. The study employed theoretical sampling and in-depth, semi-structured interviewing. Results show that gang-affiliated inmates in Iranian prisons gain monopoly over the drugs market inside prison networks, which leads to inevitable extortion of both prisoners and correctional officers. Gang affiliation blurs the lines between violence and safety, while providing a sense of identity, belonging and financial and emotional support. Prison gang membership also offers some benefits to prisoners and staff, as their existence underpins an informal social order that can be used to govern prisoners. The article discusses this less well-known and unexplored dimension of the topic.
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Hesketh, Robert Francis, and Grace Robinson. "Grafting: “the boyz” just doing business? Deviant entrepreneurship in street gangs." Safer Communities 18, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-05-2019-0016.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to attempt to disseminate street gang research by Hesketh (2018) that has identified young people’s perceptions between employment and criminality in areas of Merseyside becoming blurred. In particular, disenfranchised young males are turning to involvement with drug dealing street gangs as a substitute for employment. Design/methodology/approach The research involved the use of a hybrid design using an adapted version of Wengraf’s (2001) biographic narrative interpretive method as the means for data collection with Strauss and Corbin’s (1995) grounded theory approach as the means of analysis. Findings Such is the demand for Class A drugs in night-time economies that street gangs in areas close to such economies are adding a dark business-like dimension for which Hesketh (2018) has termed “Deviant Entrepreneurship”. This can range from selling drugs on behalf of adult organised crime figures (known on the streets of Liverpool as “grafting”) to self-employment as sole trading deviant group enterprises having several “grafts” that recent research by Robinson, McLean and Densley (2018) has noted, has extended into the annals of Criminal Child Exploitation. Research limitations/implications Data were derived from a sample of young males, thus, no observations can be made about females involved in gangs. Practical implications The research highlights the need for more gang interventions that focus on building opportunities within marginalised areas. It also suggests as Andell (2019) points out a need for a fresh approach to countering gang culture. Social implications The paper concludes by suggesting that Merseyside is only one in many marginalised areas of the UK facing a similar problem as young people involved in street gangs attempt to realise their potential not through legitimate employment means but through dark entrepreneurial techniques learnt from older peers and adult figures. Originality/value The findings are taken from a PhD thesis by Robert F. Hesketh University of Chester.
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Klein, Emily. "Seductive Movements in Lysistrata and Spike Lee’s Chi-Raq: Activism, Adaptation, and Immersive Theatre in Film." Adaptation 13, no. 1 (April 19, 2019): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/adaptation/apz011.
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Abstract This article investigates how Spike Lee’s 2015 Lysistrata adaptation, Chi-Raq, reaches beyond the screen—‘in excess’ of its medium—by using the techniques of immersive theatre to revive Aristophanes’ classical plot as well as his urgent call to citizenly collective action (McGowan, Todd. Spike Lee. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2014). Lee’s seductive activist fairytale in rhyming verse imagines a worldwide sex strike led by Chicago’s women of colour. Like its Classical predecessor, the film both critiques and reinforces the spectacular objectification of female bodies; that tension is always in play, even as it successfully brings about a peace treaty between two warring Englewood gangs. To explore this and other socio-political tensions, Lee’s film employs many of the ‘physical, sensual and participatory’ elements that Josephine Machon understands as central to immersive performance (Machon, Josephine. Immersive Theatres: Intimacy and Immediacy in Contemporary Performance. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. xv). Crucial to this immersive adaptation is Lee’s transgressive coordination of sight, touch, and sound to aptly update Lysistrata’s acts of refusal as deeply gendered and racialized calls for intimate justice. In effect, audiences learn, move, chant, yearn, and envision a better world alongside the characters in the film. As a result, the goals of Chi-Raq are achieved in ways that are both more compellingly relevant and more radical than any other contemporary Lysistrata adaptation in recent memory.
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Hesketh, Robert Francis, and Rachael Box. "Countering network poverty as a precursor to gang membership: bridging and social capital through temporary migration research and practice." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 6, no. 4 (May 14, 2020): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-01-2020-0003.
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Purpose This paper aims to disseminate previous street gang research by Hesketh (2018) and the ongoing practice of Box (2015) in countering network poverty as a precursor to gang membership through bridging/social mixing. Findings The findings draw attention to the considerable amount of research, media reports and government policy that has intensified and pathologised the issue of gang membership and its causes in the UK. Moreover, they identify the effects of marginalisation and limited opportunity as the main protagonists and highlight how young disenfranchised people some more resilient than others cope with growing up in areas void of legitimate life choices and positive networks. In particular, the study finds evidence that bridging and the resulting social mixing as a result of temporary migration was highly significant in the decision to conform, desist or abstain from gang membership. Research limitations/implications Liverpool study involved males only (need to examine females within the Merseyside area) although London practice addresses both young men and women. The paper highlights the impact of bridging as an intervention in countering network poverty and friendship networks restricted to marginalised environments, leaving many young people vulnerable to gang involvement, knife and youth crime. Practical implications Impact of bridging on young people in the development of good social capital is as follows: it highlights actual practice of findings in deterring young people away from gangs and criminality; it highlights the need for more interventions aimed at bridging communities; and it identifies the need for interventions around young disenfranchised people (social intelligence). Social implications The evidence suggests that interventions involving bridging both internally and externally can be instrumental in developing policy that aims to deter young people away from street crime. Originality/value The paper attempts to provide originality in highlighting a process that has not been fully implemented within current policy involving young disenfranchised people, gangs and violence.
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Dishion, Thomas J., Marie-Hélène Véronneau, and Michael W. Myers. "Cascading peer dynamics underlying the progression from problem behavior to violence in early to late adolescence." Development and Psychopathology 22, no. 3 (June 24, 2010): 603–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579410000313.
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AbstractThis study examined the peer dynamics linking early adolescent problem behavior, school marginalization, and low academic performance to multiple indices of late adolescent violence (arrests, parent report, and youth report) in an ethnically diverse sample of 998 males and females. A cascade model was proposed in which early adolescent risk factors assessed at age 11 to 12 predict gang involvement at age 13 to 14, which in turn, predicts deviancy training with friends at age 16 to 17, which then predicts violence by age 18 to 19. Each construct in the model was assessed with multiple measures and methods. Structural equation modeling revealed that the cascade model fit the data well, with problem behavior, school marginalization, and low academic performance significantly predicting gang involvement 2 years later. Gang involvement, in turn, predicted deviancy training with a friend, which predicted violence. The best fitting model included an indirect and direct path between early adolescent gang involvement and later violence. These findings suggest the need to carefully consider peer clustering into gangs in efforts to prevent individual and aggregate levels of violence, especially in youths who may be disengaged, marginalized, or academically unsuccessful in the public school context.
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CURRY, G. DAVID. "Female Gang Involvement." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35, no. 1 (February 1998): 100–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427898035001004.
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Barter, Clare, and Laura Ramsay. "Rapid evidence assessment: The criminogenic needs of women with gang affiliated offending in the UK." Forensic Update 1, no. 136 (March 2021): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsfu.2021.1.136.74.
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Purpose:The criminogenic needs of females in gangs is under-researched in the UK. Little is known about appropriate rehabilitative options for this group. The aim of this paper is to explore the evidence base for criminogenic needs of women with gang affiliated offending in the UK.Method:REA methodology was used to search three databases (EBSCO, ProQuest, Google Scholar) for relevant articles, against pre-determined criteria. Additional sources were also reviewed. A total of 271 articles were identified and assessed through PRISMA. Eleven articles were screened in, through application of CASP.Findings:Four overarching themes of criminogenic needs were identified: interpersonal relationships, safety seeking, social identity and attitudes. Social factors were also highlighted as important, for a holistic consideration of women’s needs.Research limitations:This REA was produced in a short time frame and may not include all the relevant or the most up to date literature. Any views expressed in this summary are not necessarily those of Women’s Estate Psychological Services or HMPPS policy.Practical implications:The current study was consistent with previous literature and indicated the inter-related nature of needs, and importance of trauma informed pathways. It further suggests a formulative and holistic approach, such as the bio-psychosocial model, should be considered when intervention planning.Originality/value:There have been no REAs completed of the criminogenic needs of women with gang affiliated offending in the UK.
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Rahman, Mohammed, and Adam Lynes. "Ride to die: masculine honour and collective identity in the motorcycle underworld." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 4, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 238–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-05-2018-0017.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the nature and extent of violent practice in the motorcycle underworld. It does this by considering the murder of Gerry Tobin, and then uses the biography of the founding member of the Hell’s Angels motorcycle club (HAMC) for a critical analysis. The authors are interested in understanding the role of masculine honour and collective identity, and its influences in relation to violence – namely, fatal violence in the motorcycle underworld. The authors argue that motorcycle gangs are extreme examples of what Hall (2012) considers “criminal undertakers” – individuals who take “special liberties” often as a last resort. Design/methodology/approach The methodological approach seeks to analyse the paradigm of “masculine honour”, and how the Outlaws MC (OMC) applied this notion when executing the seemingly senseless murder of Gerry Tobin. So too, the author triangulate these findings by critically analysing the biography of the founding member of the Californian chapter of the HAMC – Sonny Barger. Further to this, a case study inevitably offers “constraints and opportunities” (Easton, 2010, p. 119). Through the process of triangulation, which is a method that utilises “multiple sources of data”, the researcher can be confident that the truth is being “conveyed as truthfully as possible” (Merriam, 1995, p. 54). Findings What is clear within the OB worldview is that it can only be a male dominant ideology, with no allowance for female interference (Wolf, 2008). Thus, Messerschmidt’s (1993) notion of “hegemonic masculinity” fits the male dominated subcultures of the HAMC and OMC, which therefore provides the clubs with “exclusive” masculine identities (Wolf, 2008). For organisations like the HAMC, retaliation is perceived as an alternative form of criminal justice that is compulsory to undertake in order to defend their status of honour and masculinity. Originality/value Based on our understanding, this is the first critical think piece that explores a UK case of homicide within the context of the motorcycle underworld. It also provides a comprehensive understanding of violent practice with the motorcycle underworld from criminological and sociological perspectives. This paper will inform readers about an overlooked and under researched underworld culture.
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Odža, Ivana. "Red Zora and Her Gang (Die rote Zora und ihre Bande) and the Croatian Canon of Children’s Literature." Libri et liberi 11, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21066/carcl.libri.11.2.5.
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Red Zora and Her Gang1 (orig. Die rote Zora und ihre Bande) is a 1941 novel by the German-Swiss author Kurt Held (Kurt Kläber), inspired by the Croatian mentality and Croatian history. While it was enormously popular in Germany, the Croatian translation was issued only in 2017. In this paper, we analyse the hypothetical position of Red Zora within the Croatian canon of children’s literature established at the time the novel was written. Red Zora tends towards realism in shaping children’s reality based on unusual adventures in common with the most dominant of children’s novels so that it fits into the contemporary novelistic matrix, however with a distinctive detail – a girl as “gang leader” – which goes beyond the trends of Croatian children’s literature of the time. The paper considers the hypothetical question of the possible influence of the novel on the development of Croatian children’s literature regarding the construction of the female character.
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Seleye-Fubara, D., and E. Bob-Yellowe. "Traumatic Death from Rival Gang Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria." Medicine, Science and the Law 45, no. 4 (October 2005): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.45.4.340.
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A prospective autopsy study in Rivers State, Nigeria, was undertaken to evaluate the patterns of death as a result of rival gang clashes and to highlight the menace of rival gang violence. Between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2003 medico-legally autopsied bodies in Rivers State, where death was the result of gang violence, were studied after being served with the coroner's form. In all cases, standard autopsy procedures were adopted and reports were issued. A total of 58 bodies were autopsied for the study. Three (5.2%) were females and 55 (94.8%) were males, giving a female to male ratio of 1:18.3. The age group of 10-29 years recorded the highest frequency of death (65.6%) with a peak in the age group 20-29 years (39.7%). Gang violence and politically motivated mob action were the most common precipitating factors (60.3% and 20.7% respectively). Firearms (41.4%) was the most common method applied for the killing. Death was more common in the rural areas of Rivers State. Gang clashes, volatile political rallies, illegal drug peddling and illegal oil bunkering should be banned and stringent laws be passed. Such laws should also cover gun handling and should be enforced.
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Chaubey, Brijesh Kumar, Farah Bano, and Mohammad Serajuddin. "Comparative Study of Reproductive Traits in Gangetic Hairfin Anchovy, Setipinna phasa (Hamilton, 1822) from Estuarine and Freshwater Ecosystems." Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 21, no. 04 (January 14, 2021): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v21_04_03.
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The Gangetic hairfin anchovy, Setipinna phasa (Hamilton, 1822) were collected from river Ganga (Kanpur) and Hooghly estuary (Kolkata) to study the comparative reproductive traits (sex ratio, spawning season, gonado-somatic index, fecundity and egg diameter). Female outnumbered the male in the population of river Ganga but it was non-significant in the population of the estuary. Five maturity stages were identified in males and females of the fish of both ecosystems. Occurrence of multimodal (immature, maturing and mature) and uni-modal (matured) type of ova in the ovary of the fish of Hooghly estuary and river Ganga respectively and the values of gonado-somatic index confirmed the double and single spawning in a year in the fish in estuary and river respectively. The absolute fecundity was found to be higher in the fish of river Ganga compared to that of the estuary (P < 0.05). Linear and positive correlations between fecundity and the total length, body weight, ovary length and ovary weight were noted in the fish of both ecosystems (R2 > 0.90). The present study provides the comparative account of the reproductive and spawning strategies of S. phasa for the first time in favour of the proper management and conservation of the fish.
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Gutierrez-Adams, Erin, Desdamona Rios, and Kim A. Case. "Female Gang Members Negotiating Privilege, Power, and Oppression within Family and Gang Life." Women & Therapy 43, no. 3-4 (May 13, 2020): 287–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2020.1729474.
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Schram, Pamela J., and Larry K. Gaines. "Comparing the Effects of Treatment on Female Juvenile Gang and Non-Gang Members." Women & Criminal Justice 18, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08974450802095937.
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Madhawi, Richa, Avinash Pandey, Shraddha Raj, Manish Mandal, Seema Devi, Prabhat Kumar Sinha, and Rajesh Kumar Singh. "Geographical pattern of carcinoma gallbladder in Bihar and its association with river Ganges and arsenic levels: Retrospective individual consecutive patient data from Regional Cancer Centre." South Asian Journal of Cancer 07, no. 03 (July 2018): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/sajc.sajc_37_18.
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Abstract Background: Indo-Gangetic basin is known to have higher incidence of gallbladder cancer. Proximity to River Ganga and high heavy metal in soil exposure have been postulated as risk factors. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the geographical pattern of gallbladder cancer from consecutive patient database enrolled in hospital-based cancer registry (HBCR). Objectives: To evaluate demographic profile and districtwise/zonewise dispersion of gallbladder cancer cases registered in HBCR from year 2014 to 2016. To evaluate association of carcinoma gallbladder (CaGB) due to proximity of Ganges, districts of high soil arsenic levels and referral bias. Materials and Methods: Demographic profile and district-based location of individual consecutive gallbladder cancer patient registered in Regional Cancer Centre from the year 2014 till 2016 were analyzed. Population data from 2011 census and arsenic soil content data from central groundwater body were obtained. Frequency distribution, cross tabulation, and odds ratio were used to analyze risk of CaGB across population subsets in Bihar. Results: A total of 1291 consecutive patients of CaGB were registered from 2014 to 2016. Median age at diagnosis was 55 years (range 18–95 years). Male to female ratio was 0.6. Patna (16%) followed by Vaishali (5.8%), Sitamarhi (5%), Madhubani (4.7%), Gaya (4%), and Samastipur (4%) had highest cases. Districts along main central River Ganga (n = 12) and those exposed to high arsenic soil content (n = 15) had higher odds ratio for CaGB, 1.72 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.54–1.91, P = 0.001), and 1.45 (95% CI: 1.30–1.62, P = 0.001), respectively. Districts within 100 km radius of our institute had higher gallbladder cancer cases, odds ratio 1.81 (95% CI: 1.62–2.03, P = 0.001), suggesting significant referral bias predominantly contributed by cases registered under Patna and Vaishali districts. Conclusion: CaGB is major public health problem in Bihar. Exposure to high soil arsenic levels and proximity to River Ganga are strongly associated with gallbladder cancer. Systematic population-based longitudinal studies are needed to explore above hypothesis.
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Sarkar, Uttam Kumar, Malay Naskar, Koushik Roy, Deepa Sudheesan, Sandipan Gupta, Arun Kumar Bose, Pankaj Kumar Srivastava, et al. "Baseline information of reproduction parameters of an amphidromous croaker Johnius coitor (Hamilton, 1822) from Ganga river basin, India with special reference to potential influence of climatic variability." Aquatic Living Resources 31 (November 28, 2017): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/alr/2017042.
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Reproductive biology of female amphidromous croaker Johnius coitor (Hamilton, 1822) was studied for the first time from various freshwater stretches of Ganga river basin, India in relation to climatic variability. The species showed high spatial variation in reproductive phenology and capable of breeding during pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon and winter. Water temperature is the most crucial environmental parameter influencing gonadal maturation and breeding. Generalized additive model (GAM) models revealed water temperature near 23–25 °C as optimum and threshold GSI above 3 units necessary for breeding. Pre-spawning fitness (Kspawn50) and size at 50% maturity (LM50) benchmarked through Kaplan-Meier survival fit estimates were in the range 1.27–1.37 units and 19–24.5 cm respectively. First maturity of females was encountered at 11.4 cm within the size range 7.2–28.5 cm. Egg parameters in mature-ripe females ranged between 0.29–0.80 mm (diameter), 0.05–0.19 mg (weight) and 5687–121 849 eggs (absolute fecundity). Mapping of climate preferendum through LOESS smoothing technique hinted water temperatures <20 °C and >32 °C to be detrimental for attainment of pre-spawning fitness while no dependence on rainfall was observed. Based on the climato-hydrological influence on breeding and regional trends of changing climate along river Ganga, we infer minimal climate driven changes in breeding phenology of this amphidromous fish species. Results of this study may serve as baseline information for future studies assessing climate driven changes and evolutionary adaptations in croakers from river Ganga.
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Bradford, Ben, Krisztián Pósch, Jonathan Jackson, and Paul Dawson. "A street corner education: Stop and search, trust, and gendered norms among adolescent males." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 27, 2022): e0279505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279505.
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Police stop and search activity has consistently been shown to affect the opinions, attitudes and behaviours of those subject to it. For young people in particular this can be an important moment in which they learn about and orientate themselves towards law, authority, and the exercise of power. Drawing on work into procedural justice and legal socialisation, we build on the premise that stop and search has, in practice, more to do with the imposition of authority on the streets than the accurate targeting tool of crime-control activity. We consider the link between experiences of stop and search, trust in the police, exposure to or involvement in gangs and violence, and the extent to which male adolescents hold abusive and controlling gendered beliefs regarding sexuality and intimate partner relations. Using data from a survey of Londoners aged 14–16, we find support for the notion that adolescent males’ procedurally unjust stop and search experiences are associated with lower levels of trust in the police, higher levels of involvement in and exposure to gang-related activities, and believing it is acceptable to harass females in public space and control intimate partners. We conclude with the idea that unfair stop/searches can signal that it is ‘OK’ to abuse power.
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Antoszek, Ewa. "Cinematic Representations of Homegirls: Echo Park vs. Hollywood in Allison Anders’s Mi Vida Loca." Polish Journal for American Studies, no. 9 (2015) (July 20, 2023): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/pjas.9/2015/8.
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Allison Anders in Mi Vida Loca (1993) presents various aspects of gang life: from becoming a gang member, through various examples of female sisterhood and betrayal. Not resorting to gangxploitation, Mi Vida Loca is the “first commercial film to focus entirely on Chicana gang members” (Fregoso 97). Anders’s project, well-grounded and well-designed, attempts to do away with numerous stereotypes concerning homegirls in L.A. and to portray a credible picture of gang life in Echo Park. At the same time, Anders’s approach is relatively “partial in its one-sided view of la vida loca,” which inevitably leads to further stereotyping of Chicana homegirls (Fregoso 97). The purpose of the article is to analyze assets and disadvantages of Anders’s representation of Chicana female gang members focusing on the dynamics of the interplay between Hollywood (i.e. Anders’s project) and the barrio-in that case Echo Park, L.A.
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Deuchar, Ross, Simon Harding, Robert McLean, and James A. Densley. "Deficit or Credit? A Comparative, Qualitative Study of Gender Agency and Female Gang Membership in Los Angeles and Glasgow." Crime & Delinquency 66, no. 8 (August 27, 2018): 1087–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128718794192.
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To date, there has been a paucity of comparative, qualitative research exploring the nuances of women’s gang involvement beyond the United States. In this article, we seek to address this gap by drawing upon qualitative interviews with small samples of self-nominated female gang members in Los Angeles, California (United States) and Glasgow, Scotland (United Kingdom). The emerging insights indicated that two key models of entry into the “social field” of the gang emerged in the data: a deficit model entry linked to drugs and debt and a credit model of entry where women were considered to bring social skill, expertise, and agency into the gang. Implications in terms of testable hypotheses for future research as well as for future practice are outlined.
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Marsal, Elizabeth S. "Spirituality as a Protective Factor Against Female Gang Membership." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 19, no. 3 (April 17, 2009): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10911350802694584.
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Miller, Jody, and Rod K. Brunson. "Gender dynamics in youth gangs: A comparison of males' and females' accounts." Justice Quarterly 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 419–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418820000094621.
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Perrimon, Norbert, Dawson Mohler, Lee Engstrom, and A. P. Mahowald. "X-LINKED FEMALE-STERILE LOCI IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER." Genetics 113, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 695–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/113.3.695.
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ABSTRACT We have examined the number of X-linked loci specifically required only during oogenesis. Complementation analyses among female-sterile (fs) mutations obtained in two mutagenesis screens—Gans' and Mohler's—indicate that any fs locus represented by two or more mutant alleles in Gans' collection are usually present in Mohler's collection. However, when a locus is represented by a single allele in one collection, it is generally not present in the other collection. We propose that this discrepancy is due to the fact that most "fs loci" represented by less than two mutant alleles are, in fact, vital (zygotic lethal) genes, and that the fs alleles are hypomorphic mutations of such genes. In support of this hypothesis we have identified lethal alleles at 12 of these "fs loci." The present analysis has possibly identified all maternal-effect lethal loci detectable by mutations on the X chromosome and has allowed us to reevaluate the number of "ovary-specific fs" loci in the Drosophila genome. Finally, germline clone analysis of a large number of fs mutations was performed in order to estimate the relative contribution of germline and somatic cell derivatives to oogenesis and to embryonic development. All the maternal-effect lethal loci tested are germline-dependent.