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1
Ojo, C. O., Y. M. Bulama, and U. A. Mohammed. "Gender Analysis of Determinants of Labor Input among Yam Farmers in Paiko Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3, no. 9 (2013): 649–55. https://doi.org/10.15580/gjas.2013.3.072313747.
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The study examined factors that determined labor input of male and female managed farms among yam producing households in Paiko Local government area of Niger State. Primary data were used and a structured questionnaire was the instrument used to collect data. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 60 households from where 60 respondents (30 male and 30 female) were obtained. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data collected. The findings of the study revealed that 76.63% of the male respondents were aged 20-40 years, while 78.3% of the female were aged 20-40 years. Determinants of labor supply among the female managed farms had R2 of 49% with family size, farm size and yam farming experience being statistically significant while among male managed farms, R2 was 90.3% and farm size, age, wage rate, number of extension visits and family size were statistically significant. The major constraints to yam farming among the male yam farmers were lack of transportation and disease. On the other hand, the major constraints faced by the female farmers were time spent in household chores and transportation. It was recommended that Government should design policies that will help yam farmers to easily access loans at low interest. In order to ensure that the labor imputed into yam production is not wasted, farming inducement packages should be instituted. Such packages to be targeted at farmers include access to extension services and membership of cooperatives.
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Sani Issa, MS, AA Saidou, NS Jangorzo, and M. Karembe. "Characterising family farms and their constraints and agroecological intensification options: a case study from the Sahelian zone, Niger." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 24, no. 1 (2024): 25333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.126.23390.
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ABSTRACT Family farms play an important role in food security and nutrition in West Africa. Family farms are rapidly changing and face many constraints. Thus, characterizing them is necessary for policy purposes. This study aimed to characterise family farms in Niger, focusing on the current constraints to family farms and existing agroecological intensification (AEI) options. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire administered to 108 family farms across the selected six study locations. We used descriptive statistics to characterise the family farms and the factorial analysis of mixed data (FAMD) and the Hierarchical Clustering of Principal Components (HCPC) to identify the types of family farms. Results showed that family farms, on average, encompass three households, and the majority (87.2%) of the family farms surveyed were managed by married persons where 25.7% of whom are female. Agriculture remains the primary source of income for 98.2% of people in the study locations, and the main second source of family income (47.7%) is animal husbandry. Family farms are mainly characterised by the presence of the main field (MF) (98%) led by the heads of households and the presence of the women fields (WF) (78%) led by the women. Regarding farm size, the average MF and the WF farm sizes were 3.0 ha and 1.5 ha, respectively. The main identified constraints to family farms were soil fertility decline (84.33%), a recurrent early end of the rainy season (84.33%), farmers’ low income (41.15%), and limited access to the market (24.70%). Twelve potential AEIs options across the study area were explored. In the MF, the major AEI options practised by farmers were: the application of organic manure as fertilizer (73.27%), cereal-legume intercropping (68.83%), and Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (35.85%). Whereas in the WF, the AEI practices were the application of organic manure (55.28%), and cereal-legume intercropping (28.98%). Co-building an integrative approach that combines multiple AEI options in the same field is necessary to tackle the main drivers of the farming systems. Key words: Family farms, Agroecological intensification, diversity, farm typology, Niger
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Merrick, Laura C., Frank Drummond, Constance Stubbs, and Rhonda Weber. "216 Squash Pollination by Honey Bees vs. Native Pollinators in Maine." HortScience 34, no. 3 (1999): 479C—479. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.479c.
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Managed and feral honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies have declined dramatically in the past decade due largely to parasitic mites, pesticide contamination, and severe weather. Squash (Cucurbita spp.) is one of many agricultural crops whose production may be negatively effected by decline of these pollinators. A study was conducted on a set of nine farms in Maine to assess the relationship between bee abundance and fruit set of summer and winter squash. The organic and conventional farms targeted in the study included farms with and without the presence of honey bees. With winter squash, fields with more bees tended to exhibit higher fruit set. The average fruit set was slightly higher for farms with honey bees (42%) vs. those without (35%), but both types of farms were similar to that found in controlled hand pollinations (31% on average). In contrast, fruit set for summer squash averaged 95% to 96% for all farms, regardless of the relative abundance of censused bees. Bumble bees (Bombus spp.) were the most abundant wild bees found pollinating squash. Farms with honey bees on average had higher numbers of bees in squash flowers than farms without honey bees, although a difference in preference for floral sex type was detected for bee taxa. Honey bees were much more likely to be found in female flowers, while bumble bees were more abundant in male flowers. Significantly more native bees were found in squash flowers on farms without honey bee hives, although native bees were still present to some extent on farms that were dominated by Apis mellifera.
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Lianou, Daphne T., Charalambia K. Michael, and George C. Fthenakis. "Data on Mapping 444 Dairy Small Ruminant Farms during a Countrywide Investigation Performed in Greece." Animals 13, no. 12 (2023): 2044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13122044.
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The small ruminant industry is the most important branch of Greek agriculture. Nevertheless, despite the importance of small ruminant farming for Greece, no detailed mapping of the respective farms has been undertaken and published. The present work refers to mapping the dairy sheep and goat industry in Greece through an extensive, countrywide cross-sectional study, in which information was obtained from 325 sheep and 119 goat farms. The objectives were the collection, the classification and the presentation of data obtained from all these farms through interviews, using a questionnaire and through examination of samples collected during the visits. All the farms enrolled in the study were visited by the investigators. Initially, information was obtained by means of a detailed, structured questionnaire with 442 questions. Moreover, samples of milk were collected from the bulk-tank of each farm and faecal samples were collected from female animals in each farm. The milk samples were processed for cytological and microbiological examination. Staphylococcus spp. and Listeria spp. isolates were recovered and identified at a species level; furthermore, a full antibiotic sensitivity pattern assessment was conducted. Faecal samples were processed by standard parasitological tests for the identification of protozoan, trematode, cestode and gastrointestinal and respiratory nematode parasites. The paper presents the cumulative findings of the study, i.e., the answers to the questions during the interviews and the results of the laboratory examinations performed in the samples; the findings are presented separately for sheep and goat farms. The findings can be used as baseline measurements; individual farms and cohorts of farms can be compared against the current results to draw conclusions against the countrywide situation. Moreover, the current results can be used as reference points for the future, in order to assess changes that might have occurred in the meantime. The study also described the differences between farms with sheep or goats; in total, differences in 137 parameters were identified. Some of these can be attributed to the different management systems practiced; sheep flocks are managed mostly under the intensive or semi-intensive system, whilst goat herds are managed mostly under the semi-extensive or extensive system. These findings can be useful in the health management of small ruminants, in providing evidence-based support and within the scope of precise livestock medicine and health management.
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Missiame, Arnold, Patrick Irungu, and Rose Adhiambo Nyikal. "Gender-differentiated stochastic meta-frontier analysis of production technology heterogeneity among smallholder cassava farmers in Ghana." African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 16, no. 2 (2021): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53936/afjare.2021.16(2).10.
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This paper assesses the differences in technical efficiency of, and the cassava production systems employed by, male-managed (MMF) and female-managed (FMF) cassava farms in the Fanteakwa District of Ghana. The study employs the translog stochastic meta-frontier model to analyse data obtained from 300 randomly selected smallholder cassava farmers and finds an average metafrontier technical efficiency (MTE) of 0.06 and 0.03 among MMF and FMF respectively. The technology gap ratios (TGR) are 0.25 and 0.04 for the MMF and FMF respectively. The results suggest that both MMFs and FMFs are technically inefficient. However, the production technology operated on MMFs is relatively superior to that operated on FMFs, as shown by the relatively higher TGR for MMFs. The results also reveal that proximity to markets, extension access, off-farm economic activities and formal education are the major contributors to the technical efficiency of the farmers.
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Thingbaijam, Laxmi, A. Ghosh, and K. K. Das. "Differential pattern in labour use on male vs female managed farms and its economic consequences: a case study from Manipur, India." Agricultural Economics Research Review 32, no. 1 (2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0279.2019.00012.0.
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Фролов, Д. О. "ЕКОНОМІЧНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ ФАЗАНІВНИЦТВА В УКРАЇНІ". Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, № 4 (25 грудня 2014): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2014.04.21.
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Економічна ефективність господарства залежитьвід дотримання технології вирощування птахів. Заоптимізації процесу вирощування мисливського фаза-на на господарстві «Скіф» протягом 3-х років вдало-ся збільшити кількість пташенят від однієї самки на185 %. У випадку дотримання технології вирощуван-ня мисливського фазана на всіх господарствах Украї-ни кількість ділового молодняку підвищиться на113103. У перерахунку на грошові показники, еконо-мічний ефект для Україні в цілому складатиме по-над13,3 млн грн.
 Economic efficiency of the farm depends on maintaining the technology of birds breeding. During the optimization process of the hunting pheasant breeding content in the farm "Skiff" for 3 years we managed to increase the number of chicks from one female 185 %. In the case of maintenance of the hunting pheasant breeding technology on all farms in Ukraine, the number of young chickens increases by 113103. In the recalculation to the cash index, the economic effect for Ukraine as a whole will be more than 13,3 million UAH.
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Khan, Muhib Ullah, Md Arif-Uz-Zaman Polash, Al-Amin Molla, et al. "Prevalence and Management Strategies for Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Cattle: Emphasizing a Region-Based Scenario in Bangladesh." European Journal of Veterinary Medicine 4, no. 3 (2024): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejvetmed.2024.4.3.126.
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The emergence of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Bangladesh since 2019 is indeed concerning, and addressing its prevalence and control strategies is crucial for ensuring the health and well-being of cattle and preventing economic losses in farming and livestock. The objective of this study was to evaluate the present situation of LSD and its clinical managemental steps among various farms in Rajshahi district, located in the northwest region of Bangladesh. We collected data from Tanore, Paba, Bagha, Bagmara, Puthia, and Godagari upazilas in Rajshahi district between September 1, 2022 and December 30, 2022. We used a structured questionnaire and observed a total of 39 small farms and 99 cattle. We diagnosed LSD based on the clinical signs outlined in the OIE manual and analyzed the data using Microsoft Office Excel and SPSS statistical software. The study found that LSD had the highest morbidity rate (71.42%), mortality rate (7.14%), and case fatality rate (10%) in Tanore and Puthia upazilas in Rajshahi. Newly mature female animals (2–4 years) showed a higher susceptibility (36.23%) to LSD infection, followed by young bull cattle (2–4 years) at 33.33%. Bull and heifer calves were also susceptible to experiencing fatalities due to the infection of LSD. One of the significant clinical manifestations, Limb swelling, was most prevalent (18.18%) with LSD-positive young, mature cattle (2–4 years). We identified farm hygiene practices as crucial for LSDV distribution, with a higher proportion of LSD-affected cattle (42.43%) on poorly managed farms compared to those with good (1.01%) and medium (25.26%) hygiene practices. Despite the potential benefits of mosquito nets for controlling insects, most animal owners (89.74%) did not use them at night in cattle houses. The economic impact of LSD on the cattle industry underscores the importance of extensive epidemiological studies and the isolation, identification, and genome sequencing of LSDV from samples nationwide.
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da Silva, Rodrigo Ferreira, Pedro Henrique Cavalcante Ribeiro, Yasmin dos Santos Silva, et al. "Weight Development and Growth Curves of Grazing Santa Inês Sheep Supplemented with Concentrate in the Pre-Weaning Phase." Animals 14, no. 12 (2024): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14121766.
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Monitoring weight development is essential for decision-making and assessing the effectiveness of management strategies. However, this practice is often hindered by the lack of scales on farms. This study aimed to characterize the weight development and growth curves of male and female Santa Inês lambs from birth to weaning, managed on pasture with creep-fed concentrate supplementation. Data from 212 lambs during the pre-weaning phase were analyzed. The animals were weighed every seven days to evaluate total weight gain and average daily gain. Biometric measurements were taken every 28 days. Mixed models were used to assess the effects of sex and birth type on birth and weaning weights. Simple and multiple linear regression models were employed to estimate live weight using biometric measurements. The non-linear Gompertz model was utilized to describe weight development and formulate growth curves. Results were considered significant at p < 0.05. An interaction effect between birth type and sex (p < 0.05) was noted for birth weight, with the lowest weight observed in twin-birth females (2.96 kg) and the highest in single-birth males (3.73 kg) and females (3.65 kg) (p > 0.05). Birth type significantly influenced average daily gain, total weight gain, and weaning weight (p < 0.05). The Gompertz model accurately depicted the growth curves, effectively describing the weight development. Pearson’s correlation coefficients between biometric measurements and weight were positive and significant (p < 0.05), ranging from 0.599 for hip height to 0.847 for heart girth. Consequently, the simple and multiple regression equations demonstrated high precision in predicting weaning weight. In conclusion, twin-birth lambs receiving concentrate supplementation via creep-feeding and managed on pasture showed different developmental patterns compared to single-birth lambs under the same conditions. The Gompertz model proved effective for monitoring development during the pre-weaning phase. All simple and multiple linear regression models were effective in predicting weaning weight through biometric measurements. However, for practical application, the model incorporating two measurements—body length and abdominal circumference—is recommended.
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P.O., Ojo, and Ojo M.P. "Prevalence of Helminth Parasites of Swine in three Selected Local Government Areas of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria." African Journal of Biology and Medical Research 5, no. 2 (2022): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajbmr-viaggsse.
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Background: Helminth infections of swine are common, but reports on the economic losses are not available. Though they cause a reduction in weight gain by interfering with food digestion, absorption, and feed conversion efficiency, there has been an increase in feeding cost complicated by helminth parasite infections. The losses are difficult to substantiate due to the chronic nature of helminth infections. This study sought to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of swine helminth infections in three local government areas of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. A simple random sampling technique was applied to selected pig farms and animals from three local government areas in Ibadan for participation. 10 grams of freshly voided faeces were collected from a total of 246 pigs into a sterile labelled bottle containing 10% formalin until processed. Faecal samples were examined in the Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan. Oral interviews were made to assess the daily routine activities and health status of the pigs from farm owners. Results: The overall prevalence of helminth parasites of swine in this study was 34.2% while the species prevalence of four helminth parasites obtained in this study included: A. suum 35 (14.26%), T. suis 23 (9.3%), Oesophagostomum spp 17 (6.9%), and Strongyloides spp 9 (3.6%). Also the overall single and mixed helminth infections were 70.2% and 29.8% in the three local government areas respectively; helminth parasitic load was highest in grower pigs (48.4%), followed by piglets (31.6%), and lowest in adult pigs (22.5%) without significant difference (p>0.05). Female pigs demonstrated a higher parasite burden (37.6%) than male pigs (30.6%) with no significant difference (p>0.05). Semi-intensively managed farms had a higher parasite load (71%) than those under the intensive system (24%) while farms that administered anthelmintic recorded a lower prevalence (15%), and those without had a higher (63%) significance (p<0.05). Pigs in Ona-Ara and Akinyele local government areas voided low (EPG≤100) to moderate (EPG≥100<500) amount of helminth eggs while pigs in Egbeda local government area excreted high (EPG≥500≤1000). Conclusion: The risk factors for helminth infections in pigs are age, sex, farm management practice, and anthelminthic administration.
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Ismael, Nur Aisyah, Wan-Nor Fitri, Nur Husna Abdul Rahman, Zulkhairi Azizi Zainal Abidin, and Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse. "Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Coxiella burnetti in Small Ruminants in Southern States of Peninsular Malaysia." Jurnal Medik Veteriner 8, no. 1 (2025): 144–52. https://doi.org/10.20473/jmv.vol8.iss1.2025.144-152.
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Q fever is caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii, a zoonotic disease that causes abortions and stillbirths in ruminants. The seroprevalence of Q fever in small ruminants, such as sheep and goats, can vary widely depending on geographical location, farming practices, and the prevalence of the disease in the area. The main objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of infectious reproductive diseases affecting the small ruminant population in the southern state of Peninsular Malaysia and its associated risk factors. The animals (n = 184), comprising 24 sheep and 160 goats, were from the states of Negeri Sembilan and Johor. Before sampling, a physical examination was conducted on the animal to establish its health status. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed on the serum to detect the seroprevalence of infectious reproductive diseases in Q fever. Farm animal records and observations were designed to assess the risk factors associated with the prevalence of Q fever. The seroprevalence of Q fever in small ruminants was 2.7% (5/184). Male animals have a higher prevalence of Q fever at 3.63% (2/55) than female animals at 2.3% (3/129). Goats managed intensively were found to have a higher seroprevalence at 4.08% (2/49) than those managed semi-intensively at 2.17% (3/138). The state of origin factor was significantly associated with the seropositivity of Q fever. This study revealed the existence of low seroprevalence of Q fever among small ruminants in selected states and farms in Peninsular Malaysia. However, the low seroprevalence of Q fever suggests a persistent exposure to C. burnetti, which could present a public health threat and a substantial risk to the ruminant industry.
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Khrisanfov, Viktor Evgenievich, Ekaterina Viktorovna Mikodina, Yulia Aleksandrovna Novosyolova, Evgeny Alekseevich Melchenkov та Vera Veniaminovna Kalmykova. "Sakhalin Sturgeon Аcipenser mikadoi (Hilgendorf, 1892): Searching for Technology of Artificial Propagation in Aquaculture". Rybovodstvo i rybnoe hozjajstvo (Fish Breeding and Fisheries), № 7 (1 липня 2021): 48–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-09-2107-04.
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It shows searching for a solution to the issue of the stock rebuilding of the Red List species — the Sakhalin sturgeon. It describes the results of the expedition to the Tumnin river aimed at brood fish procurement and optimization of the technology for its reproduction together with the brood fish grown in aquaculture. It lists the morphological characteristics and fish-cultural and bio-data of the spawner caught in the Tumnin river and the milters grown at the Anyuy Sturgeon Fish Hatchery. A method for the obtainment of reproductive products, hatching and juvenile fish growning is described. As a result of sampling for biopsy, it has been found that the coefficient of oocytesʼ nucleus polarization was 7.4 on the average. The hormonal preparation surfagon was used for sex products stimulation at males and a female. The female ovulated in 12 hours after permitting injection. It was managed to get 2,378 g eggs on the average 87.6 per cent of fertilization. The average ejaculate volume was 455 ml. The spermatozoon mobility at mean 14 °C temperature made up 208 sec. A double fertilization method was used at fertilization of an eggs part, moreover the eggs received were of a high piscicultural quality (99%). The average diameter of swollen eggs was maximum 6.8 mm and minimum 6.6 mm after fertilization. The larvae production made up to 30%, i.e. 27,850 of incubated eggs. 1000 ongrown fry were stocked into the Tumnin river, the last juveniles were directed to fish cultural farms of Russia with a view to form there recruitment-and-brood stocks. According to results of experimental works, done in the Anyuy Fish Hatchery, the first provisional technology of work was recommended on fertilized eggs production from the Sakhalin sturgeon spawners after the schema “a wild female + farmed males” by a method of a double fertilization with the increased exposition time.
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Church, G. T. "First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne floridensis on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in Florida." Plant Disease 89, no. 5 (2005): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0527b.
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The state of Florida is the largest producer of fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) in the United States with 2003 yields of 634 million kg on 17,700 ha valued at 516 million dollars. Effective crop management is essential for production of vegetables in Florida because of the presence of intense pest pressure. The identification of the pests present is the first step in the development of a successful IPM (integrated pest management) program. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are common nematodes that parasitize vegetables in Florida and cause significant yield reductions when not properly managed. In 2003 field experiments, soil was collected from two research farms in Saint Lucie and Seminole counties in Florida. Galling caused by root-knot nematode was observed on tomato at both locations. Since females suitable for identification are difficult to obtain from field-grown roots, field soil was placed in pots in the greenhouse and planted with Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Rutgers. Standard morphological techniques, differential host tests, and isozyme phenotypes were used in nematode identification. Female root-knot nematodes were extracted from tomato roots and placed in extraction buffer (10% wt/vol sucrose, 2% vol/vol Triton X-100, 0.01% wt/vol bromophenol blue). The females were crushed, loaded on a polyacrylamide gel, and separated by electrophoresis using the PhastSystem (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ). The activities of malate dehydrogenase and esterase enzymes were detected using standard techniques. Isozyme phenotypes consistent with Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood as well as with the newly described M. floridensis Handoo (1) were observed at both locations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. floridensis naturally occurring on tomato in Florida. The identification and distribution of M. floridensis in vegetable production fields is important for disease management throughout the state since the host range is likely different from other Meloidogyne spp. Reference: (1) Z. A. Handoo et al. J. Nematol. 36:20, 2004.
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Adinolfi, Felice, Fabian Capitanio, Marcello De Rosa, and Yari Vecchio. "Gender differences in farm entrepreneurship: comparing farming performance of women and men in Italy." New Medit 19, no. 1 (2020): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/nm2001e.
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Gender differences in rural enterprise are a relevant field of analysis which calls for a deeper investiga-tion concerning key variables affecting farm’s performance and on the basis of gender. This paper tries to explore eventual gender gaps in the farms of Italy. Two variables are investigated: “Who” variable discriminate farm’s manager on the basis of gender under a constituent perspective of female entrepre-neurship. “Where” context is articulated in business, social and spatial context, with the aim of excavat-ing the multiple dimensions of farm entrepreneurship. In order to bring out the differences between male and female condominium farms in Italy, an econometric model was applied, with the aim of identifying context-related differences. The results confirm gender gaps related to farm performance, networking, diversification strategies and access to rural policies, by enlightening diverse paths of development in rural enterprises on the basis of explanatory variables. Therefore, adopted methodology reveals its utility in explaining gender gaps and addressing targeted policy implication at the beginning of a new program-ming era for the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU. ,, , Vecchio
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Jallailudeen, Rabana Lawal, Pindar Halima Mshelia, Hyeladzira Mshelia Saraya, et al. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastrointestinal Helminth Infections in Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria." Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences 6, no. 2 (2024): 120–48. https://doi.org/10.36108/jvbs/4202.60.0221.
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This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors associated with gastrointestinal helminth infections in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria. A total of 650 turkeys were sampled from five Local Government Areas (LGAs) across the state, employing a purposive non-probability sampling technique over a 12-month period, spanning both rainy and dry seasons. The study population included turkeys of both sexes, of various age groups reared under free-range and intensive management systems, with faecal samples collected from farms, while gastrointestinal tracts after post-mortem from live poultry markets and veterinary hospitals. Gastrointestinal tracts and faecal samples were examined for adults and ova of nematodes and cestodes using standard parasitological methods. The overall prevalence of nematode infections was 41.2%, with Ascaridia galli being the most common (17.7%), followed by Heterakis gallinarum (13.1%), Capillaria spp. (6.8%), and Strongyloides avium (3.7%). Cestode infections were detected in 14.3% of turkeys, predominantly Raillietina tetragona (6.8%), Choanotaenia infundibulum (3.8%), and Davainea proglottina (2.8%). Mixed infections were found in 11.5% of turkeys. Free-range turkeys exhibited significantly higher prevalence of nematodes (56.3%) and mixed infections (20.6%) compared to intensively managed birds (25.2% and 2.5%, respectively) (p < 0.0001). Seasonal variation was significant, with a higher prevalence during the rainy season (61.8%) compared to the dry season (20.6%) (p < 0.0001). Age and sex were also significant factors, with adult and female turkeys having higher rates of helminth infections. This study highlights the substantial burden of gastrointestinal helminths in turkeys, with management systems, season, age, and sex identified as critical risk factors. The findings underscore the need for improved management practices and targeted control measures to mitigate the impact of helminthiasis on turkey health and productivity in the region.
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Gómez Estrada, Laura, Daniel F. Berdugo, and Jesús Alfredo Berdugo. "Natural reproduction in tropical buffalo herds." Revista Científica de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias 33, Suplemento (2023): 174–75. https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-wbc045.
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Reproduction is one of the most important aspects of farm management that, combined with genetics, allows the productive system to develop and meet minimum productivity standards for sustainability and market demands. Despite the close phylogenetic relationship to cows, the buffalo has many differences in estrus expression, follicle diameter size at ovulation, and progesterone profiles (Bertoni et al., 2020). Seasonality is very marked in buffaloes. Knowledge of natural reproduction is the first step for the successful application of reproductive biotechnologies. This study analyzes the reproductive parameters during 2023 of two Colombian buffalo herds located in different regions: Uraba (7.7580555,-76.6552777) and Puerto Boyaca (5.9387942,-74.577977,1). Animals were maintained in low tropical rainforest with a temperature of 23–32°C, annual rainfall (2300 mm3 and 570 mm3), altitude (2 – 190 masl) for Uraba and Puerto Boyaca, kept in natural and improved pastures (Brachiaria humidicola or B. decumbens), with water and minerals ad libitum. Pregnancies were obtained by natural mating (1/55 male-female). A reproductive check-up was done by rectal palpation every three months. Data were managed using specialized software for herd management. Descriptive statistics of parameters are presented, and comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney test. Data from 624 and 254 were analyzed, average age 4.80 (2.8-14.0) and 8,98 years (3,5-19), birth rate 79.38% and 82.01%, inter calving period 435 and 452 days, calving-conception 133 and 126, age to first calving 40.1 and 37.0 for the herds located in Uraba and Puerto Boyaca, respectively; 91.1% and 87.6% of the dry buffaloes are pregnant. There are no statistical differences in the parameters within the herds. As expected, the reproductive parameters of the two buffalo herds are better than the average for cows of the same region. The large number of dry-pregnant females is evidence of the effect of seasonality since, at the time of writing this summary (June 2023), we are in an unfavorable reproductive season in Colombia. The two farms in the tropical region, 504 km away, showed comparable reproductive parameters. First calving is low compared to cows. Rapid onset of ovarian activity allows breeders to apply reproductive biotechnologies in early postpartum to improve reproductive outcomes.
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Krisher, R., A. Auer, K. Clark, et al. "246 IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF SPRINGBOK (ANTIDORCAS MARSUPIALIS) EMBRYOS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, no. 1 (2007): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv19n1ab246.
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The objective of this experiment was to develop in vitro embryo production (IVP) technologies in springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), a southern African antelope. Springbok, a fairly common species on game farms in parts of South Africa, may be used as a model species for gamete rescue and IVP techniques to be applied to the conservation of other threatened antelope species. Springbok belong to the family bovidae, subfamily antilopinae, tribe antilopini, which comprises about twenty species in genera Gazella, Antilope, Procapra, Antidorcas, Litocranius, and Ammodorcas. In this tribe alone, there are 4 species or subspecies that are critically endangered, 3 that are endangered, and 10 that are considered vulnerable, demonstrating the need for antelope conservation efforts. In addition, our studies contributed to the South African biological resource bank, so that banked springbok semen and embryos might be used in the future for managed genetic contribution to isolated captive or wild populations via assisted reproductive technologies. Oocytes were recovered (3 replicates) from ovaries obtained at supervised culls for management purposes in South Africa, and cultured in defined Gmat or undefined TCM-199 with FCS maturation medium for 28-30 h (Brad et al. 2004 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 16, 223). Oocytes were fertilized with frozen-thawed springbok epididymal spermatozoa in modified SOF fertilization medium with caffeine (Herrick et al. 2004 Biol. Reprod. 71, 948–958). Eighteen hours after insemination, a randomly selected subset of the zygotes were fixed to determine fertilization success. The remaining zygotes were cultured in G1/G2 media. On Day 7 of culture, embryos were analyzed for development to the morula or blastocyst stage. A total of 259 selected oocytes were collected from 50 females (5.2 selected oocytes/female on average). There was no difference in the percentage of oocytes normally fertilized (2 pronuclei, PN) between oocytes matured in Gmat (n= 43; 12%) and those matured in TCM-199 (n= 42; 10%). There were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) more oocytes penetrated (e2 PN) when matured in TCM (50%) compared to Gmat (23%). There were no differences in embryonic cleavage or morula/blastocyst development (of total oocytes inseminated) between treatments (Gmat,n= 89, 54%, 9.0%; TCM-199, n= 85, 68%, 9.4%, respectively). In both treatments, the average blastocyst grade was 2.125 using the standard bovine grading system (Curtis, Cattle Embryo Transfer Procedure, 1991). In conclusion, in vitro oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo culture to the blastocyst stage is possible in springbok. Importantly, blastocysts can be produced in vitro under semi-defined conditions, demonstrating that oocyte maturation without serum does support developmental competence. This is important for the potential international movement of IVP embryos to be used for genetic management in the conservation of antelope species.
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Sandhu, Navjot, Javed Hussain, and Harry Matlay. "Barriers to finance experienced by female owner/managers of marginal farms in India." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 19, no. 4 (2012): 640–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14626001211277442.
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Ahmed, Abdul-Gafar, Alimi Folorunsho Lawal, Balaraba Abubakar Sule, and Sharafadeen Olayinka Adedeji. "Motivational Factors for Farm Scale Expansion Among Female Farm Managers in Niger State, Nigeria." Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 75, no. 1 (2025): 17–32. https://doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2025.00014r1.
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Kang, Hye-Jung. "Analysis of the Impact of Female Farmers' Recognition of Co-ownership Status on Agricultural Sales of Farms." Korean Agricultural Economics Association 64, no. 4 (2023): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24997/kjae.2023.64.4.55.
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This study analyzed the impact of ffemale farmers' recognition of co-ownership status on agricultural sales of farms, using raw data from the 2018 Survey on the Status of Women Farmers. To solve the endogeneity problem of the co-manager status variable, Two-Stage Least Squares estimation(2SLS) was estimated, and the 2SLS Quantile Regression model was used to analyze the economic effect of female farmers' farming status by sales volume. As a result of the analysis, middle-aged female farmers in their 50s and 60s with a high proportion of farming activities are acting as co-owners, and the more highly educated female farmers are, the more likely they are to perceive themselves as co-owners. When all other conditions were the same, the agricultural sales of farms owned by female farmers were 24.4% higher, showing that improving the status of female farmers was significantly contributing to the farm economy. In particular, quantile regression analysis shows that in farms with relatively small agricultural sales, female farmers contribute greatly to the farm economy when they act as co-owners. The smaller the farm, the more likely it is that the status of female farmers will lead to an increase in the farm economy. It appears that supports will be needed to achieve this.
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Ketchem, Ronald T. "24 Field experience and challenges facing sow production today, industry strategies." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (2019): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.022.
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Abstract I started in the swine industry in 1973 and served for the last 16 years as one of the owners of Swine Management Services (SMS), LLC. I have spent time in a lot of swine facilities of all sizes and ages, and I have seen lots of ideas tried and changes made both positive and negative. I feel that good sow data is your road map to monitoring farms and changes as they are made. SMS has created a company that takes sow reports, does the analysis, and sends written reports to the farm and management for review. SMS currently works with over 450,000 sows in the industry. The farm benchmarking program has 1.6+ million sows from 900+ farms in the United States, Canada, and Australia with data goes back 13 years. It compares farms based on pigs weaned / mated female / year with range of <18 to 34+ pigs. Top farms have figured out the need for quality labor, and they know that gilts are the key to the future—and they will make farrowing changes to improve day 1 care procedures to save more of those pigs. We now see farms with total born at 16+ pigs, pigs weaned per litter at 13+ pigs, pigs weighing 13+ pounds at 19 day weaning age, and sows after weaning coming back into heat in less than 5 days with 95+% breed by day 7. What are their bodies going through? I feel that the ability to manage and feed these high-producing females needs researching. Will that include a lot of work on the nutrition side, floors for sows in lose sows housing, and free stalls in lactation? Where is the trained labor needed coming from?
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Willis Chan, D. Susan, and Nigel E. Raine. "Hoary Squash Bees (Eucera pruinosa: Hymenoptera: Apidae) Provide Abundant and Reliable Pollination Services to Cucurbita Crops in Ontario (Canada)." Environmental Entomology 50, no. 4 (2021): 968–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab045.
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Abstract The increasing demand for insect-pollinated crops highlights the need for crop pollination paradigms that include all available pollinators. In North America, Cucurbita crops (pumpkin, squash) depend on both wild (solitary and Bombus spp.: Hymenoptera: Apidae) and managed honey bees (Apis mellifera L. 1758: Hymenoptera: Apidae) for pollination. Temporal and spatial differences in abundance may determine which bee taxa are the most important pollinators of Cucurbita crops. We surveyed bees visiting Cucurbita crop flowers on 19 farms over four years (2015–2018) during the crop flowering period (July 1–August 30 from 06:00–12:00). All the farms surveyed had hoary squash bees (Eucera pruinosa (Say, 1867), and most also had some combination of honey bees, bumble bees (Bombus spp.), or other wild bees present on their Cucurbita crop flowers. All four bee taxa were present on about two-thirds of farms. Spatially and temporally, wild bees were more abundant on Cucurbita crop flowers than managed honey bees. Hoary squash bees were the most abundant wild bees, maintaining their abundance relative to other wild bee taxa year-over-year. Male hoary squash bees were both more frequently and consistently seen visiting crop flowers than females in all years. Peak activity of hoary squash bees and bumble bees coincided with the daily crop pollination window, whereas peak activity of honey bees and other wild bees occurred after that window. In addition to elucidating the ecological interactions among wild and managed pollinators on Cucurbita crops, our work provides a novel practical way to evaluate pollinator abundance using a crop-centered benchmark framework.
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Waiz, Hina Ashraf, Lokesh Gautam, Mukesh Chand Sharma, and Syma Ashraf. "Study of Female Reproductive Performance of Sirohi Goat Managed under Farm and Field Cluster in Southern Rajasthan." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 06 (2018): 885–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.104.
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Nurhadiyanto, L., Y. Yanti, J. Riyanto, R. Dewanti, A. K. Wati, and W. Pawestri. "Reproductive performance of female buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Karanganyar Regency, Central Java, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1001, no. 1 (2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1001/1/012020.
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Abstract Buffalo is a ruminant animal that has the ability to digest the high content of crude fiber feed. Furthermore, agricultural waste such as rice straw is a common buffalo feed in Indonesia, with high crude fiber content, helping farmers manage their agricultural waste. Despite the high availability of rice straw, buffalo population decreases in some areas in Indonesia. This study further aims to determine the reproductive performance of female buffalo in smallholder farms in Karanganyar Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The research was conducted in April-August 2021 in Colomadu, Kerjo, Jumantono, Kebakkramat, and Karanganyar Districts. A survey method was used, whereby samples were collected through the census with 9 respondents with female buffalo that had given birth at least 2 times. The data obtained were then analyzed using descriptive and quantitative analysis in the form of mean and standard deviation. As a result, the value of service per conception (s/c), gestational length and days open (DO), as well as calving interval (CI) were 1.33±0.5, 297.7±38.8 days, 120.9±30.3 days 418, and 56±35.6 days, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the reproductive performance of female buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) on smallholder farms in Karanganyar Regency, Central Java, Indonesia is in good condition.
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Mgomezulu, Wisdom Richard, Javaid Ahmad Dar, and Beston B. Maonga. "Gendered Differences in Household Engagement in Non-Farm Business Operations and Implications on Household Welfare: A Case of Rural and Urban Malawi." Social Sciences 13, no. 12 (2024): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci13120643.
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Mainstreaming gender issues in a demographically divided setting remains a critical component in policy frameworks and project designs. The focus of this study revolves around male- and female-headed households’ engagement in business operations, with an extended effect on household welfare. This study uses Malawi’s Integrated Household Survey 5, and answers two research questions: Are there any determinants of household engagement in non-farm businesses in rural and urban areas of Malawi? And is there any impact of gender differentials in household engagements in non-farm business operations on household welfare in rural and urban areas of Malawi? This study notes that male-managed non-farm SMEs had better profits compared with their female counterparts, as described by the Probit and the Oaxaca two-fold decomposition models. Mediation analysis was later used to establish the impact of the gender differentials using profits as the mediating variable. In general, females were found to be better off, but the benefits were insignificant in reducing the general rural–urban gap. This study recommends the provision of support towards credit structures for rural households and women-headed households; improved financial and business literacy for increased engagement in business operations and reduced poverty; and support towards advocacy of gender inclusion in economic empowerment approaches.
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Mihret, Tadesse. "Seroprevalence, Isolation and Molecular Detection of Infectious Bronchitis in Backyard and Commercial Chickens in Central Gondar Zone, Northern Ethiopia." Epidemiology International Journal 7, no. 4 (2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/eij-16000272.
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Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious disease of the respiratory and urogenital tract of chickens, caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a member of the family Coronaviridae. Due to the serious infectious and transmission features of the disease mostly in the reproductive and respiratory systems it causes potential economic loss. Hence a cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2022 to June 2022 on chicken serum and tracheal swab samples from backyard and commercial farms in central Gondar zone, Ethiopia, to determine the seroprevalence of IB, associated risk factors and for isolation and molecular detection of the virus. A total of 384 blood samples were collected and tested by an indirect ELISA and Anti-IBV antibody positivity was noted in 92.19% (95% confidence interval (89 % -94.6 %) of the samples. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the impact of possible risk factors on seropositivity. Higher prevalence was noted in young chickens than in adults (p< 0.05) and in exotic breeds than in local breeds (p<0.05). Though the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05), higher prevalence was obtained in dual purpose chickens (93.75%) than in layers (92.17%) and broilers (90.98%). Higher prevalence was also noted in females (92.7%) than in males (90.98%) and in intensively managed chickens (93.39%) than in extensively managed chickens (90.69%) with p>0.05. Conventional RT-PCR test was also performed for the molecular detection of virus. The test was done on 52 tracheal swab samples collected from intensive and backyard unvaccinated chickens that were pooled in to 26 samples. Accordingly, 3 (11.54%) of the 26 pooled samples were IBV positive. The result showed that this was the first molecular evidence found in the study area. The seroprevalence of the disease in this study was very high for all age groups, breed types, and farm types. The risk factors mentioned and the management methods may have raised the likelihood of infection and the prevalence of the disease. Vaccination and biosecurity measures are advised to manage the disease. Identification and characterization of persistent IBV serotypes that are present in the field is also recommended to manage the disease.
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Joshi, B. K., A. Singh, and R. S. Gandhi. "Performance evaluation, conservation and improvement of Sahiwal cattle in India." Animal Genetic Resources Information 31 (April 2001): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001474.
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SummaryThe Sahiwal cattle, one of the best dairy breeds of Zebu cattle in India and Pakistan, originate from the Montgomery district of Pakistan and is distributed on farmer herds in certain pockets of the bordering districts of Punjab and Rajsthan in India. The animals of this breed are also available in Kenya and are used for crossing with local East African Zebu types to improve milk production. Sahiwal cattle have deep body, loose skin, short legs, stumpy horns and a broad head with pale red to dark brown body colour. The average body weight in adult females and males is around 350 and 500 kg, respectively. The animals of this breed are maintained on various State and Central Government farms, privately owned farms, charitable trusts and a small proportion of animals are also available with the farmers. More than 1 200 breedable females are available at various farms in the country. The average lactation milk yield of Sahiwal cattle on organized farms ranges between 1 500 to 2 500 kg. However, in well-managed herds, the highest lactation milk production in certain cows is more than 4 500 kg. The overall weighted average milk yield, age at first calving, lactation length and calving interval based on the performance at various herds is around 1 900 kg, 36 months, 315 days and 420 days, respectively. The fat and Solid Non Fat (SNF) percent ranges from 4.6 to 5.2 percent and 8.9 to 9.3 percent, respectively. Quite a large proportion of pure-bred Sahiwal cattle maintained on organized breeding farms has been used for the production of cross-bred cattle. As a result, different cross-bred strains of dairy cattle viz Karan Swiss, Karan Fries and Frieswal have evolved at the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal and Military Dairy Farms. The breed has also been utilized for the production of synthetic strains like Jamaica Hope (JH), Australian Milking Zebu (AMZ) and Australian Friesian Sahiwal (AFS) in other countries. Currently, efforts are being made to characterize, evaluate and conserve the breed in field conditions. More than 0.10 million doses of frozen semen of this breed are cryopreserved at various semen banks in the country. The frozen semen is being utilized for strengthening and genetically improving the existing herds of the breed through progeny testing programmes of sires associating various herds of Sahiwal in the country.
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Steinhoff-Wagner, Julia, Neele Meier, Maria Diel, et al. "322 Challenges for porc value chains - simultaneous implementation of elevated animal welfare standards under field conditions." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.014.
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Abstract Consumers increasingly demand an improvement of animal welfare, in particular a refrainment from surgical interventions such as tail docking and castration. The aim of the study was to investigate effects of simultaneous implementation of elevated welfare standards under field conditions on valid indicators at the abattoir and product quality. Six different pig farms from birth to fattening were reimbursed for implementing elevated welfare standards (no tail docking in all and no castration of male piglets). Farmers were free to try Improvac® treatments and boar fattening. At the abattoir, welfare indicators like swellings and conditions of ears, claws, skin and tails were inspected on carcasses (pigs: n &gt;1866). Meat quality was evaluated (n &gt;185). Fixed effects of sex (females and barrows, Improvac® treated boars, boars) and farm were included in mixed models and Pearson correlations were calculated (SAS 9.4). Results were condensed with a Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). Two farms managed to deliver around 90% of pigs with intact tails, whereas one completely failed (80% tails shorter than 1/3 of original length). Sex affected almost all welfare indicators, with least impairments in the females and barrows group and most in boars (P &lt; 0.01). FMEA revealed concerns regarding animal welfare and meat quality in boars and immense variation between farms. For example, drip losses showed an interaction between sex and farm, suggesting that some farms provide better conditions for Improvac® treated pigs and boars than others. Besides that, transport duration from fattening location to abattoir correlated with swelling on fore and hind legs (0.15&lt; r&lt; 0.17; P &lt; 0.001), but did not affect tail classification. In conclusion, the implementation of elevated animal welfare standards was highly dependent on the farm-specific management. Because used indicators were successfully assessed on the carcasses, they seem to be valid for future reward systems.
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Tiku, David T., Fabrice L. Yengong, Ngwa M. Ngwabie, et al. "Pig Manure Management Practices in Fako Division, Southwest Region of Cameroon: Implications for Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 47, no. 6 (2025): 402–12. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2025/v47i63500.
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Aims: To investigate pig manure management techniques employed by pig farmers in Fako Division, to identify the socio-economic factors influencing these practices, and to assess their environmental implications, particularly regarding greenhouse gas emissions and pollution risks. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey design to collect data from pig farmers in Fako Division. It applied quantitative methods to assess manure management practices, environmental impacts, and the role of socio-demographic factors in adopting eco-friendly methods. Place and Duration of Study: Fako Division, South West region of Cameroon, between January and May 2024. Methodology: The study used purposive sampling to select 120 pig farms across five Sub Divisions in Fako Division, focusing on farms with over 10 pigs. Data on manure management and farmer socio-economic profiles were collected through checklists, interviews, and structured questionnaires. Participation was voluntary, supported by promised veterinary follow-up. Data were analyzed using Excel, MINITAB 19, and SPSS 21, with descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression used to identify factors influencing eco-friendly waste management practices. Results: Results revealed that 66.4% of farms produce solid waste, with 59.1% storing it for less than a week. However, only 4.5% of farms compost manure and 3.6% use biogas, while the majority (44.5%) dump waste on land and 32.7% into streams, posing serious environmental risks and contributing to GHG emissions. Socio-demographic factors significantly influenced sustainable practices. Male farmers were more likely to adopt eco-friendly methods than females (p = 0.027). Higher education levels (p = 0.034), higher income (p = 0.042), farmers' experience (p=0.044), and distance to waste disposal site (0.015) had a positive impact on the likelihood of a pig farmer engaging in eco-friendly pig waste management practices. Conclusion: Most pig farms in Fako Division poorly manage manure, with minimal use of composting and biogas; adoption of sustainable practices depends on farmers’ socio-economic factors.
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Thapa, Sandesh, Anjal Nainabasti, Sashila Acharya, Neha Rai, and Rakshya Bhandari. "Rooftop Gardening as A Need for Sustainable Urban Farming: A case of Kathmandu, Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 8, no. 2 (2020): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v8i2.29592.
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Rooftop gardening is one of the present needs for urban settlement for solving food security problems and promoting sustainable agriculture. To highlight the present status of rooftop gardening in Kathmandu a key informant survey was conducted where 52 respondents were selected where the majority of the rooftop garden maintainers were females (52.8%). All of the respondents have a positive response regarding rooftop gardening and was significant with a year of farming in roofs (χ²= 45, df= 9, P-value=0.000) and the area covered by rooftop farms range from 5-13%. There was a significant monetary value of the soft benefit from rooftop garden as food production ($3456.86), air quality ($11-19), stormwater retention ($20609), and carbon sequestration ($6-7) benefits. However, the traditional method was employed to maintain rooftop gardens with planting materials such as plastic bags, pots, and styrofoam carats. Since constraints were recorded in the study area regarding rooftop farming establishment and also is continuing, thus, there should be proper training for the individuals interested in rooftop gardening which enables them to manage and continue their farms more efficiently.
 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(2): 241-246
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Burke, Richard R., Bryan P. Weichelt, and Kang Namkoong. "Facebook Ads Manager as a Recruitment Tool for a Health and Safety Survey of Farm Mothers: Pilot Study." JMIR Formative Research 5, no. 4 (2021): e19022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19022.
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Background Social media platforms have experienced unprecedented levels of growth and usage over the past decade, with Facebook hosting 2.7 billion active users worldwide, including over 200 million users in the United States. Facebook users have been underutilized and understudied by the academic community as a resource for participant recruitment. Objective We performed a pilot study to explore the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of Facebook advertisements for the recruitment of an online agricultural health and safety survey. Methods We undertook a 1-week advertising campaign utilizing the integrated, targeted advertising platform of Facebook Ads Manager with a target-spending limit of US $294. We created and posted three advertisements depicting varying levels of agricultural safety adoption leading to a brief survey on farm demographics and safety attitudes. We targeted our advertisements toward farm mothers aged 21-50 years in the United States and determined cost-effectiveness and potential biases. No participant incentive was offered. Results We reached 40,024 users and gathered 318 advertisement clicks. Twenty-nine participants consented to the survey with 24 completions. Including personnel costs, the cost per completed survey was US $17.42. Compared to the distribution of female producers in the United States, our advertisements were unexpectedly overrepresented in the eastern United States and were underrepresented in the western United States. Conclusions Facebook Ads Manager represents a potentially cost-effective and timely method to recruit participants for online health and safety research when targeting a specific population. However, social media recruitment mirrors traditional recruitment methods in its limitations, exhibiting geographic, response, and self-selection biases that need to be addressed.
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SHEHU, L. M., and L. T. ZARIA. "SCREENING TEST FOR BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS AMONGST CATTLE POPULATION IN ZARIA AREA USING SINGLE CAUDAL-FOLD TECHNIQUE." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 18 (January 12, 2021): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v18i.1980.
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Five hundred out of 732 heads of cattle in twenty selected birds in Zaria and its environs, were screened for tuberculosis using the single caudal fold (SCF) tuberculin test. Fifty nine (11.8%) beads of cattle were detected to be reactors, while 43 (8.6%) and 398 (79.6%) were suspects and non-reactors respectively. Only one herd had no reactors nor suspects. Amongst reactors, the incidence increased with age, with 6.9% reactors in 0-1 year age group; while those over 5 years old had 28 (20.9%) reactors. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05;x2) Management system had an effect on the incidence of tuberculin test reactors with purely nomadic animals showing a greater number of reactors (72.88%) than intensively (0.0%) and semi-intensively (27.12%) managed farms, Sex had no effect on reactor rates as 13(11.4%) of 114 males and 46 (11.9%) of 386 females were reactors. The difference was not statistically significant(P<0.05;x2). It is therefore concluded that cattle in nomadic Fulani herds harbour Mycobacteria which serve as a potential source of tuberculosis to man and other animals.
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PEJSAK, ZYGMUNT, and KAZIMIERZ TARASIUK. "Important health and management reasons of early sow removal." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 79, no. 07 (2023): 6783–2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6783.
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Gilt and sow management practices are key factors for the reproduction and production efficiency of any production system. In Poland, the number of piglets born alive per sow per year and the number born alive per sow per lifetime are relatively low. This may have a number of causes. One of them is an unsuitable parity distribution. According to some data, most females are removed from the herd after the first or second parity. As a consequence, the number of piglets born alive per sow per lifetime is small. In some countries, the number of litters per sow per lifetime varies from 3.3 to 5.6, with a total number of 32 to 73 piglets weaned. The average longevity of a sow in various countries ranges from 467 to 969 days. For Poland, precise data are unfortunately lacking, but unpublished data suggest that the number of litters per statistic sow does not exceed 5, although in particular farms this parameter ranges from 3 to 7. According to data available from different farms, early sow culling takes place mostly after the first or second parity. The causes include errors in gilt’s rearing and introduction into the herd, stall acclimatization, and boar exposure. A gilt’s longevity and performance are also determined by her body weight and age at first breeding, feed intake in the lactation period, as well as body weight gained during gestation and 1st lactation. If properly developed and managed, a gilt with high immunity will perform well as a P1 and will continue to be highly productive throughout her lifetime. Otherwise, she will perform poorly in her first parity, after which her longevity is likely to be short. This paper also reviews health-related causes of early sow culling in Polish farms. The most important ones are infertility, embryonic death, stillbirth, mastitis, and MMA (mastitis, metritis, agalactia), as well as infectious pathogens (viruses), such as IAV-S, PRRSV, PCV2, PPV, ECMV, ADV, CSF, or bacteria: Leptospira spp., Brucella suis, and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.
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Multani, Neela, and A. N. Sanghvi. "Women Workers in Agricultural Sector: A Literature Review." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 6, no. 1 (2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v6.n1.p4.
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<div><p><em>For any research, literature review is an essential part as it helps in identifying the area of research. Agriculture is the main source of sustenance for both developing and under developed countries. In countries like India, women’s position is not as strong as men both economically and socially and she faces more constraints than men. They cannot relocate easily. Women in rural areas have to manage multiple activities like maintaining home, making food, arranging water etc. and they are working in farms also. So, they are living hard life. All the activities performed by rural women is essential for the well-being of the rural households, still they are not defined as ‘economically active employment’ in national accounts. In India, 24 percent to total workers work as female cultivators and 41.1 percent to total workers work as female agricultural labourers. Past studies also relieved that because of less education, unawareness about the laws, poverty and gender discrimination, women workers face many problems. Also, few studies show that in some parts of the nation women workers are being paid less than the male workers. This Paper reviews past research studies to highlight the role and position of women workers in agricultural sector. </em></p></div>
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Górecki, M. T., and K. Kościński. "Offspring sex ratio in domestic goat (<i>Capra hircus</i>)." Archives Animal Breeding 46, no. 3 (2003): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-46-277-2003.
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Abstract. The Capra genus is sexually dimorphic, males are substantially bigger than females, they fight for mating privileges and sometimes even form harems. Thus Capra genus meets the assumptions of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis. However, in case of the domestic goat Capra hircus their reproduction is man-managed. We assessed whether maternal hornedness, maternal and paternal breed and age, maternal birth year, litter size, previous year offspring sex, and litter birth year influenced offspring sex ratio in the domestic goat. We examined 268 litters born in the years 1997–2002 at the Experimental Farm in Złotniki. The statistic methods used were logistic regression and Spearman rank correlation. The offspring sex ratio in the herd differed significantly from unity: 55.8% kids were females, p < 0.01. The factors that significantly influenced offspring sex ratio were maternal hornedness and maternal birth year. Horned dams (occupying high positions in the social hierarchy) produced fewer daughters (52.2% of offspring) than hornless nannies (62.2%). The fact that dams born later produce more daughters can be connected with their origin from different farms and worse environmental conditions in Złotniki in the consecutive years (because of the Experimental Farm financial problems). Moreover, Spearman rank correlation between sex ratio in the first and in the second litter was marginally significant and negative (R = −0.25, p = 0.061).
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Ismail, Zuhair, and Mohammad Muhaffel. "Dairy calf and replacement heifer mortality on a single intensively managed dairy farm in Jordan: A 3-yearlong study (2016-2018)." Open Veterinary Journal 12, no. 6 (2022): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i6.21.
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Background: Pre-weaning dairy calf and replacement heifer mortality represents significant economic loss, limits genetic improvement and growth of the herd and indicates poor management and animal welfare status on the farm. Aim: Currently, the rates and causes of dairy calf and replacement heifer mortality in Jordan are not known. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the incidence rates and causes of mortality of pre-weaning calves and replacement heifers in Jordan. In addition, the age and seasonal distribution of mortality are determined in the study. Methods: Data extracted from the farm management record software over 3 years (January 2016 to December 2018) were used in this study. Calf-specific data included the day and month of birth, and sex. Health-related data included age at death, necropsy findings, laboratory findings if available, and the presumptive diagnosis. Descriptive analysis was performed to determine the 3-year overall mortality rate as well as the yearly mortality rate in pre-weaning calves and replacement heifers using excel spreadsheets of Microsoft Word 10. Results: Only female calves (n= 724) born alive during the study period were used in the analysis. The overall calf mortality rate was 8.9% with a yearly rate ranging between 5.9% to 12%. The majority of deaths occurred in calves less than 50 days of age with an average age of 17 days. There was a seasonal pattern for calf mortality with the majority of deaths occurred during the colder months of the year (December, January, February, March). The highest number of pre-weaning calves died because of enterotoxemia (39%) and pneumonia (30%). Other causes of calf mortality were abomasal ulcer (8%), enteritis (6%), septicemic salmonellosis (5%), meningitis (4%), rumen drinkers (3%), aspiration pneumonia (3%), septic arthritis (1%), and omphalitis (1%). The overall 3-year heifer mortality rate was 4%. The average age of dead heifers was 8 months (range 3 months to 23 months). The highest number of heifers died because of neurologic disease (37%) and enterotoxemia (33%). Other causes of heifer mortality were abomasal ulcer (11%), enteric salmonellosis (7%), chronic rumen tympany (7%), and chronic pneumonia (4%). Conclusion: Data presented in this study are essential to construct and implement effective preventative health programs and improve farm management practices to reduce calf and heifer losses.
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Wade, Dave. "6 Sow Farm Costs and Hurdles to Execution." Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_2 (2023): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad341.277.
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Abstract How do we control costs that may be in our control? In sow farms, probably the single most important item to controlling cost is throughput. Maximizing the number of quality weaned pigs per mated female through management, genetics, health and nutrition. Feed cost per weaned pig is the single highest cost. Disciplined use of the sow caliper can put science behind the Body Condition Scores (BCS) and bring a control to the number of overweight sows. The next cost item is Labor. A necessary element to production that recently has come down to supply and demand. Local labor is nearly extinct. We are relying on the TN Visa program for our labor force. This program comes to us with a “huge” cost i.e. recruiting, legal fees, visa costs, travel, temporary living accommodations, etc. The third largest expense is sow replacements (gilts) and their cost to the system. Reduced death loss and increasing sow retention is key to minimizing replacement cost. The industry is now spending more time and energy understanding sow retention. Facility/rental costs can vary greatly. Some producers lump maintenance, depreciation, utilities, waste management, and carcass removal, under facility costs. However, it may be best to carve out M&R, carcass removal and utilities to a separate line item(s) for more focus. There are other cost items that still need attention, like Vet Related, Feed Medication, Farm Supplies, Management support, G&A, Transport, etc. The hurdle to execution is information and competition. Having financial and production report(s) that are easy to read/interpret and accountable to the farm staff, is essential to driving out cost. However, given the last couple of years during the pandemic, there is a cost that is almost impossible to manage/predict and that’s “inflation”.
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SWARNKAR, C. P., D. SINGH, and F. A. KHAN. "Factors influencing regional epidemiology of strongyle nematodes at organized sheep farms in Rajasthan." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 3 (2020): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i3.102318.
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A study was conducted to observe the influence of year, season, month, breed, age and sex on epidemiology of strongyle nematodes in different sheep breeds managed at organised farms in arid and semi-arid Rajasthan by evaluating 14,030 fresh faecal samples (from April 2016 to March 2019). The overall incidence of strongyle worms was significantly higher (74.1%) in semi-arid as compared to 27.4% in arid region. Among breeds, it varied from 25.6% in Magra to 74.8% in Malpura sheep. The effect of year was significant on regional as well breed-wise incidence. Season had significant effect on regional incidence with maximum incidence during monsoon. A significant breed variation in overall and seasonal incidence was found only in arid region. Irrespective of sheep breed, significantly higher incidence of strongyle worms was observed in adult sheep in both the regions. Male had significantly higher incidence of strongyle worms in both the regions. The effect of agro-climatic region was significant on overall intensity of strongyle worms with mean FECs of 117.8±3.7 epg in arid and 1098.9±45.2 epg in semi-arid region. Breed-wise, the effect of year on intensity of strongyle nematodes was significant in arid region only. Seasonal intensity was significantly higher during monsoon season in both the agro-climatic regions and in all the breeds. Effect of age on overall intensity of infection was also significant in both the regions with higher mean FECs in adult animals as compared to young ones. In both the regions, males possessed higher FECs as compared to females. On coproculture, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus sp and Oesophagostomum sp were recovered with maximum (71.1±2.1%) mean annual proportion of H. contortus. Availability of infective larvae of GI nematodes on herbage was observed during monsoon and extended up to post-monsoon season in semi-arid region. Comparatively higher herbage infectivity was not noticed in semi-arid farm with a peak of 2,100.0±97.9 L3/kg dry matter of herbage in September. The study suggest a marked influence of agro-climatic region on epidemiology and dynamics of strongyle nematodes in sheep flocks and on pasture. The breed variation was evident only in arid conditions. Further, the magnitude of monthly intensity of strongyle infection in arid region suggested anthelmintics intervention through targeted selective approach instead of strategic en-mass drench.
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Das, Tarun Kumar, Sagarika Borah, and Monica Singh. "Gender Perspectives in Agriculture and Livestock Production: Insights from Garo Tribal Farm Households in West Garo Hills: Meghalaya." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 42, no. 5 (2024): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2024/v42i52450.
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This study was conducted in two villages situated in the West Garo Hills district of Meghalaya in 2023, focusing on a sample of 60 tribal farm families. Respondents were randomly selected from the selected villages. Statistical analyses were performed using frequencies and percentage. The findings revealed that 80.0% of households had a nuclear family structure, with 61.67% being led by males. Agriculture was the primary occupation of 51.67% of households, and 33.33% reported an annual household income ranging from Rs. 85,001 to Rs. 150,000. Additionally, 78.33% of households possessed areca nut orchards and 60.0% utilized mobile phones for communication. Credit facilities were available to 31.67% of respondents. Regarding information sources, 98.33% of males and 96.67% of females relied on friends and neighbours for agricultural information. Decision-making was reported to be joint in 65.0% of households. Crop harvesting, which was primarily performed by females (55.0%), and the selling of harvests during financial needs, which were handled by males (35.0%) and females (38.33%), were identified as patterns. Revenue management from sales was undertaken by males (36.67%) and jointly (33.33%). In livestock-related decisions, 63.0% reported joint decision-making, and the grazing of animals was managed by children within households (68.33%). For healthcare, 63.33% of independent males consulted the veterinary department during instances of animal disease. Joint decisions were made for the purchase and sale of animals (81.76%). The present findings contribute valuable insights into gender in agricultural discourse, guiding informed and inclusive development in the North East Region. Practitioner Summary: The study was on 60 small Garo tribal farm families actively engaged in both agricultural and livestock activities. Study revealed that women has integral role in agriculture and livestocks then men. Joint decision making in agriculture collaborative farm management, males often takes lead in financial management and certain post-harvest processes.
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Bila, Lubabalo, Dikeledi Petunia Malatji, and Thobela Louis Tyasi. "Morphological characterization of Sussex cattle at Huntersvlei farm, Free State Province, South Africa." PLOS ONE 18, no. 9 (2023): e0292088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292088.
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Sussex cattle breed is characterized by their distinctive solid red coat colour and white tail switch. Sussex cattle are known for being easy to handle and manage, making them an ideal choice for cattle farmers. The phenotypic characterization of this cattle breed in South Africa is unknown. Hence, the objective of this study was to characterize the morphological structure, phenotypic and body indices traits of Sussex cattle in South Africa at Huntersvlei farm, Frere State province of South Africa. One hundred and one weaners (n = 101) between 6 and 8 months old (female = 57 and male = 44) and fifty yearlings between 12 and 15 months old (female = 15 and male = 35) were used in this study. Body weight at weaning, yearling and linear body measurements such as head length (HL), head width (HW), ear length (EL), ear width (EW), sternum height (SH), withers height (WH), heart girth (HG), hip height (HH), body length (BL), rump length (RL), and rump width (RW) were measured. Moreover, the animals were assessed for coat colour and horn presence. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to describe the Sussex cattle breed. The results indicated that male Sussex cattle had highly significant (p < 0.01) mean numeric values for the BW and morphometric traits. The results further showed that Sussex cattle had highly significant (p < 0.01) increase for the BW and morphometric traits as age advances in all sexes. Interaction effect of sex and age showed a highly significant (p < 0.01) effect with BW and measured morphometric traits, while moderately significant (p < 0.05) with EW. Male Sussex cattle showed highly significant (p < 0.01) higher mean numeric values for the body index (BI), length index (LI) and compact index (CI) indices. While female Sussex animals showed highly significant (p < 0.01) mean numeric values for area index (AI) and proportionality (PR). Body weight showed a positive highly significant (p < 0.01) correlation with the measured morphometric traits except for the moderate significant (p < 0.05) correlation with EL. Coat colour traits ranged from 15 (9.93%), 103 (68.21%) to 33 (21.85%) for light, moderate and dark colours, respectively. While horn presence traits ranged from 48 (31.79%), 42 (27.81%) to 61 (40.40%) for polled, scur and horned respectively. The PCA results extracted only two components in both sexes of the animals. The morphological variations obtained in this study could be complemented by performance data and molecular markers of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to guide the overall breed characterization, conservation and development of appropriate breeding and selection strategies.
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Divyangi, Patel, and Bhatt Nikunj. "A Review on Social and Economical Status of Asian Weaver Ants (Oecophylla smaragdina)." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 01 (2022): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i01.059.
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The Asian weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) are one of the most social insects that actually work effectively for their existence from generation to generation. These ants are totally social as they always recruit their activities like nesting, foraging, migrating, and protecting their nest mates in huge number. Weaver ants also plays role as pest managing in several farms by dominating in numbers and eliminating other pests by their presence. In countries like Thailand and other Asian countries they have propogated naturally and artificially in order to combat against other pest impeding the trees to destroy them. Additionally these ants also have different castes to manage all the activities to continue their livelihood that work depending upon their actual needs. These ants also build arboreal nests on trees of mango, ashoka and other citrus plants by bringing the close proximity leaves. The workers squeeze up the unfertilized larva which helps to ooze out the silk like fluid that acts as a packing material to seal the edges of leaves and build a nest. Oecophylla smaragdina shows courtship behavior during nuptial flight during monsoon seasons to expand their colony. The female and male alate exchange their gametes in air and later on locate their own nest from the colony thereby laying eggs once the female ant loses its wings. These ants are of economical importance as their larvae are consumed by people of many countries as highly protein diet in a fried form as fritter. They are also highly possessive for their nest mates. Weaver ants forage socially by making different groups to locate, reach and lodge the food inside the nest by using landmarks.
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Veranga, Maricar A. "A Gap Analysis of Tourists' Expectations and Satisfaction Using the SERVQUAL Model on a Farm Tourism in Bulacan, Philippines." International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research 5, no. 10 (2024): 4124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.05.10.25.
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The main purpose of the study is to analyze the gap of tourists’ expectations and satisfaction on a Farm Tourism in Bulacan using the five dimensions of SERVQUAL. The 219 respondents were tourists of the farm and they were conveniently selected. Data were further subjected to ANOVA and T – test analysis via SPSS. Findings revealed that the majority of the respondents belong to the Gen Z individuals. With a gap of 0.15, it was determined that the farm tourism site provides the appropriate level of quality service in terms of tangibility, responsiveness, reliability, assurance, and empathy. The result shows that farm tourism manages to exceed the set expectation level of the tourist in their service quality based on gap from their satisfaction level. Moreover, the tourist gap was significantly equal for both male and female respondents. The total satisfaction is significantly higher compared to their total expectation with a mean difference of 0.16 in favor of the satisfaction level. The null hypothesis was rejected and concluded the gap between tourist’ expectation and satisfaction on the farm tourism service quality when they are grouped according to profile are significantly equal
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Terefe, Endashaw, Tadelle Dessie, Aynalem Haile, Wudyalew Mulatu, and Okeyo Mwai. "On-farm phenotypic characterization of Mursi cattle in its production environment in South Omo Zone, Southwest Ethiopia." Animal Genetic Resources/Ressources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales 57 (August 24, 2015): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2078633615000132.
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SummaryThis study was conducted to characterize the morphological peculiarities and performance characteristics of Mursi cattle in its production environment managed by Bodi and Mursi pastoral communities in Southern Ethiopia. A structured questionnaire survey, group discussion, cattle morphological measurements and morphological descriptions were used to collect data. One hundred and two household heads were selected to administer the questionnaire and 201 adult cattle were selected for morphological description and body measurements. The Mursi cattle population was found to have variable coat colour type (85.9 percent) and coat colour pattern (51.3 percent). Body length, chest girth, withers height, rump width and rump length of Mursi cattle were 122.1 ± 0.9, 144.5 ± 0.9, 113 ± 0.1.1, 36.9 ± 0.3 and 20.4 ± 0.3 cm, respectively. Morphological measurements of most linear traits show no difference in the two locations but all measurements vary (P&lt; 0.001) between males and females. Estimated age at first calving was 4.6 years and was significantly (P&lt; 0.0001) higher in the Mursi area, while the calving interval (14.5 months) and cow reproductive life (14.2 years) were the same in both locations. Average daily milk yield (2.1 litres) and lactation length (7.8 months) of Mursi cattle in the two locations were similar. Cattle production was constrained by high disease prevalence, seasonal feed availability, and water shortage, with frequent drought. Trypanosomosis, black leg, anthrax and skin diseases are major cattle diseases reported in the two study areas. Because of its peculiar morphological characteristics, including large body frame, higher production performance, and survivability in the harsh environment, the Mursi cattle can be used as an alternative genetic resource for production improvement programs.
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B.P., Okelo,, Rewe, Thomas., and Ogallo, Leo. "Mango Yields as Influenced by Agricultural, Social and Economic Factors in Siaya County, Kenya." Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research 12, no. 2 (2025): 241–54. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2025/v12i2382.
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Mango farming by smallholder farmers in Siaya County, Kenya, is a popular economic activity that significantly contributes to food security, employment and income generation. Potential yields have been estimated around 15 – 20 metric tons per hectare, which are rarely achieved by the majority of farmers. The main objective of this research project was to determine the influence of specific agricultural, social and economic factors on mango yields in Siaya County. The research was carried out in Siaya County for one year in 2022. Siaya County is located in the Lake Victoria Basin and borders Busia County to the North, Kakamega County to the North-east, Vihiga County to the East, Kisumu County to the South-east, with Lake Victoria to the South and West. Siaya County has six (6) constituencies and 30 electoral wards. Alego Usonga, Gem and Bondo have six wards each while Rarieda has five, Ugenya has four and Ugunja has three wards. The specific factors included 1) gender of farmer, 2) access to service providers, 3) access to improved varieties, 4) effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers use, 5) farmer group memberships, 6) grazing and intercrop practices, 7) use of hired or family labour and 8) yield and income. Structured survey questionnaires were used to collect data on mango yields and influencing factors from 400 mango farmers, randomly sampled across the County, during June-July 2022. Additional general information was obtained from County Agricultural Extension Officers. The data was statistically-analyzed and mango yields averaged and expressed in Kilograms per tree per year. Statistical differences between various means determined by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Mango farms or trees managed by males averaged higher yields (1,731 Kg/tree/year) than on farms owned by females (947 Kg/tree/year), apparently because males have greater access to extensions and agronomic inputs. Farmers who used hired labour achieved higher yields (4,298 Kg/tree/year) than those who used family labour only (2,984 Kg/tree/year), apparently because hired labour was more professional than family labour. Farmers who had access to and used improved varieties, followed by other recommended agricultural practices achieved 6,595 Kg/tree/year, which was three times more than that achieved by farmers who did not use improved and recommended agricultural practices (2,347 Kg/tree/year). The report findings, indicated that mango yields in Siaya County can be significantly improved by adopting better agricultural, social and economic practices, including: 1) gender equality, 2) access to service providers, 3) access to improved varieties, 4) use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, 5) recommended agricultural practices and 6) use of hired skilled labour.
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Mahoney, Jeff. "83 At the Slat Level: Data Needed versus What’s A Waste of Time." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (2022): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.347.
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Abstract Introduction The animal agriculture industry is an excellent example of an area that relies on data to drive decision making. It is imperative that as technology continues to evolve, it is vetted and proven that it can be impactful to production. However, it must also be proven that there is a need for the new technology, as there are instances where data or technology can tell us to make changes, but those changes may be difficult to implement, execute, or follow up on in the barn setting. Practical and simple solutions are typically the most impactful and lucrative on the swine side of animal agriculture. Discussion To better understand what is needed practically, it makes sense that we could look at postmortems on technology that should have worked but failed in our system. There are examples of both processes and products that have been unsuccessful in our system, mostly due to the size of the company and the difficulty of executing tasks that require precision and accuracy. Multidose bags of semen is an example of technology that works in practice, but not in our system specifically. With the adoption of multidose bags of semen came many seemingly easy but crucial steps that had to be taken for success. The bags had to be rotated to ensure the temperature was kept correct and constant. This was a struggle for our employees to remember to rotate throughout the day while they are focused on many other tasks that also must be accomplished during the workday. The size of sow farm and their daily number of breeds also played into this failed process. If smaller farms did not breed enough females in a single day, the bag would have to be transported back and forth between the barn and the semen cooler until it was used completely or expired. These farms were observed to have the most opportunity with conception rate. Although the multidose bagged semen itself wasn’t something that worked for our system, we were still able to learn from it and make advances. After understanding where the misses were with the multidose bags, we were able to lower sperm count and began utilizing single low dose tubes. This was much easier for employees to execute and manage, and transportation throughout the farm became more efficient, as breeders only took the right amount of doses with them each time they went to the barn. Understanding the system that will be utilizing the data and technology is key. There are many examples of technology that has been implemented within our system that have been a success. UV chambers, MAXIMUS© controllers, and onsite GDU self-training stations are examples of innovations that have been introduced and have been a win for our teams. The Maschhoffs viewed lunch and small item supply entry as one of the biggest biosecurity risk areas to our farms. After discussions with other swine companies, we learned of others using UV chambers as a disinfection method for item entry. After trialing on select farms, buy in from employees was good and utilizing the chambers was easier and safer than double bagging and spraying items with disinfectant prior to entry utilizing a pass-through window. Implementation of UV chambers for the rest of the region’s farms went very well. Soon after implementation, employees noticed that the UV light in the chambers was changing the taste of their food. The UV chambers utilized on our farms are “homemade”, so internal research was completed to understand more about the intensity of UVC light that was being emitted per cycle and what materials could be penetrated by the UVC light. It was determined that glass and opaque materials do not allow for UVC light penetration, therefore preserve the taste of food. As a region, we purchased glass Tupperware sets for all the farm employees and as a result have gotten much better compliance with UV chamber execution. Continued education is always crucial when a new technology or protocol is implemented but listening to feedback from the people that are asked to use the technology or execute the protocol is critical for success. The future of data-driven decision making in animal agriculture lies in simplicity and practicality. Technology that Ihope to see forward progress on revolve around improved biosecurity, animal husbandry and animal health alerts, and technology that gives our employees the confidence and know-how to complete the tasks and protocols, even if they don’t have an ag background. As discussed above, it is important to note that with a system as large and complex as The Maschhoffs, many technologies work very well, just not under the constraints of our system. The key to our success is to identify technologies that can easily become a part of what we do every day.
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Odafe Shalome, G., and L. I. Nojuvwevwo. "Quail husbandry and welfare systems at Songhai-Delta farm: Profitability of enterprise." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 48, no. 5 (2021): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i5.3188.
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Quails are small sized pheasants having a long history of domestication and utilization. The management and welfare systems of Quail production at Songhai Delta farm were surveyed and reviewed. The young quails were sexed by the feather and vent methods when at 6 weeks old and they begin to lay eggs at about that age. Fertile eggs are managed in hatchery until chicks are hatched. Other set of eggs laid are also collected and sold in the farm shop. The quails were fed three types of ration - starter mash at 1-4 weeks of age, grower mash 4-6 weeks and layer mash as from 6 weeks of age. Quails are susceptible to some common poultry diseases; but good management and welfare practices ensure safety and healthy birds. A ratio of 1male to 3 females is the stocking rate in breeder cages in the farm, to obtain fertile eggs. High feed cost and poor market for farm products were the most significant problems of the enterprise. The cost and return estimate for quail bird production indicate that quail venture is highly profitable. The bird has early sexual maturity resulting in a short generation intervals and high rate of lay. Thus, raising quail offers many advantages when compared to producing other domestic or food animals. Quail venture is excellent and recommended for beginners in poultry business, because the birds begin to lay eggs at young age of about 6weeks; and can be slaughtered for food at 5weeks of age. Many developing countries presently faced with problem of inadequate supply of animal protein should find quail production a viable industry. The study recommends a step up of extension services to enlighten farmers and the populace on the importance of quail meat and eggs and the profitability of quail farming.
 
 
 Les cailles sont de petite taille ayant une longue histoire de domestication et d'utilisation. Les systèmes de gestion et de bien-être de la production de cailles à la ferme du delta de Songhai ont été considéré et examinés. Les jeunes cailles sont sexées par les méthodes de 'feather and vent' lorsqu'elles ont 6 semaines et qu'elles commencent à pondre des œufs vers cet âge. Les œufs fertiles sont gérés dans l'écloserie jusqu'à ce que les poussins soient éclos. D'autres œufs pondus sont également recueillis et vendus dans la boutique de la ferme. Les cailles ont été nourries de trois types de ration - purée de démarrage à l'âge de 1-4 semaines, purée de grower 4-6 semaines et purée de couche à partir de 6 semaines d'âge. Les cailles sont sensibles à certaines maladies courantes de la volaille ; mais de bonnes pratiques de gestion et de bien-être assurent la sécurité et la santé des oiseaux. Un rapport de 1male à 3 femelles est le taux de stockage dans les cages d'élevage dans la ferme, pour obtenir des oeufs fertiles. Le coût élevé des aliments pour animaux et le mauvais marché des produits agricoles ont étéles problèmes les plus importants de l'entreprise. L'estimation du coût et du rendement de la production d'oiseaux caille indique que l'entreprise de cailles est très rentable. L'oiseau a une maturité sexuelle précoce résultant en un intervalle de génération court et un taux élevé de produire des oeufs. Ainsi, l'élevage de cailles offre de nombreux avantages par rapport à la production d'autres animaux domestiques ou alimentaires. L'entreprise de caille est excellente et recommandée pour les débutants dans le secteur de la volaille, parce que les oiseaux commencent à pondre des œufs à un jeune âge d'environ 6 semaines ; et peut être abattu pour la nourriture à l'âge de 5 semaines. De nombreux pays en voie du développement confrontés à un problème d'approvisionnement insuffisant en protéines animales devraient trouver la production de cailles une industrie viable. L'étude recommande une augmentation des services d'extension pour éclairer les agriculteurs et la population sur l'importance de la viande et des œufs de caille et la rentabilité de l'élevage de cailles.
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Odunlami, Hafis, Peter Adebola Okuneye, Musekiku Adebayo Shittu, Ajani R. Sanusi, Issa Olalekan Eledgbede, and Fatima Kies. "Assessment of gender differentials in economic and technical efficiency of poultry egg, a case study in Lagos State, Nigeria." Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research 4, no. 1 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/safer-v4n1-art977.
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Gender has been seen as an important factor in the distribution and utilization of productive resources worldwide. In the agricultural sector, gender differential could influence the sourcing and efficient utilization of factors of production, particularly in the livestock sub-sector of the economy. This study assessed the gender differentials in economic and technical efficiency of poultry eggs production in Lagos State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used to select respondent poultry farmers. The first and second stages were the purposive selection of five Local Government Areas (LGAs) reputed for poultry production and farm settlements in the state. The third stage involved a simple random sampling of 150 poultry farms consisting of 75 farms each managed by a male and a female Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). The SFA revealed that for male management of poultry egg farms, labour input (p<0.01) and cost of medications (p<0.05) increased the poultry egg output. On the other hand, for female management, stock of birds (p<0.01), labour input (p<0.01) and feed cost (p<0.01) were the factors that increased poultry eggs output. The inefficiency model revealed that male farmers were more technically efficient (p<0.01) than female counterparts. Female managed poultry farms had less productivity (0.90) compared to males(1.22). However, 88.1% of male farms compared to 86.7% of female farms had economic efficiency ratios between 0.29 and 0.79. The study concluded that gender had impact on poultry farmers’ efficiency in the study area. The study therefore recommended that training should be organised for female managed farms while male managed farms should utilize less of cost intensive capital input.Keywords: Agricultural resource, poultry production, sustainable livestock, Multistage sampling technique, Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA)
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Angelella, Gina M., Christopher T. McCullough, and Megan E. O’Rourke. "On-farm wildflower plantings generate opposing reproductive outcomes for solitary and bumble bee species." Environmental Entomology, April 10, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaf033.
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Abstract Pollinator habitat can be planted on farms to enhance floral and nesting resources, and subsequently, pollinator populations. There is ample evidence linking such plantings to greater pollinator abundance on farms, but less is known about their effects on pollinator reproduction. We placed Bombus impatiens Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Megachile rotundata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) nests out on 19 Mid-Atlantic farms in 2018, where half (n = 10) the farms had established wildflower plantings and half (n = 9) did not. Bombus impatiens nests were placed at each farm in spring and mid-summer and repeatedly weighed to capture colony growth. We quantified the relative production of reproductive castes and assessed parasitism rates by screening for conopid fly parasitism and Nosema spores within female workers. We also released M. rotundata cocoons at each farm in spring and collected new nests and emergent adult offspring over the next year, recording female weight as an indicator of reproductive potential and quantifying Nosema parasitism and parasitoid infection rates. Bombus impatiens nests gained less weight and contained female workers with Nosema spore loads over 150 times greater on farms with wildflower plantings. In contrast, M. rotundata female offspring weighed more on farms with wildflower plantings and marginally less on farms with honey bee hives. We conclude that wildflower plantings likely enhance reproduction in some species, but that they could also enhance microsporidian parasitism rates in susceptible bee species. It will be important to determine how wildflower planting benefits can be harnessed while minimizing parasitism in wild and managed bee species.
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Estanislau, Patricia, Márcio Alberto Goebel, Jefferson Andronio Ramundo Staduto, and Ana Cecília Kreter. "Spatial distribution of agricultural farms led by women in Brazil." Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 59, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9479.2021.222800.
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Abstract: This work aims to analyze the spatial distribution of agricultural establishments managed by women in the Brazilian municipalities, based on data from the Agricultural and Livestock Censuses of 2006 and 2017, applying spatial econometrics. The results showed that the Northeast and North regions had the highest concentration of High-High clusters in 2006, and increased in 2017. These regions with greater and poorer rural areas expanded the participation agricultural establishments managed by women, and they were responsible for 72.42% the variation that occurred between both Censuses. The education variable was positively related to the increase of the establishments managed by women in 2017. In the municipalities where there was a process of disappearance of agricultural establishments, there was an increase in the presence of female managers. We concluded that the promotion of public policies for women in rural areas improves of potential to promote the development of these establishments as well as rural areas.
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Mkuna, Eliaza, and Edilegnaw Wale. "Gender differentials among small scale irrigation farmers’ income: empirical evidence from cabbage farmers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 7 (October 3, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1155756.
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IntroductionAgricultural productivity and income disparities prevail between male and female farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. South Africa is not an exception to this ominous reality.MethodologyUsing data from smallholder irrigation farmers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, this study analyzed the gender on-farm income gap by applying the Blinder-Oaxaca (OB) decomposition framework.ResultsThe findings indicate that there is a significant difference in farm income between male and female farmers. Male farmers earn significantly higher on-farm income than female farmers by about R26,788/cropping season.DiscussionThe findings suggest that existing and future programs should focus on institutional factors (land tenure) that affect access to resources and services. In addition to strategies to empower women, interventions to reduce the gender-induced farm income gap should focus on improving access to resources and services such as land with tenure security, agricultural input and output markets, training, information, and credit. Increasing the resource endowment and access to services by the female-managed farms is likely to significantly close the observed gender-induced farm income gap and improve the well-being of female farmers and their households.