Journal articles: 'Female objectification'

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Grabe, Shelly, Clay Routledge, Alison Cook, Christie Andersen, and Jamie Arndt. "In Defense of the Body: The Effect of Mortality Salience on Female Body Objectification." Psychology of Women Quarterly 29, no. 1 (March 2005): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00165.x.

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Previous research has illustrated the negative psychological consequences of female body objectification. The present study explores how female body objectification may serve as a defense against unconscious existential fears. Drawing from terror management theory, an experiment was designed to test the potential functionality of female body objectification. Men and women were primed to think about either their own mortality or an aversive control topic, and levels of body objectification were then assessed for both self- and other (women)-objectification. Findings supported the hypothesis that priming mortality would increase both self- and other-objectification among women, and self-objectification among those who derive self-esteem from their body. Implications for this research are discussed.

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Prichard, Ivanka, and Marika Tiggemann. "Predictors of Self-Objectification in New Female Fitness Center Members." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 21, no. 1 (April 2012): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.21.1.24.

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This study aimed to identify predictors of self-objectification among exercising women. A brief questionnaire incorporating demographic questions and measures of self-objectification was completed by 133 new female fitness center members (aged 16 to 68 years) upon joining a fitness center and 12 months later. Results demonstrated that young women who remained fitness center members had greater self-objectification at 12 months than women who ceased their memberships. Furthermore, both initial age and reasons for exercise predicted subsequent increases in self-objectification. Specifically, being younger, as well as being more motivated by appearance-related reasons to exercise, predicted self-objectification at 12 months. These findings suggest that young women exercising within the fitness center environment may be at an increased risk of developing self-objectification, one of the predictors of negative body image and disordered eating.

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Jonnson, Melissa R., Jennifer I. Langille, and Zach Walsh. "The Role of Objectification in the Victimization and Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence." Violence and Victims 33, no. 1 (2018): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.33.1.23.

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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a substantial health concern and identifying risk factors for IPV is a research priority. We examined the relationship between severe IPV and objectification of the self and other sex across participant sex. A sample of 1,005 male and female university students completed a series of online questionnaires that measure levels of self-objectification, objectification of the other sex, and histories of severe IPV victimization and perpetration. Self-objectification was associated with severe psychological aggression, physical assault, and sexual coercion victimization in females, but not in males. Objectification of the other sex was associated with severe psychological aggression and physical assault perpetration in males, but not in females. These findings contribute to our understanding of gender similarities and differences in IPV.

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Aubrey, Jennifer Stevens, and Ashton Gerding. "The Cognitive Tax of Self-Objectification." Journal of Media Psychology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000128.

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Objectification theory ( Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997 , Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206) posits that a consequence of living in a sexually objectifying culture is self-objectification, a cognitively taxing preoccupation with one’s appearance. The present study investigated the effects of exposure to sexual objectification of female artists in music videos, on female emerging adults’ self-objectification and their ability to cognitively process subsequent television commercials. Results indicated that exposure to music videos high in sexual objectification induced self-objectification and hindered participants’ subsequent performance in encoding visual information from commercials, but did not diminish participants’ ability to allocate resources to, or to recall factual information from, the commercials.

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Kashirsky, Dmitry V., and O. V. Myasnikova. "Phenomenon of Self-Objectification in Women: Analysis of foreign Studies and a View through the Prism of Russian Psychology." National Psychological Journal 40, no. 4 (2020): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/npj.2020.0405.

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Background. At present, self-objectification of females is a very common phenomenon, reflecting the desire of women to meet the standards accepted in the society and manifested in excessive (even pathological) care of achieving the “ideal” appearance. This phenomenon was under study in various foreign psychological concepts and approaches, and especially in the theory of B. Fredrickson and T.E. Roberts. However, despite similar research in Russian psychology, the phenomenon has not been disclosed within Russian psychological methodology. In this regard, it is very important to analyze foreign publications for the subsequent development of an integrative approach to the study of self-objectification in females in the context of Russian psychology. Looking into this phenomenon from the standpoint of Russian psychological methodology would be useful for developing methods of assessment, intervention, and psychotherapeutic assistance for Russian girls and women experiencing psychological problems due to negative self-objectification. The Objective is to conduct a theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of women’s self-objectification in line with the national cultural-historical and activity methodology. Design. The paper provides a review of the publications on self-objectification in females which is analytical in its nature. In the paper, the basic approaches to the study of the phenomenon of self-objectification in females in foreign psychology are determined, and also the ways to understand the phenomenon in the context of the Russian psychological tradition proposed in the works of L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev, S.L. Rubinstein developed by their students and the followers are shown. Results. The phenomenon of self-objectification in females is considered within the context of fundamental issues of psychology — the relationship of ‘outer’ and ‘inner’ contents, and particularly, within the framework of the subject-activity approach of S.L. Rubinstein and the activity theory of A.N. Leontiev. The role of the “social situation of the development” (L.S. Vygotsky) in the development self-objectification in females is shown. The mechanism of interiorization as a female’s adoption of the social ideas and attitudes is described. The process of interiorization is considered through three facets: individualization, intimization, and production of consciousness. The phenomenon of self-objectification was interpreted through the lenses of L.S. Vygotsky ideas about the intertwining of two domains of mental development in ontogenesis, i.e. the biological maturation of a person and the processes of mastering culture, and also within the notions of cultural-historical defectology. Conclusion. The research results contribute to expanding the scientific theoretical views of psychologists working within the national methodology to shape the phenomenon of self-objectification in females, which could facilitate further understanding of this theoretical construct and increase the number of empirical works in the research area. Female self-objectification through the prism of the Russian research methodology will contribute to the methodological status of this issue, enriching the idea of female self-objectification primarily at the philosophical (worldview) level and at the general scientific level of methodology (E.G. Yudin). All these will increase the interpretative capabilities of the concept. The materials of the paper can contribute to developing an integrative approach for understanding female self-objectification. The findings can be sufficient for creating methods of psychodiagnostics and psychotherapy for girls and women experiencing psychological problems due to the negative impact of self-objectification.

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Vargas-Bianchi, Lizardo, and Marta Mensa. "Do you remember me? Women sexual objectification in advertising among young consumers." Young Consumers 21, no. 1 (March 21, 2020): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/yc-04-2019-0994.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect on brand name recall in advertisements with varying levels of female sexual objectification content among young millennials and the effect of distraction on this recall effort. The question arises whether this group evokes those brands that appear in advertisements using different levels of objectification content. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a correlational design that includes two studies with different groups of subjects: an assessment of perceived female sexual objectification levels in a set of ads and a quasi-experimental study that used the assessed perceived levels of female objectification and brand name short-term recall scores of those ads, with and without the intervention of an attention distractor. Findings Results suggest that female sexual objectification content exerts a limited influence on brand name recall between participants. In addition, it is not men who remember brand names from ads using sexual objectified images, but young women. Research limitations/implications The study had an exploratory scope and used a small non-probabilistic sample. Subjects belong to a cultural context of Western world developing economy, and thus perceived female objectification may vary between different cultural settings. Results refer to graphic advertisements, though this cohort is exposed to other audiovisual content platforms. Originality/value Several studies have addressed female objectification in advertising and media, but few focused on young Latin American audiences and its impact on the recollection of advertised brands. Brand name retention and awareness is still a relevant variable that the advertising industry takes in account as one of several predictors toward buying decisions. Even less research has been made on Latin American social and cultural contexts.

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Park, Hyun-sun. "A Study on Expression of female Objectification." Journal of Yeongju Language & Literature 41 (February 28, 2019): 429–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30774/yjll.2019.02.41.429.

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KOSTROVA, S. V. "Objectification of the female image in advertising." Studia Culturae, no. 49 (2021): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31312/2310-1245-2021-49-130-143.

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Grey, Melissa J., Terrence G. Horgan, Tiffany A. Long, Noelle K. Herzog, and James R. Lindemulder. "Contrasting Objectification and Competence." Journal of Media Psychology 28, no. 2 (April 2016): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000159.

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Abstract. Research on priming self-objectification in women frequently implements product-only control groups or nonhuman control images. This study aimed to clarify whether there was a difference in levels of self-objectification among female participants who viewed objectifying images of women, body-competent images of women, or product-only images. A sample of undergraduate females was primed with one of the above image types, after which they completed the Twenty Statements Test (TST) to examine their preoccupation with their own appearance. Results revealed that those who were primed with objectifying images of women exhibited more self-objectification than women who were primed with either body-competent images of women or product-only images. There was also no significant difference between those who only viewed products and those who viewed body-competent images of women. Results are discussed in the context of self-objectification research methods and implications for visual media artists.

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Cummins, R. Glenn, Monica Ortiz, and Andrea Rankine. "“Elevator Eyes” in Sports Broadcasting: Visual Objectification of Male and Female Sports Reporters." Communication & Sport 7, no. 6 (October 21, 2018): 789–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479518806168.

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Despite considerable research exploring female objectification in sports, researchers have not explored differences in how they are actually watched by audiences in terms of distribution of visual attention. Such differences can provide objective evidence of objectification by demonstrating a gender bias in terms of visual attention to female reporters’ bodies. This experiment ( N = 66) employs eye tracking to measure how much attention viewers allocated to male and female reporters’ bodies versus their faces, as well as differences in perceived credibility as a function of reporter gender. Results revealed a greater ratio of time on female reporters’ bodies to their faces relative to male reporters. This effect was most evident among viewers with reduced interest in sports. Furthermore, visual attention to reporters’ bodies—a passive measure of objectification—was largely unrelated to perceived credibility. Implications of these findings are discussed with respect to female objectification in sports and how this might inform program production personnel.

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Monge-Rojas, Rafael, Tamara Fuster-Baraona, Carlos Garita-Arce, Marta Sánchez-López, Uriyoán Colon-Ramos, and Vanessa Smith-Castro. "How Self-Objectification Impacts Physical Activity Among Adolescent Girls in Costa Rica." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 14, no. 2 (February 2017): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0322.

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Background:In Latin America, more than 80% of adolescent girls are physically inactive. Inactivity may be reinforced by female stereotypes and objectification in the Latin American sociocultural context.Methods:We examined the influence of objectification on the adoption of an active lifestyle among 192 adolescents (14 and 17 years old) from urban and rural areas in Costa Rica. Analyses of 48 focus-groups sessions were grounded in Objectification Theory.Results:Vigorous exercises were gender-typed as masculine while girls had to maintain an aesthetic appearance at all times. Adolescents described how girls were anxious around the prospect of being shamed and sexually objectified during exercises. This contributed to a decrease in girls’ desire to engage in physical activities. Among males, there is also a budding tolerance of female participation in vigorous sports, as long as girls maintained a feminine stereotype outside their participation.Conclusion:Self-objectification influenced Costa Rican adolescent girls’ decisions to participate in physical activities. Interventions may include: procuring safe environments for physical activity where girls are protected from fear of ridicule and objectification; sensitizing boys about girl objectification and fostering the adoption of a modern positive masculine and female identities to encourage girls’ participation in sports.

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Bernard, Philippe, Tiziana Rizzo, Ingrid Hoonhorst, Gaétane Deliens, Sarah J. Gervais, Julia Eberlen, Clémence Bayard, Paul Deltenre, Cécile Colin, and Olivier Klein. "The Neural Correlates of Cognitive Objectification." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 5 (August 16, 2017): 550–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617714582.

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At an early stage of visual processing, human faces and bodies are typically associated with larger N170s when presented in an inverted (vs. upright) position, indexing the involvement of configural processing. We challenged this view and hypothesized that sexualized bodies would not be sensitive to inversion, thereby suggesting that they would be processed similarly to objects. Participants saw sexualized male and female bodies, nonsexualized male and female bodies, as well as objects in both upright and inverted positions while we recorded the N170. Results indicated that inverted (vs. upright) nonsexualized male and female bodies were associated with larger N170 amplitudes. In contrast, no N170 amplitude inversion effect emerged for sexualized male and female bodies or objects. These results suggest that sexualized bodies are processed similarly to objects and quite differently than nonsexualized bodies. We discuss the results and their implications in the light of the literatures in person perception and objectification.

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Thøgersen-Ntoumani, Cecilie, Nikos Ntoumanis, Jennifer Cumming, Kimberley J. Bartholomew, and Gemma Pearce. "Can Self-Esteem Protect Against the Deleterious Consequences of Self-Objectification for Mood and Body Satisfaction in Physically Active Female University Students?" Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 33, no. 2 (April 2011): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.2.289.

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Using objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997), this study tested the interaction between self-objectification, appearance evaluation, and self-esteem in predicting body satisfaction and mood states. Participants (N = 93) were physically active female university students. State self-objectification was manipulated by participants wearing tight revealing exercise attire (experimental condition) or baggy exercise clothes (control condition). Significant interactions emerged predicting depression, anger, fatness, and satisfaction with body shape and size. For participants in the self-objectification condition who had low (as opposed to high) appearance evaluation, low self-esteem was associated with high depression, anger, and fatness and low satisfaction with body shape and size. In contrast, for participants with high self-esteem, these mood and body satisfaction states were more favorable irrespective of their levels of appearance evaluation. For female exercisers, self-esteem-enhancing strategies may protect against some of the negative outcomes of self-objectification.

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Arshad, Faheem. "An Analytical Study of Women Objectification in “In Other Rooms, Other Wonders." University of Chitral Journal of Linguistics and Literature 5, no. II (December 30, 2021): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iii.278.

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The objectification of women is a communal problem in every developed and underdeveloped society of the world. Women make a major population of the world and serve society in multidimensional modes, but still, they are considered feeble to men. The subject of women objectification has remained the focus of various researchers globally. This research focused on three short stories drawn from “In Other Rooms, Other Wonders” of Daniyal Mueenuddin to bring forward disparities and inequalities prevailing in the patriarchal society of Pakistan. Additionally, it investigated the impact of these inequalities and injustices on the downtrodden women of Pakistan. The objectification of women is such discrimination that women are subjected to undergo in a patriarchal social setup. This study analyzes the objectification of women through the lenses of female characters selected from three short stories. This study uses the theoretical frameworks of Martha Nussbaum and Rae Langton’s to draw outcomes for this study. Study findings exhibit that female characters undergo objectification and are treated as things by males in the male-dominated strata of Pakistan. Keywords: Women objectification, gender, patriarchy, oppression, feminism

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Pratiwi, Titis. "Woman as A Dirty Machine: A Question Of Objectification On E.E. Cummings." Paradigma, Jurnal Kajian Budaya 5, no. 2 (April 6, 2016): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v5i2.57.

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<p>The pervasiveness of female objectification in the treatment of women by men has been called out as a manifestation of gender hierarchy and domination. This research analyzed the figurative languages used in E.E. Cummings’ poem first she like a piece of ill-oiled to identify his treatment of women seen through the illustration of the persona’s actions, thoughts and feelings. Dynamics of the personas’ sexual relationships are then identified to analyze how aspects of objectification appear in the relation between men and women. In order to reinforce the notion of objectification, dehumanization as its extension is utilized as a supporting theory. It is found that practices of female objectification occur in the poem with varying degrees of intensity and ways that it is conducted. However, the objectification is concealed by the poem’s presentation of women as a sexually liberated being, yet in practice, her sexuality is still being objectified. The objectification extends up to the conduct of dehumanization which reduces the women into a dirty mechanical object.</p>

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Gabbard, Glen O. "Vertigo: Female objectification, male desire, and object loss." Psychoanalytic Inquiry 18, no. 2 (January 1998): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07351699809534181.

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Lin, Sen, Liming Li, and Libiao Jiang. "Online Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Experiences and Teenage Girls’ Self-Objectification: The Role of Broad Conceptualization of Beauty." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 7 (June 24, 2022): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12070210.

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Self-objectification is a common and deleterious phenomenon among young teenage girls, for which interpersonal sexual objectification experiences are a great risk; in the current information era, sexual objectification experiences may also expand into the online space. Based on this, this study aimed to examine the association between online interpersonal sexual objectification (OISO) experiences and teenage girls’ self-objectification, as well as the potential moderating role of broad conceptualization of beauty in relation to this. Seven hundred and seventy-one female undergraduate students were recruited voluntarily to complete questionnaires on OISO experiences, self-objectification, and the broad conceptualization of beauty. Results indicated that OISO experiences were positively associated with teenage girls; self-objectification and the broad conceptualization of beauty could significantly buffer this relation, which was weakened among individuals with a high level of broad conceptualization of beauty. This study expands previous research on sexual objectification, providing practical significance for promoting the well-being of teenage girls.

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Tiggemann, Marika, and Michelle Boundy. "Effect of Environment and Appearance Compliment on College Women's Self-Objectification, Mood, Body Shame, and Cognitive Performance." Psychology of Women Quarterly 32, no. 4 (December 2008): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00453.x.

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Objectification theory contends that women self-objectify as a result of internalizing an external observer's perspective of their physical selves. Self-objectification has been examined as both a stable enduring trait and as a context dependant state. The present study attempted to trigger state self-objectification by relatively subtle manipulation of the immediate physical and social environment. Participants were 96 female undergraduate students who completed questionnaire measures and cognitive tasks in a 2 (a subtle objectifying environment versus a standard environment) x 2 (an appearance compliment versus no comment) x 2 (high versus low trait self-objectification) design. It was found that, for women high on trait self-objectification, the objectifying physical environment enhanced state self-objectification, and the appearance compliment enhanced body shame. The findings demonstrate that subtle situational factors not requiring women to explicitly focus attention on their own bodies can elicit self-objectification and its proposed consequences, particularly among women high in trait self-objectification.

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Fredrickson, Barbara L., and Tomi-Ann Roberts. "Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women's Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks." Psychology of Women Quarterly 21, no. 2 (June 1997): 173–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x.

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This article offers objectification theory as a framework for understanding the experiential consequences of being female in a culture that sexually objectifies the female body. Objectification theory posits that girls and women are typically acculturated to internalize an observer's perspective as a primary view of their physical selves. This perspective on self can lead to habitual body monitoring, which, in turn, can increase women's opportunities for shame and anxiety, reduce opportunities for peak motivational states, and diminish awareness of internal bodily states. Accumulations of such experiences may help account for an array of mental health risks that disproportionately affect women: unipolar depression, sexual dysfunction, and eating disorders. Objectification theory also illuminates why changes in these mental health risks appear to occur in step with life-course changes in the female body.

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Sáez, Gemma, Abigail R. Riemer, Rebecca L. Brock, and Sarah J. Gervais. "Objectification in Heterosexual Romantic Relationships: Examining Relationship Satisfaction of Female Objectification Recipients and Male Objectifying Perpetrators." Sex Roles 81, no. 5-6 (January 5, 2019): 370–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0990-9.

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Kellie, Dax J., Khandis R. Blake, and Robert C. Brooks. "What drives female objectification? An investigation of appearance-based interpersonal perceptions and the objectification of women." PLOS ONE 14, no. 8 (August 23, 2019): e0221388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221388.

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Darvin, Lindsey, and Michael Sagas. "Objectification in Sport Media: Influences on a Future Women’s Sporting Event." International Journal of Sport Communication 10, no. 2 (June 2017): 178–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2017-0022.

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Gendered processes in the sport industry often perpetuate male dominance and female inferiority. While these gendered occurrences have been well documented, the outcomes of such processes are underexplored. Under the guidance of objectification theory and the production–reception relationship, the authors investigated the influence of objectification in sports-media outlets’ coverage of a female sporting event for a national sample of U.S. consumers (N = 225). In addition, given the lack of coverage directed toward female sporting events, the current study investigated the influence of previous viewership on consumer behaviors for a future women’s sporting event. Findings suggest that processes of objectification influence both men’s and women’s consumer behaviors and that previous viewership influences future consumer-behavior motives. Furthermore, objectified images and language did not adversely affect future consumer behaviors for those who had previously viewed a similar women’s sporting event. Sport-media and communications professionals alike can leverage these relationships.

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Varnes, Julia R., Michael L. Stellefson, M. David Miller, Christopher M. Janelle, Virginia Dodd, and R. Morgan Pigg. "Body Esteem and Self-Objectification Among Collegiate Female Athletes." Psychology of Women Quarterly 39, no. 1 (April 17, 2014): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684314531097.

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Grabe, Shelly, and Janet Shibley Hyde. "Body Objectification, MTV, and Psychological Outcomes Among Female Adolescents1." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 39, no. 12 (December 2009): 2840–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00552.x.

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邓, 悦. "The Impact of Facial Attention on Female Sexual Objectification." Advances in Psychology 12, no. 12 (2022): 4058–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ap.2022.1212490.

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Daubenmier, Jennifer J. "The Relationship of Yoga, Body Awareness, and Body Responsiveness to Self-Objectification and Disordered Eating." Psychology of Women Quarterly 29, no. 2 (June 2005): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00183.x.

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Study 1 tested whether yoga practice is associated with greater awareness of and responsiveness to bodily sensations, lower self-objectification, greater body satisfaction, and fewer disordered eating attitudes. Three samples of women (43 yoga, 45 aerobic, and 51 nonyoga/nonaerobic practitioners) completed questionnaire measures. As predicted, yoga practitioners reported more favorably on all measures. Body responsiveness, and, to some extent, body awareness significantly explained group differences in self-objectification, body satisfaction, and disordered eating attitudes. The mediating role of body awareness, in addition to body responsiveness, between self-objectification and disordered eating attitudes was also tested as proposed in objectification theory ( Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997 ). Body responsiveness, but not awareness, mediated the relationship between self-objectification and disordered eating attitudes. This finding was replicated in Study 2 in a sample of female undergraduate students. It is concluded that body responsiveness and, to some extent, body awareness are related to self-objectification and its consequences.

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Walter, Susan. "Female Objectification in Two Short Stories by Emilia Pardo Bazán." Anuari de Filologia Lleng�es i Literatures Modernes - LLM, no. 10 (December 3, 2020): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/aflm2020.10.4.

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In two short stories by the canonical author Emilia Pardo Bazán, “Primer amor” and “La argolla” we find a double-voiced discourse, which Elaine Showalter has suggested is very common in women’s fiction (1981: 204). In both of Pardo Bazán’s tales there are small objects that symbolically allude to women’s objectification in the patriarchal society of the time. The dialogue created between these two tales is noteworthy for a number of reasons, including their critical portrayals of romantic relationships, their symbolism, descriptive language and the narrative techniques employed. In this study I posit that both tales critique the objectification of women by the patriarchal society of the time by linking society’s tendency to objectify women with symbolic references to confinement.

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Ratnawati, Made Dian, and Mala Hernawati. "Resistance against Women’s Objectification Portrayed in Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God." Lexicon 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/lexicon.v7i2.66962.

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In the early twentieth century, African-American women in the southern United States faced double oppression as a result of patriarchy and racism. They strive to reclaim their independence, all the more so when they are bound by their marriage. Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) is Zora Neale Hurston's magnum opus, which chronicles the objectification of a young African-American woman called Janie Crawford during her marriage. Through the lens of Black Feminism, this research aims to identify the many forms of female objectification present in the novel and to ascertain the responses taken by the main character in response to the objectification. This research makes use of Martha Nussbaum's and Rae Langton's objectification ideas. Additionally, this study employs Kumea Shorter-Gooden's resistance strategies to evaluate the main character's strategies for resisting objectification. Janie Crawford was subjected to nine distinct forms of objectification by both her first and second husbands, Logan and Jody, according to this study. Additionally, this research illustrates how Janie Crawford's opposition to objectification is fueled by the concept of self-definition. In general, the findings indicate that the novel is centered on the problem of women's objectification and is a timely representation of African American women's lives in the early twentieth century.

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Naqi, Sundas, Nazia Iqbal, and Anum Gull. "SELF-OBJECTIFICATION AND BODY SHAME: A STUDY ABOUT APPEARANCE ANXIETY AMONG PAKISTANI STUDENTS PARTICIPATING IN SPORTS." SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS) 6 (December 14, 2022): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51846/the-sky.v6i0.1653.

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Abstract Objectives. The presented study was aimed to examine self-objectification and body shame in relation to appearance anxiety among college students participating in sports (N=300). Method. The sample included students of Rawalpindi and Islamabad colleges including both sectors government and private colleges as well as both genders, male (N=150) and female college students (N=150). The self-objectification was assessed through The Surveillance subscale of Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (McKinley & Hyde, 1996), appearance anxiety through Appearance Anxiety Scale brief version (Dion, Dion & Keelan, 1990) and body shame with the help of Body Shame Subscale, of Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (McKinely & Hyde, 1996). Results. The study found significant positive correlation between self-objectification and body shame, self-objectification and appearance anxiety. The body shame and appearance anxiety were also found to be positively related with each other. The self-objectification was also found to be predictor of body shame and appearance anxiety among the respondents. Conclusion. The findings indicate that experiencing self-objectification is directly linked with body shame and appearance anxiety. The study would be helpful in examining self-objectification, appearance anxiety and body shame on other samples. Keywords: Self-objectification, Appearance Anxiety, Body Shame

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Rollero, Chiara, and Stefano Tartaglia. "The effects of objectification on stereotypical perception and attractiveness of women and men." Psihologija 49, no. 3 (2016): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1603231r.

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Objectification has been found to have negative consequences on how women are perceived by others. However in an even more sexualized world being a sexual object has become a standard of physical attractiveness for women and objectification could foster a positive evaluation increasing attractiveness. Although Objectification Theory was originally grounded in women?s experiences, some research points to the promise of Objectification Theory for understanding men?s experiences as well. The aim of the paper was investigating the effects of objectification on gender stereotypes and perceived attractiveness. Two experimental studies were conducted. Study 1 (N=139) investigated the effects of objectification on female targets. Study 2 (N=146) investigated the effects on male targets. In both studies three dependent variables were considered: communality, agency, and attractiveness. Results of Study 1 revealed that objectified women were considered less communal and more attractive. Moreover, men perceived objectified women less agentic than the non-objectified ones, whereas women showed the opposite perception. Concerning men, objectification has a limited impact, as it interacted with participants? gender only on communality: men considered objectified males more communal than the non-objectified ones, while women revealed the opposite perception.

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Giles, S., J. Rabinowicz, C. Raux, M. Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, and I. Krug. "An examination of the direct and indirect effect of self-objectification and disordered eating." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1868.

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IntroductionObjectification theory argues that self-objectification confers risk for disordered eating (DE) both directly, and indirectly through a cascade of negative psychological consequences (e.g. low mood and self-conscious body monitoring). Robust cross-sectional evidence supports these relationships. However, these cross-sectional studies do not provide evidence for the complex intraindividual psychological processes outlined in objectification theory which purportedly contribute to DE.ObjectivesUsing an ecological momentary assessment design, the current study investigated the direct within-person effect between state self-objectification and DE and examined the indirect within-person effect of negative mood and body comparisons, on the relationship between state self-objectification and DE.MethodsTwo-hundred female participants (M=20.43 years, SD=4.60) downloaded a smartphone app which assessed momentary experiences of self-objectification, mood, body comparisons, and DE six times per day at random intervals for seven days.ResultsIndicated that self-objectification significantly predicted DE behaviours [95% CI 0.01, 0.03] and body comparisons [95% CI 0.32, 0.41]. However, the indirect effect of body comparisons on the relationship between state self-objectification and DE was not significant [95% CI -0.01, 0.00]. In the second mediation model, self-objectification significantly predicted DE behaviours [95% CI 0.01, 0.03], but did not significantly predict mood [95% CI -0.06, 0.03]. Similarly, the indirect effect of mood on the relationship between state self-objectification and DE was not significant [95% CI -0.00, 0.00].ConclusionsThese results enhance our understanding of objectification theory and suggest that self-objectification confers risk to DE directly. However, our findings do not support the indirect effect of self-objectification on DE through low mood or body comparisons.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

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Barbosa, Aline dos Santos, Marcello Romani-Dias, and Tânia Modesto Veludo-de-Oliveira. "The Facets of Women Commodification: Violence in the University Context in Administration." Revista de Administração Contemporânea 24, no. 6 (December 2020): 582–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2020190378.

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ABSTRACT Context: violence against women is present in the most diverse social groups, especially in Latin America, as it is one of the most violent regions against women, with high numbers of rapes, harassments, and murders because of gender. Objective: the objective of this study is to deepen the understanding of the way in which violent situations against women occurs in the Brazilian university context and its different facets of objectification and commodification. Methods: we undertook in-depth interviews with 15 female and 5 male university students from business courses. Results: our findings suggest the female ample objectification and commodification in the university context and their negative consequences, such as self-objectification in its personal and professional aspects demonstrated by reports of uncertainty regarding their bodies, in exercising the activities of leadership, and their choice of profession. There happens to be commodification of: (a) the women’s body; (b) their sexuality; (c) their morality; and finally (d) their feelings. Conclusion: we contribute theoretically to expand the knowledge about the relation between objectification and commodification. In empirical and managerial terms, we present insights for educational institutions to combat discrimination against women.

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Speno, Ashton Gerding, and Jennifer Stevens Aubrey. "Adolescent Sexting: The Roles of Self-Objectification and Internalization of Media Ideals." Psychology of Women Quarterly 43, no. 1 (November 9, 2018): 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684318809383.

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We examined adolescent sexting using objectification theory as a framework. We hypothesized that sexting is a manifestation of trait self-objectification and the internalization of gender-specific media ideals about attractiveness. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 201 Midwestern adolescents, 14–17 years old. We tested a three-stage path model, which differed for female and male adolescents. For female adolescents, self-objectification was positively associated with favorable attitudes about sexting, which further predicted two types of intentions to engage in sexting: sexting when there is trust in the sexting partner (security-based intentions) and sexting that is spurred by situational cues. Although there was a serial mediation effect of self-objectification on sexting behaviors through sexting attitudes and total sexting intentions, only the indirect effect of sexting attitudes on behaviors through security-based intentions was individually significant. For male adolescents, internalization of media ideals was positively associated with sexting attitudes, which further predicted the two types of sexting intentions. Similar to female adolescents, there was a serial mediation effect of internalization of media ideals on sexting behaviors through sexting attitudes and total sexting intentions; however, only security-based sexting intentions predicted sexting behaviors. Our results have implications regarding how to conceptualize adolescent sexting and how researchers, parents, and educators may help teenage youth to establish healthy sexting attitudes and behaviors. Additional online materials for this article are available to PWQ subscribers on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684318809383

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Noronha, Ana Luíza Silva, Frederico Leocádio Ferreira, and Juliana Maria Magalhães Christino. "EMPOWER YOURSELF OR DIE TRYING: A thematic and narrative analysis of the most famous music videos of Brazilian pop divas." Communication Papers 11, no. 22 (July 21, 2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33115/udg_bib/cp.v11i22.22774.

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<p dir="ltr"><span>This article reports how female empowerment and female sexual objectification are present in music videos and songs belonging to the Brazilian Pop Divas. From a thematic analysis of video clips and lyrics, about 70 video clips and songs present on Youtube were analyzed. Compared to male artists, female artists were more sexually objectified, held to stricter standards of appearance, and more likely to demonstrate sexually attractive behavior; moreover, female singers were subjected to secondary roles in their music videos before male participation. Therefore, the consumption of Brazilian Pop Divas' songs and music videos can influence and reinforce sexist attitudes and sexual objectification of the female figure for their consumers since these attitudes are normalized in present music videos and songs of the most acclaimed female singers in Brazil.</span></p><div><span><br /></span></div>

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Kumari, Ganika, Noor Ur Rahim, and Samrin. "An Analytical Study of Women Objectification in The Patience Stone by Atiq Rahimi." Global Sociological Review VII, no. II (June 30, 2022): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2022(vii-ii).24.

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The current study examines that, objectification as an issue that is common to women in a patriarchal society in which a woman is treated as an object. Although the worldview is changing, this issue is still prevailing in most countries where the patriarchal system is still common. This study focuses to explore the problem of sexual objectification in the novel The Patience Stone (2008) by Atiq Rahimi. It also shows how women's life is governed by men and how the female is objectified in a patriarchal society. This study uses the framework of objectification presented by Martha Nussbaum and Rae Langton and the character of the protagonist is analyzed, using this framework. The final findings of the study declare that all the features of objectification that Martha Nussbaum and Rae Langton describes are present in the novel. This study proves that the woman (protagonist)

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Riva, Giuseppe, Santino Gaudio, and Antonios Dakanalis. "The Neuropsychology of Self-Objectification." European Psychologist 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000190.

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According to the objectification theory ( Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997 ) girls and women are thought to adopt a self-objectified view of themselves as objects to be evaluated on the basis of their appearance. More, this experience is proposed to have a direct link with the health and well being of female subjects. The paper analyzes and discusses the objectification theory within the context of recent research on memory and spatial cognition. On one side, it describes self-objectification as a specific cognitive process: a woman internalizes an objectified self image, when she uses an allocentric frame of reference (observer mode) to remember events in which she evaluates herself based upon bodily appearance. On the other side it directly connects the objectification theory with the Allocentric Lock Hypothesis ( Riva, 2012 ), suggesting that eating disorders have as antecedent an allocentric (objective, from outside) negative image schema of the body that is no more updated by egocentric sensory inputs from perception. Both the similarities between the allocentric lock and the out-of-body experience and a review of the recent studies supporting this claim are also presented and discussed.

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Bhalla, Nandini, and David Moscowitz. "Yoga and Female Objectification: Commodity and Exclusionary Identity in U.S. Women’s Magazines." Journal of Communication Inquiry 44, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 90–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0196859919830357.

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Using textual and visual media framing analysis, this research examines contemporary depictions of yoga in U.S. general interest women’s magazines. Critique of narrative and images from three leading magazines demonstrates how the representation of yoga depicts and positions tropes of female objectification that reify values of commodity, consumerism, and divisive exclusionary identity. Narrative and images dominated by bodies of slim, White, upper-class women perpetuate not only the commodification of yoga but also media framing of its appropriation and negotiation to support a multimillion-dollar industry. Two threads of research dominate this study: (1) how do today’s media representations of yoga practice in the United States foster critical and cultural understanding in light of yoga’s long history, and (2) how does the objectification of women’s bodies in this context contribute to ongoing conversations about commodification, exclusion, and identity in contemporary media depictions of women?

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Roberts, Tomi-Ann, Jamie L. Goldenberg, Cathleen Power, and Tom Pyszczynski. "“Feminine Protection”: The Effects of Menstruation on Attitudes Towards Women." Psychology of Women Quarterly 26, no. 2 (June 2002): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.00051.

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An experiment tested the hypothesis that reminders of a woman's menstrual status lead to more negative reactions to her and increased objectification of women in general. Participants interacted with a female confederate who ostensibly accidentally dropped either a tampon or hair clip out of her handbag. Dropping the tampon led to lower evaluations of the confederate's competence, decreased liking for her, and a marginal tendency to avoid sitting close to her. Furthermore, gender schematic participants responded to the reminder of menstruation with increased objectification of women in general, an effect we view as an effort to “protect” culturally sanitized views of the feminine. These findings are discussed from the perspective of feminist theory and a terror management perspective on the role of ambivalence about the human body in the objectification of women.

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Roberts, Tomi-Ann. "Female Trouble: The Menstrual Self-Evaluation Scale and Women's Self-Objectification." Psychology of Women Quarterly 28, no. 1 (March 2004): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00119.x.

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Baker-Pitts, Catherine. "Two Bodies in the Room: An Intersubjective View of Female Objectification." Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society 12, no. 2 (June 18, 2007): 124–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pcs.2100117.

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Jongenelis, Michelle I., and Simone Pettigrew. "Body Image and Eating Disturbances in Children: The Role of Self-Objectification." Psychology of Women Quarterly 44, no. 3 (June 2, 2020): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684320923294.

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Self-objectification has been implicated in the development of body image disturbances and disordered eating among adults and adolescents. Empirical research exploring these associations among children is limited. Given body image and eating disturbances have been observed in a significant proportion of children, elucidating the factors associated with these disturbances among members of this population segment is important to informing prevention and intervention efforts. Accordingly, we cross-sectionally examined the association between self-objectification and body image and eating disturbances in 219 Australian 6- to 11-year-olds (57% classified as female children; average age = 8.37 years, SD = 1.42). Significant associations were observed between measures of self-objectification and body surveillance; body surveillance and both body shame and weight/shape concern; and weight/shape concern and dietary restraint. Results suggest early interventions targeting poor body image may need to address self-objectification, although further research is needed to firmly establish self-objectification as a risk factor for poor body image in children. Practitioners could utilize resources specifically developed for children, which encourage positive body esteem, build body confidence, support healthy relationships with food and exercise, and promote activities encouraging individuals to be attuned to how their bodies feel rather than how they look.

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Mohan Ghosh, Soumya, and Rajni Singh. "Violated Bodies and the Reclamation of Female Subjectivity in Usha Ganguli’s Ham Mukhtārā and Maya Krishna Rao’s Walk." Archiv orientální 85, no. 2 (September 18, 2017): 219–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.85.2.219-259.

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The article sets out to analyze the victimization and objectification of women and the assertion of female subjectivity in the agitprop theatres of Usha Ganguly and Maya Krishna Rao. The article focuses on Ganguly’s Ham Mukhtārā, an adaptation of Mukhtār Māī’s autobiography, In the Name of Honor: A Memoir, which registers protest against a patriarchal society that subjugates women, as well as Rao’s Walk, which challenges the dynamics of power and the societal ostracization of women. The article argues that in the wake of the Nirbhayā case and the ripples created in society by the protests, candlelit marches, and public performances, these recent feminist-propagandist plays are conceived as part of an ongoing pursuit on the part of both artists to resist the phallocentric objectification and reductive categorization of the female body and to reclaim the agency and subjectivity of women.

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Mohan Ghosh, Soumya, and Rajni Singh. "Violated Bodies and the Reclamation of Female Subjectivity in Usha Ganguli’s Ham Mukhtārā and Maya Krishna Rao’s Walk." Archiv orientální 85, no. 2 (September 18, 2017): 219–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.85.2.219-252.

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The article sets out to analyze the victimization and objectification of women and the assertion of female subjectivity in the agitprop theatres of Usha Ganguly and Maya Krishna Rao. The article focuses on Ganguly’s Ham Mukhtārā, an adaptation of Mukhtār Māī’s autobiography, In the Name of Honor: A Memoir, which registers protest against a patriarchal society that subjugates women, as well as Rao’s Walk, which challenges the dynamics of power and the societal ostracization of women. The article argues that in the wake of the Nirbhayā case and the ripples created in society by the protests, candlelit marches, and public performances, these recent feminist-propagandist plays are conceived as part of an ongoing pursuit on the part of both artists to resist the phallocentric objectification and reductive categorization of the female body and to reclaim the agency and subjectivity of women.

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Menzel, Jessie E., J. Kevin Thompson, and Michael P. Levine. "Development and validation of the Physical Activity Body Experiences Questionnaire." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 83, no. 1 (March 2019): 53–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2019.83.1.53.

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Embodiment is defined as a state in which one experiences one's physical body as an essential aspect of one's lived experiences, a potential protective factor against body image and eating disturbance. The Physical Activity Body Experiences Questionnaire (PABEQ) was rationally derived as a measure of embodiment based on focus groups, literature reviews, and expert review. The PABEQ and measures of body image, self-objectification, and disordered eating were administered to two samples randomly selected from a pool of 606 female undergraduate students at least 18 years of age and a third test–retest sample of 58 female undergraduates. Exploratory factor analyses and reliability estimates supported a two-factor scale: Mind-Body Connection and Body Acceptance. Results indicated the utility of the subscales in predicting body awareness, body responsiveness, positive body image, body satisfaction, self-objectification, disordered eating, and positive body image.

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Ko, Stacy Y., and Meifen Wei. "A Culturally Modified Application of Objectification Theory to Asian and Asian-American Women." Counseling Psychologist 48, no. 7 (July 22, 2020): 1048–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000020938872.

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In the current study we sought to find support for a culturally modified application of objectification theory to Asian and Asian American women. The positive association between socialization experiences (i.e., racial teasing and appearance-focused social pressure) and the outcome variable (i.e., consideration of cosmetic surgery) was hypothesized to be mediated by self-objectification processes (i.e., internalization of beauty standards, body surveillance, and lower body esteem). Results using path analysis showed that culturally dominant (United States) and culturally specific (Asian) internalization of beauty standards, culturally dominant (United States) and culturally specific (Asian) body surveillance, and lower body esteem were significant mediators between socialization experiences and consideration of cosmetic surgery. A multiple-group analysis demonstrated equivalence of the model for Asian international and Asian American female students, showing that both dominant and culturally specific beauty standards may contribute to self-objectification processes for this population.

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Davis, Stefanie E. "Objectification, Sexualization, and Misrepresentation: Social Media and the College Experience." Social Media + Society 4, no. 3 (July 2018): 205630511878672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305118786727.

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Social media use can have major impacts on one’s construction of identity, sexuality, and gender. However, some social media sites exhibit problematic and prejudiced themes through their photo and video posts. This paper examines two Instagram sites specifically targeting traditionally college-aged individuals. These sites have tens of thousands of followers, post frequently, and solely focus on highlighting the college experience. Through a textual analysis of these two sites, problematic themes emerged, including objectification of female college students, submissiveness of female college students, and emphasis on a young white college experience. These themes are detailed and explored, followed by a discussion on their potential impacts on broader societal structures and ideas for education on gendered prejudices in the media.

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Khan, Hadia. "A Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis of Qaisra Shahraz’s The Holy Woman in the Backdrop of Subalternity." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 5 (August 26, 2019): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n5p249.

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This paper analyzes the objectification of the South Asian female subject as subaltern by the patriarchal power structure, and disrupts the relevant discourse practices. It investigates this notion in Qaisra Shahraz’s novel The Holy Woman. Methodologically, it applies Gayatri Spivak’s perspective of the subaltern to establish its ontological premise. Additionally, it uses Lazar’s concept of Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis to deconstruct the power discourse behind the objectification of the female identity as reflected in the selected text. The analysis of the selected text reflects as the South Asian patriarchal society ‘legitimizes’ the ‘othering’ of its female subject for the fulfilment of its power agenda that involve political and economic interests. The analysis also reveals as dominant discourse interprets religion the way it suits the power structure. It also shows how the female subject realizes its manipulation by acquiring the knowledge which she earlier lacked and on the acquired awareness, resists the power structure. Through its methodological approach, the paper incites further research into the reorientation of subalternity in the South Asian context.

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Afaque, Huma, and Nasreen Aslam Shah. "A Study Of Spectators Perception About The Women Objectification In Commercials Of Pakistani Electronic Media." Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (September 8, 2018): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v8i1.321.

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The Western media has conducted extensive research on the objectification of women and has now become an established research field for feminist scholars. However, in Pakistan, the representation of women in television advertising and their objectification has received little attention. This research paper tries to describe the point of view of the spectators in contrast to the women objectification in TVCs. Survey research technique has been applied for the examining the views of 200 respondents of the survey and were classified based on gender. Usually, the advertisers use women as the marketing object to attract the attention of the consumers .The study reveals that women are portrayed as sex object for sexual satisfaction due to male chauvinist society. This study concludes that portrayal of women in advertisements is objectified sexually and uses women as commodity to capture the consumers. Overall evidence of female portrayal as a sex object is found in television commercials in Pakistani media and these commercials do not reflect culture and traditions of Pakistan.

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Ching, Ann Hui, and John A. Persing. "Objectification of Transgender Female Patients in Surgical Goals of Facial Feminization Surgery." Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 149, no. 2 (December 27, 2021): 358e—360e. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000008738.

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Ngom, Mamadou Abdou Babou. "Worplace Sexual Harassment and Female Objectification: Feminist Perspectives on Violet Barungi’s Cassandra." English Language and Literature Studies 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v10n1p1.

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Using Violet Barungi’s Cassandra as a stepping-stone, I seek in this research article to analyze how feminism can be an effective weapon against the dyadic straitjacket of sexual harassment on the job and female objectification. The paper argues that male leadership leverage their stranglehold over their female employees to morph them into mere sexual objects. At the root of working women’s subservience to their male guv’nors, the paper contends, lies deep-seated power dynamics heavily weighted in favour of men. The eponymous character’s enactment of a gritty agency geared towards resisting cripplingly sexist practices in the workplace, and hidebound mindset in her society, bespeaks a dismissal of self-pity and discouragement that sometimes characterizes many women to their male-induced marginality.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Female objectification'

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