Journal articles: 'Female referee'

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Card, David, Stefano DellaVigna, Patricia Funk, and Nagore Iriberri. "Are Referees and Editors in Economics Gender Neutral?*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 135, no. 1 (November 8, 2019): 269–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz035.

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Abstract We study the role of gender in the evaluation of economic research using submissions to four leading journals. We find that referee gender has no effect on the relative assessment of female- versus male-authored papers, suggesting that any differential biases of male referees are negligible. To determine whether referees as a whole impose different standards for female authors, we compare citations for female- and male-authored papers, holding constant referee evaluations and other characteristics. We find that female-authored papers receive about 25% more citations than observably similar male-authored papers. Editors largely follow the referees, resulting in a 1.7 percentage point lower probability of a revise and resubmit verdict for papers with female authors relative to a citation-maximizing benchmark. In their desk rejection decisions, editors treat female authors more favorably, though they still impose a higher bar than would be implied by citation maximization. We find no differences in the informativeness of female versus male referees or in the weight that editors place on the recommendations of female versus male referees. We also find no differences in editorial delays for female- versus male-authored papers.

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Jeon Nan Hee. "A Study on the Life of Female Taekwondo Referee." TAEKWONDO JOURNAL OF KUKKIWON 8, no. 4 (December 2017): 97–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.24881/tjk.2017.8.4.97.

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Eskiyecek, Canan Gülbin. "An Investigation of Training Processes and Expectation Levels of Swimming Referees." International Education Studies 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v13n1p54.

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This study was aimed to investigate the opinions of licensed swimming referees within the structure of Turkey Swimming Federation about referee training process and determine the level of their expectations. The study group was randomly selected by a total of 212 swimming referees (95 female and 117 male), and attended Development Seminar for Swimming Referees which was held in Antalya in 2016. “The Review of Referee Training Process and The Survey of Expectation Levels” developed by Bahadır Kayışoğlu in 2008 was used as a data collection tool in the study. Necessary formal permissions were obtained from Turkish Swimming Federation for the scale applied to the referees. In the analysis of the data, t-test was used for binary comparisons, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for multiple comparisons. SPSS Statistics 24.0 was used in the analysis of the data. The p-value that was less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. As a result of the research, it was found that some variables of swimming referees (age, gender, classification, professional experience, educational level, satisfaction level and the reasons to become a referee) have impacts on referees’ training processes, so it was determined that the referees had both positive and negative opinions regarding the referee training process.

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Lee, Jung-Rae, and Ki-Nam Kwon. "A Grounded Theory Approach toward Female Soccer Referee Gender Discrimination." Korean Journal of Physical Education 59, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.23949/kjpe.2020.1.59.1.5.

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Antunovic, Dunja. "“A Female in a Man’s World”: New-Media Discourse around the First Female nfl Referee." Journal of Sports Media 9, no. 2 (2014): 45–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsm.2014.0010.

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Lee, Jun-Gil, Chang-Beom Park, and Geum-Ran Park. "Formation procedure of female boxing referee gender identity and professional consciousness." Korean Journal of Sports Science 26, no. 5 (October 31, 2017): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2017.10.26.5.205.

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Harper, Carolyn R., and Cleve E. Willis. "Gender's Role in Manuscript Acceptance: Sex in the Journal." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 18, no. 1 (April 1989): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00000271.

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Women authors fare poorly at the hands of referees in some economics journals, especially when the review process is not blind. Using data on the 155 manuscripts submitted to the NJARE for publication during the period 1984–88, we found no evidence of differential referee acceptance rates for manuscripts with female and male lead authors.Thus it is quite possible that the name “Miss” transmits through the board or division some vibration which is not registered in the examination room.Virginia WoolfThree Guineas

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Reid, Kamiel, and Christine Dallaire. "‘I’d like to think I’m a good referee’: discourses of ability and the subjectivity of the female soccer referee in Ontario (Canada)." Soccer & Society 21, no. 7 (March 29, 2020): 762–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2020.1742705.

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Passero, Julia Gravena, Júlia Barreira, Anderson Calderani Junior, and Larissa Rafaela Galatti. "Gender (In)equality: A Longitudinal Analysis of Women's Participation in Coaching and Referee Positions in the Brazilian Women’s Basketball League (2010-2017)." Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 19, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/cpd.348611.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the participation of women in coaching and referee positions in the Brazilian Women’s Basketball League, from the first edition of the championship (2010) to the present moment (2017). For this proposal, we analyzed the gender of the coaching staff and referee crews from all the matches played in this period. All data were collected from the official match reports, accessed at the League headquarters. The results showed that women represent 24% of the head coaches, and this proportion has remained stable over the past years. However, it was found that women’s participation as assistant coaches dropped from 88% (2010) to 34% (2017). Although, the participation actually increased for women in the positions of referee, umpire 1 and umpire 2, over the past seven years, these positions are still mostly occupied by men. A higher participation of women could be found in scorer and timekeeper positions, which also remained stable over the years. Although women's participation in sports, and specifically in elite Brazilian basketball, has been increasing in the last decades, the findings of this study showed that occupations for women, within basketball are still restricted to positions of less visibility. Men still mostly occupy the positions of leadership, as head coaches and referees. The results suggest the need for debate and proposals of policies, to promote female participation in different leadership positions in basketball. The aim of this study was to analyze the participation of women in coaching and referee positions in the Brazilian Women’s Basketball League, from the first edition of the championship (2010) to the present moment (2017). For this proposal, we analyzed the gender of the coaching staff and referee crews from all the matches played in this period. All data were collected from the official match reports, accessed at the League headquarters. The results showed that women represent 24% of the head coaches, and this proportion has remained stable over the past years. However, it was found that women’s participation as assistant coaches dropped from 88% (2010) to 34% (2017). Although, the participation actually increased for women in the positions of referee, umpire 1 and umpire 2, over the past seven years, these positions are still mostly occupied by men. A higher participation of women could be found in scorer and timekeeper positions, which also remained stable over the years. Although women's participation in sports, and specifically in elite Brazilian basketball, has been increasing in the last decades, the findings of this study showed that occupations for women, within basketball are still restricted to positions of less visibility. Men still mostly occupy the positions of leadership, as head coaches and referees. The results suggest the need for debate and proposals of policies, to promote female participation in different leadership positions in basketball.

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Forbes, Alison, Lisa Edwards, and Scott Fleming. "‘Women can’t referee’: exploring the experiences of female football officials within UK football culture." Soccer & Society 16, no. 4 (February 6, 2014): 521–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.882829.

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Karaçam, Aydın, and Atilla Pulur. "Examining the Relationship between Referee Self-efficacy and General Self-efficacy Levels of Basketball Referees in Terms of Certain Variables." Journal of Education and Training Studies 5, no. 8 (July 3, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v5i8.2450.

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The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between referee self-efficacy and general self-efficacy levels of basketball referees in terms of gender, education, age and refereeing experience. The study group was created within a convenience sampling method. 192 referees, 10% (n=19) female, and 90% (n=173) male, who performed active refereeing within Turkish Basketball Federation during 2016-2017 basketball season participated in the study. The personal information form, Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) were used as data collection tools. The analysis of the data was conducted using SPSS 21 and AMOS programs. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, t-test and one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) were used in determining the relationships between variables, binary and multiple comparisons, respectively. Total scores of referees in REFS and scores obtained from sub-dimensions of physical fitness and decision making show a significant difference according to gender. There is a positive and significant relationship between referees’ physical fitness, game knowledge, decision making, pressure, communication, total scores in GES and REFS, and their age and refereeing experience. There is a positive and significant relationship between referees’ physical fitness, game knowledge, decision making, pressure, communication, total scores in GES and REFS, and all other variables. There is no significant difference between REFS total score, physical fitness, game knowledge, decision making, pressure and communication of referees, and education.

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Uluöz, Eren. "A Research on the Opinions of the School of Physical Education and Sports Students on the Video Assistant Referee System." GYMNASIUM XXI, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29081/gsjesh.2020.21.1.01.

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The aim of this study is to determine the opinions of the students in Physical Education and Sports School (PES) about the Video Assistance Referee System (VAR). The research was carried out at Cukurova University. Descriptive survey model was used in the research. A total of 84 students (60 male, 24 female) with a mean age of 21,82±3,21 participated in the study. As a result, it can be seen that School of Physical Education and Sports students have not fully positive opinions about the VAR system like many sections of the sports public and that there is a need for further development of the practice. It can be considered that the referees should be more careful and fair in deciding the level of education and practices of the referees in order to increase the level of success of VAR system and to be accepted by all the stakeholders of football.

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Vasconcelos, Breno Berny, and Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio. "Time-motion analysis in elite female Wushu Sanda athletes according to competitive phases and weight categories." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 16, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v16i1.6330.

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Introduction: Wushu Sanda is a Chinese combat sport. Objective: To measure the time-motion structure of elite female wushu sanda athletes during the 13th World Wushu Championships in different weight divisions (light, middle, and heavy categories) and competition phases (eliminatory, quarterfinals, semifinals and finals). Material and methods: Fifty-five female athletes from 31 countries participated in 46 matches during the competition. All 46 matches, accounting 95 rounds, 35 in light, 25 in middle and 35 in heavyweight divisions, took part in the study. Matches were analyzed using the software Kinovea™. Each match was reproduced in slow motion (50%) twice; therefore, one athlete was observed each time to ensure that all activities would be registered, totalizing 92 observations (46 matches, 2 observations per match). We registered the time in observation, preparation, interaction, effort, pause, high-intensity and low-intensity activities. Results: Descriptive data showed an effort:pause ratio of 2.2:1, a high:low intensity efforts ratio of 1:1.3, and mean observation-preparation-interaction times of 4.5-1.2-4.2 seconds. When comparing by weight category, heavyweight categories had higher total fighting time per round than the light and middle categories. Also, heavyweight categories had longer preparation and interaction mean-time; and referee interruption time frequency, total and mean times than the light and middle categories. Total pause time was also higher for heavyweights. According to the competitive phase, semifinal matches had shorter observation times than eliminatory and final matches. Also, semifinal matches had lower low-intensity time than quarterfinals and finals. Conclusions: Wushu sanda is an intermittent combat sport, and female athletes present some time-motion differences according to weight division and competitive phase.

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Ai Choo, Lee, Mohd Yusof Baharudin, Fairus Fariza Zainudin, and Mohansundar Sankaravel. "A Preliminary Study on Injury Risk Factors of Perak Athletes." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.15 (October 7, 2018): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15.21441.

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The objective of this study is to identify the injury risk factors of Perak male and female athletes who participating in contact and non-contact sports, meanwhile to suggest preventive strategies to all the sports personnel. The research design chosen was retrospective descriptive epidemiological study. The data from this study is examined based on intrinsic risk factors (Self Induce and Attire) and extrinsic risk factors (Third Party, Environment and Equipment). The descriptive statistics was utilized to analyze the research variables. The data collected for self status in self induce factor, finding revealed that body composition (51.1%) as highest risk followed by body status to play (41.7%), self-attitude (5.8%) and age difference (1.4%). Whereby, for factor of attire, more injuries occurred due to not wearing appropriate protective gear (47.5%) compared to inappropriate footwear (34.5%) and inappropriate clothing (18.0%). The extrinsic factors of third party that lead to injuries were mostly due to opponent (89.2%), contrary to referee (10.8%) and none from audiences. There was no injury reported due to playing equipment. This study finding revealed that playing surface was reported highest (75.5%) in environment factors followed by weather (24.5%). In the nutshell, injury rates can be reduced by identifying the injury risk factors and thus the life span of high performance athletes will be prolonged.

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Weddle, Carie B., John Hunt, and Scott K. Sakaluk. "Self-referent phenotype matching and its role in female mate choice in arthropods." Current Zoology 59, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.2.239.

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Abstract A growing body of empirical evidence shows that females of many animal species gain benefits by mating polyandrously, and often prefer to mate with novel males over previous mates. Although a female preference for novel males has been demonstrated for multiple animal taxa, the mechanisms used by females to discriminate between novel and previous mates remain largely unknown. However, recent studies suggest that in decorated crickets Gryllodes sigillatus, females actually imbue males with their own chemical cues, known as cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) during mating, and utilize chemosensory self-referencing to recognize recent mates. Here we review evidence that self-referent phenotype matching is a widespread mechanism of recognition in arthropods, and explore how CHCs are used to facilitate mate-choice decisions. There is substantial evidence that CHCs are used as recognition cues to discriminate between species, kin, sexes, mates, individuals, and self and non-self, and are used to facilitate mate-choice decisions in a wide range of arthropod taxa. There is also evidence that CHCs are often transferred between individuals during direct physical contact, including copulation. Chemosensory self-referencing via cuticular hydrocarbons could provide a simple, but reliable mechanism for identifying individuals from previous mating encounters. This mechanism does not require any specialized cognitive abilities because an individual’s phenotype is always available for reference. Given the ubiquitous use of CHCs among arthropods, chemosensory self-referencing may be a widespread mechanism used by female arthropods to facilitate female mate-choice decisions and to enhance opportunities for polyandry.

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Monteiro, Luis Fernandes, Jorge Gonçalves, Luís Chambel, and Mark Abel. "Evolution of the temporal structure of world high competition judo combat (2013 a 2017)." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 14, no. 2s (November 18, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v14i2s.6022.

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<div>Judo is a sport that is constantly evolving. Rule modifications and changes in tactical strategies have enhanced scoring opportunities and reduced penalties. This study analyzed the evolution of the temporal structure of combat through an assessment of the total match time (TMT), time engaged in combat (CT), time without (TWOG) and with grip (TWG), pause time (PT), the percentage of combat time in tachi-waza and combat in ne-waza, and the frequency of combat/tactical/technical actions/tasks. Data were descriptively analyzed overtime during the 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2017 World Championships and the 2016 Olympic Games. Data from 3,084 male and female matches across weight and gender categories were collapsed and used to compare the TMT, CT, TWOG, TWG, PT, and frequency of tactical actions over time and by competition phase (i.e., qualifiers, quarterfinals, recaps, semi-finals, bronze and finals). There were several temporal changes that occurred due to the rules modifications. The TMT increased by 3.6% over the sampling period for all competition phases. Regarding the duration of combat activities, relative to TMT: 25% was spent in PT (M PT = 8.9 s); 36% (M TWG = 9.6 s) was spent in TWG; 25% (M = 7.3 s) was spent in TWOG; 15% was spent in ne-waza (M = 7.7 s per action). With the changes of the rules in 2017, there was a Golden Point Score increase of 25% in the total number of combat; in relation to the competition phase, there was a 50% increase in the total number of combat activities. There was also a 15% increase in the number of actions in the competition final phase. There was some variation of the time structure of the combat, namely in the total time of the fighting and Golden Point, as a consequence of the change of the Referee rule changes.</div>

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Han, Shuai, Hong Xu, Jinxian Zheng, Junhui Sun, Xue Feng, Yue Wang, Wen Ye, et al. "Population-Wide Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Carrier Detection by CK and Molecular Testing." BioMed Research International 2020 (September 27, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8396429.

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Carrier screening of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has not been widely evaluated. To identify definite DMD female carriers prior to or in early pregnancy, we studied a large population of reproductive age females and provided informed reproductive options to DMD carriers. 37268 females were recruited from the Hangzhou Family Planning Publicity and Technology Guidance Station/Hangzhou Health Service Center for Children and Women, Hangzhou, China, between October 10, 2017, and December 16, 2018. CK activity was measured with follow-up serum DMD genetic testing in subjects with hyperCKemia, defined as CK>200 U/L. The calculated upper reference limit (97.5th percentile) of serum creatine kinase (CK) for females aged 20-50 years in this study was near the reference limit recommended by the manufacturer (200 U/L), above which was defined as hyperCKemia. 427 females (1.2%) harbored initially elevated CK, among which 281 females (response rate of 65.8%) accepted CK retesting. DMD genetic testing was conducted on 62 subjects with sustained serum CK>200 U/L and 16 females with a family history of DMD. Finally, 6 subjects were confirmed to be DMD definite carriers. The estimated DMD female carrier rate in this study was 1 : 4088 (adjusting for response rate), an underestimated rate, since only 50% to 70% of DMD female carriers manifest elevated serum CK, and carriers in this study may have been missed due to lack of follow-up or inability to detect all DMD pathogenic variants by current genetic testing.

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Bammesberger, A. "Old English Maera with Female Reference." Notes and Queries 57, no. 1 (January 7, 2010): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/notesj/gjp229.

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Eskiyecek, Canan Gulbin, Omer Satici, Huseyin Nasip Ozaltas, Yuksel Savucu, and Mine Gul. "An Analysis on General Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Swimming Referees in Terms of Demographic Variables." Journal of Education and Learning 8, no. 5 (September 27, 2019): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v8n5p259.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the general self-efficacy beliefs of licensed swimming referees who actively serve in Turkish Swimming Federation in terms of variables age, gender, educational status, level of referee, the reason to become a referee, professional experience and satisfaction level. The population of the study is composed of a total of 450 swimming referees participating to the Swimming Referee Development Seminar in Antalya in 2016. In addition, the research sample is randomly selected by 212 swimming referees (6 FINA, 74 National and 132 Provincial referees) including 95 females and 117 males were selected in this seminar. A five-point likert-scale “General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES)”, which was developed by Sherer et al. (1982), presented by Magaletta and Oliver (1999) as 17 items and adapted into Turkish culture by Yıldırım and İlhan (2010), was used in the study as data collection tool. Necessary formal permissions were obtained from Turkish Swimming Federation for the scale applied to the referees. Descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, factor analysis, an independent samples t test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Post-Hoc test (Tukey HSD) were applied to data by using SPSS Statistics. An analysis with p<0.05 is considered statistically significant. Cronbach Alpha value was calculated as .949 for the scale. As a result of factorial analysis, two factors with an eigenvalue greater than one were obtained, and it was observed that these two factorial structures revealed 62.63% of the total variance. In addition, according to Bartlett’s test, this test was considered significant (p<0.05). As a result of the study, it was found that the swimming referees showed significant differences in terms of the variables of general self-efficacy beliefs such as level of referee, the reason to become a referee, professional experience and satisfaction level and it can be said that these variables are the determinants of the self-efficacy beliefs of swimming referees.

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Delamain, Marcia T., Eliana Cristina Martins Miranda, Maria Gomes da Silva, Joana Desterro, Merli Francesco, Carlos Chiattone, Stefano Luminari, Katia BB Pagnano, Carmino Antonio De Souza, and Massimo Federico. "Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of 104 Patients with Gastric Diffuse B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (DLBCL) a Multicenter Study." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 5032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.5032.5032.

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Abstract Background: Gastric lymphoma is the most common extra nodal B cell Non Hodgkin Lymphoma and DLBCL accounts for 70% of cases in the stomach. The clinical course is heterogeneous and clinical symptoms, laboratorial abnormalities and Helicobacter pylori and hepatitis B and C infections, in addition to classical IPI factors, have been related to prognosis. Different clinical behaviors may reflect distinct pathogenic mechanisms. In order to improve outcomes, a better characterization of prognostic factors is required. Aim: We aimed to identify factors with a potential prognosis impact in a consecutive series of gastric DLBCL patients diagnosed and treated in three referee Centers in Brazil, Portugual and Italy, by analyzing demographic and clinical characteristics, response to treatment and outcome (overall survival). The clinical picture of European and Brazilian populations was also compared. Patients and Methods: Between January 2010 and May 2015, 104 DLBCL were enrolled in this study. In order to establishing correlations between the clinical features and response to treatment the following parameters were analyzed: clinical symptoms, serum albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenize (LDH),b 2microglobulin, tumor bulky stage of disease, age-adjusted international prognostic index (aaIPI), and response to treatment. Statistical analysis using SPSS software included descriptive analyses, Kaplan-Meyer estimates for overall survival and Cox regression;p values <0.05 were considered significant. The final analyses were adjusted to Brazilian and European patients due to different clinical data at diagnosis. Results: 104 patients, median age 69 (28-88) years, were enrolled in this study, with a female: male ratio of 1.2:1. Their ECOG performance status was 0 in 48.5%; 1 and 2 in 42.6% and ≥3 in 8.9% cases, whereas aaIPI risk distribution was 12 (12.6%) high risk, 20 (21.1.%) high-intermediate risk and 63 (66.3%) low/low-intermediate high in 57/80 patients (71.2%). The test for identification of Helicobacter Pillory (HP) was performed in 45 patients and was positive in 13 (28.9%); also Hepatitis B serology, available in 97 cases, 46.4% positive. The most common symptoms included abdominal pain (63/74) and weight loss (57/73), dysphalgia (37/72) and nausea, vomiting (37/72). Bulky wasfound in 24%, plus anemia (33/76) and bleeding (22/72). Endoscopic examination was realized in 95%, however, only 10% was submitted to surgery. Brazilian patients were younger and more frequently symptomatic at diagnosis, although aaIPI was similar among the two populations. Almost all patients received chemotherapy (96% RCHOP-like). The median follow-up time was 14 (1-77) months, with 1- and 5-year survival rates of 79 and 76%, respectively. 5-year survival rates were significantly influenced by anemia (p= 0.007), LDH at the diagnosis (p< 0.0001), B symptoms (p<0.0001), clinical stage (p= 0.003), aaIPI 2 and 3 (p<0.0001), nausea (p=0.04) and bulky disease (p=0.02). Other variables, including gender (p= 0.17), presence of dysphagia (p= 0.08), weigh loss (p= 0.11), pain (p= 0.14) and bleeding (p= 0.06) and elevated β2microglobulin at diagnosis (p= 0.09) didn't influence the outcome. Furthermore, multivariate analysis applying Cox Regression and adjusted by Brazilian and European patients confirmed that overall survival was only influenced by aaIPI 2 and 3 (HR 9.16, CI95%: 2.16-16.8; p< 0.0001) and female gender (HR 2.71, CI95%: 1.03-7.13; p= 0.004). In conclusion In this series of European and Brazilian gastric DLBCL patients were confirmed the impact of aaIPI on survival and identified female gender as poor prognosis factor. Differences in clinical presentation among countries may relate to heterogeneous disease biology and deserve further investigations. Disclosures Luminari: Roche: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Teva: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

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Neguţ, Alina Cristina, Mariana-Carmen Chifiriuc, Oana Săndulescu, Anca Streinu-Cercel, Mihaela Oprea, Elena Carmina Drăgulescu, Irina Gheorghe, et al. "Bacteriophage-driven inhibition of biofilm formation inStaphylococcusstrains from patients attending a Romanian reference center for infectious diseases." FEMS Microbiology Letters 363, no. 18 (August 11, 2016): fnw193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnw193.

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Arnqvist, Göran, Karl Grieshop, Cosima Hotzy, Johanna Rönn, Michal Polak, and Locke Rowe. "Direct and indirect effects of male genital elaboration in female seed beetles." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1954 (July 7, 2021): 20211068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1068.

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Our understanding of coevolution between male genitalia and female traits remains incomplete. This is perhaps especially true for genital traits that cause internal injuries in females, such as the spiny genitalia of seed beetles where males with relatively long spines enjoy a high relative fertilization success. We report on a new set of experiments, based on extant selection lines, aimed at assessing the effects of long male spines on females in Callosobruchus maculatus . We first draw on an earlier study using microscale laser surgery, and demonstrate that genital spines have a direct negative (sexually antagonistic) effect on female fecundity. We then ask whether artificial selection for long versus short spines resulted in direct or indirect effects on female lifetime offspring production. Reference females mating with males from long-spine lines had higher offspring production, presumably due to an elevated allocation in males to those ejaculate components that are beneficial to females. Remarkably, selection for long male genital spines also resulted in an evolutionary increase in female offspring production as a correlated response. Our findings thus suggest that female traits that affect their response to male spines are both under direct selection to minimize harm but are also under indirect selection (a good genes effect), consistent with the evolution of mating and fertilization biases being affected by several simultaneous processes.

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Moelyo, Annang Giri, Lucky Yogasatria, Yusak Aditya Setyawan, and Evi Rokhayati. "Sitting height, sitting height/height ratio, arm span and arm span-height difference of healthy adolescents in Surakarta, Indonesia." Paediatrica Indonesiana 58, no. 3 (June 8, 2018): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi58.3.2018.138-45.

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Background Sitting height, sitting height/height ratio (SHR), arm span, and arm span-height difference (AHD) are indices to diagnose conditions of disproportion. Reference data on sitting height, SHR, arm span, and AHD for Indonesian children are limited. Objective To compile reference data on sitting height, SHR, arm span, and AHD in Indonesian adolescents, and to compare these indices for boys and girls at various ages. Methods A population-based survey was conducted from August 2016 to November 2017 in three high schools in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. A convenience sampling method was employed to recruit healthy adolescents without history of chronic disease, history of physical trauma, and/or physical disabilities. All subjects underwent anthropometric measurements (height, weight, sitting height, and arm span), and their ethnic origins were noted. The lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method was used for reference construction. Results Of 639 subjects, 42% were male. Body mass index (BMI) values were similar between males and females. Mean height, weight, sitting height, and arm span of males were greater than those of females. The mean male and female SHRs were 51.1 (SD 1.6) % and 51.0 (SD 1.6) %, respectively (P=0.36), while the mean AHDs were 4.2 (SD 4.5) cm and 3.4 (SD 4.1) cm, respectively (P=0.02). The formula to estimate height based on arm span in males was [height = (0.78 x arm span) + 32.14] in cm. The formula in females was [height = (0.66 x arm span) + 50.59] in cm. Conclusion There was no significant difference in SHR between male and female adolescents. However, males haVE significantly larger mean AHD than females. We provide references on sitting height, SHR, arm span, and AHD in male and female adolescents.

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Sole, Christopher, Timothy Suchomel, and Michael Stone. "Preliminary Scale of Reference Values for Evaluating Reactive Strength Index-Modified in Male and Female NCAA Division I Athletes." Sports 6, no. 4 (October 29, 2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports6040133.

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The purpose of this analysis was to construct a preliminary scale of reference values for reactive strength index-modified (RSImod). Countermovement jump data from 151 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I collegiate athletes (male n = 76; female n = 75) were analyzed. Using percentiles, scales for both male and female samples were constructed. For further analysis, athletes were separated into four performance groups based on RSImod and comparisons of jump height (JH), and time to takeoff (TTT) were performed. RSImod values ranged from 0.208 to 0.704 and 0.135 to 0.553 in males and females, respectively. Males had greater RSImod (p < 0.001, d = 1.15) and JH (p < 0.001, d = 1.41) as compared to females. No statistically significant difference was observed for TTT between males and females (p = 0.909, d = 0.02). Only JH was found to be statistically different between all performance groups. For TTT no statistical differences were observed when comparing the top two and middle two groups for males and top two, bottom two, and middle two groups for females. Similarities in TTT between sexes and across performance groups suggests JH is a primary factor contributing to differences in RSImod. The results of this analysis provide practitioners with additional insight as well as a scale of reference values for evaluating RSImod scores in collegiate athletes.

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Valencia-Sosa, Evelyn, Clío Chávez-Palencia, Juan R. Vallarta-Robledo, Enrique Romero-Velarde, Alfredo Larrosa-Haro, Edgar Manuel Vásquez-Garibay, and César Octavio Ramos-García. "Percentile Reference Values for the Neck Circumference of Mexican Children." Children 8, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8050407.

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Neck circumference was studied for the first time in a pediatric population in 2010. Since then, various countries have proposed cutoff values to identify overweight, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. However, no reference values have been established for the Mexican child population. The aim of this study is to provide percentile reference values for the neck circumference of Mexican schoolchildren. Only normal-weight schoolchildren aged 6–11 years were included. Percentiles and growth charts were constructed based on the “Generalized Additive Model for Location, Scale and Shape” (GAMLSS). A total of 1059 schoolchildren (52.9% female) was evaluated. Weight, height, and BMI values were higher for males; however, this difference was not statistically significant. The 50th percentile for females was 24.6 cm at six years old and 28.25 cm at 11 years old, and for males, it was 25.75 cm and 28.76 cm, respectively. Both males and females displayed a pronounced increase in neck circumference between 10 and 11 years of age. The greatest variability was found in the 11-year-old group, with an increase of 5.5 cm for males and 5.4 cm for females. This study presents the first reference values for neck circumference for a Mexican child population.

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Lillie, Len E., Norman J. Temple, and L. Zack Florence. "Reference values for young normal Sprague-Dawley rats: weight gain, hematology and clinical chemistry." Human & Experimental Toxicology 15, no. 8 (August 1996): 612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719601500802.

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1 Arterial blood from 63 male (315 - 500 g) and 60 female (210 - 290 g) healthy Sprague-Dawley rats was ana lyzed for 16 hematological and 22 clinical chemistry parameters. 2 Nine of these parameters were associated with growth and developmental changes in males between 38 - 78 days and females 49 - 89 days of age. 3 Weight gain in both sexes followed patterns consistent with other studies using this strain, but interexperi mental variation was as much as ± 22%. 4 Rectal temperatures of females averaged 37.28°C, being statistically greater (P < 0.05) than the average male at 36.99°C. 5 The data provide reference values for use in toxicolo gical and other investigations.

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Snyder Valier, Alison R., Cailee E. Welch Bacon, R. Curtis Bay, Eileen Molzen, Kenneth C. Lam, and Tamara C. Valovich McLeod. "Reference Values for the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and the Multidimensional Fatigue Scale in Adolescent Athletes by Sport and Sex." American Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 12 (July 14, 2017): 2723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517714471.

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Background: Effective use of patient-rated outcome measures to facilitate optimal patient care requires an understanding of the reference values of these measures within the population of interest. Little is known about reference values for commonly used patient-rated outcome measures in adolescent athletes. Purpose: To determine reference values for the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and the Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (MFS) in adolescent athletes by sport and sex. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A convenience sample of interscholastic adolescent athletes from 9 sports was used. Participants completed the PedsQL and MFS during one testing session at the start of their sport season. Data were stratified by sport and sex. Dependent variables included the total PedsQL score and the 5 PedsQL subscale scores: physical functioning, psychosocial functioning, emotional functioning, social functioning, and school functioning. Dependent variables for the MFS included 3 subscale scores: general functioning, sleep functioning, and cognitive functioning. Summary statistics were reported for total and subscale scores by sport and sex. Results: Among 3574 males and 1329 female adolescent athletes, the PedsQL scores (100 possible points) generally indicated high levels of health regardless of sport played. Mean PedsQL total and subscales scores ranged from 82.6 to 95.7 for males and 83.9 to 95.2 for females. Mean MFS subscale scores (100 possible points) ranged from 74.2 to 90.9 for males and 72.8 to 87.4 for females. Conclusion: Healthy male and female adolescent athletes reported relatively high levels of health on the PedsQL subscales and total scores regardless of sport; no mean scores were lower than 82.6 points for males or 83.9 points for females. On the MFS, males and females tended to report low effect of general and cognitive fatigue regardless of sport; mean scores were higher than 83.5 points for males and 83.8 points for females. Clinically, athletes who score below the reference values for their sport have poorer health status than average adolescent athletes participating in that sport. Scores below reference values may warrant consideration of early intervention or treatment.

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Sattar, Sumera, Dr Shahzaman Khan, and Sharin Iqbal. "Impact of Self-Esteem and Body Image on Sports Participation of Female Athletes." SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS), no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51846/the-sky.v4i1.816.

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With reference to Pakistan, it has been observed that young female students are reluctant to take part in sports because of social pressures that affect their health in the long run. This research was conducted to examine the effect of self-esteem and body image on sports participation of female athletes mainly with two objectives i.e. to quantify the relationship between self-esteem and body image of sports participation of females and to quantify the impact of self-esteem and body image as motivators for sports participation of females. The purpose of selecting this topic was that both self-esteem and body image can play a major role to motivate females participate in sports. By applying the simple random sampling, a total of 200 female students were selected from four different universities to participate in the study. These female students belonged to the physical education department of different universities of Lahore, Pakistan. Adapted questionnaires of Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (1965) and Offer Scale of Body-image (1972) were used to get the opinion of the participants. Results indicated a positively significant relationship between self-esteem and sports participation of female students as the values of the correlation were 0.317. In case of body image, positive significant relationship was observed between body image and sports participation as the value of correlation was 0.442. The research concluded that female students having high level of self-esteem and perfect body image, were more enthusiastic to participate in sports. The findings will help the physical trainers, instructors and teachers to find out the causes from the females who have low self-esteem.

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Chettiar, Anitha. "Problems Faced by Hijras (Male to Female Transgenders) in Mumbai with Reference to Their Health and Harassment by the Police." International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 5, no. 9 (2015): 752–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2015.v5.551.

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Oyama, Hirofumi, Masahiro Goto, Motoi Fujita, Hiroshi Shibuya, and Tomoe Sakashita. "Preventing Elderly Suicide Through Primary Care by Community-Based Screening for Depression in Rural Japan." Crisis 27, no. 2 (March 2006): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.27.2.58.

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Depression is a major cause of suicide among the elderly. Few previous community-based interventions against depression have reduced the suicide rate. This study aims to evaluate outcomes of a community-based program to prevent suicide among the elderly using a quasi-experimental design with a neighboring reference group. The program, including depression screening with follow-up and health education through primary care and public health nursing, was implemented for 10 years in Matsudai town, a rural area of Japan (population 6,015; suicide rate per 105 [≥65-year-olds] for males 290.6, and for females 361.3). Changes in the suicide risk were estimated by the incidence rate ratio (IRR). The female risk of completing suicide in the intervention area was reduced by 70% (age-adjusted IRR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.14-0.67), while there was no change in the risk for males in the intervention area nor for males or females in the reference area (Kawanishi town: population 9,425; elderly suicide rate for males 212.2, females 151.9). A ratio of the female IRR in the intervention area to that in its prefecture was also estimated at 0.45 (95% CI: 0.19-0.97), showing that the reduction of suicide risk in the intervention area was greater than the historical trend. A community intervention against suicide using management of depression with nonpsychiatric, primary health care would be effective for elderly females, but not males.

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Boag, Brian, and Gregor Yeates. "Growth and life histories in Nematoda with particular reference to environmental factors." Nematology 5, no. 5 (2003): 653–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854103322746832.

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AbstractTo seek unifying principles underlying growth patterns in the phylum Nematoda, the volume of successive developmental stages was determined from published measurements. Within some groups occupying fairly uniform, non-living habitats ( e.g. , Longidoridae, Mononchida, non-parasitic Rhabditida) growth patterns are similar, as are the sizes of both sexes. In aquatic Chromadorida and Monhysterida, females are commonly larger than males. Plant-parasitic groups vary in the relative size of the sexes; within Criconematoidea there is some reduction of males in Hemicyliophora but extreme reduction in Tylenchulus. Despite freeliving and parasitic cycles of Strongyloides showing differing growth in stages 2 to 4, females are similar in both cycles. The strongylid parasites of vertebrates studied have a bacterial-feeding external stage and have lower growth rates and achieve smaller female size than Ascardia with direct life cycles. In taxa for which data are available, the increase in volume between stages 1 and 2 was 0.4-53-fold; that between stages 2 and 3, typically, 1.8-2.9-fold but up to 8191-fold; between stages 3 to 4, 1.7-3.8-fold but up to 100-fold; and between stage 4 to female, typically, 1.1-42-fold but up to 918-fold. Complete data are available for few nematode species and there is no apparent consistent pattern in which taxa contain 'outliers' at particular stages. Many more data are required to assess the impacts of habitat texture, physical support, food supply and experienced temperature on nematode growth and size.

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Keller, Dagmar I., Mario Bizzini, Nina Feddermann, Astrid Junge, and Jiri Dvorak. "FIFA Women's World Cup 2011: Pre-Competition Medical Assessment of female referees and assistant referees." British Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 3 (September 12, 2012): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091436.

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Tsegaye, Aster, Tsehaynesh Messele, Tesfaye Tilahun, Ermias Hailu, Tefera Sahlu, Ronan Doorly, Arnaud L. Fontanet, and Tobias F. Rinke de Wit. "Immunohematological Reference Ranges for Adult Ethiopians." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 410–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.3.410-414.1999.

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ABSTRACT A cross-sectional survey was carried out with 485 healthy working adult Ethiopians who are participating in a cohort study on the progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection to establish hematological reference ranges for adult HIV-negative Ethiopians. In addition, enumeration of absolute numbers and percentages of leukocyte subsets was performed for 142 randomly selected HIV-negative individuals. Immunological results were compared to those of 1,356 healthy HIV-negative Dutch blood donor controls. Immunohematological mean values, medians, and 95th percentile reference ranges were established. Mean values were as follows: leukocyte (WBC) counts, 6.1 × 109/liter (both genders); erythrocyte counts, 5.1 × 1012/liter (males) and 4.5 × 1012/liter (females); hemoglobin, 16.1 (male) and 14.3 (female) g/dl; hematocrit, 48.3% (male) and 42.0% (female); platelets, 205 × 109/liter (both genders); monocytes, 343/μl; granulocytes, 3,057/μl; lymphocytes, 1,857/μl; CD4 T cells, 775/μl; CD8 T cells, 747/μl; CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio, 1.2; T cells, 1,555/μl; B cells, 191/μl; and NK cells, 250/μl. The major conclusions follow. (i) The WBC and platelet values of healthy HIV-negative Ethiopians are lower than the adopted reference values of Ethiopia. (ii) The absolute CD4 T-cell counts of healthy HIV-negative Ethiopians are considerably lower than those of the Dutch controls, while the opposite is true for the absolute CD8 T-cell counts. This results in a significantly reduced CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio for healthy Ethiopians, compared to the ratio for Dutch controls.

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Duncan, Terry E., Susan C. Duncan, and Edward McAuley. "The Role of Domain and Gender-Specific Provisions of Social Relations in Adherence to a Prescribed Exercise Regimen." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 15, no. 2 (June 1993): 220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.15.2.220.

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The present study investigated the role of domain-specific combinations of social support provisions in adherence to a prescribed exercise regimen. Research participants were middle-aged, sedentary, males and females (N = 85). Separate discriminant function analyses for males and females revealed that among females, the social provisions of guidance and reassurance of worth significantly discriminated adherers and nonadherers. The two provisions of social integration and guidance significantly discriminated adherers and nonadherers among males. Results are discussed with reference to the importance of social provisions in exercise settings, male and female differences, and the implications of social support interventions for enhancing exercise compliance.

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Arroyo Cabello, María. "Rompiendo moldes: María Luz Morales y la crónica femenina." RIHC. Revista Internacional de Historia de la Comunicación 1, no. 16 (2021): 65–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/rich.2021.i16.04.

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María Luz Morales pertenece a una generación de periodistas y escritoras recientemente descubiertas por los investigadores. Precursora del periodismo cultural, su prolífica obra la convierte en un referente en la historia del periodismo. El propósito de este trabajo es recopilar las crónicas tituladas Charlas publicadas en la sección «La Mujer, el Niño y el Hogar» de El Sol, además de estudiar su aportación a la modernización de la mujer por la vía de la cultura. Para ello se ha consultado El Sol entre 1926 y 1931 en la Hemeroteca Digital de la Biblioteca Nacional, revisado la literatura científica y efectuado un análisis de contenido. El análisis revela que, si bien los temas coinciden con los contenidos habituales de las revistas femeninas, sin embargo, difieren en el enfoque. El eje temático de las crónicas gira en torno a la literatura escrita por mujeres, literatura infantil, lectura, teatro y moda. La autora fomenta la promoción cultural de la mujer y reclama para ella una consideración intelectual de igualdad

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Baker, Penelope, and M. A. Persinger. "Early Genital Stimulation of Rats Lowers Limbic Seizure Latencies for Females but Increases Latencies for Males." Psychological Reports 76, no. 2 (April 1995): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.547.

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The genitals of male and female rats were tactilely stimulated (glass rod) for 10 successive days beginning on postnatal Days 5, 15, or 35; handled but nonstimulated litter mates served as the reference groups. Limbic seizures were induced by a single systemic injection of lithium and pilocarpine when the rats were adults. The genitally stimulated female rats displayed a lower seizure threshold (as inferred from shorter seizure-onset times) relative to their cage mates. The single largest effect occurred for those females which had been stimulated after the vagina had opened (postnatal 35–45 days).

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Webb, Joel B., Laura M. Slater, Ginny L. Eckert, and Gordon H. Kruse. "The contribution of fecundity and embryo quality to reproductive potential of eastern Bering Sea snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 12 (December 2016): 1800–1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0485.

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Development of refined indices of female reproductive potential is needed for estimation of alternative biological reference points for the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) fishery, which is managed with large male-only harvest regulations. Females were collected from 2007 to 2009 to investigate seasonal and interannual variation in fecundity with maternal size, shell condition (a proxy for age after maturity), and recent mating and again in 2010 to examine biochemical measures (carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen) of embryo quality. Mean model-adjusted fecundity was highest for primiparous and young multiparous females and declined with advancing shell condition, presumably from senescence. This pattern was also found for clutch fullness indices evaluated from 20 years of stock assessment survey data. Indicators of low female sperm reserves were associated with decreased (∼10%) fecundity for multiparous females. Seasonal comparison of size–fecundity relationships suggested that embryo loss during brooding was minimal, and embryo quality analyses suggested that strong variation with maternal characteristics was unlikely. Finally, fecundity-at-size of EBS females may be lower than that of conspecifics in Japan and eastern Canada.

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Kwak, Jeong-Hyeon, and Sun-Hee Lee. "Proposal of the Present and Future Direction for Female Referees." Korean Journal of Sports Science 29, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2020.06.29.3.177.

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Ham, Bo-Kyoung, Kun-Woo Cho, Yoen-Soo Yeom, Jong-Hwi Jeong, Chan-Hyeong Kim, and Min-Cheol Han. "Development of the Reference Korean Female Voxel Phantom." Journal of Radiation Protection and Research 37, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14407/jrp.2012.37.1.041.

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Sami, I. R. "Female circumcision with special reference to the Sudan." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 6, no. 2 (June 1986): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724936.1986.11748419.

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Rafat-Motavalli, Laleh, Hashem Miri-Hakimabad, and Elie Hoseinian-Azghadi. "Hybrid pregnant reference phantom series based on adult female ICRP reference phantom." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 144 (March 2018): 386–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.10.001.

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d'Orbán, P. T. "Female homicide." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 7, no. 1 (March 1990): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700017079.

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AbstractThe incidence, characteristics and patterns of female homicide are reviewed, with special reference to England and Wales. The male:female ratio for homicide offences (7.6) is similar to the ratio for other offences of violence. However, murder is almost exclusively committed by men, and in the 1980's the annual average of female murder convictions was only 6.5 per annum. By contrast, females relatively more often commit homicide offences related to mental disorder (diminished responsibility manslaughter and infanticide). Women have a better chance of acquittal of murder and are more likely to be dealt with by a Probation Order than imprisonment. About 80% of the victims of female homicide are family members; 40-45% kill their children and about one-third kill their spouse or lover. The patterns of female filicide and parricide are reviewed. Further research is required into patterns of spouse-murder.

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Manandhar, Raju Bhai. "Relationship between Gender and Brand Loyalty: A Study with Special Reference to Soap, Noodles and Hair Oil in Nepal." Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 3, no. 2 (November 23, 2020): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njmr.v3i2.33021.

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The nature of the relationship between consumers and the brands to which they are loyal is, however, more wide-reaching than consumers’ behaviours and attitudes. Behavioral aspect of male and female may be different because of their choice and selection. Here, the main aim of this study was to identify the relationship between the gender and brand loyalty with reference to Soap, Noodles and Hair oil in Nepal. The study was conducted among the 200 student of private and public school of Kathmandu valley. The simple random sampling technique was used to select the students. Chi-Square Test was used to identify the relationship between the male and females to brand loyalty. The result indicates that there was significant association in brand loyalty of male and female in noodles whereas there was no significant association in brand loyalty in soap and hair oil. The future researcher can explore the factors affecting the brand loyalty of male and female.

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Calduch-Verdiell, Núria, Brian R. MacKenzie, James W. Vaupel, and Ken H. Andersen. "A life-history evaluation of the impact of maternal effects on recruitment and fisheries reference points." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 7 (July 2014): 1113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0034.

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Fishing causes dramatic changes in the age and size structure of fish stocks. In particular, the targeting of the largest and oldest individuals in a stock changes the age and size distribution of that stock. A large female produces a higher quantity of eggs than a young female because of its larger size, but recent laboratory evidence further indicates that large females also produce eggs of higher quality, a phenomenon known as maternal effects. However, most traditional management models assume that all female fish contribute equally per unit biomass to future recruitment. Here we investigate whether this assumption is valid by calculating the impact of maternal effects both before and after accounting for density-dependent effects. We find that the contribution of large individuals to reproduction is much more pronounced for unfished than for fished stocks. Fisheries reference points are largely unaffected by maternal effects. Our results indicate that the incorporation of maternal effects into impact assessments of fisheries is not expected to change advice substantially. Important exceptions are stocks whose demography is very vulnerable to fishing (and which therefore have low fishing reference points) for which maternal effects are relevant and necessary to consider.

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Vaughn, Ashlee A., and Michael H. Ferkin. "The presence and number of male competitor's scent marks and female reproductive state affect the response of male meadow voles to female conspecifics' odours." Behaviour 148, no. 8 (2011): 927–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000579511x584375.

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AbstractMale mammals are attracted to the scent marks of sexually receptive female conspecifics. Male voles spend more time investigating the scent marks of female voles in postpartum oestrus (PPE), a heightened state of sexual receptivity that occurs following the delivery of a litter, compared to those of female voles that are not in PPE, but in a moderate state of sexual receptivity. However, both types of females will attract male conspecifics to deposit their scent marks near those deposited by these females. The scent marks deposited by these males may indicate how many males have visited this female, which may affect how attractive she is to other males. In the present study, we exposed male meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, to the scent mark of a PPE female and a female that was not in PPE, a reference female (REF female); the scent marks of 0, 1 or 5 males were placed adjacent to the scent marks of these two female scent donors. In doing so, we tested three hypotheses. The first hypothesis is males will spend less time investigating the scent mark of a female that has more scent marks of male conspecifics adjacent to it compared to that of a female that has fewer scent marks of male conspecifics adjacent to it. The second hypothesis is the converse of the first hypothesis. The third hypothesis is males will spend more time investigating the scent mark of a PPE female than that of a REF female, independent of the number of scent marks of other males adjacent to them. Overall, our data suggests that a combination of factors may influence a male's preference for the scent marks of potential mates. Most tests suggest that males will respond preferentially to a female if she has more male suitors than another female, independent of the reproductive state of either female. If however, the number of male suitors is the same for each female, males tend to prefer the scent mark of the female that is in a more heightened state of sexual receptivity.

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Mekhtieva, S. N. "Neuroendocrine disorders in women with epilepsy depending on anticonvulsants intake." Kazan medical journal 94, no. 1 (February 15, 2013): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1772.

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Aim. To assess the influence of epilepsy and anticonvulsants on central control of hormone release and ovarian function in women of reproductive age. Methods. The reproductive and endocrine functions were assessed in 82 female patients with epilepsy, of whom 37 did not receive anticonvulsants (first group), 45 patients were on anticonvulsant treatment (second group). 17 healthy females (control group) were also assessed. Serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and dehydroepiandrosterone were estimated during follicular (n=48) and luteal (n=34) stages of menstrual cycle. Results. Estradiol serum level was below normal ranges, and prolactin serum level - above normal limits at follicular stage of menstrual cycle in female patients not treated with anticonvulsants. In luteal phase serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone exceeded the reference ranges, and testosterone levels were lower than normal in both patients treated and not treated with anticonvulsants. Comparison of two groups showed that estradiol serum level was lower in untreated patients in both stages of menstrual cycle compared to patients treated with anticonvulsants. There was a marked difference in endocrine function at all levels of reproductive neuroendocrine regulation in untreated female patients compared to female patients treated with anticonvulsants with major transformations in female patients with epilepsy not treated with anticonvulsants. Conclision. Epilepsy and treatment with anticonvulsants can influence the central regulation of hormone release in females.

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Nilges, Lynda M. "A Nonverbal Discourse Analysis of Gender in Undergraduate Educational Gymnastics Sequences Using Laban Effort Analysis." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 19, no. 3 (April 2000): 287–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.19.3.287.

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Postmodern theory and Laban analysis were used to study gender as a nonverbal discourse in educational gymnastic sequences of male (n = 12) and female (n = 10) undergraduate students. Sequences were coded using Laban’s (1948) effort concepts (weight, time, space, and flow). For interpretive purposes, each concept was overlaid with a gender reference based on historical gender images. A chi-square test of independence of each effort dimension by gender group indicated weight, space, and flow are significantly related to gender. Males tended to use strong, direct, and bound actions, while females tended to use light, indirect, and free actions (p < .01). No significant difference in use of time was found. A chi-square test of independence of movement model by gender revealed the hypothesized male model was more likely to be used by males, while the female model was more likely to be used by females (p < .001).

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Sarto i Monteys, V., C. Quero, M. C. Santa-Cruz, G. Rosell, and A. Guerrero. "Sexual communication in day-flying Lepidoptera with special reference to castniids or ‘butterfly-moths’." Bulletin of Entomological Research 106, no. 4 (April 5, 2016): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000158.

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AbstractButterflies and moths are subject to different evolutionary pressures that affect several aspects of their behaviour and physiology, particularly sexual communication. Butterflies are day-flying insects (excluding hedylids) whose partner-finding strategy is mainly based on visual cues and female butterflies having apparently lost the typical sex pheromone glands. Moths, in contrast, are mostly night-flyers and use female-released long-range pheromones for partner-finding. However, some moth families are exclusively day-flyers, and therefore subject to evolutionary pressures similar to those endured by butterflies. Among them, the Castniidae, also called ‘butterfly-moths’ or ‘sun-moths’, behave like butterflies and, thus, castniid females appear to have also lost their pheromone glands, an unparallel attribute in the world of moths. In this paper, we review the sexual communication strategy in day-flying Lepidoptera, mainly butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea), Zygaenidae and Castniidae moths, and compare their mating behaviour with that of moth families of nocturnal habits, paying particular attention to the recently discovered butterfly-like partner-finding strategy of castniids and the fascinating facts and debates that led to its discovery.

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Shantz, Amanda, Rupa Banerjee, and Danielle Lamb. "The Relationship Between Male and Female Youth Volunteering and Extrinsic Career Success: A Growth Curve Modeling Approach." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 48, no. 2_suppl (October 27, 2018): 201S—225S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764018807093.

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Drawing from investment and statistical discrimination theories, we test a model to examine the income growth trajectories of male and female youth volunteers and non-volunteers. Using growth curve modeling for four waves of longitudinal data for the reference period 2001-2007 ( n = 7,447), we find that male and female youth volunteers face an initial earnings disadvantage vis-à-vis youth non-volunteers; this penalty is smaller for females compared with males. However, over time, the income growth of volunteers is higher than that of non-volunteers. Male volunteers experience faster earnings growth than female volunteers. Furthermore, we find that, given the more rapid earnings growth of male volunteers relative to female volunteers, volunteering serves to widen, rather than narrow, the gender wage gap. The implications for future research and the relevance of the findings for career counselors, youth, and voluntary organizations are discussed.

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Apple, Fred S., Karen Schulz, Christian W. Schmidt, Trees S. Y. van Domburg, Judith M. Fonville, and Femke K. de Theije. "Determination of sex-specific 99th percentile upper reference limits for a point of care high sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 59, no. 9 (May 24, 2021): 1574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2021-0262.

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Abstract Objectives High sensitivity (hs) cardiac troponin (cTn) assays are defined per the IFCC Committee on Clinical Application of Cardiac Biomarker (C-CB) by the ability to measure ≥ 50% of concentrations greater than the limit of detection (LoD) with an impression of ≤10% at sex-specific 99th percentiles. Our study determined the sex-specific 99th percentile upper reference limits for males and females utilizing heparinized plasma from AACC universal sample bank for the Siemens point of care (POC) Atellica® VTLi hs-cTnI immunoassay. Methods Apparently healthy subjects, included overall 693, males 363, and females 330, following exclusionary surrogate biomarker use of hemoglobin A1c, NT-proBNP, and eGFR, along with statin medication. hs-cTnI was measured in a central laboratory, on multiple POC Atellica® VTLi immunoassay analyzers. The LoD was 1.24 ng/L and the 10%CV concentration was 6.7 ng/L. 99th percentile URLs were determined by the nonparametric (NP) method. Results Histograms of the hs-cTnI concentrations (ng/L) for males and females were used to visualize the distributions and concentrations in men and women and differed significantly (pre- and post-exclusion, both p <0.001). 99th percentile URLs were: overall 23 ng/L (90% CI 20–32 ng/L); male 27 ng/L (CI 21–37 ng/L); female 18 ng/L (CI 9–78 ng/L). The percentages of subjects having a measurable concentration ≥ the LoD were: overall 83.7%, male 87.3%, female 79.7%. Conclusions Our findings show the novel POC Atellica® VTLi hs-cTnI assay meets the designation of a ‘high-sensitivity’ assay using heparinized plasma.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Female referee'

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