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Journal articles on the topic 'Femininity in literature'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Siddique, Md Hasinur. "Docile Femininity:." Crossings: A Journal of English Studies 12 (September 1, 2021): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.59817/cjes.v12i.35.

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Construction of fat bodies in young adult (YA) literature comes up with the interception of cultural negotiation and empowerment of fat female identity. This paper studies the apparatuses that subdue fat bodies in YA novels, examining the fictions published between 2007 and 2019 where fat teens are the protagonists. The study offers a critical reading on eight such novels – Holding up the Universe; The Upside of Unrequited; Puddin’; Skinny; If a Tree Falls at Lunch Period; By The Time You Read This, I’ll Be Dead; There’s Something about Sweetie; Fat Angie – and examines individual and social treatments of fat female bodies in association with sexuality, food, and body surveillance. The analysis highlights normative filters that allocate a separate set of ideas regarding the personal relationships of the large physiques. While their eating habits pass through abusive stereotyped filters, the protagonists fall victims to frequent scrutiny from others and surrender to self-surveillance. The paper reveals that even a surge of fat positive fictions could strengthen weight bias if the texts continue to fill up stories with mere descriptions of the characters’ struggle against existing cultural frameworks.

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Jang, Jeonglyeul. "Ecofeminism in Modern Literature." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 45, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2023.01.45.01.243.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the ecological feminism in Korean literature. Jeong Jin-gyu's poem and Lee Yoon-ki's short story “Hole” talk about nature and women alike. However, while Jeong Jin-gyu's work reveals intact nature, femininity, principles of life, and vivid vitality, Lee Yoon-ki's novel criticizes the selfishness of humans(men) through femininity and ecosystems in crisis. Nevertheless, ｢hole｣ shows the possibility of re-recognition of the world through the realization of 'him'. Jeong Jin-gyu's poems are dedicated to expressing or admiring the feminine and productive principles of nature. This is effective in finding its place in nature and women who have been alienated or distorted in the reality of ecosystem destruction. Ecofeminist literature makes us recognize the reality that nature, women, and the world are distorted by socio-political institutions or power. It also urges the restoration of ecological ethics, heals the wounds of the separated world, and functions as a goddess to adjust the ecosystem in crisis.

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Christian-Smith, Linda K., and Johan Lyall Aitken. "In Different Voices: Morality and Femininity in Literature." Curriculum Inquiry 20, no. 4 (1990): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1179880.

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Averbuch, Alex. "ORIENTALIZING FEMININITY: NOTIONS OF IMPURITY IN UKRAINIAN MODERNIST LITERATURE." Слово і Час, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2022.01.82-98.

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The paper examines the interconnectedness of feminity with ethnonational otherness in Ukrainian modernist literature in the context of European misogyny and ethnophobia. It demonstrates how the representation of female sinful otherness, impurity, and disloyalty was cemented in misogynistic imagery, in which women appeared as witches and heterodox temptresses through sexual and cultural differentiation. The otherizing of Orientalized ethnic groups in Eastern Europe — typically Jews, Roma, and Tatars — involved their conceptual feminization as well. Specifically, the paper analyzes the topic of the decay of the Slavic/Orthodox/masculine ‘race’ and the range of concomitant tropes and ideas found in Ukrainian modernist literature, such as castration, celibacy, and obsession with ‘tainted’ blood, which reflected ‘racial’ anxieties that went hand in hand with misogynistic ideas of the feminine role in spiritual and physical decline. The study performs close readings of works by Olha Kobylianska, Mykhailo Yatskiv, and Natalia Livytska-Kholodna, in which women appear as demonic-vampiric, heterodox seductresses and heresiarchesses, who threaten to ruin the ethno-androcentric culture of the modernist epoch. Orientalized femininity and the ambivalence it brought to Ukrainian modernism harbored the ethnoreligious fears and inherent sinfulness that encompassed traditional descriptions of the femme fatale, as well as such associated figures as the fallen angel and seductive adulteress – the initiatrix of moral, sexual, national, and religious transgression, which invariably alluded to a perceived crisis in patriarchy and reproductivity. The analysis focuses on the three thematic aspects of sin and sinfulness: temptation, heterodoxy, and betrayal.

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Tarcov, Marianne, and Fareed Ben-Youssef. "Bodies in Pain, Pleasure, and Flux: Transgressive Femininity in Japanese Media and Literature." Japanese Language and Literature 53, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jll.2019.78.

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Across a diverse set of texts from Japanese media and literature, including professional wrestling, avant-garde writing, and Zainichi Korean literature, this special section explores the fluid relationship between femininity and the body, where one is neither defined nor determined by the other. At the crossroads of Asian studies, gender studies, media, and literature, this collection offers an interdisciplinary and transnational lens to consider this relationship in a Japanese context. To borrow from Lee's deployment of Gloria Anzaldúa's “Border Women,” transgression provides these papers with a theoretical framework of inherent ambiguity that lingers between worlds—between the sanctioned and the unsanctioned, between performer and persona, between the reader and text. The papers presented here all treat femininity, not as an essentialized category of gendered experience, but as a liminal border zone in which conventional notions of gender, sexuality, and media become fluid and ambiguous. Whether it is the border between perfume advertising and avant-garde poetry, literary criticism and butoh dance, autobiographical writing and oral forms of nonverbal performance, or professional wrestling and documentary film, the papers featured here all transgress disciplinary borders of media and genre while interrogating and disrupting conventional notions of femininity.

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Bashkyrova, Olha. "REPRESENTATION OF FEMININITY IN MODERN UKRAINIAN NOVELS." Слово і Час, no. 6 (November 26, 2020): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2020.06.72-86.

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The paper deals with the main tendencies of the artistic reception of women images in modern Ukrainian novels. The principles of modeling femininity in literature have been considered from the positions of the gender studies, postcolonial and psychoanalytic theory. It is proved that the peculiarities of this modeling are determined by stylistic and genre tendencies of the Ukrainian literature. The interpretation of feminine images typical for the national literary tradition (mother, family-keeper, demonic woman) has been demonstrated in numerous examples. These images correlate with the fundamental artistic principles of the turning points in history (actualization of the archetypes, attention to the irrational manifestations of human psychics). They display the ‘masculine’ literary tradition (representation of a woman as an external object), but at the same time demonstrate a new accent in the understanding of the gender roles (woman as a mentor of a man). The alternative types of the feminine identity represented by feminist and culturological women’s writing have been explored as well. Special attention has been paid to procreation as the main woman’s ability, which forms different models of feminine mentality – from the essentialist mother-type to the image of a child-free woman. The modeling of a feminine artistic worldview becomes an actual strategy in overcoming the postcolonial trauma. It is explained by the peculiarities of the postcolonial literatures, which fulfill their historical reflections in the local family stories. In this context, feminine conscience gets the status of a memory-keeper and shows the ability to trace the development of national history in its everyday dimensions. Based on the large-scale generalization of the last decades’ artistic practice, the researcher determines the main worldview intentions of modern novels, in particular the tendency to achieve gender parity, the full-fledged dialogue of men and women as the equal subjects of culture creation.

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PARRA FERNÁNDEZ, LAURA DE LA. "BLOWING UP THE NUCLEAR FAMILY: SHIRLEY JACKSON’S QUEER GIRLS IN POSTWAR US CULTURE." Revista de Estudios Norteamericanos, no. 25 (2021): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/ren.2021.i25.02.

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This paper intends to analyze the representation of girlhood as a liminal space in three novels by Shirley Jackson: The Bird’s Nest (1954), The Haunting of Hill House (1959) and We Have Always Lived in the Castle (1962). Bearing in mind how nuclear fears and national identity are configured around the ideal of a safe domestic space in US postwar culture, the paper explores cultural anxieties about teenage girls who refuse to conform to normative femininity, following Teresa de Lauretis’s conception of women’s coming-of-age as “consenting to femininity” (1984). I will argue that Jackson criticizes the rigid possibilities for women at this time, and I will show how her representations of deviant femininity refuse and subvert the discourse of the nuclear family and, therefore, of the nation.

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Vazquez-Nuttall, Ena, Ivonne Romero-Garcia, and Brunilda De Leon. "Sex Roles and Perceptions of Femininity and Masculinity of Hispanic Women: A Review of the Literature." Psychology of Women Quarterly 11, no. 4 (December 1987): 409–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00915.x.

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This article evaluates the research conducted on sex roles and perceptions of femininity and masculinity of Hispanic women. It begins with a critical review of early social and anthropological studies in which the roles of Hispanic women before the advent of the women's movement in the 1960s are described. The paper continues with more recent psychosocial studies that question the traditional portrayal of male-female roles and allocation of power in Hispanic families. Finally, the studies on Hispanics that measure the psychological dimension of femininity and masculinity are reviewed and summarized in a table including authors, sample, methodology and results.

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Crous, Marius. "“A battle between lust and loathing”: The interplay between masculinity and femininity in Zakes Mda’s The Madonna of Excelsior." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 47, no. 1 (October 23, 2017): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.47i1.3312.

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In this essay the emphasis is on the interplay between masculinity and femininity and in particular that of white masculinity versus black femininity, as well as the role played by black female sexuality in the formation of masculine identity in a rural setting in apartheid South Africa. The essay also looks at the representation of the female body and the role of the female body as site of contestation of socio-political assumptions about masculinity and femininity. The text under discussion is Zakes Mda’s The Madonna of Excelsior (2002), which is based on real life events that occurred in the small Free State town of Excelsior in the 1970s.

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Lieven, Theo, Bianca Grohmann, Andreas Herrmann, Jan R. Landwehr, and Miriam van Tilburg. "The effect of brand design on brand gender perceptions and brand preference." European Journal of Marketing 49, no. 1/2 (February 9, 2015): 146–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-08-2012-0456.

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Purpose – This research aims to examine the impact of brand design elements (logo shape, brand name, type font and color) on brand masculinity and femininity perceptions, consumer preferences and brand equity. Design/methodology/approach – This research empirically tests the relation between brand design elements, brand masculinity and femininity and brand preferences/equity in four studies involving fictitious and real brands. Findings – Brand design elements consistently influenced brand masculinity and femininity perceptions. These, in turn, significantly related to consumer preferences and brand equity. Brand masculinity and femininity perceptions successfully predicted brand equity above and beyond other brand personality dimensions. Research limitations/implications – Although this research used a wide range of brand design elements, the interactive effects of various design elements warrant further research. Practical implications – This research demonstrates how markers of masculinity and femininity that are discussed in the evolutionary psychology literature can be applied to the brand design of new and existing brands. Originality/value – This research considers the impact of multiple brand design elements (logo shape, brand name, type font and color) and involves a wide range of brands and product categories.

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Mohammad, Nadia. "Fragmented Bodies, Fractured Identities: Womanhood and Body Politics in Breasts and Eggs." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 13, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 3057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1312.01.

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This article employs feminist theory to explore the theme of fractured femininity in Mieko Kawakami’s Breasts and Eggs. Through the three female characters in the novel, Kawakami highlights the scarring of womanhood in a contemporary, postmodern context. However, the concept of scarring follows Cixous’s metaphor in which literature becomes a liberating and transformative act that vindicates the wounding of womanhood through the imposition of repressive ideals. This is shown as each of these women comes to represent the resilience of women in the face of conventional definitions of femininity. Natsuko’s reluctant following of convention, Makiko’s pursuit of feminine body ideals, and Midoriko’s struggle with her biological self represent women's struggle to realize femininity in the 21st century. Ultimately, these women manage to sustain a level of empowerment by rejecting the socially constructed concept of femininity. Kawakami puts the concept of femininity to the test to prove that it is the result of nurture rather than nature, thus suggesting that constructing a feminine identity in a postmodern setting is much more complex than in theory.

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Jamil, S. Selina. "Transcending Masculinity and Femininity in EDITHA." Explicator 71, no. 4 (October 2013): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00144940.2013.842148.

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Nylén, Fredrik, Jenny Holmberg, and Maria Södersten. "Acoustic cues to femininity and masculinity in spontaneous speech." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 5 (May 1, 2024): 3090–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0025932.

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The perceived level of femininity and masculinity is a prominent property by which a speaker's voice is indexed, and a vocal expression incongruent with the speaker's gender identity can greatly contribute to gender dysphoria. Our understanding of the acoustic cues to the levels of masculinity and femininity perceived by listeners in voices is not well developed, and an increased understanding of them would benefit communication of therapy goals and evaluation in gender-affirming voice training. We developed a voice bank with 132 voices with a range of levels of femininity and masculinity expressed in the voice, as rated by 121 listeners in independent, individually randomized perceptual evaluations. Acoustic models were developed from measures identified as markers of femininity or masculinity in the literature using penalized regression and tenfold cross-validation procedures. The 223 most important acoustic cues explained 89% and 87% of the variance in the perceived level of femininity and masculinity in the evaluation set, respectively. The median fo was confirmed to provide the primary cue, but other acoustic properties must be considered in accurate models of femininity and masculinity perception. The developed models are proposed to afford communication and evaluation of gender-affirming voice training goals and improve voice synthesis efforts.

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14

Guo, Yuanyuan. "Do Masculinity and Femininity Matter?" International Journal of Electronic Government Research 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijegr.313575.

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The existing literature primarily focuses on the internal factors of administrative organizations to carry out e-government research. However, the effect of culture on the e-government website penetration level has not yet received as much attention as it deserves in the world of e-government research. This paper conducts research based on Hofstede's cultural model and uses AMOS 23.0 to construct the second-order factor structural equation model (SEM) to analyze the data. The results of Hofstede show significant differences in masculinity and femininity culture between China and South Korea. This dimension may reveal the influence of culture on the citizens' needs for using e-government services. Therefore, this paper discusses whether these cultures influence Chinese and Korean e-government website penetration levels or not. Moreover, this paper puts forward constructive suggestions to the government in view of culture. In developing e-government, the government should provide e-government services that conform to the culture and citizens' needs.

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Kurniawati, Nia. "REPRESENTATION OF FEMINISM IN THE MAIN CHARACTERS OF THE FILMS "MALEFICENT MISTRESS OF EVIL" AND "FROZEN 2"." Hortatori : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 4, no. 2 (January 2, 2021): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/jh.v4i2.532.

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Abstract: Fairy Tale films do not only show entertainment for the audience but also therepresentation of femininity that can affect the mindset of the viewers. The representation shouldevolve in line with the global feminist movement in order for the audience to have a realisticdescription of the condition of women in the current era. Research is needed to determine whetherthe transition is in line with the development of feminism waves and theories. This study usesfeminist theories and concepts of femininity as a reference. The primary data collection wascompleted using observation and secondary data was taken from the study of literature anddocumentation. Observations were accomplished by watching Maleficent 2, and Frozen 2 films. Thefinal analysis shows that the transition in the representation of femininity in Maleficent 2, andFrozen 2 films indicates equalities and emphasizes the rebellious side of woman.Keywords: Maleficent 2; Frozen 2; Feminism; Femininity, Representation; Equalities

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Wallowitz, Laraine. "Reading as Resistance: Gendered Messages in Literature and Media." English Journal 93, no. 3 (January 1, 2004): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ej20042656.

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Students may be surprised to discover the extent to which print and visual texts shape our concepts of gender. Focusing specifically on how literature and media construct femininity, Wallowitz and colleagues created a unit that “enabled readers to recognize the mixed messages in the media about body image and culturally constructed notions of gender.”

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Mohamed, Zakaria Abdiwali. "The Impact of Individualism/Collectivism and Masculinity/Femininity on Brand Loyalty: A Mediation Role of Perceived Ease of Use." Proceedings of The International Conference on Research in Business, Management and Economics 1, no. 1 (May 9, 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/icrbme.v1i1.191.

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Cultural dimensions have varying impacts on brand loyalty. This signifies that each cultural dimension is associated with brand loyalty in different ways. The influence of individualism/collectivism and masculinity/femininity dimensions on brand loyalty is dependent on the levels of these dimensions in different countries. Given the significance of cultural dimensions in relation to brand loyalty, this study aims to investigate the impact of individualism/collectivism and masculinity/femininity on brand loyalty, while also exploring the mediating role of perceived ease of use. The data for this study was collected through an online survey questionnaire, with a total of 501 respondents participating. The collected data was analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings of the study revealed that both individualism/collectivism and masculinity/femininity dimensions have significant effects on brand loyalty. Additionally, the study indicated that masculinity/femininity dimension significantly impacts perceived ease of use. Furthermore, the study found that perceived ease of use partially mediates the relationship between masculinity/femininity dimensions and brand loyalty. Perceived ease of use was also found to have a significant positive effect on brand loyalty. This study contributes to the existing literature on brand loyalty by providing insights into the effects of individualism/collectivism and masculinity/femininity on brand loyalty. Additionally, it contributes to understanding the mediating effect of perceived ease of use in the relationship between individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, and brand loyalty.

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Johnstone, Rosemarie. "Jane Eyreand the invention of femininity." Nineteenth-Century Contexts 16, no. 2 (January 1992): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08905499208583349.

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Heller, Ben A. "Landscape, Femininity, and Caribbean Discourse." MLN 111, no. 2 (1996): 391–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mln.1996.0024.

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Singh, Prateush, Liam Birkett, Shivani Dhar, Eva Krumhuber, Afshin Mosahebi, and Allan Ponniah. "Facial Beauty and the Correlation of Associated Attributes: An Empirical Aesthetic Database Study." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 12, no. 1 (January 2024): e5382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000005382.

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Background: The pursuit of understanding facial beauty has been the subject of scientific interest since time immemorial. How beauty is associated with other perceived attributes that affect human interaction remains elusive. This article aims to explore how facial attractiveness correlates with health, happiness, femininity, and perceived age. We review the existing literature and report an empirical study using expert raters. Methods: A peer-reviewed database of 2870 aesthetic female faces with a global ethnic distribution was created. Twenty-one raters were asked to score frontal images on the attributes of health, happiness, femininity, perceived age, and attractiveness, on a Likert scale of 0–100. Results: Pearson correlation coefficients (“r”) were calculated to correlate attributes, with multiple regression analyses and P values calculated. Strong positive correlation was found between attractiveness and health (r = 0.61, P < 0.05), attractiveness and femininity (r = 0.7, P < 0.05), and health and femininity (r = 0.57, P < 0.05); medium positive correlation between health and happiness (r = 0.31, P < 0.05); and small positive correlation between happiness and femininity (r = 0.21, P < 0.05). A neutral relationship was observed between perceived age and happiness (0.01, P = 0.75), and medium negative correlation between perceived age and attractiveness (−0.32, P < 0.05), health (−0.36, P < 0.05), and femininity (−0.31, P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our study illustrates a positive correlation between the positive attributes of health, happiness, femininity and attractiveness, with a negative correlation of all characteristics with increasing perceived age. This provides insight into the complexity of human interaction and provides a holistic view of attraction as being a gateway to the reflexive perception of other attributes. The implications encourage an aesthetic focus on facial reconstruction.

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Tércio, Daniel. "Performing Femininity: Dance and Literature in German Modernism. By Alexandra Kolb." European Legacy 17, no. 4 (July 2012): 564–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2012.686771.

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Sinfield, Alan. ""Effeminacy" and "Femininity" Sexual Politics in Wilde's Comedies." Modern Drama 37, no. 1 (March 1994): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/md.37.1.34.

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Brigham, Linda. "Aristocratic Monstrosity and Sublime Femininity in De Monfort." SEL Studies in English Literature 1500-1900 43, no. 3 (2003): 701–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sel.2003.0026.

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Cennet, Katia. "Gender, Bodies And Disease In Contemporary Children’s Literature." Children's Readings: Studies in Children's Literature 20, no. 2 (2021): 129–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/2304-5817-2021-2-20-129-154.

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For modern Russian society, the topic of childhood illness and disability remains one of the most problematic and tabooed. This study used the example of contemporary Russian children’s literature to trace the evolution of the topic of childhood illness and trauma through the prism of cultural representations of masculinity and femininity, as well as cross-gender strategies for children’s behavior in situations of trauma, illness, or disability, both their own and those of others. The official Soviet discourse on disability focuses on bodily injuries and, as a consequence, on the incapacity of people of this category to be full members of society as such, regardless of their gender. In Soviet space children with disabilities would work for the benefit of the collective, pursuing the ideal of the heroic overcoming of disability, and following the example of Alexei Meresiev and Pavka Korchagin. In the 21st century, cultural attitudes regarding the problem of children’s disability — one of the most ambiguous and complex issues of our time — are undergoing significant changes, which are reflected in literary contemplations. The article investigates the strategies used to overcome established patterns and offers to examine the types and natures of boys’ and girls’ illnesses. Is the gender division into two separate groups effective for making sense of the story in contemporary space? How do the notions of femininity and masculinity allow us to rethink and expand the perception of a child’s disability?

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Poon, Stephen T. F. "Objectification and Sensibility: A Critical Look at Sexism as Subtext in Postfeminist Advertising." Asian Social Science 17, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v17n2p17.

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This paper explores the phenomenon of sex in advertising to understand the relationship between objectification of gender, sex, sexuality and representations of femininity through advertising subtexts, processes and discourses. Literature shows the usage of sexism in advertising and marketing veers in extreme scopes between blatant explicitness and stylish subtlety, depending on the cultural contexts and norms of the target market. Using qualitative case examples, advertising campaigns highlight objectification of sexual desires as an antithesis of postfeminist thought. Rhetorical analysis was performed on advertisement samples, building from postfeminist perspectives in marketing theories. Examples of visual rhetoric in beer, feminine product commercials and social cause campaigns are discussed. Findings demonstrate cultural expressions of postfeminist sensibility adapted for specific femininity contexts. Overall, sexism subtexts are shown to be a continued challenge in developing persuasive advertising rhetoric for the postfeminist era. Non-translatability and cultural adaptations to consumer segments suggests that the use of sex to visually communicate marketing information to an increasingly diverse marketplace face much social pressure today than in the past. Femininity themes in postfeminist advertising could be more effectively portrayed through subtle techniques such as irony and sarcasm, and in more inclusive, diverse, pragmatic and respectful femininity representations.

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López-Medina, Esteban Francisco. "Feminist Academic Activism in English Language Teaching: The Need to Study Discourses on Femininities Critically." Education Sciences 13, no. 6 (June 16, 2023): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci13060616.

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Social research into English Language Teaching (ELT) has a long history. Within it, gender studies have gained ground in recent decades, with special focus on materials and resources. However, a proper integration of the category of femininity has not yet been achieved. The article offers an ample, argumentative, narrative literature review of the main realizations of femininity, as theorized in recent years, such as emphasized femininity or entitled femininity, as well as some other concepts like ambivalent sexism and postfeminism. It is written as the second item within a series of papers that aims to theoretically support the assumption of Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis as a suitable method to discover how all these social phenomena interact in ELT contexts, helping to shape its (gender’s) hidden curriculum. The paper concludes the necessity of integrating the issue of femininities in teacher training programs and in social research in ELT, for the sake of making this field more a liberating practice and less a means of (re)production of (gender) inequalities. To do so, it offers areas of interest for critical researchers and ELT practitioners to carry out such empirical investigation, which is the upcoming stage in this sequence of publications.

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Armstrong, Carol. "Facturing Femininity: Manet's "Before the Mirror"." October 74 (1995): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/778821.

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Wolff, Cynthia Griffin. "Lily Bart and the Drama of Femininity." American Literary History 6, no. 1 (1994): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/6.1.71.

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Hemelrijk, Emily A. "Masculinity and femininity in the Laudatio Turiae." Classical Quarterly 54, no. 1 (May 2004): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cq/54.1.185.

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Jones, Alex L., and Bastian Jaeger. "Biological Bases of Beauty Revisited: The Effect of Symmetry, Averageness, and Sexual Dimorphism on Female Facial Attractiveness." Symmetry 11, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11020279.

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The factors influencing human female facial attractiveness—symmetry, averageness, and sexual dimorphism—have been extensively studied. However, recent studies, using improved methodologies, have called into question their evolutionary utility and links with life history. The current studies use a range of approaches to quantify how important these factors actually are in perceiving attractiveness, through the use of novel statistical analyses and by addressing methodological weaknesses in the literature. Study One examines how manipulations of symmetry, averageness, femininity, and masculinity affect attractiveness using a two-alternative forced choice task, finding that increased masculinity and also femininity decrease attractiveness, compared to unmanipulated faces. Symmetry and averageness yielded a small and large effect, respectively. Study Two utilises a naturalistic ratings paradigm, finding similar effects of averageness and masculinity as Study One but no effects of symmetry and femininity on attractiveness. Study Three applies geometric face measurements of the factors and a random forest machine learning algorithm to predict perceived attractiveness, finding that shape averageness, dimorphism, and skin texture symmetry are useful features capable of relatively accurate predictions, while shape symmetry is uninformative. However, the factors do not explain as much variance in attractiveness as the literature suggests. The implications for future research on attractiveness are discussed.

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Curun, Ferzan, Ebru Taysi, and Fatih Orcan. "Ambivalent sexism as a mediator for sex role orientation and gender stereotypes in romantic relationships: A study in Turkey." Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships 11, no. 1 (October 20, 2017): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v11i1.229.

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The present study examined the mediating effects of ambivalent sexism (hostile and benevolent) in the relationship between sex role orientation (masculinity and femininity) and gender stereotypes (dominance and assertiveness) in college students. The variables were measured using the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), and the Attitudes toward Gender Stereotypes in Romantic Relationships Scale (AGSRRS). These inventories were administered to 250 undergraduate students at Istanbul University in Istanbul and Suleyman Demirel University in Isparta, Turkey. Results indicate that benevolent sexism mediates the relationship between hostile sexism and male dominance. Benevolent sexism also mediates femininity and male dominance, as well as femininity and male assertiveness. Hostile sexism was mediated only between the masculine personality trait and benevolent sexism. The present findings expand the literature on sex role orientation by revealing evidence that masculine and feminine individuals experience ambivalent sexism distinctively. The results are discussed in terms of the assumptions of sex role orientation, ambivalent sexism, and gender stereotypes.

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Byrne, Janice, Miruna Radu-Lefebvre, Salma Fattoum, and Lakshmi Balachandra. "Gender Gymnastics in CEO succession: Masculinities, Femininities and Legitimacy." Organization Studies 42, no. 1 (November 11, 2019): 129–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840619879184.

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This article theorizes how CEOs ‘do gender’ in management succession and how this impacts their legitimacy as successor CEOs. Drawing on the analysis of seven incumbent-successor dyads in a family business setting, we document the multiple masculine (entrepreneurial, authoritarian and paternalistic) and feminine (relational, individualized and maternal) gender identities that both men and women CEO successors enact. We contribute to the CEO succession literature by revealing the different ways that CEOs can ‘do masculinity’ in their pursuit of legitimacy and also expose how CEO successors ‘do femininity’. In particular, we show how men and women CEOs enact relational femininity to garner stakeholders’ support as well as build alliances to temper change initiatives. We contribute to the gender and organization literature by providing an understanding of how certain ways of doing gender in organizations facilitate or hinder the legitimacy of CEO successors.

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Campbell, Alex. "Keeping the ‘Lady’ Safe: The Regulation of Femininity through Crime Prevention Literature." Critical Criminology 13, no. 2 (January 2005): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10612-005-2390-z.

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Chang, Juliana. "Masquerade, Hysteria, and Neocolonial Femininity in Jessica Hagedorn's "Dogeaters"." Contemporary Literature 44, no. 4 (2003): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3250589.

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Garlinger, Patrick Paul. ""Homo-ness" and the fear of femininity." diacritics 29, no. 1 (1999): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dia.1999.0003.

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SCHWARTZ, AGATA. "Lou Andreas-Salomé and Mayreder: Femininity and Masculinity." Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies 36, no. 1 (February 2000): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/sem.v36.1.42.

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MARKOTIC, LORRAINE. "Lou Andreas-Salomé and Mayreder: Femininity and Masculinity." Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies 36, no. 1 (February 2000): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/sem.v36.1.59.

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Adams, Jane. "The Farm Journal's Discourse of Farm Women's Femininity." Anthropology Humanism 29, no. 1 (June 2004): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ahu.2004.29.1.45.

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Punter, David. "Death, Femininity and Identification: a recourse to Ligeia." Women's Writing 1, no. 2 (January 1994): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0969908940010207.

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Adams, Jane. "The Farm Journal's Discourse of Farm Women's Femininity." Anthropology and Humanism 29, no. 1 (June 2004): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/anhu.2004.29.1.45.

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Tange, Andrea Kaston. "REDESIGNING FEMININITY: MISS MARJORIBANKS'S DRAWING-ROOM OF OPPORTUNITY." Victorian Literature and Culture 36, no. 1 (March 2008): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150308080108.

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Margaret Oliphant's work has of late received renewed attention for her portrayal of heroines who struggle against the confines of proper middle-class femininity – who are at once sympathetic and yet do not fit the model of the submissive Victorian domestic angel – and Miss Marjoribanks (1866) is no exception. Without fully discounting the Victorian notion that there is a proper place women ought to occupy, Miss Marjoribanks raises complex questions about how that place is defined and limited. Recent scholarly attention to the novel highlights Oliphant's sustained engagement with the issue of how far propriety and custom circumscribe a woman's place. Such examinations, however, fail to address the extent to which Oliphant demonstrates the flexibility of cultural notions of a woman's place by focusing the action of Miss Marjoribanks almost entirely on the heroine's creation of a very specific physical place for herself – her drawing-room. Examining Miss Marjoribanks's portrayal of how a Victorian woman might capitalize on the centrality of the drawing-room in shaping cultural notions of feminine identity, this essay argues that once Lucilla Marjoribanks has established the drawing-room as a physical and ideological space that will contain her actions, she uses this space and all it represents to expand the boundaries of her cultural place. By focusing specifically on the work its heroine undertakes within her drawing-room and by asserting that a woman's power lies in the possibility for feminine taste to accomplish action, Oliphant's novel, like her heroine, operates within the “prejudices of society” while simultaneously offering a means to exploit those prejudices. This architecturally-motivated re-reading of Oliphant's novel in turn suggests a re-reading of Oliphant's own career. For I would argue that novels operated for Oliphant the way that drawing-rooms do for Lucilla: they provided a culturally-sanctioned place in which to locate herself, and thereby reaffirm her respectable feminine position, even while she undertook projects that challenged Victorian assumptions about gendered identity.

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Basheer, Hashim, and Muna Abd Ali ALAbbad. "The Symbolism of the Moon Between Darwish and Lorca: A Comparative Study Between Darwish's "Afraid of the Moon" and Lorca's "Ballad of the Moon"." International Journal for Humanities & Social Sciences (IJHS), no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.69792/ijhs.24.1.7.

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The moon does not always shine bright; at times, it appears dark. Despite its associations with femininity, beauty, innocence and new beginnings, the moon also embodies masculinity, fear, sin and connections to endings. This comparative study focuses on the contrasting use of moon symbolism and its implications in relation to two distinct cultural backgrounds; the Arabic culture represented by Mahmoud Darwish, a Palestinian poet who presents the moon as a source of fear in his poem "Afraid of the Moon", and the western culture represented by Frederico Garcia Lorca, a Spanish poet who portrays the moon in "Ballad of the Moon" as a symbol of femininity and sensuality. This study attempts to highlight the influences of their choices in symbolizing the moon and the variations in meaning that come with it through the lens of French comparative literature theory. Keywords: Comparative literature, Poetry, Moon, Mahmoud Darwish, Lorca.

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Rahimova, U. "Status of Femininity and Motherhood in the Work of Anne Enright." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/64/51.

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The aim of this work is to identify the ways of image representations and to reveal authorial positioning in Irish literature. As the image of mother and the topic of the family are inextricably linked, and they have become crosscutting themes in foreign writers’ fiction as well as in the works of Anne Enright’s unusual interpretation of this key image in Irish literature is of great interest for the researchers.

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Zheng, Yi. "Writing about women in ghost stories: subversive representations of ideal femininity in “Nie Xiaoqian” and “Luella Miller”." Neohelicon 47, no. 2 (March 5, 2020): 751–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11059-020-00524-3.

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AbstractOn the one hand, because of the double historical prejudices from literary criticism against ghost stories and women’s writing, little attention has been paid to investigate the ideals of femininity in women’s ghost stories in nineteenth-century America. This article examines “Luella Miller,” a short story by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, who indirectly but sharply criticized the ideal of femininity in her time by creating an exaggerated example of the cult of feminine fragility. On the other hand, although extensive research has been done on Chinese ghost stories, especially on the ghost heroines in Pu Songling’s Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio, there are few studies comparing the Chinese and the American ones. By comparing “Luella Miller” and Pu’s “Nie Xiaoqian,” this article does not primarily aim to list the similarities and differences between the Chinese and the American ideals of femininity, but to provide fresh insights into how both Freeman and Pu capitalized on the literary possibilities of the supernatural, because only in ghost stories they could write about women in ways impossible in “high literature.”

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Major, Emma. "Femininity and National Identity: Elizabeth Montagu's Trip to France." ELH 72, no. 4 (2005): 901–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/elh.2005.0035.

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BULLEN, J. B. "RUSKIN, VENICE, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF FEMININITY." Review of English Studies XLVI, no. 184 (1995): 502–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/xlvi.184.502.

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Villar-Argáiz, Pilar. "Secrecy, Alterity, and Defiant Femininity in Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin's The Boys of Bluehill." Irish University Review 49, no. 2 (November 2019): 370–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/iur.2019.0412.

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This article traces the connections between defiant femininity, indeterminacy, and the theme of secrecy in Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin's collection The Boys of Bluehill (2015). In particular, it analyses the secret as the main poetic device used by Ní Chuilleanáin to articulate the gaps and absences within totalitarian, essentialized discourses such as History. In her poetry, secrecy – manifested as silence, uncertainty, marginality and alterity – emerges as the space of peripheral voices and experiences, buried and silenced by official accounts of Ireland's past. As the unavowable manifestation of the Other, the secret also stands as the perfect space for a defiant form of femininity which emerges as a disrupting force, endlessly open to the possibility of change. In Ní Chuilleanáin's work, the secret is never fully disclosed; her poems are thus perpetually open to different interpretations, pointing towards an uncertain future of indeterminate potentiality for her female characters. As this article shows, this uncertainty at the heart of Ní Chuilleanáin's work can be read subversively as an enabling force.

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Musgrove, Martha. "Relocating Femininity: Women and the City in Mary Brunton's Fiction." Eighteenth-Century Fiction 20, no. 2 (December 2007): 219–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ecf.20.2.219.

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Cowles, Mary Jane. "The New Biography: Performing Femininity in Nineteenth-Century France (review)." Nineteenth Century French Studies 30, no. 3 (2002): 393–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ncf.2002.0011.

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Luu, Helen. "Freaks of Femininity: Webster's Gallery of Female Grotesques in Portraits." Victorian Poetry 55, no. 1 (2017): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vp.2017.0005.

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