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Journal articles on the topic 'Femtocell network architecture'

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1

DR.A.K., KURESHI. "INTERFERENCE CONTROL AND RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN FEMTOCELL." IJIERT - International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology ICITER- 16 PUNE (June 20, 2016): 142–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1463595.

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<strong>Recently advancement in 4th generation (4G) heterogeneous networking has opened the door for the deployment of femtocells in a large scale. The deployment of femtocells in the existing macrocell networks and in 4G networks will significantly increase due to femtocells offer increase the coverage,the capacity and user friendly mode of operations in the both home and office environments. So,these low power home - based access points are going to change the landscape of the mobile technology,and the network business in the coming years.The objective of project is to study and propose the
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2

Kayastha, Nipendra, and Dusit Niyato. "A Review of Radio Resource Management in FemtoCell from Interference Control Perspective." ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology (ECTI-CIT) 11, no. 2 (2017): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-cit.2017112.104906.

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A new and emerging technology called femtocell brings significant improvement in terms of better indoor coverage and higher data rate. Able to be installed and maintained by individual user, femtocell provides a cost effective solution to mobile operators to achieve higher network capacity. However, interference due to two-tier network structure introduces many challenges for successful femtocell deployment. In this article, we summarize various interference and resource management techniques proposed in the context of femtocell. Specifically, we focus on interference avoidance techniques. Fir
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3

Danjuma Maiwada, Umar, Kamaluddeen Usman Danyaro, Aliza Bt Sarlan, and Aminu Abdulkadir Aliyu. "Dynamic Handover Optimization Protocol to enhance energy efficiency within the A-LTE 5G network's two-tier architecture." International Journal of Data Informatics and Intelligent Computing 3, no. 3 (2024): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.59461/ijdiic.v3i3.124.

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Deploying small macrocell base stations, hence called femtocells, enhances the level of service provided to consumers inside as well as outside. However, the effective management of user mobility poses a significant challenge in their implementation. This paper focuses extensively on this challenge, specifically emphasizing a critical aspect of mobility management: handovers. Regarding macrocell femtocell 5G A-LTE two-tier networks, the decision-making process during handovers holds paramount importance. This research classifies and thoroughly examines decision algorithms concerning handovers,
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4

Chen, Chien-Ming, Tsu-Yang Wu, Raylin Tso, Masahiro Mambo, and Mu-En Wu. "On the Security of a User Equipment Registration Procedure in Femtocell-Enabled Networks." JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science 21, no. (3) (2015): 406–18. https://doi.org/10.3217/jucs-021-03-0406.

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Mobile data traffic has been growing at an increasing rate with the popularity of smartphones, tablets, and other wireless devices. To reduce the load on the network, mobile network operators deploy femtocells to increase their coverage and performance and to eliminate wireless notspots. Femtocells are low-cost devices that connect a new femtocell network architecture to the core telecommunication network through a licensed spectrum and standardized interface protocols. In this paper, we first note that the user equipment registration procedure, which is defined in the 3GPP (Third Generation P
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5

Beshley, H., Y. Shkoropad, M. Beshley, and M. Klymash. "CONVERGENCE OF HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS FOR FUTURE COMMUNICATIONS: ARCHITECTURE, QOS AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT." Information and communication technologies, electronic engineering 2, no. 2 (2022): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ictee2022.02.020.

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Scientific and theoretical approaches to the implementation of a heterogeneous mobile communication network based on SDN/NFV and SDR technologies are described. The architecture of the future heterogeneous network is proposed, taking into account the evolution of emerging standards and key technologies. An algorithm for dynamic bandwidth allocation and reservation between several logical channels at a certain moment of time to provide QoS for information flows in future networks is created. A simulation model of network traffic service with parameters corresponding to real networks has been ma
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6

Saha, Rony Kumer, and Chaodit Aswakul. "Incentive and Architecture of Multi-Band Enabled Small Cell and UE for Up-/Down-Link and Control-/User-Plane Splitting for 5G Mobile Networks." Frequenz 71, no. 1-2 (2017): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2016-0014.

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Abstract In this paper, a multi-band enabled femtocell base station (FCBS) and user equipment (UE) architecture is proposed in a multi-tier network that consists of small cells, including femtocells and picocells deployed over the coverage of a macrocell for splitting uplink and downlink (UL/DL) as well as control-plane and user-plane (C-/U-plane) for 5G mobile networks. Since splitting is performed at the same FCBS, we define this architecture as the same base station based split architecture (SBSA). For multiple bands, we consider co-channel (CC) microwave and different frequency (DF) 60 GHz
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7

Hua, Qiaozhi, Keping Yu, Zheng Wen, and Takuro Sato. "A Novel Base-Station Selection Strategy for Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) Communications." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (2019): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030556.

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Cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication facilitates the improved safety, comfort, and efficiency of vehicles and mobility by exchanging information between vehicles and other entities. In general, only the macrocell or only the femtocell is the communication infrastructure for C-V2X. Currently, a macro-femtocell network is used as the new C-V2X networking architecture. However, there are two unresolved problems for C-V2X in macro-femtocell networks. Firstly, vehicle mobility requires the frequent switching of connections between different base stations; invalid switching results i
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8

Ramli, A., N. Zulkifli, and S. M. Idrus. "Power Consumption Modeling and Analysis of Integrated Optical-Wireless Access Network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 6 (2017): 3475. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3475-3483.

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The integration of optical and wireless technologies at access networks are considered as a future solution which provide both high bandwidth and high mobility in an efficient way. GPON is a suitable candidate for optical backhaul due to the combination of higher data rates, greater split ratio and support for triple play services hence it offers maximum flexibility and cost advantages. On the other hand, recent developments of new radio access technologies and introduction of femtocell base stations provide the potential of offering broadband services and applications to everyone and everywhe
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9

A., Ramli, Zulkifli N., and M. Idrus S. "Power Consumption Modeling and Analysis of Integrated Optical-Wireless Access Network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 6 (2017): 3475–83. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3475-3483.

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The integration of optical and wireless technologies at access networks are considered as a future solution which provide both high bandwidth and high mobility in an efficient way. GPON is a suitable candidate for optical backhaul due to the combination of higher data rates, greater split ratio and support for triple play services hence it offers maximum flexibility and cost advantages. On the other hand, recent developments of new radio access technologies and introduction of femtocell base stations provide the potential of offering broadband services and applications to everyone and everywhe
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10

Deosarkar, Shankar B., Mahesh M. Munde, and Devidas V. Chikhale. "HetNet security solution using femtocell network architecture and UMTS technology in the millimetre range." International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing 24, no. 1 (2023): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijwmc.2023.10054168.

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11

Chikhale, Devidas V., Mahesh M. Munde, and Shankar B. Deosarkar. "HetNet security solution using femtocell network architecture and UMTS technology in the millimetre range." International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing 24, no. 1 (2023): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijwmc.2023.129091.

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12

Shih, Yuan-Yao, Ai-Chun Pang, Meng-Hsun Tsai, and Chien-Han Chai. "A Rewarding Framework for Network Resource Sharing in Co-Channel Hybrid Access Femtocell Networks." IEEE Transactions on Computers 64, no. 11 (2015): 3079–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tc.2015.2394453.

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13

Hussain, Aziza Ibrahim, and Ahmed Zakaria Sayed. "Optimal User Association of LTE/Wi-Fi/Wi-Gig Bands in 5G Cellular Networks." International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems 17, no. 2 (2021): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijswis.2021040102.

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One hypothesis of 5G cellular networks architecture is using three tiers: Macro BS, Wi-Fi Pico BS, and Wi-Gig Femtocell. The challenge addressed in this paper is to associate the user requirement (UE) to the best BS/tier to achieve the optimal operation for the network and maximum data rate for all UE. There are two proposed types of association in this paper; the first one is to find the best BS in the three tiers and then associate the UE to one of them based on the association algorithm, and the second proposed type is to decide the best tier for the UE and then associate the UE to one of t
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14

Wang, Wei, and Qian Zhang. "Local cooperation architecture for self-healing femtocell networks." IEEE Wireless Communications 21, no. 2 (2014): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2014.6812290.

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15

Kaufman, Brett, Jorma Lilleberg, and Behnaam Aazhang. "Femtocell architectures with spectrum sharing for cellular radio networks." International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics 5, no. 1 (2013): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12572-013-0083-5.

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16

Yeh, Shu-ping, Shilpa Talwar, Seong-choon Lee, and Heechang Kim. "WiMAX femtocells: a perspective on network architecture, capacity, and coverage." IEEE Communications Magazine 46, no. 10 (2008): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2008.4644120.

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17

Alsharif, Mohammed H., Rosdiadee Nordin, and Mahamod Ismail. "Survey of Green Radio Communications Networks: Techniques and Recent Advances." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/453893.

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Energy efficiency in cellular networks has received significant attention from both academia and industry because of the importance of reducing the operational expenditures and maintaining the profitability of cellular networks, in addition to making these networks “greener.” Because the base station is the primary energy consumer in the network, efforts have been made to study base station energy consumption and to find ways to improve energy efficiency. In this paper, we present a brief review of the techniques that have been used recently to improve energy efficiency, such as energy-efficie
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18

Wang, Wei, Qing Liao, and Qian Zhang. "COD: A Cooperative Cell Outage Detection Architecture for Self-Organizing Femtocell Networks." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 13, no. 11 (2014): 6007–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2014.2360865.

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19

Malarvizhi, E. Lilli, and V. Gopalakrishnan. "Malicious Node Detection Scheme for Upgraded Femtocell Architecture in Wireless Mesh Networks." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 13, no. 7 (2016): 4573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2016.5322.

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20

Bouras, Christos, Vasileios Kokkinos, Anastasia Kollia, and Andreas Papazois. "Analyzing Small-Cells and Distributed Antenna Systems from Techno-Economic Perspective." International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 6, no. 1 (2017): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2017010104.

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The new generations of mobile networks will require economical and viable solutions in order to meet the promises raised by scientists. In this article, the authors overview the available research activities and present an architecture for DAS and femtocells and a mathematical model analyzing their costs, as they are considered technologies, that offer great advantages for mobile networks. The authors present a wide research in the solutions' parameters and prices. There are thorough experiments including several different types of costs. In particular, Capital (CAPEX), Operational (OPEX) expe
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21

N. Sirhan, Najem, and Manel Martinez-Ramon. "QoS-based Packet Scheduling Algorithms for Heterogeneous LTE-Advanced Networks: Concepts and a Literature Survey." International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks 14, no. 4 (2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2022.14401.

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The number of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) users and their applications has increased significantly in the last decade, which increased the demand on the mobile network. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) comes with many features that can support this increasing demand. LTE-A supports Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) deployment, in which it consists of a mix of macro-cells, remote radio heads, and low power nodes such as Pico-cells, and Femto-cells. Embedding this mix of base-stations in a macro-cellular network allows for achieving significant gains in coverage, throughput and system capacity compared to the
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22

Gur, Gurkan, Suzan Bayhan, and Fatih Alagoz. "Cognitive femtocell networks: an overlay architecture for localized dynamic spectrum access [Dynamic Spectrum Management." IEEE Wireless Communications 17, no. 4 (2010): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2010.5547923.

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23

Shabbar, Rawan, Ahmad Al shamali, and Haythem Bany Salameh. "A power-controlled interference management mechanism for femtocell-based networks." International Journal of High Performance Computing and Networking 1, no. 1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhpcn.2016.10015432.

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24

Salameh, Haythem A. Bany, Rawan Shabbar, and Ahmad Alshamali. "A power-control interference management mechanism for Femtocell-based networks." International Journal of High Performance Computing and Networking 12, no. 3 (2018): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhpcn.2018.094953.

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25

Xie, Renchao, F. Richard Yu, and Hong Ji. "Interference Management and Power Allocation for Energy-Efficient Cognitive Femtocell Networks." Mobile Networks and Applications 18, no. 4 (2013): 578–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11036-013-0434-2.

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26

Zheng, Wei, Tao Su, Haijun Zhang, Wei Li, Xiaoli Chu, and Xiangming Wen. "Distributed power optimization for spectrum-sharing femtocell networks: A fictitious game approach." Journal of Network and Computer Applications 37 (January 2014): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2013.03.004.

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27

Goudarzi, Mohammad, Marimuthu Palaniswami, and Rajkumar Buyya. "A fog-driven dynamic resource allocation technique in ultra dense femtocell networks." Journal of Network and Computer Applications 145 (November 2019): 102407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2019.102407.

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28

Ting, Kuo Chang, Chih Cheng Tseng, and Jung Shyr Wu. "LTE-indoor: a novel PHY layer design for future 5G indoor femtocell networks." International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing 34, no. 3 (2020): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijahuc.2020.10030404.

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29

Ting, Kuo Chang, Jung Shyr Wu, and Chih Cheng Tseng. "LTE-indoor: a novel PHY layer design for future 5G indoor femtocell networks." International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing 34, no. 3 (2020): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijahuc.2020.108427.

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30

Pu, Limeng, Hsiao-Chun Wu, Chiapin Wang, Shih-Hau Fang, Supratik Mukhopadhyay, and Costas Busch. "Novel Fast User-Placement Ushering Algorithms and Performance Analysis for LTE Femtocell Networks." IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking 6, no. 1 (2020): 381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2019.2937091.

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31

Font-Bach, Oriol, Nikolaos Bartzoudis, Antonio Pascual-Iserte, et al. "Interference Management in LTE-based HetNets: a Practical Approach." Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies 26, no. 2 (2015): 195–215. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.51612.

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Interference is a major obstacle in radio communications, especially when opportunistic frequency reuse is an inherent requirement for maximising spectral efficiency in heterogeneous networks. A typical example is encountered in cellular communications where macrocell-edge users receive interference from small cell transmissions that use the same radio frequency band. Innovating interference management algorithms are employed towards this end, which because of their interdependencies with numerous parameters of the target operating scenario and various low-level implementation aspects, need to
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32

Al-Turjman, Fadi M. "Modelling Green Femtocells in Smart-grids." Mobile Networks and Applications 23, no. 4 (2017): 940–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11036-017-0963-1.

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33

Omitola, Olusegun O., and Viranjay M. Srivastava. "Handover Algorithm Based on User’s Speed and Femtocell Capacity in LTE/LTE-A Networks." International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation (IRECAP) 7, no. 5 (2017): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/irecap.v7i5.11943.

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34

Gao, Zhibin, Hua Pei Chiang, Lianfen Huang, Yannan Yuan, Huaiyu Dai, and Yueh Min Huang. "A reverse auction algorithm for carrier allocation in femtocells for multimedia applications." International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing 21, no. 3 (2016): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijahuc.2016.075377.

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35

Weragama, Nishan, Junghyun Jun, Joanna Mitro, and Dharma P. Agrawal. "Modeling and Performance of a Mesh Network with Dynamically Appearing and Disappearing Femtocells as Additional Internet Gateways." IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 25, no. 5 (2014): 1278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2013.129.

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36

Yaqoob, Mahnoor, Orhan Gemikonakli, and Enver Ever. "Modelling heterogeneous future wireless cellular networks: An analytical study for interaction of 5G femtocells and macro-cells." Future Generation Computer Systems 114 (January 2021): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2020.07.049.

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37

Saadat, Salman, Da Chen, and Tao Jiang. "QoS Guaranteed Resource Allocation Scheme for Cognitive Femtocells in LTE Heterogeneous Networks with Universal Frequency Reuse." Mobile Networks and Applications 21, no. 6 (2016): 930–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11036-016-0715-7.

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38

Khalid, Nabil, Turker Yilmaz, and Ozgur B. Akan. "Energy-efficient modulation and physical layer design for low terahertz band communication channel in 5G femtocell Internet of Things." Ad Hoc Networks 79 (October 2018): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2018.06.009.

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39

Claussen, Holger. "Co-Channel Operation of Macro- and Femtocells in a Hierarchical Cell Structure." International Journal of Wireless Information Networks 15, no. 3-4 (2008): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10776-008-0083-8.

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40

Hicham Hachemi, Mohammed, Sidi Mohammed Hadj Irid, Miloud Benchehima, and Mourad Hadjila. "Pedestrian mobility management for heterogeneous networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, no. 3 (2022): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i3.pp1530-1540.

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&lt;p&gt;Pending the arrival of the next generation of 5G which is not yet deployed in&lt;br /&gt;some countries like Algeria, 4G LTE remains one of the main mobile networks to ensure adequate quality services. Mostly, the deployment of femtocells to support the macrocell structure is crucial in the handover decision process. This paper presents a new approach called the epsilon Kalman Filter with normalized least-mean-square (ϵKFNLMS) to realize the handoff triggering in two-tier long-term evolution networks to ensure communication continuity to the pedestrian UE and improve mobility manageme
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41

Mostafa, Zaman Chowdhury, Min Jang Yeong, and J. Haas Zygmunt. "Network Evolution and QOS Provisioning For Integrated Femtocell/Macrocell Networks." August 31, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2010.2301.

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Integrated femtocell/macrocell networks, comprising a conventional cellular network overlaid with femtocells, offer an economically appealing way to improve coverage, quality of service, and access network capacity. The key element to successful femtocells/macrocell integration lies in its selforganizing capability. Provisioning of quality of service is the main technical challenge of the femtocell/macrocell integrated networks, while the main administrative challenge is the choice of the proper evolutionary path from the existing macrocellular networks to the integrated network. In this artic
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42

"SDN Based Data Offloading and Load Balancing Techniques for Applications in 5G." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 2 (2019): 6353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b2203.078219.

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a huge development of wireless users traffic and the deficiency of accessible resources has led to new difficulties for future cell systems. Nowadays our network needs to deal with extensive measure of traffic and serve a large number of customers. It is exceptionally difficult for a solitary server to deal with such tremendous burden. Since, the architecture of 5G is highly advanced by using SDN and NFV, its network elements and various terminals are characteristically upgraded to afford a new solution for these traffic issue. In this paper we proposes a data offloading algorithm by forwardin
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43

Mr., V. G. Puranik. "A STUDY OF FEMTOCELL ARCHITECTURE FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) - ADVANCED NETWORK." IJIERT - International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology ICITDCEME-15 (December 20, 2015). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1474219.

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<strong>Currently almost of the public having an own vehicl e,theft is happening on parking and sometimes driv ing insecurity places. The safe of vehicles is extremel y essential for public vehicles. Vehicle tracking a nd locking system installed in the vehicle,to track t he place and locking engine motor. The place of the vehicle identified using Global Positioning system (GPS) an d Global system mobile communication (GSM). These systems constantly watch a moving Vehicle and repor t the status on demand. When the theft identified,the responsible person send SMS to the microcontroller,then mic
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44

Gatti, Ravi, and Shiva Shankar. "Extension of Modified Joint Uplink and Downlink Scheduling algorithm for LTE-A in Femtocell Networks." International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control 09 (November 26, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210327909666191126112740.

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Aim: The 5G LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) intended to provide increased peak data rates for the mobile users with the use of Carrier Aggregation (CA) technology. Due to need of un-interrupted bi-directional communication between the eNodeB and User Equipment (UE) in LTE-A, Joint Scheduling Algorithm is considered as central research topic. Objective: A modified joint Uplink/ Downlink (UL/DL) Scheduling algorithm to meet on demands service request from the UEs is proposed in this paper. Methods: CA is used for calculate the weight factors for the bandwidth allocation among the mobile users based on the
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45

Isnawati, Anggun Fitrian, Risanuri Hidayat, Selo Sulistyo, and I. Wayan Mustika. "Channel sharing utility function of power control game in cognitive femtocell network." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (IJEEI) 7, no. 2 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeei.v7i2.1163.

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46

Isnawati, Anggun Fitrian, Risanuri Hidayat, Selo Sulistyo, and I. Wayan Mustika. "Channel sharing utility function of power control game in cognitive femtocell network." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (IJEEI) 7, no. 2 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.52549/ijeei.v7i2.1163.

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47

Er-Reguig, Zakaria, and Hassan Ammor. "A Multi-element Microstrip Antenna for LTE Bands, Wi-Fi and WiMAX Application in Femtocell Network." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (IJEEI) 6, no. 2 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.52549/ijeei.v6i2.445.

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48

Chen, Jing, and Marcus Wong. "Security Implications and Considerations for Femtocells." Journal of Cyber Security and Mobility, January 10, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.13052/jcsm2245-1439.112.

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A Femto system is able to provide new services with higher data rate at relatively lower cost than traditional cellular system. Operators have already indicated their interest in this area and the number of deployments is ever increasing. Security is a critical part of Femto in all aspects of the operation of Femto services. In this paper, we analyze the security of Femto based on 3GPP system architecture. In addition, we will look into the details of other security aspects of Femto system, including security requirement and security mechanism.
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49

Najem, N. Sirhan Manel Martinez-Ramon. "QoS-based Packet Scheduling Algorithms for Heterogeneous LTE-Advanced Networks: Concepts and a Literature Survey." September 1, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7040385.

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The number of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) users and their applications has increased significantly in the last decade, which increased the demand on the mobile network. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) comes with many features that can support this increasing demand. LTE-A supports Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) deployment, in which it consists of a mix of macro-cells, remote radio heads, and low power nodes such as Pico-cells, and Femto-cells. Embedding this mix of base-stations in a macro-cellular network allows for achieving significant gains in coverage, throughput and system capacity compared to the
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50

Shanmuganantham, T., K. Bharath Kumar, and S. Ashok Kumar. "Analysis of tree-shaped slotted impedance matching antenna for 60 GHz femtocell applications." ICT Express, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2021.01.007.

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