Journal articles: 'Fengycine'

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Blacutt, A. A., T. R. Mitchell, C. W. Bacon, and S. E. Gold. "Bacillus mojavensis RRC101 Lipopeptides Provoke Physiological and Metabolic Changes During Antagonism Against Fusarium verticillioides." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 29, no. 9 (September 2016): 713–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-05-16-0093-r.

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The mycotoxigenic pathogen Fusarium verticillioides threatens the quality and utility of maize across industrial and agricultural purposes. Chemical control is complicated by the intimate endophytic lifestyle of the pathogen with its host. Bacillus mojavensis RRC101, a maize-endophytic bacterium, has been observed to reduce F. verticillioides disease severity and fumonisin accumulation when coinoculated to maize. Genome sequencing and annotation identified a number of biocontrol-relevant pathways in RRC101. Biochemical assays confirmed the presence and activity of surfactin- and fengycin-type lipopeptides, with fengycins responsible for antifungal activity against F. verticillioides. This antagonism manifests as inhibition of filamentous growth, with microscopy revealing hyphal distortions, vacuolization, and lysis. F. verticillioides secondary metabolism also responds to antagonism, with lipopeptide challenge inducing greater fumonisin production and, in the case of fengycins, eliciting pigment accumulation at sites of inhibition. Together, these data suggest that antibiotic and toxin production are components of a complex biochemical interaction among maize endophytes, one pathogenic and one beneficial.

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Papadopoulou, Evgenia-Anna, Apostolis Angelis, Lemonia Antoniadi, Konstantinos A. Aliferis, and Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis. "Discovering the Next-Generation Plant Protection Products: A Proof-of-Concept via the Isolation and Bioactivity Assessment of the Olive Tree Endophyte Bacillus sp. PTA13 Lipopeptides." Metabolites 11, no. 12 (December 2, 2021): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120833.

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Endophytic microorganisms (EMs) have recently attracted interest for applications in plant protection, mainly due to their bioactive compound-producing capacity. Therefore, we underwent the task of isolating olive tree EMs and investigating their bioactivity against the devastating pathogen Colletotrichum acutatum. Several EMs were isolated; however, the Bacillus sp. PTA13 isolate exhibited the highest toxicity to the phytopathogen. Bacteria of the genus Bacillus exhibit superior bioactive metabolite-producing capacity, with the lipopeptides (LPs) of surfactin, iturin, and fengycin groups being the most studied. A total LP extract and several fractions were obtained, and their bioactivity was assessed against C. acutatum strains. LPs of the major surfactin, iturin, and fengycin groups and the minor gageotetrin and bacilotetrin groups were annotated. The results confirmed the bioactivity of the major LPs, with fengycins being the most fungitoxic. Interestingly, the minor LP fraction exhibited selective toxicity to the fungicide-resistant C. acutatum isolate, an observation that highlights the significance of our approach to comprehensively mine the total LP extract. This work represents a proof of concept of the exploitation of EMs in customized olive tree plant protection and aligns well with strategies that focus on the sustainability and safety of food production via the development of next-generation plant protection products.

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Meena, Khem Raj, and Shamsher S. Kanwar. "Lipopeptides as the Antifungal and Antibacterial Agents: Applications in Food Safety and Therapeutics." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/473050.

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A lot of crops are destroyed by the phytopathogens such as fungi, bacteria, and yeast leading to economic losses to the farmers. Members of theBacillusgenus are considered as the factories for the production of biologically active molecules that are potential inhibitors of growth of phytopathogens. Plant diseases constitute an emerging threat to global food security. Many of the currently available antimicrobial agents for agriculture are highly toxic and nonbiodegradable and thus cause extended environmental pollution. Moreover, an increasing number of phytopathogens have developed resistance to antimicrobial agents. The lipopeptides have been tried as potent versatile weapons to deal with a variety of phytopathogens. All the three families ofBacilluslipopeptides, namely, Surfactins, Iturins and Fengycins, have been explored for their antagonistic activities towards a wide range of phytopathogens including bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. Iturin and Fengycin have antifungal activities, while Surfactin has broad range of potent antibacterial activities and this has also been used as larvicidal agent. Interestingly, lipopeptides being the molecules of biological origin are environmentally acceptable.

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Lv, Jia, Rong Da, Yue Cheng, Xiaohong Tuo, Jie Wei, Kaichong Jiang, Adediji Omolade Monisayo, and Bei Han. "Mechanism of Antibacterial Activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C-1 Lipopeptide toward Anaerobic Clostridium difficile." BioMed Research International 2020 (March 4, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3104613.

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Probiotics may offer an attractive alternative for standard antibiotic therapy to treat Clostridium difficile infections (CDI). In this study, the antibacterial mechanism in vitro of newly isolated B. amyloliquefaciens C-1 against C. difficile was investigated. The lipopeptides surfactin, iturin, and fengycin produced by C-1 strongly inhibited C. difficile growth and viability. Systematic research of the bacteriostatic mechanism showed that the C-1 lipopeptides damage the integrity of the C. difficile cell wall and cell membrane. In addition, the lipopeptide binds to C. difficile genomic DNA, leading to cell death. Genome resequencing revealed many important antimicrobial compound-encoding clusters, including six nonribosomal peptides (surfactins (srfABCD), iturins (ituABCD), fengycins (fenABCDE), bacillibactin (bmyABC), teichuronic, and bacilysin) and three polyketides (bacillaene (baeEDLMNJRS), difficidin (difABCDEFGHIJ), and macrolactin (mlnABCDEFGHI)). In addition, there were other beneficial genes, such as phospholipase and seven siderophore biosynthesis gene clusters, which may contribute synergistically to the antibacterial activity of B. amyloliquefaciens C-1. We suggest that proper application of antimicrobial peptides may be effective in C. difficile control.

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Zeriouh, Houda, Diego Romero, Laura García-Gutiérrez, Francisco M. Cazorla, Antonio de Vicente, and Alejandro Pérez-García. "The Iturin-like Lipopeptides Are Essential Components in the Biological Control Arsenal of Bacillus subtilis Against Bacterial Diseases of Cucurbits." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 24, no. 12 (December 2011): 1540–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-06-11-0162.

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The antibacterial potential of four strains of Bacillus subtilis, UMAF6614, UMAF6619, UMAF6639, and UMAF8561, previously selected on the basis of their antifungal activity and efficacy against cucurbit powdery mildew, was examined. Among these strains, UMAF6614 and UMAF6639 showed the highest antibacterial activity in vitro, especially against Xanthomonas campestris pv. cucurbitae and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. These strains produced the three families of lipopeptide antibiotics known in Bacillus spp.: surfactins, iturins, and fengycins. Using thin-layer chromatography analysis and direct bioautography, the antibacterial activity could be associated with iturin lipopeptides. This result was confirmed by mutagenesis analysis using lipopeptide-defective mutants. The antibacterial activity was practically abolished in iturin-deficient mutants, whereas the fengycin mutants retained certain inhibitory capabilities. Analyses by fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy revealed the cytotoxic effect of these compounds at the bacterial plasma membrane level. Finally, biological control assays on detached melon leaves demonstrated the ability of UMAF6614 and UMAF6639 to suppress bacterial leaf spot and soft rot; accordingly, the biocontrol activity was practically abolished in mutants deficient in iturin biosynthesis. Taken together, our results highlight the potential of these B. subtilis strains as biocontrol agents against fungal and bacterial diseases of cucurbits and the versatility of iturins as antifungal and antibacterial compounds.

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Fu, Ruimin, Hong Zhang, Wei Tang, Xue Yang, Ding Wang, and Wuling Chen. "Study on the effect of fengycin on the respiration and metabolic mechanism of Penicillium expansum." Materials Express 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 2047–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2021.2114.

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This study investigate the inhibiting effect of fengycin on respiration and nutrient utilization of Penicillium expansum. The respiratory inhibition rate of the P. expansum was determined by the test of dissolved oxygen fengycin, The effect of fengycin treatment on the activity of P. expansum mitochondrial complex enzyme was detected by mitochondrial enzyme activity assay. The ability of fengycin treatment to P. expansum the utilization of total sugar and total protein was determined by DNS colorimetric method and biuret method. After fengycin treatments, the TCA pathway of respiratory metabolism in P. expansum was inhibited. Besides, fengycin could block the gene expression in P. expansum by binding P. expansum mitochondrial complex enzyme II and III related genes. Therefore, the activity of mitochondrial enzymes was affected. With the increasement of fengycin concentration, the absorption and utilization capacity of P. expansum to total sugar and total protein decreased significantly. Fengycin could inhibit the respiratory metabolism and reduce the biochemical metabolism level in P. expansum and finally caused the growth inhibition.

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Wise, Cody, Justin Falardeau, Ingrid Hagberg, and Tyler J. Avis. "Cellular Lipid Composition Affects Sensitivity of Plant Pathogens to Fengycin, an Antifungal Compound Produced by Bacillus subtilis Strain CU12." Phytopathology® 104, no. 10 (October 2014): 1036–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-13-0336-r.

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Fengycin is an antimicrobial cyclic lipopeptide produced by various Bacillus subtilis strains, including strain CU12. Direct effects of fengycin include membrane pore formation and efflux of cellular contents leading to cell death in sensitive microorganisms. In this study, four plant pathogens were studied in order to elucidate the role of membrane lipids in their relative sensitivity to fengycin. Inhibition of mycelial growth in these pathogens varied considerably. Analysis of membrane lipids in these microorganisms indicated that sensitivity correlated with low ergosterol content and shorter phospholipid fatty acyl chains. Sensitivity to fengycin also correlated with a lower anionic/zwitterionic phospholipid ratio. Our data suggest that decreased fluidity buffering capacity, as a result of low ergosterol content, and higher intrinsic fluidity afforded by short fatty acyl chain length may increase the sensitivity of microbial membranes to fengycin. Our results also suggest that lower content in anionic phospholipids may increase fengycin insertion into the membrane through reduced electrostatic repulsion with the negatively charged fengycin. The intrinsic membrane lipid composition may contribute, in part, to the observed level of antimicrobial activity of fengycin in various plant pathogens.

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Lu, Hedong, Hai Xu, Panping Yang, Muhammad Bilal, Shaohui Zhu, Mengyuan Zhong, Li Zhao, et al. "Transcriptome Analysis of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Reveals Fructose Addition Effects on Fengycin Synthesis." Genes 13, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13060984.

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Fengycin is a lipopeptide produced by Bacillus that has a strong inhibitory effect on filamentous fungi; however, its use is restricted due to poor production and low yield. Previous studies have shown that fengycin biosynthesis in B. amyloliquefaciens was found to be significantly increased after fructose addition. This study investigated the effect of fructose on fengycin production and its regulation mechanism in B. amyloliquefaciens by transcriptome sequencing. According to the RNA sequencing data, 458 genes were upregulated and 879 genes were downregulated. Transcriptome analysis results showed that fructose changed the transcription of amino acid synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and energy metabolism; alterations in these metabolic pathways contribute to the synthesis of fengycin. In an MLF medium (modified Landy medium with fructose), the expression level of the fengycin operon was two-times higher than in an ML medium (modified Landy medium). After fructose was added to B. amyloliquefaciens, the fengycin-synthesis-associated genes were activated in the process of fengycin synthesis.

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Tomashevich, N. S., T. M. Sidorova, V. V. Allahverdyan, and A. M. Asaturova. "The study of metabolites of new promising strains of bacterial‐antagonists of the genus Bacillus to increase the effectiveness of fungicidal biological products based on them." South of Russia: ecology, development 18, no. 2 (July 11, 2023): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2023-2-70-81.

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Aim. To study the metabolomic profile of bacterial strains of the genus Bacillus promising for the development of biofungicides using thin layer chromatography (TLC), bioautography and high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS).Materials and Methods. The objects of study are strains of bacteria of the genus Bacillus. Exometabolites were isolated from the liquid culture and their metabolomic profile was analyzed by TLC, bioautography, and HPLC‐MS.Results. By the method of bioautography with a test culture of the fungus F. oxysporum var. orthoceras BZR F6 metabolites of bacterial strains of the genus Bacillus surfactin, iturin and fengycin were identified. Quantitative analysis using HPLC‐MS analysis allows us to state that the B. velenzensis BZR 336g and B. amyloliquefaciens BZR 277 strains produce more surfactin than the others. An increased content of ituric lipopeptides was found in strains B. velezensis BZR 517 and B. velenzensis BZR 336g. According to the ability to produce fengycins, strains of B. velezensis BZR 517 and B. velenzensis BZR 336g are ahead of other strains.Conclusion. Studies using two analytical methods reveal that the strains produce all three antifungal lipopeptides. This is important, since metabolites are able not only to suppress phytopathogenic fungi, but also to enhance the antifungal effect due to synergism. The results obtained allow us to state the possibility of using all four strains as producers of effective biofungicides.

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Fu, Ruimin, Wei Tang, Hong Zhang, Yulian Zhang, Ding Wang, and Wuling Chen. "Study on the mechanism of inhibiting patulin production by fengycin." Open Life Sciences 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0041.

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Abstract Penicillium expansum is the main cause of apple rot. Besides, it can also produce mycotoxin patulin (PAT). Therefore, the search for substances that can inhibit the activity and toxigenicity of P. expansum has become a hot research topic. This study investigates the inhibitory effects of fengycin on patulin production in P. expansum. P. expansum was cultured under different environments with different concentrations of fengycin. The patulin content produced per unit weight of P. expansum mycelium was detected and determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Synergy brands (SYBR) GreenI Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression levels of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (6-MSAS) and isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (IDH), which were the key genes of producing patulin of P. expansum mycelium, in the conditions treated by fengycin and untreated. After fengycin treatments, not only the patulin content in every unit weight of P. expansum mycelium but also the expression level of 6-MSAS decreased significantly. The expression level of 6-MSAS of treatment was 0.11 folds of control. However, the expression level of IDH treated by fengycin decreased slightly. Fengycin could inhibit the P. expansum from producing patulin by downregulating the expression of key synthetic genes 6-MSAS.

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Farzand, Ayaz, Anam Moosa, Muhammad Zubair, Abdur Rashid Khan, Venance Colman Massawe, Hafiz Abdul Samad Tahir, Taha Majid Mahmood Sheikh, Muhammad Ayaz, and Xuewen Gao. "Suppression of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by the Induction of Systemic Resistance and Regulation of Antioxidant Pathways in Tomato Using Fengycin Produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42." Biomolecules 9, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9100613.

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Lipopeptides from Bacillus species exhibit promising biological control activity against plant pathogens. This study aimed to explore the potential of purified fengycin to induce systemic resistance in tomato against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42, its mutant AK1S, and their corresponding metabolites showed in vitro inhibition of S. sclerotiorum mycelium. Fengycin derived from an AK1S mutant was purified and identified through HPLC and MALDI-TOF-MS, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed structural deformities in the fungal mycelium. Moreover, fengycin induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in S. sclerotiorum mycelium and downregulated the expression of ROS-scavenging genes viz., superoxide dismutase (SsSOD1), peroxidase (SsPO), and catalase (SsCAT1) compared to the untreated control. Furthermore, the lesion size was dramatically reduced in fengycin-treated tomato plants compared to plants infected with S. sclerotiorum only in a greenhouse experiment. Additionally, the transcriptional regulation of defense-related genes GST, SOD, PAL, HMGR, and MPK3 showed the highest upsurge in expression at 48 h post-inoculation (hpi). However, their expression was subsequently decreased at 96 hpi in fengycin + S. sclerotiorum treatment compared to the plants treated with fengycin only. Conversely, the expression of PPO increased in a linear manner up to 96 hpi.

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Wu, Cheng-Yeu, Chyi-Liang Chen, Yu-Hsiu Lee, Yu-Chieh Cheng, Ying-Chung Wu, Hung-Yu Shu, Friedrich Götz, and Shih-Tung Liu. "Nonribosomal Synthesis of Fengycin on an Enzyme Complex Formed by Fengycin Synthetases." Journal of Biological Chemistry 282, no. 8 (December 20, 2006): 5608–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m609726200.

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Luo, Chuping, Xuehui Liu, Huafei Zhou, Xiaoyu Wang, and Zhiyi Chen. "Nonribosomal Peptide Synthase Gene Clusters for Lipopeptide Biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis 916 and Their Phenotypic Functions." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 1 (October 31, 2014): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02921-14.

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ABSTRACTBacilluscyclic lipopeptides (LPs) have been well studied for their phytopathogen-antagonistic activities. Recently, research has shown that these LPs also contribute to the phenotypic features ofBacillusstrains, such as hemolytic activity, swarming motility, biofilm formation, and colony morphology.Bacillus subtilis916 not only coproduces the three families of well-known LPs, i.e., surfactins, bacillomycin Ls (iturin family), and fengycins, but also produces a new family of LP called locillomycins. The genome ofB. subtilis916 contains four nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) gene clusters,srf,bmy,fen, andloc, which are responsible for the biosynthesis of surfactins, bacillomycin Ls, fengycins, and locillomycins, respectively. By studyingB. subtilis916 mutants lacking production of one, two, or three LPs, we attempted to unveil the connections between LPs and phenotypic features. We demonstrated that bacillomycin Ls and fengycins contribute mainly to antifungal activity. Although surfactins have weak antifungal activityin vitro, the strain mutated insrfAAhad significantly decreased antifungal activity. This may be due to the impaired productions of fengycins and bacillomycin Ls. We also found that the disruption of any LP gene cluster other thanfenresulted in a change in colony morphology. While surfactins and bacillomycin Ls play very important roles in hemolytic activity, swarming motility, and biofilm formation, the fengycins and locillomycins had little influence on these phenotypic features. In conclusion,B. subtilis916 coproduces four families of LPs which contribute to the phenotypic features ofB. subtilis916 in an intricate way.

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闫, 更轩. "Research Progress of Fengycin Biosynthesis." Advances in Analytical Chemistry 12, no. 02 (2022): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/aac.2022.122016.

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Leconte, Aline, Ludovic Tournant, Jérôme Muchembled, Jonathan Paucellier, Arnaud Héquet, Barbara Deracinois, Caroline Deweer, et al. "Assessment of Lipopeptide Mixtures Produced by Bacillus subtilis as Biocontrol Products against Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)." Microorganisms 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 1810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091810.

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Apple scab is an important disease conventionally controlled by chemical fungicides, which should be replaced by more environmentally friendly alternatives. One of these alternatives could be the use of lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis. The objective of this work is to study the action of the three families of lipopeptides and different mixtures of them in vitro and in vivo against Venturia inaequalis. Firstly, the antifungal activity of mycosubtilin/surfactin and fengycin/surfactin mixtures was determined in vitro by measuring the median inhibitory concentration. Then, the best lipopeptide mixture ratio was produced using Design of Experiment (DoE) to optimize the composition of the culture medium. Finally, the lipopeptides mixtures efficiency against V. inaequalis was assessed in orchards as well as the evaluation of the persistence of lipopeptides on apple. In vitro tests show that the use of fengycin or mycosubtilin alone is as effective as a mixture, with the 50–50% fengycin/surfactin mixture being the most effective. Optimization of culture medium for the production of fengycin/surfactin mixture shows that the best composition is glycerol coupled with glutamic acid. Finally, lipopeptides showed in vivo antifungal efficiency against V. inaequalis regardless of the mixture used with a 70% reduction in the incidence of scab for both mixtures (fengycin/surfactin or mycosubtilin/surfactin). The reproducibility of the results over the two trial campaigns was significantly better with the mycosubtilin/surfactin mixture. The use of B. subtilis lipopeptides to control this disease is very promising.

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Lu, Hedong, Ruili Li, Panping Yang, Weibo Luo, Shunxian Chen, Muhammad Bilal, Hai Xu, et al. "iTRAQ-BASED Proteomic Analysis of the Mechanism of Fructose on Improving Fengycin Biosynthesis in Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens." Molecules 26, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 6309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206309.

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Fengycin, as a lipopeptide produced by Bacillus subtilis, displays potent activity against filamentous fungi, including Aspergillus flavus and Soft-rot fungus, which exhibits a wide range of potential applications in food industries, agriculture, and medicine. To better clarify the regulatory mechanism of fructose on fengycin biosynthesis, the iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis was utilized to investigate the differentially expressed proteins of B. amyloliquefaciens fmb-60 cultivated in ML (without fructose) and MLF (with fructose) medium. The results indicated that a total of 811 proteins, including 248 proteins with differential expression levels (162 which were upregulated (fold > 2) and 86, which were downregulated (fold < 0.5) were detected, and most of the proteins are associated with cellular metabolism, biosynthesis, and biological regulation process. Moreover, the target genes’ relative expression was conducted using quantitative real-time PCR to validate the proteomic analysis results. Based on the results of proteome analysis, the supposed pathways of fructose enhancing fengycin biosynthesis in B. amyloliquefaciens fmb-60 can be summarized as improvement of the metabolic process, including cellular amino acid and amide, fatty acid biosynthesis, peptide and protein, nucleotide and nucleobase-containing compound, drug/toxin, cofactor, and vitamin; reinforcement of peptide/protein translation, modification, biological process, and response to a stimulus. In conclusion, this study represents a comprehensive and systematic investigation of the fructose mechanism on improving fengycin biosynthesis in B. amyloliquefaciens, which will provide a road map to facilitate the potential application of fengycin or its homolog in defending against filamentous fungi.

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Ley-López, Nancy, José Basilio Heredia, Cesar San Martín-Hernández, Isabel Cruz-Lachica, Isidro Márquez-Zequera, Raymundo Medina-López, and Raymundo Saúl García-Estrada. "Identification and Quantification of Lipopeptide Homologues Induced and Produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens." Fermentation 9, no. 11 (October 31, 2023): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9110944.

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Cyclic lipopeptides (LPs) are potentially promising in the agricultural, industrial and pharmaceutical sectors. LPs have a variable hydrophilic cyclic peptide part attached to a variable fatty acid chain. One limitation of these compounds is their low availability due to their limited production by bacteria. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify homologues of LPs biosynthesized by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC–MS/MS) after inducing the synthesis of these secondary metabolites using different inducers, including chemical compounds and inactive cells of Colletotrichum sp. Four homologues were identified in the iturin family (bacillomycin D), and the iturin homologue with the highest synthesis was the molecular ion m/z 1031.54, with 173.1 µg mg−1 crude extract. In addition, seven homologues were detected in the fengycin family (four of fengycin A and three of fengycin B), and the homologue with the highest content was the molecular ion m/z 1463.69 (fengycin A), with 3288 ± 528.5 ng mg−1 crude extract. Finally, five homologues were identified in the surfactin family, where the highest concentration was observed for the molecular ion m/z 1036.68, with 61.5 ± 3.01 µg mg−1 crude extract. The highest concentration of LP homologues (iturin, fengycin and surfactin) synthesized by B. amyloliquefaciens was detected in the presence of inactive cells of Coletotrichum sp., suggesting that the inducing substance is associated with the inducer’s cell envelope and could be a single protein or a structure that includes protein components.

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Hanif, Alvina, Feng Zhang, Pingping Li, Chuchu Li, Yujiao Xu, Muhammad Zubair, Mengxuan Zhang, et al. "Fengycin Produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 Inhibits Fusarium graminearum Growth and Mycotoxins Biosynthesis." Toxins 11, no. 5 (May 24, 2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11050295.

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Fusarium graminearum is a notorious pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereal crops. It produces secondary metabolites, such as deoxynivalenol, diminishing grain quality and leading to lesser crop yield. Many strategies have been developed to combat this pathogenic fungus; however, considering the lack of resistant cultivars and likelihood of environmental hazards upon using chemical pesticides, efforts have shifted toward the biocontrol of plant diseases, which is a sustainable and eco-friendly approach. Fengycin, derived from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42, was purified from the crude extract by HPLC and further analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS. Its application resulted in structural deformations in fungal hyphae, as observed via scanning electron microscopy. In planta experiment revealed the ability of fengycin to suppress F. graminearum growth and highlighted its capacity to combat disease incidence. Fengycin significantly suppressed F. graminearum, and also reduced the deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), and zearalenone (ZEN) production in infected grains. To conclude, we report that fengycin produced by B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 has potential as a biocontrol agent against F. graminearum and can also inhibit the mycotoxins produced by this fungus.

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Yang, Panping, Chengxin Geng, Shaohui Zhu, Zhen Zhou, Muhammad Bilal, Chengyuan Gu, Hai Xu, et al. "Identification and functional analysis of non-coding regulatory small RNA FenSr3 in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LPB-18." PeerJ 11 (May 15, 2023): e15236. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15236.

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Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is an interesting microbe in the food processing and manufacturing industries. Non-coding small RNAs (sRNAs) have been shown to play a crucial role in the physiology and metabolism of bacteria by post-transcriptionally regulating gene expression. This study investigated the function of novel sRNA FenSr3 by constructing fenSr3 deficient strain and complementary strains in B. amyloliquefaciens LPB-18 , which were named LPN-18N and LPB-18P, respectively. The result showed significant differences in fengycin yield between strain LPB -18N and LPB-18P. The production of fengycin was significantly enhanced in B. amyloliquefaciens LPB-18N, compared with that of the strain LPB-18 from 190.908 mg/L to 327.598 mg/L. Moreover, the production of fengycin decreased from 190.464 mg/L to 38.6 mg/L in B . amyloliquefaciens LPB-18P. A comparative transcriptome sequencing was carried out to better understand the complex regulatory mechanism. Transcription analysis revealed that 1037 genes were differentially expressed between B. amyloliquefaciens LPB-18 and B. amyloliquefaciens LPB-18N, including the key regulatory genes in fatty acid, amino acid biosynthesis, and central carbon metabolism, which could provide sufficient quantities of building precursors for fengycin biosynthesis. The biofilm formation and sporulation was also enhanced in the strain LPB-18N, which indicates that FenSr3 could play a vital role in stress resistance and promotes survival in B. amyloliquefaciens. Some sRNAs involved in stress response have been identified in the literature, but their regulatory roles in fengycin production remain unclear. The study will contribute a novel perspective to the regulation mechanism of biosynthesis and the optimization of key metabolites of B. amyloliquefaciens.

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Ke, Wan-Ju, Ban-Yang Chang, Tsuey-Pin Lin, and Shih-Tung Liu. "Activation of the Promoter of the Fengycin Synthetase Operon by the UP Element." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 14 (May 15, 2009): 4615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00255-09.

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ABSTRACT Bacillus subtilis F29-3 produces an antifungal peptidic antibiotic that is synthesized nonribosomally by fengycin synthetases. Our previous work established that the promoter of the fengycin synthetase operon is located 86 nucleotides upstream of the translational initiation codon of fenC. This investigation involved transcriptional fusions with a DNA fragment that contains the region between positions −105 and +80 and determined that deleting the region between positions −55 and −42 reduces the promoter activity by 64.5%. Transcriptional fusions in the B. subtilis DB2 chromosome also indicated that mutating the sequence markedly reduces the promoter activity. An in vitro transcription analysis confirmed that the transcription is inefficient when the sequence in this region is mutated. Electrophoretic mobility shift and footprinting analyses demonstrated that the C-terminal domain of the RNA polymerase α subunit binds to the region between positions −55 and −39. These results indicated that the sequence is an UP element. Finally, this UP element is critical for the production of fengycin, since mutating the UP sequence in the chromosome of B. subtilis F29-3 reduces the transcription of the fen operon by 85% and prevents the cells from producing enough fengycin to suppress the germination of Paecilomyces variotii spores on agar plates.

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Lin, Tsuey-Pin, Chyi-Liang Chen, Hui-Chuan Fu, Cheng-Yeu Wu, Guang-Huey Lin, Shih-Hao Huang, Li-Kwan Chang, and Shih-Tung Liu. "Functional analysis of fengycin synthetase FenD." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression 1730, no. 2 (August 2005): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.02.005.

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Zhao, Junfeng, Chong Zhang, Jing Lu, and Zhaoxin Lu. "Enhancement of fengycin production in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by genome shuffling and relative gene expression analysis using RT-PCR." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 62, no. 5 (May 2016): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2015-0734.

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Genome shuffling is an efficient approach for the rapid engineering of microbial strains with desirable industrial phenotypes. In this study, we used genome shuffling in an attempt to improve fengycin production of the wild-type strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ES-2-4. After 2 rounds of genome shuffling, a high-yield recombinant F2-72 (FMB72) strain that exhibited 8.30-fold increases in fengycin production was obtained. Comparative analysis of synthetase gene (fenA) expression was conducted between the initial and shuffled strains using fluorescent quantitation RT-PCR. Delta CT (threshold cycle) relative quantitation analysis revealed that fengycin synthetase gene (fenA) expression at the transcriptional level in the FMB72 strain was 12.77-fold greater than in the ES-2-4 wild type. The shuffled strain has a potential application in food and pharmaceutical industries. At the same time, the analysis of improved phenotypes will provide more valuable data for inverse metabolic engineering.

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Ramarathnam, Rajesh, Shen Bo, Yu Chen, W. G. Dilantha Fernando, Gao Xuewen, and Teresa de Kievit. "Molecular and biochemical detection of fengycin- and bacillomycin D-producing Bacillus spp., antagonistic to fungal pathogens of canola and wheat." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53, no. 7 (July 2007): 901–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w07-049.

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Bacillus species are well known for their ability to control plant diseases through various mechanisms, including the production of secondary metabolites. Bacillus subtilis DFH08, an antagonist of Fusarium graminearum , and other Bacillus spp. that are antagonists of common fungal pathogens of canola were screened for peptide synthetase biosynthetic genes of fengycin and bacillomycin D. Specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers identified B. subtilis strains DFH08 and 49 for the presence of the fenD gene of the fengycin operon. Bacillus cereus DFE4, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains DFE16 and BS6, and B. subtilis 49 were identified for the presence of the bamC gene of the bacillomycin D synthetase biosynthetic operon. Both fengycin and bacillomycin D were detected in the culture extract of strain Bs49, characterized through MALDI–TOF–MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization – time of flight – mass spectrometry), and their antifungal activities demonstrated against F. graminearum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . This study designed and used specific PCR primers for the detection of potential fengycin- and bacillomycin D-producing bacterial antagonists and confirmed the molecular detection with the biochemical detection of the corresponding antibiotic produced. This is also the first report of a B. cereus strain (DFE4) to have bacillomycin D biosynthetic genes. Bacteria that synthesize these lipopeptides could act as natural genetic sources for genetic engineering of the peptide synthetases for production of novel peptides.

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Lin, Tsuey-Pin, Chyi-Liang Chen, Li-Kwan Chang, Johannes Scheng-Ming Tschen, and Shih-Tung Liu. "Functional and Transcriptional Analyses of a Fengycin Synthetase Gene, fenC, from Bacillus subtilis." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 16 (August 15, 1999): 5060–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.16.5060-5067.1999.

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ABSTRACT A 37-kb DNA fragment containing five fengycin synthetase genes, including fenC, fenD, fenE,fenA, and fenB, was cloned and sequenced. Among these genes, fenC encodes a fengycin synthetase 2,560 amino acids long with an estimated molecular mass of 287 kDa. This protein contains two amino acid activation modules, FenC1 and FenC2, which activate l-glutamic acid and l-ornithine, respectively. Primer extension, using mRNA isolated from the log-phase cells, identified a transcription start site located 86 nucleotides upstream from the initiation codon of fenC, implying that a promoter is located upstream from the start site. Primer extension using total RNA isolated from stationary-phase cells also identified a transcription start site located 61 nucleotides upstream from the initiation codon of fenC. Gene fusion studies demonstrated that in nHA medium, the cells transcribe the fengycin synthetase genes at two different stages of cell growth. The promoter is active during the log phase, and the activity reaches the highest level during the late log phase. The activity decreases sharply but is maintained at a low level for approximately 24 h after cells enter the early stationary phase. The results of this investigation also suggest that the transcription of fenC is positively regulated during the late log phase. Results presented herein provide further insight into fengycin synthesis by B. subtilis F29-3.

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Stankovic, S., Sanja Mihajlovic, V. Draganic, I. Dimkic, G. Vukotic, Tanja Beric, and Dj Fira. "Screening for the presence of biosynthetic genes for antimicrobial lipopeptides in natural isolates of Bacillus sp." Archives of Biological Sciences 64, no. 4 (2012): 1425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1204425s.

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A collection of 205 natural isolates of Bacillus was tested for the presence of genes for biosynthesis of antimicrobial lipopeptides, iturin, surfactin, fengycin and bacillomycin D. For the detection of iturin producers by PCR screening, we used forward ITUP1-F and reverse ITUP2-R primers which are capable of detecting a 2-kb region that includes the intergenic sequence between the ituA and ituB genes. A 675-bp fragment from the gene sfp from B. subtilis encoding 4?-phosphopantetheinyl transferase involved in the biosynthesis of surfactin was targeted for amplification by using primers P17 and P18. Other two pairs of primers were BACC1F and BACC1R for bacillomycin D and FEND1F and FEND1R for potential fengycin producers, respectively. The results of the screening showed that the majority of tested strains had more than one biosynthetic operon, since 81% possessed the genes for bacillomycin D production, 54% for surfactin, 38% for iturin and 25% for fengycin production.

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Lin, Guang-Huey, Chyi-Liang Chen, Johannes Scheng-Ming Tschen, San-San Tsay, Yu-Sun Chang, and Shih-Tung Liu. "Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Fengycin Synthetase Gene fenB from Bacillus subtilis." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 5 (March 1, 1998): 1338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.5.1338-1341.1998.

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ABSTRACT A fengycin synthetase gene, fenB, has been cloned and sequenced. The protein (FenB) encoded by this gene has a predicted molecular mass of 143.6 kDa. This protein was overexpressed inEscherichia coli and was purified to near homogeneity by affinity chromatography. Experimental results indicated that the recombinant FenB has a substrate specificity toward isoleucine with an optimum temperature of 25°C, an optimum pH of 4.5, aKm value of 922 μM, and a turnover number of 236 s−1. FenB also consists of a thioesterase domain, suggesting that this protein may be involved in the activation of the last amino acid of fengycin.

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Shu, Hung-Yu, Guang-Huey Lin, Ying-Chung Wu, Johannes Scheng-Ming Tschen, and Shih-Tung Liu. "Amino Acids Activated by Fengycin Synthetase FenE." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 292, no. 4 (April 2002): 789–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2002.6729.

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Kang, Beom Ryong, Woo-Jin Jung, and Joon Seong Park. "Effect of Fengycin-type Lipopeptides in the Biocontrol Potential of the Formulation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PPL and Plant Extract." Korean Journal of Pesticide Science 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7585/kjps.2020.24.2.186.

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Deleu, Magali, Michel Paquot, and Tommy Nylander. "Fengycin interaction with lipid monolayers at the air–aqueous interface—implications for the effect of fengycin on biological membranes." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 283, no. 2 (March 2005): 358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.09.036.

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Lam, Van Bach, Thibault Meyer, Anthony Arguelles Arias, Marc Ongena, Feyisara Eyiwumi Oni, and Monica Höfte. "Bacillus Cyclic Lipopeptides Iturin and Fengycin Control Rice Blast Caused by Pyricularia oryzae in Potting and Acid Sulfate Soils by Direct Antagonism and Induced Systemic Resistance." Microorganisms 9, no. 7 (July 3, 2021): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071441.

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Rice monoculture in acid sulfate soils (ASSs) is affected by a wide range of abiotic and biotic constraints, including rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae. To progress towards a more sustainable agriculture, our research aimed to screen the biocontrol potential of indigenous Bacillus spp. against blast disease by triggering induced systemic resistance (ISR) via root application and direct antagonism. Strains belonging to the B. altitudinis and B. velezensis group could protect rice against blast disease by ISR. UPLC–MS and marker gene replacement methods were used to detect cyclic lipopeptide (CLiP) production and construct CLiPs deficient mutants of B. velezensis, respectively. Here we show that the CLiPs fengycin and iturin are both needed to elicit ISR against rice blast in potting soil and ASS conditions. The CLiPs surfactin, iturin and fengycin completely suppressed P. oryzae spore germination resulting in disease severity reduction when co-applied on rice leaves. In vitro microscopic assays revealed that iturin and fengycin inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungus P. oryzae, while surfactin had no effect. The capacity of indigenous Bacillus spp. to reduce rice blast by direct and indirect antagonism in ASS conditions provides an opportunity to explore their usage for rice blast control in the field.

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Romero, Diego, Antonio de Vicente, Rivo H. Rakotoaly, Samuel E. Dufour, Jan-Willem Veening, Eva Arrebola, Francisco M. Cazorla, Oscar P. Kuipers, Michel Paquot, and Alejandro Pérez-García. "The Iturin and Fengycin Families of Lipopeptides Are Key Factors in Antagonism of Bacillus subtilis Toward Podosphaera fusca." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 20, no. 4 (April 2007): 430–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-20-4-0430.

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Podosphaera fusca is the main causal agent of cucurbit powdery mildew in Spain. Four Bacillus subtilis strains, UMAF6614, UMAF6619, UMAF6639, and UMAF8561, with proven ability to suppress the disease on melon in detached leaf and seedling assays, were subjected to further analyses to elucidate the mode of action involved in their biocontrol performance. Cell-free supernatants showed antifungal activities very close to those previously reported for vegetative cells. Identification of three lipopeptide antibiotics, surfactin, fengycin, and iturin A or bacillomycin, in butanolic extracts from cell-free culture filtrates of these B. subtilis strains pointed out that antibiosis could be a major factor involved in their biocontrol ability. The strong inhibitory effect of purified lipopeptide fractions corresponding to bacillomycin, fengycin, and iturin A on P. fusca conidia germination, as well as the in situ detection of these lipopeptides in bacterial-treated melon leaves, provided interesting evidence of their putative involvement in the antagonistic activity. Those results were definitively supported by site-directed mutagenesis analysis, targeted to suppress the biosynthesis of the different lipopeptides. Taken together, our data have allowed us to conclude that the iturin and fengycin families of lipopep-tides have a major role in the antagonism of B. subtilis toward P. fusca.

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Hmidet, Noomen, Hanen Ben Ayed, Philippe Jacques, and Moncef Nasri. "Enhancement of Surfactin and Fengycin Production byBacillus mojavensisA21: Application for Diesel Biodegradation." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5893123.

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This work concerns the study of the enhancement of surfactin and fengycin production byB. mojavensisA21 and application of the produced product in diesel biodegradation. The influences of the culture medium and cells immobilization were studied. The highest lipopeptides production was achieved after 72 hours of incubation in a culture medium containing 30 g/L glucose as carbon source and a combination of yeast extract (1 g/L) and glutamic acid (5 g/L) as nitrogen sources with initial pH 7.0 at 30°C and 90% volumetric aeration. The study of primary metabolites production showed mainly the production of acetoin, with a maximum production after 24 h of strain growth. The use of immobilized cells seemed to be a promising method for improving lipopeptides productivity. In fact, the synthesis of both lipopeptides, mainly fengycin, was greatly enhanced by the immobilization of A21 cells. An increase of diesel degradation capacity of approximately 20, 27, and 40% in the presence of 0.5, 1, and 2 g/L of produced lipopeptides, respectively, was observed. Considering these properties,B. mojavensisA21 strain producing a lipopeptide mixture, containing both surfactin and fengycin, may be considered as a potential candidate for future use in bioremediation and crop protection.

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Hussein, Walaa. "Fengycin or plipastatin? A confusing question in Bacilli." BioTechnologia 100, no. 1 (2019): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/bta.2019.83211.

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Villegas-Escobar, Valeska, Isabel Ceballos, John J. Mira, Luz Edith Argel, Sergio Orduz Peralta, and Magally Romero-Tabarez. "Fengycin C Produced by Bacillus subtilis EA-CB0015." Journal of Natural Products 76, no. 4 (March 5, 2013): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np300574v.

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Cheng, Yu-Chieh, Wan-Ju Ke, and Shih-Tung Liu. "Regions involved in fengycin synthetases enzyme complex formation." Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 50, no. 6 (December 2017): 755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2015.12.001.

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Rosés, Cristina, Cristina Camó, Àngel Oliveras, Lluis Moll, Nerea López, Lidia Feliu, and Marta Planas. "Total Solid-Phase Synthesis of Dehydroxy Fengycin Derivatives." Journal of Organic Chemistry 83, no. 24 (December 10, 2018): 15297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.8b02553.

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Edosa, Tariku Tesfaye, Yong Hun Jo, Maryam Keshavarz, In Seon Kim, and Yeon Soo Han. "Biosurfactants Induce Antimicrobial Peptide Production through the Activation of TmSpatzles in Tenebrio molitor." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 6090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176090.

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Biosurfactant immunomodulatory activities in mammals, nematodes, and plants have been investigated. However, the immune activation property of biosurfactants in insects has not been reported. Therefore, here, we studied the defense response triggered by lipopeptides (fengycin and iturin A), glycolipids (rhamnolipid), and cyclic polypeptides (bacitracin) in the coleopteran insect, mealworm Tenebrio molitor. The in vitro antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria and fungi (Candida albicans) were assessed by mixing these pathogens with the hemolymph of biosurfactant-immune-activated larvae. E. coli growth was remarkably inhibited by this hemolymph. The antimicrobial peptide (AMP) induction results also revealed that all biosurfactants tested induced several AMPs, exclusively in hemocytes. The survivability analysis of T. molitor larvae challenged by E. coli (106 CFU/µL) at 24 h post biosurfactant-immune activation showed that fengycin, iturin A, and rhamnopid significantly increased survivability against E. coli. Biosurfactant-induced TmSpatzles activation was also monitored, and the results showed that TmSpz3 and TmSpz-like were upregulated in the hemocytes of iturin A-injected larvae, while TmSpz4 and TmSpz6 were upregulated in the fat bodies of the fengycin-, iturin A-, and rhamnolipid-injected larvae. Overall, these results suggest that lipopeptide and glycolipid biosurfactants induce the expression of AMPs in T. molitor via the activation of spätzle genes, thereby increasing the survivability of T. molitor against E. coli.

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Etchegaray, Augusto, François Coutte, Gabrielle Chataigné, Max Béchet, Ramon H. Z. dos Santos, Valérie Leclère, and Philippe Jacques. "Production ofBacillus amyloliquefaciensOG and its metabolites in renewable media: valorisation for biodiesel production andp-xylene decontamination." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 1 (January 2017): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2016-0288.

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Biosurfactants are important in many areas; however, costs impede large-scale production. This work aimed to develop a global sustainable strategy for the production of biosurfactants by a novel strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Initially, Bacillus sp. strain 0G was renamed B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum (syn. Bacillus velezensis) after analysis of the gyrA and gyrB DNA sequences. Growth in modified Landy’s medium produced 3 main recoverable metabolites: surfactin, fengycin, and acetoin, which promote plant growth. Cultivation was studied in the presence of renewable carbon (as glycerol) and nitrogen (as arginine) sources. While diverse kinetics of acetoin production were observed in different media, similar yields (6–8 g·L–1) were obtained after 72 h of growth. Glycerol increased surfactin-specific production, while arginine increased the yields of surfactin and fengycin and increased biomass significantly. The specific production of fengycin increased ∼10 times, possibly due to a connecting pathway involving arginine and ornithine. Adding value to crude extracts and biomass, both were shown to be useful, respectively, for the removal of p-xylene from contaminated water and for biodiesel production, yielding ∼70 mg·g–1cells and glycerol, which could be recycled in novel media. This is the first study considering circular bioeconomy to lower the production costs of biosurfactants by valorisation of both microbial cells and their primary and secondary metabolites.

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Koumoutsi, Alexandra, Xiao-Hua Chen, Anke Henne, Heiko Liesegang, Gabriele Hitzeroth, Peter Franke, Joachim Vater, and Rainer Borriss. "Structural and Functional Characterization of Gene Clusters Directing Nonribosomal Synthesis of Bioactive Cyclic Lipopeptides in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain FZB42." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 4 (February 15, 2004): 1084–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.4.1084-1096.2004.

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ABSTRACT The environmental strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 promotes plant growth and suppresses plant pathogenic organisms present in the rhizosphere. We sampled sequenced the genome of FZB42 and identified 2,947 genes with >50% identity on the amino acid level to the corresponding genes of Bacillus subtilis 168. Six large gene clusters encoding nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) and polyketide synthases (PKS) occupied 7.5% of the whole genome. Two of the PKS and one of the NRPS encoding gene clusters were unique insertions in the FZB42 genome and are not present in B. subtilis 168. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis revealed expression of the antibiotic lipopeptide products surfactin, fengycin, and bacillomycin D. The fengycin (fen) and the surfactin (srf) operons were organized and located as in B. subtilis 168. A large 37.2-kb antibiotic DNA island containing the bmy gene cluster was attributed to the biosynthesis of bacillomycin D. The bmy island was found inserted close to the fen operon. The responsibility of the bmy, fen, and srf gene clusters for the production of the corresponding secondary metabolites was demonstrated by cassette mutagenesis, which led to the loss of the ability to produce these peptides. Although these single mutants still largely retained their ability to control fungal spread, a double mutant lacking both bacillomycin D and fengycin was heavily impaired in its ability to inhibit growth of phytopathogenic fungi, suggesting that both lipopeptides act in a synergistic manner.

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Schneider, Jochen, Kambiz Taraz, Herbert Budzikiewicz, Magali Deleu, Philippe Thonart, and Philippe Jacques. "The Structure of Two Fengycins from Bacillus subtilis S499." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 54, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1999-1102.

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Abstract The structures of the two fengycins, lipopeptides from Bacillus subtilis, were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and chemical degradation. They show a close structural relationship to the plipastatins from Bacillus cereus differing only in the stereochemistry of the Tyr residues.

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Chung, Lawton K., and Manuela Raffatellu. "Probiotic fengycins dis(Agr)ee with Staphylococcus aureus colonization." Cell Research 29, no. 2 (January 3, 2019): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41422-018-0126-3.

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Rumyantsev, S. D., V. Y. Alekseev, A. V. Sorokan, G. F. Burkhanova, E. A. Cherepanova, I. V. Maksimov, and S. V. Veselova. "Search for biocontrol agents among endophytic lipopeptidesynthesizing bacteria Bacillus spp. to protect wheat plants against Greenbug aphid (Schizaphis graminum)." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 28, no. 3 (May 30, 2024): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-24-32.

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Beneficial endophytic bacteria can suppress the development of insect pests through direct antagonism, with the help of metabolites, or indirectly by the induction of systemic resistance through the regulation of hormonal signaling pathways. Lipopeptides are bacterial metabolites that exhibit direct antagonistic activity against many organisms, including insects. Also, lipopeptides are able to trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants against harmful organisms, but the physiological mechanisms of their action are just beginning to be studied. In this work, we studied ten strains of bacteria isolated from the tissues of wheat and potatoes. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene showed that all isolates belong to the genus Bacillus and to two species, B. subtilis and B. velezensis. The genes for lipopeptide synthetase – surfactin synthetase (Bs_srf ), iturin synthetase (Bs_ituA, Bs_ituB) and fengycin synthetase (Bs_fenD) – were identified in all bacterial isolates using PCR. All strains had high aphicidal activity against the Greenbug aphid (Schizaphis graminum Rond.) due to the synthesis of lipopeptides, which was proven using lipopeptiderich fractions (LRFs) isolated from the strains. Endophytic lipopeptide-synthesizing strains of Bacillus spp. indirectly affected the viability of aphids, the endurance of plants against aphids and triggered ISR in plants, which manifested itself in the regulation of oxidative metabolism and the accumulation of transcripts of the Pr1, Pr2, Pr3, Pr6 and Pr9 genes due to the synthesis of lipopeptides, which was proven using LRF isolated from three strains: B. subtilis 26D, B. subtilis 11VM, and B. thuringiensis B-6066. We have for the first time demonstrated the aphicidal effect of fengycin and the ability of the fengycin-synthesizing strains and isolates, B. subtilis Ttl2, Bacillus sp. Stl7 and B. thuringiensis B-6066, to regulate components of the pro-/antioxidant system of aphid-infested plants. In addition, this work is the first to demonstrate an elicitor role of fengycin in triggering a systemic resistance to S. graminum in wheat plants. We have discovered new promising strains and isolates of endophytes of the genus Bacillus, which may be included in the composition of new biocontrol agents against aphids. One of the criteria for searching for new bacteria active against phloem-feeding insects can be the presence of lipopeptide synthetase genes in the bacterial genome.

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Mácha, Hynek, Helena Marešová, Tereza Juříková, Magdaléna Švecová, Oldřich Benada, Anton Škríba, Miroslav Baránek, Čeněk Novotný, and Andrea Palyzová. "Killing Effect of Bacillus velezensis FZB42 on a Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris (Xcc) Strain Newly Isolated from Cabbage Brassica oleracea Convar. Capitata (L.): A Metabolomic Study." Microorganisms 9, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071410.

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The potential use of Bacillus velezensis FZB42 for biological control of various phytopathogens has been documented over the past few years, but its antagonistic interactions with xanthomonads has not been studied in detail. Novel aspects in this study consist of close observation of the death of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris cells in a co-culture with B. velezensis FZB42, and quantification of lipopeptides and a siderophore, bacillibactin, involved in the killing process. A new robust Xcc-SU isolate tolerating high concentrations of ferric ions was used. In a co-culture with the antagonist, the population of Xcc-SU was entirely destroyed within 24–48 h, depending on the number of antagonist cells used for inoculation. No inhibitory effect of Xcc-SU on B. velezensis was observed. Bacillibactin and lipopeptides (surfactin, fengycin, and bacillomycin) were present in the co-culture and the monoculture of B. velezensis. Except for bacillibactin, the maximum contents of lipopeptides were higher in the antagonist monoculture compared with the co-culture. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the death of Xcc-SU bacteria in co-culture was caused by cell lysis, leading to an enhanced occurrence of distorted cells and cell ghosts. Analysis by mass spectrometry showed four significant compounds, bacillibactin, surfactin, fengycin, and bacillomycin D amongst a total of 24 different forms detected in the co-culture supernatant: Different forms of surfactin and fengycin with variations in their side-chain length were also detected. These results demonstrate the ability of B. velezensis FZB42 to act as a potent antagonistic strain against Xcc.

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Chtioui, Omar, Krasimir Dimitrov, Frédérique Gancel, Pascal Dhulster, and Iordan Nikov. "Selective fengycin production in a modified rotating discs bioreactor." Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 37, no. 2 (May 22, 2013): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-013-0964-9.

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Feria Zevallos, Manuel Alberto, Arnaldo Castañeda, Odalis Toledo, Deysy Caballero, Mario Cueva, and Virna Cedeño. "Caracterización molecular ómica de una cepa de Bacillus amyloliquefaciens aislada de la microbiota del paiche Arapaima gigas con actividad antagonista contra bacterias patógenas de peces." Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 30, no. 2 (July 5, 2019): 908–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v30i2.15407.

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Se analizaron las características de una cepa de Bacillus amyloliquefaciens aislada del intestino de Arapaima gigas, seleccionada por su capacidad para generar inhibición de múltiples bacterias patógenas de peces, mediante el uso de herramientas moleculares como PCR y espectrometría de masas - MALDI TOF/TOF. Los resultados mostraron a través de PCR que esta cepa cuenta con genes claves para la generación de péptidos antimicrobianos como bmyB (bacillomycin L synthetase B), fenD (fengycin sintetasa), srfAA (subunidad 1 surfactin sintetasa), bacA (proteína de biosíntesis de bacilysin) e iturin (iturin A). Además, mediante el análisis por espectrometría de masas se detectaron bacteriocinas (plipastatin, gramicidin, fengycin, surfactin), proteínas de fijación al intestino (like-enolase), proteinas transportadoras de péptidos antimicrobianos (ABC-transporters) y proteínas de estimulación del sistema inmunitario como flagelin. También se detectaron proteínas tipo colagenasas, chitinasas e xilosa-isomerasas que contribuyen con el proceso de digestión y asimilación. Todos estos resultados permiten considerar los múltiples beneficios de esta cepa para ser utilizada como probiótico en el cultivo de peces.

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Hu, L. B., T. Zhang, Z. M. Yang, W. Zhou, and Z. Q. Shi. "Inhibition of fengycins on the production of fumonisin B1fromFusarium verticillioides." Letters in Applied Microbiology 48, no. 1 (January 2009): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02493.x.

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Athukorala, Sarangi N. P., W. G. Dilantha Fernando, and Khalid Y. Rashid. "Identification of antifungal antibiotics ofBacillusspecies isolated from different microhabitats using polymerase chain reaction and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 55, no. 9 (September 2009): 1021–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w09-067.

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Although many Bacillus species are known to be good antibiotic producers capable of acting as biocontrol agents, the underlying antimicrobial mechanisms are often poorly understood. In this study, 21 Bacillus strains, demonstrating over 50% mycelial inhibition against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum as well as significant control in plant assays, were examined for the presence of antibiotic biosynthetic genes. Primers specific for bacillomycin D, iturin A, surfactin, mycosubtilin, fengycin, and zwittermicin A were used to amplify biosynthetic genes from these bacteria using PCR. The majority of strains harbored surfactin (21/21) and iturin A (20/21) biosynthetic genes. Three strains ( Bacillus subtilis 3057, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BS6, and Bacillus mycoides 4079) were positive for bacillomycin D, whereas 4 strains (B. subtilis H-08-02, B. subtilis 3057, B. amyloliquefaciens BS6, and B. mycoides 4079) showed the presence of the fengycin biosynthetic gene. The zwittermicin A gene was detected in B. mycoides S, Bacillus thuringiensis BS8, and B. amyloliquefaciens BS6. Sequence analysis of purified PCR products revealed homology with corresponding genes from other Bacillus sp. in the GenBank database. Production of particular antibiotics in strains BS6, H-08-02, 3057, and 4079 was confirmed through matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization – time of flight – mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF-MS). This study revealed the equivalent capability of different Bacillus strains from various microhabitats to produce the above-mentioned antibiotics and highlights the possibility of using some strains as potential biocontrol agents under different microhabitats distant from their original habitat. Furthermore, it will enable researchers to develop rational strategies for the application of the antagonists and their metabolites within an agroecosystem. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a B. mycoides strain that carries biosynthetic genes and produces fengycin and surfactin.

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Gimenez, Diana, Aoife Phelan, Cormac D. Murphy, and Steven L. Cobb. "Fengycin A Analogues with Enhanced Chemical Stability and Antifungal Properties." Organic Letters 23, no. 12 (June 2, 2021): 4672–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01387.

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Nasir, Mehmet Nail, Pascal Laurent, Christelle Flore, Laurence Lins, Marc Ongena, and Magali Deleu. "Analysis of calcium-induced effects on the conformation of fengycin." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 110 (June 2013): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.03.063.

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Lu, H., S. Qian, U. Muhammad, X. Jiang, J. Han, and Z. Lu. "Effect of fructose on promoting fengycin biosynthesis inBacillus amyloliquefaciensfmb-60." Journal of Applied Microbiology 121, no. 6 (October 24, 2016): 1653–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.13291.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fengycine'

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