Academic literature on the topic 'Fer – Composés complexes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fer – Composés complexes"
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Andrade, Thiago Dos Santos, Ricardo Vianna Nunes, Idiana Mara da Silva, Lucas Wachholz, and Vitor Barbosa Fascina. "Performance and physiological parameters in broilers fed different enzyme complexes." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 4Supl1 (August 25, 2017): 2765. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4supl1p2765.
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The effects of enzyme supplementation on the performance, yield, and blood profile of broilers fed corn and soybean diets from 1 to 42 days of age were evaluated. A total of 960 male broilers were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, with six treatments and eight replications. Two diets were used: a positive control formulated to meet the birds’ nutritional requirements (Diet 1) and a negative control diet with reduction of 150 kcal.kg-1 of metabolizable energy (Diet 2) and 12% amino acid in the initial phase and 18% during the growing and finishing phases. Further diets were based on the negative control with enzymes: enzyme complex 1, composed of 125 g ton-1 protease; enzyme complex 2, composed of 100 g ton-1 amylase, protease, and xylanase; enzyme complex 3, composed of 500 g ton-1 amylase, protease, and xylanase; and enzyme complex 4, composed of 125 g ton-1 protease and 500 g ton-1 beta-mannanase. Enzymatic supplementation did not improve performance during the initial and growing phases due to nutritional imbalance, resulting in the worst weight gain and feed conversion during the finishing phase. Carcass yield, leg yield, abdominal fat, and pancreas were altered by enzymatic supplementation. Triglyceride levels influenced abdominal fat deposition, and the serum levels of albumin and alanine aminotransferase were altered by enzymatic supplementation. Enzymatic supplementation was not effective in restoring broiler performance, carcass yield, and cuts, with changes in the serum biochemical profile of the broiler chickens.
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Andrade, Thiago Dos Santos, Ricardo Vianna Nunes, Idiana Mara da Silva, Lucas Wachholz, and Vitor Barbosa Fascina. "Performance and physiological parameters in broilers fed different enzyme complexes." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 4Supl1 (August 25, 2017): 2765. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4suplp2765.
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The effects of enzyme supplementation on the performance, yield, and blood profile of broilers fed corn and soybean diets from 1 to 42 days of age were evaluated. A total of 960 male broilers were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, with six treatments and eight replications. Two diets were used: a positive control formulated to meet the birds’ nutritional requirements (Diet 1) and a negative control diet with reduction of 150 kcal.kg-1 of metabolizable energy (Diet 2) and 12% amino acid in the initial phase and 18% during the growing and finishing phases. Further diets were based on the negative control with enzymes: enzyme complex 1, composed of 125 g ton-1 protease; enzyme complex 2, composed of 100 g ton-1 amylase, protease, and xylanase; enzyme complex 3, composed of 500 g ton-1 amylase, protease, and xylanase; and enzyme complex 4, composed of 125 g ton-1 protease and 500 g ton-1 beta-mannanase. Enzymatic supplementation did not improve performance during the initial and growing phases due to nutritional imbalance, resulting in the worst weight gain and feed conversion during the finishing phase. Carcass yield, leg yield, abdominal fat, and pancreas were altered by enzymatic supplementation. Triglyceride levels influenced abdominal fat deposition, and the serum levels of albumin and alanine aminotransferase were altered by enzymatic supplementation. Enzymatic supplementation was not effective in restoring broiler performance, carcass yield, and cuts, with changes in the serum biochemical profile of the broiler chickens.
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PAGÉ, F., and C. R. DE KIMPE. "DISSOLUTION DES COMPOSÉS FERRUGINEUX ET ALUMINEUX DES HORIZONS B PODZOLIQUES DE SOLS DU QUÉBEC PAR LE DITHIONITE-CITRATE-BICARBONATE, L'OXALATE, LE PYROPHOSPHATE ET LE TÉTRABORATE." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-047.
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Organic matter, Fe and Al were determined in dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (d), oxalate (o), pyrophosphate (p) and tetraborate (t) extracts from Quebec Podzolic B horizons in order to evaluate the ability of these reagents to extract the organo-metallic complexes as well as inorganic oxides and hydroxides, and to verify the appropriateness of soil classification criteria. Dithionite solubilized most of the Fe whereas oxalate extracted most of the Al compounds; the ability of the same reagents to extract Al and Fe, respectively, was directly related to the amount of organo-metallic complexes. Pyrophosphate extracted not only complexes but also inorganic compounds while tetraborate extracted mainly complexes. Organic matter extraction by dithionite, oxalate and tetraborate was enhanced by a high fulvic acid content; it was highest in the Bh and lowest in the Bf horizons. Organic matter, Fe and Al extraction by tetraborate was reduced in the presence of a large Fe-inorganic compounds content. These results indicated that extracting ability of the reagents depends on the nature of the B horizons, except for Fe extraction by dithionite and Al extraction by oxalate. Consequently, Fe and Al extraction by pyrophosphate or tetraborate is not appropriate for classification purposes. Differentiation of Bh horizons from other Podzolic B horizons was possible by using the total organic C to Fed + Alo ratio, because the ratio was > 3 for Bh horizons and < 3 for Bf and Bhf horizons. Key words: Organic matter, iron, aluminum, Podzolic B horizons, extraction reagents
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Younes, Tariq M., Mohammad Alkhedher, Mohamad Al Khawaldeh, Jalal Nawash, and Ibrahim Al-Abbas. "Less computational approach to detect QRS complexes in ECG rhythms." Computer Science and Information Technologies 2, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/csit.v2i3.p113-120.
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Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals are normally affected by artifacts that require manual assessment or use of other reference signals. Currently, Cardiographs are used to achieve basic necessary heart rate monitoring in real conditions. This work aims to study and identify main ECG features, QRS complexes, as one of the steps of a comprehensive ECG signal analysis. The proposed algorithm suggested an automatic recognition of QRS complexes in ECG rhythm. This method is designed based on several filter structure composes low pass, difference and summation filters. The filtered signal is fed to an adaptive threshold function to detect QRS complexes. The algorithm was validated and results were checked with experimental data based on sensitivity test.
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WEALE, ROB. "Discovering How Accessible Electroacoustic Music Can Be: the Intention/Reception project." Organised Sound 11, no. 2 (August 2006): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355771806001476.
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The Intention/Reception (I/R) project concerns an investigation of the relationship between composer intention and listener response in electroacoustic (E/A) compositions. Phase one of the project focuses on E/A compositions that contain or are perceived to contain real-world sound references (RWE/A). The methodology involves introducing works that are unknown to the listening subjects and then evaluating their listening experience. Through repeated listening and the introduction of the composers' articulation of intent (through a work's title, inspiration, elements that the composer intends to be communicated, eventually elements of the compositional process itself – in short, the ‘dramaturgy’ of the work) listening responses are monitored. The purpose here is to investigate to what extent familiarity contributes to access and appreciation and to what extent intention and reception are meeting in this particular corpus of E/A art music.This paper offers an introduction to the I/R project outlining its background, its context and presenting pertinent points concerning the design and operation of its methodology. Following this, some of the key results discovered thus far, including the first presentation of test data that formed the basis of the conclusions of a recently completed doctoral thesis, will be shared.
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Villa, James P., Greg P. Bertenshaw, John E. Bylander, and Judith S. Bond. "Meprin proteolytic complexes at the cell surface and in extracellular spaces." Biochemical Society Symposia 70 (September 1, 2003): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bss0700053.
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Meprins are metalloproteinases of the astacin family and metzincin superfamily that are composed of evolutionarily related α and ϐ subunits, which exist as homo- and hetero-oligomeric complexes. These complexes are abundant at the brush border membranes of kidney proximal tubule cells and epithelial cells of the intestine, and are also expressed in certain leucocytes and cancer cells. Meprins cleave bioactive peptides such as gastrin, cholecystokinin and parathyroid hormone, cytokines such as osteopontin and monocyte chemotactic peptide-1, as well as proteins such as gelatin, collagen IV, fibronectin and casein. Database predictions and initial data indicate that meprins are also capable of shedding proteins, including itself, from the cell surface. Membrane-bound meprin subunits are composed of dimeric meprin ϐ subunits or tetrameric hetero-oligomeric αϐ complexes of approx. 200-400 kDa, and can be activated at the cell surface; secreted forms of homo-oligomeric meprin α are zymogens that form high-molecular-mass complexes of 1-6 MDa. These are among the largest extracellular proteases identified thus far. The latent (self-associating) homo-oligomeric complexes can move through extracellular spaces in a non-destructive manner, and deliver a concentrated form of the metalloproteinase to sites that have activating proteases, such as sites of inflammation, infection or cancerous growth. Meprins provide examples of novel ways of concentrating proteolytic activity at the cell surface and in the extracellular milieu, which may be critical to proteolytic function.
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Alshareedah, Ibraheem, Mahdi Muhammad Moosa, Muralikrishna Raju, Davit A. Potoyan, and Priya R. Banerjee. "Phase transition of RNA−protein complexes into ordered hollow condensates." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 27 (June 22, 2020): 15650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922365117.
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Liquid−liquid phase separation of multivalent intrinsically disordered protein−RNA complexes is ubiquitous in both natural and biomimetic systems. So far, isotropic liquid droplets are the most commonly observed topology of RNA−protein condensates in experiments and simulations. Here, by systematically studying the phase behavior of RNA−protein complexes across varied mixture compositions, we report a hollow vesicle-like condensate phase of nucleoprotein assemblies that is distinct from RNA−protein droplets. We show that these vesicular condensates are stable at specific mixture compositions and concentration regimes within the phase diagram and are formed through the phase separation of anisotropic protein−RNA complexes. Similar to membranes composed of amphiphilic lipids, these nucleoprotein−RNA vesicular membranes exhibit local ordering, size-dependent permeability, and selective encapsulation capacity without sacrificing their dynamic formation and dissolution in response to physicochemical stimuli. Our findings suggest that protein−RNA complexes can robustly create lipid-free vesicle-like enclosures by phase separation.
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Garcia, M., X. Darzacq, T. Delaveau, L. Jourdren, R. H. Singer, and C. Jacq. "Mitochondria-associated Yeast mRNAs and the Biogenesis of Molecular Complexes." Molecular Biology of the Cell 18, no. 2 (February 2007): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e06-09-0827.
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The coherence of mitochondrial biogenesis relies on spatiotemporally coordinated associations of 800–1000 proteins mostly encoded in the nuclear genome. We report the development of new quantitative analyses to assess the role of local protein translation in the construction of molecular complexes. We used real-time PCR to determine the cellular location of 112 mRNAs involved in seven mitochondrial complexes. Five typical cases were examined by an improved FISH protocol. The proteins produced in the vicinity of mitochondria (MLR proteins) were, almost exclusively, of prokaryotic origin and are key elements of the core construction of the molecular complexes; the accessory proteins were translated on free cytoplasmic polysomes. These two classes of proteins correspond, at least as far as intermembrane space (IMS) proteins are concerned, to two different import pathways. Import of MLR proteins involves both TOM and TIM23 complexes whereas non-MLR proteins only interact with the TOM complex. Site-specific translation loci, both outside and inside mitochondria, may coordinate the construction of molecular complexes composed of both nuclearly and mitochondrially encoded subunits.
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SINITSINA, NATALIA, IGOR ORSHANSKY, and OLGA SOKOLOVA. "ACTIN-BINDING PROTEINS: HOW TO REVEAL THE CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 06, no. 04 (August 2008): 869–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720008003667.
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Actin is the most abundant protein in eukaryotes. Under physiological conditions, it can polymerize into polarized filaments. At the heart of these processes are actin-binding proteins that stimulate actin assembly. Most of them are composed of multiple domains that perform both regulatory and signaling functions. Many actin-binding proteins, including WASP and formin family proteins, are auto-inhibited through intramolecular interactions that mask the actin-regulating sites of these proteins. The large flexible molecules of formins have so far eluded crystallization, and have been crystallized only partially. The information from the available crystal structures is valuable, but somewhat difficult to interpret without a larger framework on which to pose the actin-binding mechanism. Single-particle electron microscopy and electron tomography could provide such a large framework with the full-length structures of protein complexes. The recent advances in determining the molecular interactions in protein complexes predict that the molecular modeling and molecular dynamics methods could be employed to study conformational changes in molecules.
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Loïodice, Isabelle, Annabelle Alves, Gwénaël Rabut, Megan van Overbeek, Jan Ellenberg, Jean-Baptiste Sibarita, and Valérie Doye. "The Entire Nup107-160 Complex, Including Three New Members, Is Targeted as One Entity to Kinetochores in Mitosis." Molecular Biology of the Cell 15, no. 7 (July 2004): 3333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e03-12-0878.
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In eukaryotes, bidirectional transport of macromolecules between the cytoplasm and the nucleus occurs through elaborate supramolecular structures embedded in the nuclear envelope, the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). NPCs are composed of multiple copies of ∼30 different proteins termed nucleoporins, of which several can be biochemically isolated as subcomplexes. One such building block of the NPC, termed the Nup107-160 complex in vertebrates, was so far demonstrated to be composed of six different nucleoporins. Here, we identify three WD (Trp-Asp)-repeat nucleoporins as new members of this complex, two of which, Nup37 and Nup43, are specific to higher eukaryotes. The third new member Seh1 is more loosely associated with the Nup107-160 complex biochemically, but its depletion by RNA interference leads to phenotypes similar to knock down of other constituents of this complex. By combining green fluorescent protein-tagged nucleoporins and specific antibodies, we show that all the constituents of this complex, including Nup37, Nup43, Seh1, and Sec13, are targeted to kinetochores from prophase to anaphase of mitosis. Together, our results indicate that the entire Nup107-160 complex, which comprises nearly one-third of the so-far identified nucleoporins, specifically localizes to kinetochores in mitosis.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fer – Composés complexes"
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Li, Kam Wah Henri. "Complexes fer-nitrosyles et fer-nitrates : implication dans l'activation et le transfert de l'oxygène moléculaire." Nice, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NICE4212.
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Jacq, Philippe. "Complexes chiraux mésogènes dérivés du butadiène-fer-tricarbonyle." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10202.
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La synthese de metallomesogenes chiraux a ete realisee, sous forme racemique et optiquement active: le motif butadiene-fer-tricarbonyle, porteur d'un moment dipolaire transverse et responsable de la chiralite moleculaire, est incorpore dans le cur rigide du mesogene sur lequel sont greffees des chaines paraffiniques (de 1 a 4). L'exploration de trois familles mesogenes du complexe du fer-tricarbonyle permet d'observer un riche polymorphisme comprenant, pour l'une d'entre elles, une phase smectique c chirale dont les proprietes ferroelectriques pourraient etre mises a profit dans des dispositifs d'affichage electrooptiques. Par ailleurs, des proprietes mesomorphes colonnaires apparaissent chez des complexes a quatre longues chaines paraffiniques
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Pelascini, Frédéric. "Polymérisation d'oléfines catalysée par des complexes de fer et de cobalt." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13129.
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Ces travaux concernent la synthèse et l'étude de nouveaux complexes du fer (II) et du cobalt (II) porteurs de ligands triazotés, testés pour la polymérisation de l'éthylène et du norbornène. Après une mise au point bibliographique sur l'élaboration des systèmes à base de fer et de cobalt développés pour la polymérisation des oléfines, une deuxième partie décrit la synthèse et la caractérisation des nouveaux ligands tridentates azotés utilisés. Trois familles de ligands ont été décrites : un ligand terpyridine (terpy), des ligands bispyrazolylpyridine (BPP) et enfin de nouveaux ligands pyridinebisimine (PBI) possédant un environnement stérique et électronique varié. A partir de ces ligands, de nouveaux complexes de fer et de cobalt ont pu être synthétisés et caractérisés. Une étude approfondie des différents complexes a établi les modes de coordination des trois types de ligands et la stabilité de leurs complexes. Les différents complexes isolés ont ensuite été testés pour la polymérisation de l'éthylène. Tous les essais avec les systèmes constitués par les complexes à base de terpy ou de BPP associés au méthylaluminoxane se sont avérés négatifs. En revanche, les complexes à base de PBI modifiées se sont révélés plus efficaces. Les diverses substitutions sur les groupements aryle ou le remplacement des ces derniers par des groupements diméthylcyclohexyle entraînent des changements significatifs en termes d'activité catalytique et de caractéristiques moléculaires des polyéthylènes obtenus. Enfin il a été montré que les systèmes à base de PBI ainsi que CoCl2 permettent la polymérisation du norbornène. Une étude approfondie de l'influence de différents paramètres réactionnels a été réalisée. De plus, des essais de copolymérisation du norbornène avec l'éthylène ont conduit à la formation d'un mélange des deux homopolymèresThis work relates the synthesis and the study of new iron (II) and cobalt (II) complexes carrying tridendate ligands for ethylene and norbornene polymerization. After reporting the state of the art concerning the synthesis of iron and cobalt containing catalytic systems developed for the polymerization of olefins, a second part describes the synthesis and the characterization of new tridendate ligands. Three families were studied: terpyridines (terpy), bispyrazolylpyridines (BPP) and pyridinebisimines (PBI) with varied steric and electronic environment. New cobalt and iron complexes containing these ligands were thus synthesized and fully characterized. A thorough study of the various complexes led us to better understand the different coordination modes of the three types of ligands and the stability of their complexes. The ethylene polymerization was then achieved with the various isolated complexes. All the tests performed with catalytic systems containing terpy or BPP associated to methylaluminoxane proved to be unsuccessful. On another hand, complexes containing modified PBI appeared to be more efficient. The catalytic activity and the molecular characteristics of the obtained polyethylenes were significantly affected by the various substitutions on the aryl groups or the replacement of these latter by dimethylcyclohexyl groups. Finally, it was shown that the norbornene was polymerized by the catalytic systems containing PBI ligands as well as CoCl2. A detailed study of the influence of various reaction parameters was carried out. Moreover, copolymerization tests of norbornene and ethylene yielded the formation of a mixture of the two homopolymers
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Zeghli, Abdellah. "Complexation du fer ferrique par des ligands dérivés du 2,2'-dihydroxybiphényle : études thermodynamique et cinétique." Grenoble 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991GRE10173.
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Ce travail presente dans ce memoire concerne l'etude thermodynamique et cinetique par spectrophotometrie uv-visible de la complexation du fer (iii) par des ligands derives du 2,2-dihydroxybiphenyle, substitue par des groupements amides, amines ou sulfonates, soit de type monomere, soit de type tripode base sur le squelette de la triaminoethylamine. Nous avons constate pour les ligands a groupement amide qu'en milieu acide la coordination de type salicylate est favorisee par rapport a celle du type dihydroxylate. La coordination de type salicylate a ete confirmee par rmn du proton des ligands complexe a l'ion ga#3#+. En milieu acide ph 2, les ligands monomeres ont une capacite de complexation de fe (iii) superieure a celle de ligands catechol. Par contre, a ph neutre cette capacite est plus faible. Les ligands tripodes presentent une capacite de complexation sensiblement accrue par rapport aux monomeres ce qui les rend competitif pour capter le fer de la transferrine, mais l'echange se fait tres lentement. L'etude cinetique par ecoulement bloque de la formation des complexes en milieu acide montre que le mecanisme preponderant est la reaction de l'espece hydrolysee feoh#2#+ avec le ligand. Les valeurs des constantes de vitesse de formation sont sensiblement plus faibles que celles des derives phenoliques et catecholiques. L'effet de structure du ligand se manifeste sur les constantes de vitesse de dissociation du complexe. Ces etudes thermodynamiques et cinetiques permettent de proposer de nouvelles structures conduisant a des proprietes siderophores interessantes
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Brun, Pierre. "Réactivité d'un complexe bi nucléaire du rhodium à structure originale : animation du ligand cyclopentadienyle dans des complexes du fer." Nice, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NICE4027.
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Réactivité et structure d'un complexe dinucléaire de Rh l'un des Rh portant 2 CO et 1 Cl, l'autre portant un coordinat phosphore : le bicycloaminophosphorane ; les 2 Rh étant portés par 1 Cl. Grande stabilité du pont chlore. On étudie une méthode originale d'amination du coordinat Cp par actions de NR₂ sur CpFel 1L 2X(L 1= L 2 =CO ou PR₃ ; L 1 = CO, L 2 = PR₃ ; X = Br, C1). Cette réaction est en fait complexe puisque selon la nature des ligands L, X et des anions NR2, nous avons isolé jusqu'à 5 composés différents
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Sellin, Murielle. "Complexes octaédriques du fer porteurs de deux ligands alcoxycarbonyle, alkyloxalyl, acétyle ou pyruvoyle : couplage carbone-carbone et isomérie chaîne-cycle." Brest, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BRES2026.
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Un processus d'elimination reductrice de molecules organiques dicarbonylees par couplage carbone(alpha)-carbone(beta) est mis en evidence a partir de complexes fe(x)(y)(co)#3l avec x = coco#2me, cocome ; y = co#2me, come et l = co,p(oet)#3, pph#3, pme#3. Lorsque l est un carbonyle terminal, ce processus est concurrence par la decarbonylation du ligand dicarbonyle x mais il est favorise par l'augmentation du caractere sigma-donneur des ligands se couplant. Le couplage carbone-carbone est cependant le seul processus observe apres enrichissement electronique du centre metallique (substitution d'un carbonyle par p(oet)#3, pph#3 ou pme#3). Toutefois, contrairement aux precedents, le complexe fe(cocome)(co#2me)(co)#4, un metalla-gamma-ceto-ester, donne lieu a une isomerie chaine-cycle, jusqu'ici uniquement observee a partir d'homologues organiques. Les carbonyles terminaux de ces complexes possedent en outre un caractere electrophile suffisament fort pour subir l'addition de nucleophiles tels que celle d'alcool (responsable de l'echange alcoxy/alcool) ou d'alcoolate (conduisant a des complexes anioniques trifonctionnalises fe(co#2r)(x)(y)(co)#3l
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Montigny, Frédéric de. "Nouveaux complexes organofers à motif anthracénique pour l'électronique moléculaire." Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10090.
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Gauthier, Nicolas. "Nouveaux complexes de fer et de ruthénium actifs en optique non linéaire : vers des matériaux moléculaires électrommutables." Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1S071.
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Nous avons tout d’abord essayé de déterminer la structure idéale, à partir de complexes monométalliques de fer pour obtenir une réponse en optique non linéaire (ONL) du deuxième ordre maximale. Par inclusion dans des polyacrylates, des matériaux moléculaires présentant des propriétés non linéaires de second ordre ont pu être isolés à partir de tels précurseurs organométalliques. Nous avons également montré qu’il était possible à partir de complexes bimétalliques acétylures de fer et de ruthénium d’atteindre, en solution, une modulation électrochimique entre trois états distincts de l’activité en ONL du troisième ordre (TO). Les propriétés électroniques de ces systèmes dans leur état à valence mixte ont ensuite été étudiées. Enfin, nous avons greffé de façon covalente des complexes mono et bimétalliques de fer et de ruthénium sur des surfaces de silicium hydrogénées. Les mesures des activités en ONL TO doivent maintenant être réalisées pour déterminer le potentiel de ces nouveaux matériaux moléculaires électrocommutablesDuring this work, we have tried to improve the second harmonic generation capability (SHG) of selected mononuclear organoiron acetylide complexes. We have nevertheless established that new hybrid materials, active for SHG, could be easily obtained by incorporation of these organoiron complexes in polyacrylate matrixes. A related family of aryldiethynyl-linked heterobimetallic iron/ruthenium complexes has then been synthesized and characterized. With these compounds, electrochemical switching of the cubic nonlinear optical (NLO) properties between three distinct states has then realized. Subsequently, the electronic structure of these new compplexes in their mixed valence state has been thoroughly studied. In the last part of this work, we have shown that it was possible to covalently graft such mono- and heterobimetallic acetylide complexes onto a hydrogenated silicon surface. Further studies should know be devoted to delineate the potential of these hybrid junctions for the realization of molecular-based memories or related devices
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Laine, Philippe. "Nouveaux complexes du fer et du ruthénium comme modèle de fils et de commutateurs moléculaires." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30136.
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L'electronique moleculaire a pour objet de definir les criteres auxquels devraient satisfaire des molecules appelees a remplir - a leur echelle - les fonctions logiques de l'electronique conventionnelle, et ce, en vue d'une meilleure integration des dispositifs de traitement de l'information. L'etude par spectrophotometrie proche infra-rouge de complexes a valence mixte de ligands pontants actifs est un moyen de choix pour la modelisation des fils et commutateurs moleculaires. La chimie de coordination de la pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate avec le fer a ete exploree et plusieurs composes nouveaux, mono et oligonucleaires caracterises. Les donnees recueillies sur l'environnement des centres metalliques expliqueront le comportement des fils moleculaires classes en fonction de la rigidite de leurs fragments chelatants terminaux, puis de la nature des insaturations constituant les fils. La decroissance du couplage des sites metalliques en fonction de la longueur du fil et l'effet du rearrangement des spheres de coordination sur l'energie de transfert electronique intramoleculaire ont ete confirmes. La commutation moleculaire est ensuite envisagee: d'abord au travers du bouleversement des proprietes spectrales d'un complexe homodinucleaire du fer avec la pyrazine tetracarboxylate (sous l'effet d'une perturbation chimique) et enfin, via la photo-isomerisation d'une double en simple liaison d'un ligand dicyanonorbornadiene pontant deux atomes de ruthenium
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Le, Gall Nathalie. "Formation de composés mono et bimétalliques disubstitués par réaction de tétracarbonyle ferrates fonctionnalisés avec des agents électrophiles ou oxydants. Étude de leur évolution vers des complexes carbéniques ou trimétalliques." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES2043.
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La synthèse et l'étude de complexes porteurs de deux ligands organiques carbonyles présente un intérêt dans la compréhension des processus catalytiques de dicarbonylation. Le premier chapitre de ce travail est consacré à l'étude de la réaction d'addition de chlorure d'oxalyle sur divers tetracarbonyle ferrates fonctionnalisés, réaction conduisant spécifiquement et selon la nature du ligand organique carbonyle (alcoxycarbonyle, carbamoyle, acyle ou alkyloxalyle) à la synthese de complexes mono ou bimétalliques disubstitués du fer. Le second chapitre décrit la réactivité de ces mêmes ferrates vis-à-vis de divers agents électrophiles ou oxydants. Le dernier chapitre de ce manuscrit concerne l'étude de l'évolution par voie thermique des composés monométalliques bis-alcoxycarbonyle et bis-carbamoyle, les premiers conduisant à la formation de complexes trimétalliques paramagnétiques et les seconds à celle de carbènes métallacycliques.
Books on the topic "Fer – Composés complexes"
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Lombardo, Luca. Albertino Mussato, Epistole metriche Edizione critica, traduzione e commento. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-436-3.
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The Metric Epistles of Albertino Mussato (1261-1329) are a collection of 20 compositions in Latin verse (of which, 12 in elegiac couplets, 8 in hexameters, for a total of 1,570 verses) composed between 1309 and 1326 and addressed to different recipients. The list of recipients includes friends of the author and representatives of the Paduan political and intellectual élite of the early 14th century such as the judges Rolando da Piazzola, Giovanni da Vigonza and Paolo da Teolo, the notary Zambono d’Andrea and Marsilio Mainardini; masters of grammar and rhetoric such as the Venetian Giovanni Cassio, Bonincontro from Mantua and Guizzardo from Bologna; religious personalities such as the Dominican friars Benedetto and Giovannino da Mantova, respectively lecturer and professor of theology at the Studium Generale of the convent of S. Agostino in Padua; collective recipients, such as the College of Artists and fellow citizens of Padua. After an editio princeps was printed in Venice in 1636 on the basis of a now lost manuscript, a critical edition of the Epistles is published here for the first time, including the complete corpus of the texts in the light of their entire manuscript tradition. The texts are accompanied by an Italian translation and a detailed commentary, which mainly aims to bring to light and analyse the dense intertextuality of Mussato’s poem (in particular classical Latin sources), reconsidering the cultural background of the author and his contemporaries in the context of the so-called ‘Paduan prehumanism’ and an ideal dialogue with Dante’s coeval biographical and literary experiences.
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Wilson, Catherine. 4. Living, loving, dying. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199688326.003.0004.
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‘Living, loving, dying’ asks what is life? It considers the origins of life, self-assembly, or epigenesis of complex organisms, generation, and renewal. According to Epicureanism, living things are composed of the same material particles that compose all substances and objects. All such entities come into existence gradually as their parts are built up, and all are dissolved in time into their constituent particles in the cosmic flux, where they become material for the generation of new living and non-living entities. Lucretius described a ‘fixed limit’ to the duration and powers of every individual thing except the atom. For the Epicurean philosopher, generation and dying are symmetrical processes.
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Schiff, David. Carter vs. Poets (Round 1). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190259150.003.0008.
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With A Mirror on which to Dwell, composed in 1975, Carter returned to vocal music and to modern American poetry. Mirror, to poems of Elizabeth Bishop, was soon followed by Syringa (John Ashbery) and In Sleep, In Thunder (Robert Lowell). These three works explore a wide range of expressive territory. Bishop and Lowell were close to Carter in age, while Ashbery was twenty years younger. The two older poets pursue an intimate confessional style, while Ashbery’s far more experimental poetry derives from French surrealism. Bishop’s poetry is precise and observant, while Lowell’s seems to teeter on the verge of mental collapse. All three works reveal a complex relation between composer and poets, as does the single orchestra work of this period, A Symphony of Three Orchestras, which summed up and concluded Carter’s engagement with Hart Crane.
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Auerbach, Brent. Musical Motives. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197526026.001.0001.
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Motives, the small, recurring shape elements primarily identified by their pitch and rhythm profiles, are near-ubiquitous in music. Yet despite their long-standing prominence in composition and in past and present discourse on music, motives have resisted systematic treatment. The present work, Musical Motives, establishes a methodology for identifying and labeling motives and for assembling viable, meaningful analyses with them. The book opens with a general introduction to motives and a review of their history in Western music. The body of the work prescribes a two-tiered system for working with motives: basic motivic analysis (BMA) concerns monophonic motives composed of pitch and rhythm, while complex motivic analysis (CMA) concerns polyphonic motives that present as a richer network of elements drawn from many domains, including but not limited to pitch, rhythm, counterpoint, harmony, texture, and articulation. In support of these methods, the book offers a generous set of tools to advance this analytic subdiscipline. One tool is a universal system of motivic nomenclature proposed to facilitate dialogue among analysts. Another is a technique for melodic reduction, rooted in principles of salience, that allows analysts to posit motives that admit flexibility without sacrificing methodologic rigor. Most significant, the work details specific procedures for creating, interpreting, and presenting motivic analyses that range in length from just a few measures to entire pieces. Extensive demonstrations of all points and procedures are given in the form of analyses of selections and full works by composers as diverse as Beethoven, Handel, Chopin, Bach, Mozart, Brahms, Cécile Chaminade, Marvin Hamlisch, Aretha Franklin, John Philip Sousa, and Radiohead.
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Roust, Colin. Georges Auric. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607777.001.0001.
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Although Georges Auric (1899–1983) is best remembered today for his affiliation with the Groupe des Six, his musical career was long, productive, complex, and intimately attuned to the realities of modern life. His polyvalent career—as a composer of concert, theatrical, ballet, popular, film, and television music; music critic; opera director; and arts administrator—reveals a diversity of engagements that speak to a reconfiguration of the role of the composer in the modern world. Auric was a product of his time, with deep connections to France’s artistic, social, and political elites. At the same time, he drew on his prestige and privilege to improve the country’s musical life in tangible ways, whether with regard to musical education and accessibility or to the establishment of fair copyright laws. He took artistic collaboration, already a hallmark of the short-lived Groupe des Six, to a level that surpassed any of the other members of that group. Diverging from the romantic trope of individual creation, Auric’s legacy troubles conventional ideas of what it means to be a composer.
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Peri, Jacopo. Le varie musiche and Other Songs. Edited by Tim Carter. A-R Editions, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.31022/b050.
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Although Peri is known as composer of the first operas, his chamber settings for one to three voices and continuo reveal that he was also a leading exponent of other styles of the early Baroque. Indeed, his best solo madrigals and arias offered Florentine monody a new dramatic power and structural integrity. This complete edition of Peri's vocal chamber works sheds new light on his career and demonstrates his importance for the "new music" of the 1600s.
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Cataldo, Mark Andrea de, Luca Migliorini Lectures 4–5, and Mark Andrea de Cataldo. The Hodge Theory of Maps. Edited by Eduardo Cattani, Fouad El Zein, Phillip A. Griffiths, and Lê Dũng Tráng. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161341.003.0006.
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This chapter showcases two further lectures on the Hodge theory of maps, and they are mostly composed of exercises. The first lecture details a minimalist approach to sheaf cohomology, and then turns to the intersection cohomology complex, which is limited to the definition and calculation of the intersection complex Isubscript X of a variety of dimension d with one isolated singularity. Finally, this lecture discusses the Verdier duality. The second lecture sets out the Decomposition theorem, which is the deepest known fact concerning the homology of algebraic varieties. It then considers the relative hard Lefschetz and the hard Lefschetz for intersection cohomology groups.
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Nordlinger, Rachel. The Languages of the Daly River Region (Northern Australia). Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.44.
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This chapter surveys the polysynthetic characteristics of the languages of the Daly River region of Australia’s Northern Territory. Although they are not all closely related, these languages share many typological features typical of polysynthesis, including the encoding of core arguments in the verbal word; noun incorporation; applicatives; and complex templatic verbal morphology. In addition the Daly languages exhibit complex verbal predicates composed of two discontinuous stems, one functioning broadly to classify the event type and the other providing more specific lexical semantics. These properties are surveyed across a range of Daly languages, considering both their similarities and their differences, and the implications they have for a cross-linguistic typology of polysynthesis.
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Abbott, Helen. Baudelaire in Song. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794691.001.0001.
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Exploring the work of the major nineteenth-century French poet Charles Baudelaire (1821–67), this book examines how and why Baudelaire’s poetry has inspired so many composers to set it to music in different ways. The author proposes a new model for analysing song, through an ‘assemblage’ approach, which examines the complex relationships formed between common features of poetry and music, including metre/prosody, form/structure, sound properties/repetition, and semantics. The model also factors in the realities of song as a live performance genre, revealing which parameters of song emerge as standard for French text-setting and where composers diverge in their approach. The specific case studies that make up the second half of the book focus on Baudelaire song sets produced by European composers between 1880 and 1930, specifically Maurice Rollinat, Gustave Charpentier, Alexander Gretchaninov, Louis Vierne, and Alban Berg. Using this corpus, the assemblage model is tested to uncover new findings about what happens to Baudelaire’s poetry when it is set to music. Analysing Baudelaire’s poetry within song settings uncovers richer features of the texts that we might otherwise not see or hear. Examining each song setting in close detail confirms that there are no overt resonances between the types of poems selected for musical interpretation, just as there is no single, perfect ‘ideal’ setting of Baudelaire.
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Manzo, V. J. Max/MSP/Jitter for Music. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199777679.001.0001.
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In Max/MSP/Jitter for Music, expert author and music technologist V. J. Manzo provides a user-friendly introduction to a powerful programming language that can be used to write custom software for musical interaction. Through clear, step-by-step instructions illustrated with numerous examples of working systems, the book equips you with everything you need to know in order to design and complete meaningful music projects. The book also discusses ways to interact with software beyond the mouse and keyboard through use of camera tracking, pitch tracking, video game controllers, sensors, mobile devices, and more. This book will be of special value for everyone who teaches music at any level, from classroom instructors to ensemble directors to private studio instructors. Whether you want to create simple exercises for beginning performers or more complex programs for aspiring composers, this book will show you how to write customized software that can complement and even inspire your instructional objectives. No specialist foreknowledge is required to use this book to enliven your experience with music technology. Even musicians with no prior programming skills can learn to supplement their lessons with interactive instructional tools, to develop adaptive instruments to aid in composition and performance activities, and to create measurement tools with which to conduct research. This book allows you to: -Learn how to design meaningful projects for composition, performance, music therapy, instruction, and research -Understand powerful software through this accessible introduction, written for beginners -Follow along through step-by-step tutorials -Grasp the principles by downloading the extensive software examples from the companion website This book is ideal for: -Music educators at all levels looking to integrate software in instruction -Musicians interested in how software can improve their practice and performance -Music composers with an interest in designing interactive music -Music therapists looking to tailor programs to the needs of specific groups or individuals And all who are interested in music technology. Visit the companion website at www.oup.com/us/maxmspjitter
Book chapters on the topic "Fer – Composés complexes"
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Gonzalez-Diaz, Rocio, Maria-Jose Jimenez, and Belen Medrano. "Well-Composed Cell Complexes." In Discrete Geometry for Computer Imagery, 153–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19867-0_13.
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Pengelly, Andrew. "Plant lipids and alkylamides." In The constituents of medicinal plants, 202–14. 3rd ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243079.0011.
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Abstract Plant lipids are classified as primary metabolites, and therefore essential for life. Unlike secondary metabolites, lipids are universally present in plants, articularly in their seeds, varying only in their abundance and chemical composition. All lipids are composed of a hydrocarbon skeleton with one or more oxygen (O) substitutes. Plant lipids are derived from the acetate pathway via molonyl CoA, a pathway that leads to fatty acids, polyketides, polyacetylenes, phospholipids, prostaglandins and alkylamides. The more complex lipids may contain elements such as phosphorus, nitrogen or sulfur. Tabulated data are given on selective list of fixed oils, lists of some of the main dietary sources of essential fatty acids, botanical sources of γ-linolenic acid, and medicinal plants containing isobutylamides.
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Siwe, Thomas. "Serialism." In Artful Noise, 82–96. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043130.003.0006.
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In the 1950s and 1960s, many composers, influenced by Arnold Schoenberg and Anton Webern, embraced serial compositional techniques. Tonal music became atonal and composers, such as Pierre Boulez from France and the German composer, Karlheinz Stockhausen, championed this new compositional approach. This chapter defines serialism and how composers applied it to works for percussion instruments. Music examples include Stockhausen’s solo work, Zyklus, with its totally original notational system, and a setting of an E. E. Cummings poem, Circles, by the Italian composer Luciano Berio. American composer Charles Wuorinen’s use of Milton Babbitt’s “time point” system in both his solo work Janissary Music and his forty-five-minute Percussion Symphony is presented, as is the work of Argentine composer Alberto Ginastera, who contributed to the literature one of the twentieth century’s largest percussion works, Cantata para América Mágica, for dramatic soprano and fifty-three percussion instruments. A discussion of percussion solo and ensemble works by the Greek composer, architect, and mathematician Iannis Xenakis completes the chapter.
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Bryan, Simms. "The Celebrated Composer, 1928–34." In Berg, 289–316. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931445.003.0009.
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In this chapter aspects of Berg’s life during his last eight years are recounted. Berg’s childhood friend Hermann Watznauer proposed a biography of Berg, in which project the composer concurred. Berg was offered an academic appointment at the Berlin Musikhochschule, but he preferred to stay in Vienna, hoping for a position at the Vienna Music Academy, which did not materialize. His complex relations with his family contributed to a slowing of his attention to music. As his mood darkened, he complained of losing his ability to compose, and he attempted to revive his spirits by flirtations with two women, Anny Askenase and Edith Edwards. Berg purchased a summer retreat, the Waldhaus, in 1932. From about this time, with the rise of the Nazis, Berg’s music had few performances in Germany and Austria and he gradually faced a financial crisis. In 1929 he received a lucrative commission from the soprano Ružena Herlinger to compose a concert aria for her use. Berg then composed Der Wein, a setting for voice and orchestra of poetry by Baudelaire. The work was his first to bring in styles from popular dance music such as the tango.
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Martin, Henry. "Other 32-Bar AABA Compositions." In Charlie Parker, Composer, 81–118. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923389.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 examines the complete 32-bar compositions Parker wrote that do not make use of rhythm changes. There are six of these, and they include his first composition (“Yardbird Suite”), one of his most admired compositions (“Confirmation”), a work that borrows from two French popular songs (“My Little Suede Shoes”), and three works that were not recorded (“Alesia,” “Throckmorton the Plumber,” and “Tail Feathers”). “Yardbird Suite” was originally titled “What Price Love?” and is his only song for which he wrote a lyric. “Confirmation” features a bridge with apparently original chord changes. The source songs for “My Little Suede Shoes” were discovered in the early 2000s. Of the unrecorded songs, only “Alesia” was definitely written by Parker.
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Frey, Perry A., and Adrian D. Hegeman. "Complex Enzymes." In Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122589.003.0022.
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Most enzymes discussed in the preceding chapters consist of single proteins that catalyze single biochemical reactions. Many of them contain one type of polypeptide chain, although most exist as oligomers of a polypeptide, and some consist of different polypeptides that cooperate to catalyze one reaction. Increasing attention is being focused on enzymes that catalyze more complex processes and are composed of more than one enzyme or enzymatic domain, each of which catalyzes or facilitates a specific biochemical process. These complex enzymes are the subjects of this chapter. Complex enzymes are so numerous and the processes they catalyze so complex that a complete discussion would fill a book. We therefore limit this discussion to a few examples. The first complex enzymes to be discovered were the multienzyme complexes. They included the four terminal electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain: complex I, known as NADH dehydrogenase (formerly DPNH dehydrogenase); complex II, known as succinate dehydrogenase; complex III, known as cytochrome c reductase; and complex IV, known as cytochrome c oxidase. Other multienzyme complexes discovered at about the same time were the pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes, the fatty acid synthase complexes, and the glycine reductase complex and the anthranilate synthase complex. Later, the multimodular polyketide synthases and nonribosomal polypeptide synthetases were characterized. The ATP synthases are multiprotein complexes that function as molecular motors in catalyzing a complex reaction, the condensation of ADP with Pi driven by proton translocation to form ATP. The ribosome catalyzes the polymerization of amino acids in defined sequences specified by the nucleotide sequences in species of mRNA, and nitrogenase catalyzes the ATP-dependent reduction of molecular nitrogen to ammonia. Some of the actions of complex enzymes link together common biochemical reactions of the types discussed in preceding chapters. Others catalyze difficult reactions through mechanistic coupling to energy-producing processes that provide driving force for otherwise unfavorable transformations. We present examples of each type. Catalysis by an α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex is carried out by three physically associated enzymes, a TPP-dependent α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (E1), a dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2), and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3).
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Schulenberg, David. "Bach the Capellmeister." In Bach, 149–93. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190936303.003.0009.
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As Capellmeister, Bach was in charge of all musical matters at the court of Cöthen. Although the prince’s Reformed religious faith ruled out the performance of church cantatas, Bach did compose occasional vocal works for special occasions. His chief works of this period, however, were suites, sonatas, and concertos for the court instrumental ensemble, as well as keyboard music for his family and pupils. Among the famous compositions composed or completed at Cöthen and discussed in this chapter are the inventions, Well-Tempered Clavier, organ sonatas, cello suites, sonatas and partitas for violin and flute, and Brandenburg Concertos.
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Gjerdingen, Robert O. "Predicting Creativity within a Tradition." In Child Composers in the Old Conservatories, 221–32. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190653590.003.0016.
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Creativity, in the context of traditional arts, is more about finding inventive combinations of well-known elements than about coming up with something entirely new. Within conservatories, the masters used annual contests to reward or weed out students who were good or bad at combining various learned schemas in artistic ways. The chapter examines some harmony assignments completed by Claude Debussy. While he was one of the most original composers in music history, he was also very good at combining traditional schemas in response to a given melody or bass. Two of his assignments for the class of Émile Durand are among his earliest known musical expressions.
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Gjerdingen, Robert O. "Little Masters, Real Masters, and Masterpieces." In Child Composers in the Old Conservatories, 179–90. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190653590.003.0013.
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In the world of apprentices, journeymen, and masters, a masterpiece was a test piece completed as part of a claim to a master’s level of skill and status. In formal guilds there could be elaborate examinations, in which submitting a masterpiece was part of the process. In the Naples conservatories, advanced students could compose a large sacred work for chorus and instruments to demonstrate a professional level of skill. In between the masters who gave lessons to the conservatory children and the child apprentices who learned those lessons were a middle level of teaching assistants called “little masters” (mastricelli or maestrini). These were selected from advanced students who had passed qualifying examinations.
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Knicker, Heike, and Rüdiger Fründ. "Characterization of Nitrogen in Plant Composts and Native Humic Material by Natural-Abundance 15N CPMAS and Solution NMR Spectra." In Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Environment Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195097511.003.0022.
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Soil organic matter (SOM) provides one of the major deposits for carbon and nitrogen on the surface of the Earth. It is continuously produced, mainly from dead plant material, by composting and humification processes. During these processes microorganisms thoroughly convert the starting material, which consists mostly of insoluble lignocelluloses. The end products of these processes in average middle-European soils, that contain typically 1 to 5% w/w of organic material, are clay–SOM complexes which are insoluble in all the usual organic and inorganic solvents. The standard aqueous sodium hydroxide extraction procedure dissolves at most 40% of the total organic carbon in all the soils tested by our group. The insoluble majority, the humin fraction, remains as poorly defined aluminosilicate- SOM complexes. During the decomposition and conversion processes the carbon to nitrogen ratio–decreases. Compared to the starting material, SOM is enriched in nitrogen. Under natural conditions, i.e., without the artificial addition of nitrogen in the form of manure or fertilizer, SOM provides the major part of the nitrogen available for plant growth. The chemical characterization of this ubiquitous but ill-defined material has only been partly successful until now. For characterization of the organic carbon in complete soils and extracts, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods appear to be most promising, especially since the application of high-resolution solid-state methods has become almost a laboratory routine. The combination of proton–carbon cross polarization with high-speed magic angle rotation (the CPMAS technique) permits the study of complete native soils, and thus provides detailed information about the gross chemical structure of the total SOM, without introducing any of the chemical modifications that could result from aggressive chemical extraction procedures. It has been shown by 13C CPMAS and high-resolution (HR) solution 13C NMR studies of a series of typical European soils, in which the concentration of paramagnetic metal ions was fairly low and which contained humic material with an aromatic carbon content ≤20%, that the carbon could be quantitatively assigned. The measurement of the 13C CPMAS spectra of complete native soils with a carbon content in the region of 1 % w/w is rather instrument-time consuming, and appeared to be at the limit of sensitivity.
Conference papers on the topic "Fer – Composés complexes"
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Gluch, Jerzy, and Jerzy Krzyzanowski. "Application of Incomplete Measurement Data to Thermal Diagnostics of Complex Power Systems Components." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0056.
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Proper exploitation of the complex power systems needs application of diagnostic tools. The diagnostics of power systems can be effective only if reliable simulation methods are available and experimental data are complete. Unlike that last requirement, it occurs very often in practice that experimental data for particular power cycle components are incomplete. This can happen due to - inadequate distribution of measuring devices, or - particular design of the power cycle components which makes the measurement difficult or impossible. The question arises if any thermal diagnostics of components measured under such condition is possible. The authors try to answer the question taking as an example a specific subsystem of complex power cycle. It is composed of two HP turbine groups of stages, control stage and some glands of the turbine. Making use of the simulation techniques, the authors investigate how much the degradation causes of the elements of this subsystem influences the degradation symptoms of the power cycle. The answer to this question can be of significant importance for the designer of the measuring system and for the user of his thermal diagnostics efforts.
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Zhang, Yang-Fei, Min Miao, Yu-Feng Jin, and Shu-Lin Bai. "Microstructure and Strength of Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic Substrates With Channels and Cavities." In 2008 Second International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/micronano2008-70040.
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The effect of embedded channels and cavities on the strength of LTCC substrates has been investigated by experiments, theoretical analysis and finite element analysis (FEA) simulation. The fracture behaviors characterized by flexural strength were measured by three-point bending tests and discussed according to the features of the microstructure, which was studied by Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy Spectrum Analysis and X-Ray Diffraction methods. The experimental results show that X and Y-axial channels have little effect on the flexural strength while Z-axial via-hole will greatly lower the strength due to the stress concentration. Two distinct components were observed: particles composed of synthetic corundum and matrix composed of corundum, silica, aluminum, and sodium calcium aluminum silicate. The FEA simulation gave similar results to the experiments and theoretical calculations and proved to be an effective method to predict possible condition of the fracture on substrates with complex internal structures.
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Hailey, Christine, Michael Drysdale, and Daniel Householder. "The Interest of Mechanical Engineering Students in the Grand Challenges for Engineering in the 21st Century." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63161.
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In 2008, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) announced 14 Grand Challenges for Engineering in the 21st Century, a set of exceptionally complex problems associated with national security, quality of life, and a sustainable future. Understanding the extent to which engineering students are interested in these complex problems and the extent to which they feel confident that they can contribute to the solution of these problems could serve as a starting point to foster engagement with the Grand Challenges. This paper presents results from a survey of mechanical engineering (ME) students’ interest in the NAE Grand Challenges and their confidence in their ability to contribute to resolutions of the Challenges. Seventy-six sophomore mechanical engineering majors completed the survey composed of 36 examples of problems described within the NAE Challenge report. Survey results show a strong relationship between students’ interest and their confidence in meeting a challenge. Six students participated in a semi-structured interview regarding their experience with and knowledge of the Challenges. Interview results indicated the students had few course-related experiences that exposed them to the Challenges. Results of this study can contribute to a broader conversation among ME educators about ways to integrate the NAE Grand Challenges in undergraduate engineering education.
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Cheng, Way Lee, Cai Shen, and Chia-fon F. Lee. "Application of Continuous Thermodynamics Method to Fuel Droplet Evaporation." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2012-92177.
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A finite diffusion droplet evaporation model for complex liquid mixture composed of different homogeneous groups is presented in this paper. Separate distribution functions are used to describe the composition of each homogeneous group in the mixture. Only a few parameters are required to describe the mixture. Quasi-steady assumption is applied in the determination of evaporation rates and heat flux to the droplet, and the effects of surface regression, finite diffusion and preferential vaporization of the mixture are included in the liquid phase equations using an effective properties approach. A novel approach was used to reduce the transport equations for the liquid phase to a set of ordinary differential equations. The proposed model is capable in capturing the vaporization characteristics of complex liquid mixtures.
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Abdelmoula, Hichem, and Abdessattar Abdelkefi. "Analysis and Characterization of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting From Galloping and Base Excitations With Complex Electrical Circuitry." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60255.
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The characteristics and performance of piezoelectric energy harvesters concurrently subjected to galloping and base excitations when using a complex electrical circuit are studied. The considered energy harvester is composed of a bilayered cantilever beam with a square cylindrical structure at its tip. Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, nonlinear quasi-steady hypothesis, and Galerkin method are used to develop a reduced order model of this system. The electrical circuitry of the harvester consists of a load resistance, a capacitance, and an inductance. The impacts of the electrical components of the harvester’s circuitry, the wind speed, and the base excitation frequency and acceleration on the broadband characteristics of the harvester, quenching phenomenon, and appearance of new nonlinear behaviors are deeply investigated and discussed. When both coupled frequencies of electrical and mechanical types exists and are far from each other, it is shown that the quenching phenomenon is only related to the coupled frequency of mechanical type. Unlike the existence of the quenching phenomenon, the results show that the beating phenomenon takes place for different excitation frequencies when they are close to the coupled frequencies of electrical and mechanical types.
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Reinhardt, James W., Daniel A. Krakauer, and Keith J. Gooch. "Complex Matrix Remodeling and Durotaxis Can Emerge From Simple Rules for Cell-Matrix Interaction in Agent-Based Models." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14295.
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Using a top-down approach, an agent-based model was developed within Netlogo where cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) fibers were composed of multiple agents to create deformable structures capable of exerting, reacting to and transmitting mechanical forces. Simulated cells remodeled the fibrous matrix to change both the density and alignment of the fibers and migrated within the matrix in ways that are consistent with previous experimental work. Cells compacted the matrix in their pericellular regions much more than the average compaction experienced for the entire matrix. Between pairs of cells, the anisotropy index increased, fibers became more aligned in the direction parallel to a line connecting the two cells and the matrix density increased. To explore the potential contribution of matrix stiffness gradients in the observed migration (i.e., durotaxis), a single-cell on a regular lattice of fibers possessing a stiffness gradient was simulated. Cells migrated preferentially in the direction of increasing stiffness at a rate of ∼2 cell diameter per 10,000 AU. This work demonstrates that matrix remodeling and durotaxis, both complex phenomena, might be emergent behaviors based on just a few rules that control how a cell can interact with a fibrous ECM.
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Tian, Yiran, and Yanfeng Shen. "Selective Lamb Mode Transmission Enabled by Local Resonance Based Ultrasonic Metamaterial." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10872.
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Abstract In this study, a kind of elastic metamaterial substructure was designed for the selective mode filtering and transmission of symmetric and antisymmetric elastic waves. It is composed of double-sided aluminum-lead composite cylinders arranged in a periodic pattern bounded on an aluminum plate. The band structure of elastic metamaterial unit cell is numerically investigated using the modal analysis of a finite element model (FEM) by treating a unit microstructural cell with the Bloch-Floquet boundary condition. Through analyzing the vibration modes of the unit cell, a complete antisymmetric wave bandgap and a complete symmetric wave bandgap can be formed in different frequency ranges. Considering the geometric complexity of the designed substructure, the dynamic effective mass density of the proposed metamaterial unit cell is calculated by considering the structure as a homogeneous medium under the sub-wavelength requirement. The negative effective mass density behavior for in-plane and out-of-plane plate modes will be presented to verify the bandgap effect of different wave modes. A FEM harmonic analysis is further conducted to obtain the spectral response of a chain model and explore the mode filtering efficiency. Finally, a coupled field transient dynamic FEM is carried out to acquire the dynamic response of the structure. The frequency-wavenumber analysis demonstrates the successful achievement of model filtering behavior. The proposed selective mode transmission control methodology possesses great potential in future SHM and NDE applications. A case study for S0 mode conversion to SH0 mode using a different metamaterial unit cell is exhibited to illustrate other wave control capabilities. The paper finishes with summary, concluding remarks, and suggestions for future work.
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Demarest, James J., and Hong-Ying Zhai. "Highly Automated Transmission Electron Microscopy Tomography for Defect Understanding." In ISTFA 2011. ASM International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2011p0137.
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Abstract Imaging tomography by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a technique which has been growing in popularity in recent years, yet it has not been widely applied to semiconductor defect studies and root cause determination [1- 3]. In part this is due to the complex equipment, computing needs, and microscope time required to generate the various images which ultimately compose the data set. However, the latest generation of TEMs—with their high level of stability and automation—are greatly reducing the resource needs to create high quality and informative movies of defects rotating about a central axis. One significant advance is the reduction in time required to fabricate a sample and perform the data acquisition by TEM. Today’s microscopes allow for sample fabrication to take place in a few hours or less and can acquire more than 100 images in about an hour at different sample tilt conditions with minimal analyst intervention. This paper describes using automated TEM sample preparation with dual beam focused ion beams (previously reported [4]) in conjunction with automated tomography software on a state-of-the-art TEM. By using an advanced tomography holder ±70° of tilt can be obtained. This is a powerful way to view defects as the failure can be viewed through more than 90° of rotation. Consequently a more complete understanding of the failure site can be obtained over a typical single projection TEM image. This can greatly facilitate root cause determination in a timely manner.
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Rodrigues, L. P., R. C. Silva, and A. B. S. Oliveira. "Multibody Dynamic Simulation of a Double ‘A’ Suspension Focusing on the Lower Control Arm Fatigue Life Analysis." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71779.
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A vehicle suspension subsystem consists of springs, shock absorbers and linkages, which attach to the wheels and chassis. The interaction between vehicle suspension and road generates dynamic forces in the suspension subsystem. In fact, vehicles travel at variable speed suffering a wide spectrum of vibrations and, usually, road profiles describe the roughness of the pavement surface, which represent their elevation as a function of a distance traveled or time. Consequently, suspension subsystem undergoes complex loading history that never reaches a level sufficient to cause failure in a single application. This means that components may fail due to fatigue. At this context a Double A suspension, which has two sets of linkages called lower and upper control arms, could fail by fatigue according to MBS and FEA. Thus, this work aims to present a MBS analysis of a Double A suspension submitted to a random road profile using a multibody commercial software. The fatigue life analysis focus in the lower control arm (LCA). For this, forces components (longitudinal, vertical and lateral force) and torques, composed by eleven loading history acting on pre-defined points at the LCA, characterize the response of the component in such a situation. In fact, forces computed by multibody simulations improve the FEA by providing better assessment of how they vary throughout the random profile. For FEA, a methodology is proposed to simplify the loads acting at this element and perform the fatigue analysis by finite element method, in which transient analysis was performed. This work represents a secondary stage of a broader study concerning the proposition of a constant amplitude proportional loading road profile based on the fatigue life results obtained from the complex loading history. Thus, it is expected to obtain in future works a simple signal to reproduce in numerical simulations, especially in fatigue analysis, and in experimental tests.
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Chiarini, Marco, Paolo Cerabolini, Giuseppe Pennestri`, Gian G. Bentini, Marco Bianconi, Annalisa Cerutti, Alessio Nubile, Simone Sugliani, Letizia Gallerani, and Rodolfo Guzzi. "A Multipurpose Flexible Photonic Integrated Micro Device for Space and Earth Applications Based on a Tuneable Resonating Micro Cavity on LiNbO3." In CANEUS 2006: MNT for Aerospace Applications. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/caneus2006-11029.
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Photonic crystals are attracting great interest because of the possibility to functionalize surfaces and materials and to obtain integrated devices suitable for the implementation of different optical functions. These systems can be used to fulfil a specific function (Filtering, Amplifying, Switching, Shifting, etc.) but can also be integrated in more complex hybrid systems, including optical and electronic signals, suitable for performing more complex functions. The application of such devices can span from Telecommunications, Space Applications to Ambient Safety or Security Monitoring. In this work the design and development of an integrated photonic micro-device, fabricated on single crystal LiNbO3 substrates, by using non-standard processes such as Deep UV laser lithography and High Energy Ion Implantation techniques, is described. The structure is composed by two linear Bragg Gratings fabricated on a channel or planar optical waveguide. By fixing proper gratings dimensions, it is possible to generate an optical micro-cavity, resonant with specific optical wavelengths. In the case of LiNbO3 an electric field can be applied along the crystal c-axis, in order to exploit its electro-optical properties and obtain a tuneable effect on both the mirrors and the cavity. In order to generate a multipurpose micro-device, a receptacle of suitable size has been created in between the two mirrors. The receptacle can be filled with different optical items, depending on the function to be accomplished. Design and fabrication details together with preliminary performance tests of the new photonic device will be presented.
Reports on the topic "Fer – Composés complexes"
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Moores, Lee, Alan Kennedy, Lauren May, Shinita Jordan, Anthony Bednar, Stacy Jones, David Henderson, Luke Gurtowski, and Kurt Gust. Identifying degradation products responsible for increased toxicity of UV-degraded insensitive munitions. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42020.
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Degradation of insensitive munitions (IMs) by ultraviolet (UV) light has become a concern following observations that some UV-degradation products have increased toxicity relative to parent compounds in aquatic organisms. This investigation focused on the Army's IM formulation, IMX-101, composed of three IM constituents: 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine (NQ). The IM constituents and IMX-101 were irradiated in a UV photo-reactor and then administered to Daphnia pulex in acute (48 h) exposures comparing toxicities relative to the parent materials. UV-degradation of DNAN had little effect on mortality whereas mortality for UV-degraded NTO and NQ increased by factors of 40.3 and 1240, making UV-degraded NQ the principle driver of toxicity when IMX-101 is UV-degraded. Toxicity investigations for specific products formed during UV-degradation of NQ, confirmed greater toxicity than the parent NQ for degradation products. Summation of the individual toxic units for the complete set of individually measured UV-degradation products identified for NQ only accounted for 25% of the overall toxicity measured in the exposures to the UV-degraded NQ product mixture. Given the underestimation of toxicity using the sum toxic units for the individually measured UV-degradation products of NQ, we conclude that: (1) other unidentified NQ degradation products contributed principally to toxicity and/or (2) synergistic toxicological interactions occurred among the NQ degradation product mixture that exacerbated toxicity.
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Tweet, Justin S., Vincent L. Santucci, Kenneth Convery, Jonathan Hoffman, and Laura Kirn. Channel Islands National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2278664.
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Channel Island National Park (CHIS), incorporating five islands off the coast of southern California (Anacapa Island, San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island), has an outstanding paleontological record. The park has significant fossils dating from the Late Cretaceous to the Holocene, representing organisms of the sea, the land, and the air. Highlights include: the famous pygmy mammoths that inhabited the conjoined northern islands during the late Pleistocene; the best fossil avifauna of any National Park Service (NPS) unit; intertwined paleontological and cultural records extending into the latest Pleistocene, including Arlington Man, the oldest well-dated human known from North America; calichified “fossil forests”; records of Miocene desmostylians and sirenians, unusual sea mammals; abundant Pleistocene mollusks illustrating changes in sea level and ocean temperature; one of the most thoroughly studied records of microfossils in the NPS; and type specimens for 23 fossil taxa. Paleontological research on the islands of CHIS began in the second half of the 19th century. The first discovery of a mammoth specimen was reported in 1873. Research can be divided into four periods: 1) the few early reports from the 19th century; 2) a sustained burst of activity in the 1920s and 1930s; 3) a second burst from the 1950s into the 1970s; and 4) the modern period of activity, symbolically opened with the 1994 discovery of a nearly complete pygmy mammoth skeleton on Santa Rosa Island. The work associated with this paleontological resource inventory may be considered the beginning of a fifth period. Fossils were specifically mentioned in the 1938 proclamation establishing what was then Channel Islands National Monument, making CHIS one of 18 NPS areas for which paleontological resources are referenced in the enabling legislation. Each of the five islands of CHIS has distinct paleontological and geological records, each has some kind of fossil resources, and almost all of the sedimentary formations on the islands are fossiliferous within CHIS. Anacapa Island and Santa Barbara Island, the two smallest islands, are primarily composed of Miocene volcanic rocks interfingered with small quantities of sedimentary rock and covered with a veneer of Quaternary sediments. Santa Barbara stands apart from Anacapa because it was never part of Santarosae, the landmass that existed at times in the Pleistocene when sea level was low enough that the four northern islands were connected. San Miguel Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island have more complex geologic histories. Of these three islands, San Miguel Island has relatively simple geologic structure and few formations. Santa Cruz Island has the most varied geology of the islands, as well as the longest rock record exposed at the surface, beginning with Jurassic metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks. The Channel Islands have been uplifted and faulted in a complex 20-million-year-long geologic episode tied to the collision of the North American and Pacific Places, the initiation of the San Andreas fault system, and the 90° clockwise rotation of the Transverse Ranges, of which the northern Channel Islands are the westernmost part. Widespread volcanic activity from about 19 to 14 million years ago is evidenced by the igneous rocks found on each island.
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Mayas, Magda. Creating with timbre. Norges Musikkhøgskole, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22501/nmh-ar.686088.
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Unfolding processes of timbre and memory in improvisational piano performance This exposition is an introduction to my research and practice as a pianist, in which I unfold processes of timbre and memory in improvised music from a performer’s perspective. Timbre is often understood as a purely sonic perceptual phenomenon. However, this is not in accordance with a site-specific improvisational practice with changing spatial circumstances impacting the listening experience, nor does it take into account the agency of the instrument and objects used or the performer’s movements and gestures. In my practice, I have found a concept as part of the creating process in improvised music which has compelling potential: Timbre orchestration. My research takes the many and complex aspects of a performance environment into account and offers an extended understanding of timbre, which embraces spatial, material and bodily aspects of sound in improvised music performance. The investigative projects described in this exposition offer a methodology to explore timbral improvisational processes integrated into my practice, which is further extended through collaborations with sound engineers, an instrument builder and a choreographer: -experiments in amplification and recording, resulting in Memory piece, a series of works for amplified piano and multichannel playback - Piano mapping, a performance approach, with a custom-built device for live spatialization as means to expand and deepen spatio-timbral relationships; - Accretion, a project with choreographer Toby Kassell for three grand pianos and a pianist, where gestural approaches are used to activate and compose timbre in space. Together, the projects explore memory as a structural, reflective and performative tool and the creation of performing and listening modes as integrated parts of timbre orchestration. Orchestration and choreography of timbre turn into an open and hybrid compositional approach, which can be applied to various contexts, engaging with dynamic relationships and re-configuring them.
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Coelho Resende, Noelle, Renata Weber, Jardel Fischer Loeck, Mathias Vaiano Glens, Carolina Gomes, Priscila Farfan Barroso, Janine Targino, Emerson Elias Merhy, Leandro Dominguez Barretto, and Carly Machado. Working Paper Series: Therapeutic Communities in Brazil. Edited by Taniele Rui and Fiore Mauricio. Drugs, Security and Democracy Program, Social Science Research Council, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35650/ssrc.2081.d.2021.
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Spread across Brazil and attaining an unparalleled political force, therapeutic communities are as inescapable in the debate on drug policy as they are complex to define. Although they are not a Brazilian creation, they have been operating in that country for decades, and their dissemination intensified in the 1990s. In 2011, they were officially incorporated into Brazil's Psychosocial Care Network (Rede de Atenção Psicossocial, or RAPS). Since then, therapeutic communities have been at the center of public debates about their regulation; about how they should—or even if they should—be a part of the healthcare system; about the level of supervision to which they should be submitted; about their sources of funding, particularly whether or not they should have access to public funding; and, most importantly, about the quality of the services they offer and the many reports of rights violation that have been made public. However, a well-informed public debate can only flourish if the available information is based on sound evidence. The SSRC’s Drugs, Security and Democracy Program is concerned with the policy relevance of the research projects it supports, and the debate around therapeutic communities in Brazil points to a clear need for impartial research that addresses different cross-cutting aspects of this topic in its various dimensions: legal, regulatory, health, and observance of human rights, among others. It is in this context that we publish this working paper series on therapeutic communities in Brazil. The eight articles that compose this series offer a multidisciplinary view of the topic, expanding and deepening the existing literature and offering powerful contributions to a substantive analysis of therapeutic communities as instruments of public policy. Although they can be read separately, it is as a whole that the strength of the eight articles that make up this series becomes more evident. Even though they offer different perspectives, they are complementary works in—and already essential for—delineating and understanding the phenomenon of therapeutic communities in Brazil.
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Chapman, Ray, Phu Luong, Sung-Chan Kim, and Earl Hayter. Development of three-dimensional wetting and drying algorithm for the Geophysical Scale Transport Multi-Block Hydrodynamic Sediment and Water Quality Transport Modeling System (GSMB). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41085.
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The Environmental Laboratory (EL) and the Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL) have jointly completed a number of large-scale hydrodynamic, sediment and water quality transport studies. EL and CHL have successfully executed these studies utilizing the Geophysical Scale Transport Modeling System (GSMB). The model framework of GSMB is composed of multiple process models as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows that the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) accepted wave, hydrodynamic, sediment and water quality transport models are directly and indirectly linked within the GSMB framework. The components of GSMB are the two-dimensional (2D) deep-water wave action model (WAM) (Komen et al. 1994, Jensen et al. 2012), data from meteorological model (MET) (e.g., Saha et al. 2010 - http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2010BAMS3001.1), shallow water wave models (STWAVE) (Smith et al. 1999), Coastal Modeling System wave (CMS-WAVE) (Lin et al. 2008), the large-scale, unstructured two-dimensional Advanced Circulation (2D ADCIRC) hydrodynamic model (http://www.adcirc.org), and the regional scale models, Curvilinear Hydrodynamics in three dimensions-Multi-Block (CH3D-MB) (Luong and Chapman 2009), which is the multi-block (MB) version of Curvilinear Hydrodynamics in three-dimensions-Waterways Experiments Station (CH3D-WES) (Chapman et al. 1996, Chapman et al. 2009), MB CH3D-SEDZLJ sediment transport model (Hayter et al. 2012), and CE-QUAL Management - ICM water quality model (Bunch et al. 2003, Cerco and Cole 1994). Task 1 of the DOER project, “Modeling Transport in Wetting/Drying and Vegetated Regions,” is to implement and test three-dimensional (3D) wetting and drying (W/D) within GSMB. This technical note describes the methods and results of Task 1. The original W/D routines were restricted to a single vertical layer or depth-averaged simulations. In order to retain the required 3D or multi-layer capability of MB-CH3D, a multi-block version with variable block layers was developed (Chapman and Luong 2009). This approach requires a combination of grid decomposition, MB, and Message Passing Interface (MPI) communication (Snir et al. 1998). The MB single layer W/D has demonstrated itself as an effective tool in hyper-tide environments, such as Cook Inlet, Alaska (Hayter et al. 2012). The code modifications, implementation, and testing of a fully 3D W/D are described in the following sections of this technical note.