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1
Deck, Aubrey Lynn. "Spatio-temporal relationships between feral hogs and cattle with implicatons for disease transmission." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5884.
Full textAbstract:
It is widely recognized that livestock industries are vulnerable to intentional or
accidental introductions of Foreign Animal Diseases (FADs). Combating disease is
difficult because of unknown wildlife-livestock interactions. Feral hogs (Sus scrofa)
could harbor and shed disease in areas used by domestic livestock such as cattle (Bos
taurus). Extent of risk logically depends on spatio-temporal interactions between
species. I used Global Positioning System (GPS) collars on cattle and hogs in
combination with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for detailed analysis on
movement patterns of these 2 species on a ranch in southwestern Texas, USA.
Motion-triggered video recorders were also utilized to determine interspecific activity
patterns. I tested hypotheses that spatio-temporal distributions of domestic cattle and
feral hogs on rangeland overlap and that interspecific contact occurs. If these posits are
true, it is possible that introduced pathogens like foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) could
be transmitted from feral hogs to cattle.
Using a rate of 1 GPS fix/15 min (96 fixes/day), I found that spatial distribution
of individual hogs and cattle overlapped on both the 95% and 50% kernel area use among 4 seasons. Both cows and feral hogs used Clay Flat, Clay Loam, and Rolling
Hardland more so than other range sites. During Summer 2004, riparian zones were the
most used feature, identified at 14% (2,760/19,365) of cattle and 70% (445/632) of hog
fixes. Other than brush strips, cattle and feral hogs primarily interacted at riparian zones,
fencelines, and roads. There were no direct interspecific contacts evident from GPS
data, but 3 cases were recorded from video data. Indirect interspecific contacts that may
be sufficient for disease transmission occurred much more frequently (GPS = 3.35
indirect contacts/day, video = cows follow hogs: 0.69 indirect contacts/day and hogs
follow cows: 0.54 indirect contacts/day). Research results suggested that both species
often travel along the same roads and fencelines to water and food sources, especially
during extreme heat and low-precipitation conditions. This research provides basic
information needed to improve models for management of FAD outbreaks in the U.S.,
based on specific knowledge of landscape usage and movement patterns of feral hogs
and cattle.
2
De, La Garza Guadalupe Ray III. "Effective contact of cattle and feral swine facilitating potential foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission in southern Texas, USA rangeland." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1387.
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Riley, Elizabeth. "Fecal Phosphorus Characteristics of Forage-Fed Beef Cattle." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23230.
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Phosphorus loads in waterways are a focus of environmental concern. Animal agriculture\'s contribution to this problem has been documented and efforts are focused on mitigating the issue. The effect of increasing amounts of mineral P supplementation on fecal P characteristics was studied in forage fed beef steers. Eight Hereford steers were fitted with total fecal collection bags and fed four diets with a low P grass hay and supplemented with increasing amounts of a mineral source of P, dicalcium phosphate. Dietary DM P concentrations were 0.10 (no P supplementation), 0.23, 0.34, and 0.45% P. Manure was sampled and dried, followed by analysis for total P and inorganic P (Pi). Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture following each collection period and plasma Pi was quantified. Total fecal P increased linearly with increasing dietary P concentration: 6.44, 10.6, 16.1, and 18.8 g/d (P < 0.0001). Fecal Pi increased linearly with increasing dietary P concentration: 1.58, 2.43, 2.74, and 3.84 g/d (P = 0.0119) Manure P solubility, however, did not increase with increasing dietary P concentration: 23.6, 22.3, 17.3, and 20.2% (P = 0.3646). Plasma Pi increased linearly with increasing dietary P (P = 0.0047). ADG and G:F were not affected by increasing dietary P content. Reducing or eliminating mineral P supplementation to forage fed beef animals is possible, if forage base proves to be adequate in P. Reducing dietary P reduces fecal P excretion and the pollution potential in ecologically sensitive areas like the Chesapeake Bay watershed.Master of Science
4
Tejomurtula, Jyothsna. "Identification of a novel importin [alpha] predominantly expressed in bovine oocytes and early embryos." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5488.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 45 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 40-45).
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Ireland-Perry, Rebecca L. "Fecal consistency as related to dietary composition in lactating Holstein cows." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41922.
Full textAbstract:
Two trials were designed to study the relationships of
dietary fiber (ADF) and protein level and source to fecal
consistency in lactating cattle. In Experiment 1, 30 cows
(12 multiparous, 18 primiparous) were randomly assigned to
one of six total mixed diet treatments through four 21 d
periods. For Experiment 2, six primiparous cows were used
in two 6 x 6 Latin squares to evaluate water consumption,
apparent digestibilities of DM, AOF, NOF, and starch, and to
quantitate whole corn kernel passage. Total mixed diets for
both trials were formulated to contain 17% (LF) or 25% AOF
(HF) with CP levels of: 15% (S15) and 22% (S22) with soybean
meal (SBM) supplementation, or 22% (G22) with combination of
50% corn gluten meal (eGM) and 50% SBM. Two forage sources
were evaluated: corn silage (e) and alfalfa/corn silage (Ae)
(50:50 on OM basis). Fecal consistency was evaluated using
a 4 point scale (l-most fluid to 4-least fluid).
Experiment 1 demonstrated that lower dietary fiber reduced fecal pH (LF=6.65, HF=7.11) and fecal score (LF=2.18, HF=2.41), but increased fecal DM (LF=16.1%, HF=13.2%). Supplementing SBM (S22) decreased fecal DM (S22=14.1%, G22=15.5%) and fecal score (S22=2.01, G22=2.48). Forage source affected fecal DM (C=14%,AC=15.3%), but not pH or score. HF=13.2%). Supplementing SBM (S22) decreased fecal DM (S22=14.1%, G22=15.5%) and fecal score (S22=2.01, G22=2.48). Forage source affected fecal DM (C=14%,AC=15.3%), but not pH or score.
Results of Experiment 2 support major conclusions of Experiment 1. High supplementation of SBM increased daily water consumption (S22=80.2 kg, G22=74.5 kg), and reduced fecal score (S22=1.9, G22=2.4). Forage source affected apparent corn kernel (C=21.1% ,AC=33.9%) and starch (C=96%, AC=93%) digestibilities. High protein diets resulted in greater apparent DM digestibility (S15=68.2%, S22=71.8%, G22=71%). In prediction of fecal score from dietary components and animal parameters, dietary DM percent and 4% fat corrected milk (r2=.09, Experiment 1), and DM intake (r2=.12, Experiment 2) were variables most related to fecal score.
Dietary effects on fecal consistency were primarily due
to ADF level and type of protein supplement. Accurate
prediction of fecal consistency score from the dietary and
animal parameters identified was not possible. Further
study is suggested to evaluate different protein sources,
the contribution of water consumption, and to clarify
interactions of protein, forage source and fiber level in
relation to fecal consistency.
Master of Science
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Barkley, Nicole Marie Garverick Henry Allen. "Characterization of apoptosis in the developing bovine fetal ovary association with germ cell loss /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6105.
Full textAbstract:
The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on October 9, 2009) Thesis advisor: Dr. H. Allen Garverick. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Harmon, Deidre Danielle. "Phosphorus excretion in beef steers as impacted by increasing levels of corn gluten feed." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50510.
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Overfeeding of phosphorus (P) is a contributing factor to P levels in surface waters. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of increasing levels of corn gluten feed (CGF) as a supplemental source of P on fecal P excretions. Eight Hereford steers (427±79 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a 4 x 4 replicated Latin square design. Steers were fed chopped grass hay ad libitum (0.13% P) and 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 kg/d of dried CGF pellets. All steers were supplemented with 0.91 kg/d beet pulp, 0.34 kg/d rumen-inert fat supplement and 18.14 g/d trace mineral salt. Urea was added to the respective diets at levels of 95.25, 72.57, 49.90, and 31.75 g/d to ensure equal dietary protein across treatments. Steers were housed individually and fitted with total fecal collection bags. Steers were adjusted to each diet for 9-d followed by a 5-d collection period. Following the final collection of each period, a 10 ml jugular blood sample was collected and analyzed to determine serum inorganic P. Dietary total P increased (P < 0.05) as CGF level increased: 8.72, 12.59, 16.75 and 20.88 g/d. Dry matter digestibility increased linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary P increased: 50.35, 53.66, 54.25 and 55.42%. Total P excretion increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing CGF level: 9.66, 11.71, 14.29, 16.96 g/day. Inorganic P excretion increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing CGF level: 4.11, 5.93, 8.36 and 9.92 g/day. Total P excretion was highly related (P < 0.05; r2 = 0.79) to inorganic P excretion. Serum inorganic P increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary P content: 5.61, 5.87, 6.64 and 6.80 mg/dL. Fecal P increased as CGF level increased in steers fed varying dietary levels of P from plant sources. Management of P intake can be a strategic practice to reduce P fecal excretions in beef cattle.Master of Science
8
MacLean, James A. "Ruminant trophoblast Kunitz domain proteins /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9999309.
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Depenbusch, Brandon. "Fecal pH and starch concentrations in relation to prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in feedlot cattle." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/559.
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Pearce-Walker, Jennifer Irene, and Jennifer Irene Pearce-Walker. "Evaluation of Human and Cattle Viruses as Indicators of Fecal Contamination in Irrigation Water." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625287.
Full textAbstract:
Irrigation creates a pathway through which enteric pathogens can reach the edible portion of food crops and potentially create a risk of illness for the consumer. To reduce the risk of illness, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s standards for irrigation water safety currently monitor Escherichia coli levels in water. However, the presence of bacterial indicators such as E. coli may not fully represent the pathogenic diversity of fecal contamination. This study assessed the occurrence of viruses in irrigation water and determined the risk posed by select viral pathogens in irrigation water applied to fresh produce. Pepper mild mottle virus, Aichivirus, bovine polyomavirus, and bovine adenovirus were evaluated as potential indicators of fecal contamination in irrigation waters from Arizona and California and their appropriateness relative to the traditional bacterial indicator E. coli was determined. Correlation analyses were performed between indicator organisms (i.e., total coliforms, E. coli, and the four viral indicator species) and select viral and bacterial pathogens (human adenoviruses, enteroviruses, Salmonella, and E. coli). Based on Pearson correlation analyses, no significant correlations were observed between any indicators or pathogens, thus highlighting both the current safety of regional irrigation waters and potentially the need to assess other indicators of fecal contamination. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was applied to the observed levels of the viral pathogens, adenoviruses and enteroviruses, to predict the risk associated with the consumption of raw fresh lettuce irrigated with these waters. In the analyzed scenarios of the consumption of raw lettuce, the mean predicted risk was below the acceptable limits of risk of infection resulting from exposure to a water source. Improved understanding of the appropriateness of fecal indicators in irrigation water and the risk posed by exposure to irrigation water via fresh produce consumption can help inform management and regulatory decisions, thereby improving the quality and safety of food crops irrigated with these waters.
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Rhinehart, Justin Drew. "Roles of luteal and allantoic function in late embryonic / early fetal pregnancy failures in cattle." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5072.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 71 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-71).
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Mur, Novales Ramón Miguel. "Fetal-maternal crosstalk in holstein-friesian heifers experimentally infected with neospora caninum." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664189.
Full textAbstract:
El objetivo global de esta tesis fue expandir el conocimiento sobre cómo afecta una infección con
Neospora caninum a la comunicación materno-fetal y a la inmunomodulación uterina.
En el primer estudio se evaluó el desenlace de la gestación de novillas experimentalmente infectadas
con N. caninum en el segundo trimestre de gestación y la respuesta inmune del feto tras la
infección.El objetivo del segundo estudio fue examinar las dinámicas de PAG-1 y PAG-2 y las
poblaciones de células trofoblasticas después de una infección con N. caninum. El tercer estudio se
diseñó para determinar el efecto de una infección experimental con N. caninum en novillas lecheras
en las concentraciones de PAG-1 y PAG-2 y los niveles de pH en los fluidos amniótico y
alantoideo.En el cuarto estudio se examinaron los patrones de expresión de los genes SERPINA14,
PAG1 y PAG2 en la interfase materno-fetal de novillas lecheras experimentalmente infectadas con N.
caninum. En el anexo se calculó el coste de la neosporosis bovina para las granjas lecheras
españolas en 42 millones de dólares al año. Nuestra conclusion fue que la infección por N. caninum
modifica la comunicación materno-fetal y el equilibrio inmunológico de la gestación.The global aim of this thesis was to expand the knowledge about how Neospora caninum infection affects fetal-maternal crosstalk and uterine immunomodulation.In the first study we evaluated the outcome of pregnancy in dairy heifers after an experimental infection with N. caninum in the second trimester of gestation and we examined the immune response in the fetus .The aim of the second study was to examine PAG-1 and PAG-2 dynamics and trophoblast cell populations following an experimental infection with N. caninum. The third study was designed to determine the effect of an experimental infection of pregnant dairy heifers with N. caninum on PAG-1 and PAG-2 concentrations and pH in amniotic and allantoic fluids.In the fourth study we examined the expression patterns of the genes SERPINA14, PAG1, and PAG2 at the fetal-maternal interface in dairy heifers experimentally infected with N. caninum.In the appendix we estimated the cost of N. caninum infection for the Spanish dairy industry to be $42 million per year. We concluded that N. caninum infection modifies the fetal-maternal crosstalk and the immunological balance of gestation and an increased Th1 immune response during gestation is needed to prevent N. caninum induced abortion.
L'objectiu global d'aquesta tesi va ser ampliar el coneixement sobre com afecta una infecció amb Neospora caninum a la comunicació materno-fetal i la immunomodulació uterina. En el primer estudi es va avaluar el desenllaç de la gestació de vedelles experimentalment infectades amb N. caninum en el segon trimestre de gestació i la resposta inmune del fetus després de la infecció. L'objectiu del segon estudi va ser examinar les dinàmiques de PAG-1 i PAG -2 i les poblacions de cèl·lules trofoblàstiques després d'una infecció amb N. caninum. El tercer estudi es va dissenyar per determinar l’efecte d’ una infecció experimental de N. caninum en vedellles lleteres sobre les concentracions de PAG-1 i PAG-2 i els nivells de pH 20 en els fluïds amniòtic i alantoideu. Al quart estudi es van examinar els patrons d’expressió dels gens SERPINA14, PAG1 i PAG2 en l’interfase materno-fetal de les vedelles lleteres experimentalment infectades amb N. caninum. A l'annex es va calcular el cost de la neosporosi bovina per a les granges lleteres espanyoles en 42 milions de dòlars anuals. La nostra conclusió va ser que la infecció per N. caninum modifica la comunicació materno-fetal i l'equilibri immunològic de la gestació.
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Walker, Callie Elizabeth. "Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef cattle : prevalence in gut contents at slaughter and the effect of neomycin supplementation in feed on fecal shedding in experimentally inoculated cattle." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/860.
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Jacob, Megan E. "Effects of diets, antimicrobials and minerals on the revalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of fecal bacteria in feedlot cattle." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/442.
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Lowe, Victoria H., and Victoria H. Lowe. "Effects of Early Weaning Calves as a Management Tool." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625344.
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The goal of a cow-calf producer is to produce a calf each year per cow. Research suggests that first year heifers struggle breeding back with their second calf because of the adjustments to new range/main herd conditions and the partitioning of nutrients between gaining weight, milk production, and gestation. This study was conducted at the V-V ranch at the University of Arizona for five years and looked at the effects on young cows when calves were weaned from first year heifers at 80 days rather than 205 days. Early weaning allows for gestational benefits because they are given the opportunity to adapt to herd conditions by applying feed resources to the in utero fetus and their own body condition rather than lactation. All first year heifers were included over three years, and were randomly assigned to two groups, normal weaning (NW) or early weaning (EW). This resulted in 122 heifers in the group whose calves were EW and 119 heifers in the group whose calves were NW. Heifers that were in the EW group bred back at a 27% higher rate in their second year, and had 15% greater longevity in the herd. Calves that were in utero when the nursing calves were early weaned were 16.4 kg heavier at weaning. Part of this was due to the age of the calf and part to gestational health. Early weaning was an effective strategy for improving reproductive performance of first year heifers as well as their survival rate in the herd to 5 years of age. It also resulted in improved performance for their in utero calves.
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Weeman, Matthew F. "Changes in Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Fecal Escherichia Coli Recovered From Dairy Cattle on 16 Farms in Ohio 2001-2011." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1453542290.
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Stella, Tiago Roberto. "Desempenho, característica de carcaça e parâmetros fecais indicativos da digestão do amido e suas relações com a eficiência alimentar de bovinos Nelore." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-21022011-113521/.
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O consumo alimentar residual (CAR) é uma medida de eficiência alimentar independente da taxa de crescimento e do peso adulto. Pouco se sabe sobre associações entre o CAR e as características de produtividade dos animais selecionados para este parâmetro, bem como os mecanismos relacionados ao aumento na eficiência alimentar dos animais selecionados para o CAR. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as associações entre CAR, desempenho, crescimento dos componentes da carcaça e digestão do amido em bovinos Nelore, em confinamento, e avaliar a utilização dos parâmetros fecais, (porcentagem de amido, proteína, matéria seca e pH), como indicadores da digestão do amido. Noventa e seis touros da raça Nelore selecionados como elite ou superior na prova de ganho de peso a pasto e classificados quanto ao seu temperamento, medido pela distância mínima de aproximação, foram confinados e alimentado ad libitum (68% NDT, 13,5% PB, 28,1% amido) durante 68 dias com peso vivo médio inicial de 408±33 e idade de 645±52 dias. A ingestão de matéria seca (IMS) e o ganho médio diário (GMD) foram medidos individualmente. As pesagens e as mensurações da espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS), espessura de gordura na picanha (EGP) e a área de olho de lombo (AOL) foram realizadas a cada 21 dias. Os animais foram classificados como sendo de alto CAR (DP>0,5), baixo CAR (DP<0,5) e intermediário. O amido das amostras da ração e da sobra coletadas durante sete dias consecutivos, no final do experimento, foi determinado por análise laboratorial e a quantificação do amido fecal foi feita através do NIRS e a digestão do amido estimada. Durante o confinamento, novilhos com baixo CAR tiveram menores IMS e conversão alimentar que novilhos com alto CAR, mas nenhuma diferença foi observada no GMD, no PV final, AOL, EGP, EGS, temperamento e ganho de peso durante a prova de ganho de peso. Animais mais eficientes também não diferiram dos demais quanto à digestão do amido, no entanto, animais mais eficientes tiveram menores quantidades de proteína fecal. O CAR foi positivamente correlacionado com a IMS, consumo de amido, proteína fecal e eficiência alimentar e negativamente correlacionado com a conversão alimentar, no entanto não houve correlação entre o CAR e o GMD na prova de ganho de peso a pasto e temperamento. A digestão do amido foi positivamente associada com a PB fecal e negativamente correlacionada com a MS e o amido fecal. Não houve associação entre o CAR, o GMD a pasto e o temperamento, talvez porque são filhos de vacas selecionadas para essas características e também foram os que tiveram os melhores desempenhos na prova a pasto.Residual feed intake (RIF) is a trait of efficiency independent of growth rate and mature weight. Little is known about the association between RFI and productivity and the mechanisms associate on improve efficiency in RFI. This work aimed to study the association between RFI, performance, growth of carcass traits and starch digestion in Nellore bulls and to investigate the utilization of fecal parameters like crude protein, dry matter and pH, as indicators of starch digestion. Ninety six Nellore bulls, with 645±52 days, 408±33kg initial body weight, previously selected as elite or superior in performance test on pasture and classified according to their temperament, were fed a finishing ration (68% TDN, 13,5%CP and 28,1% starch) on an ad libitum basis, for 68 days. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) and body weight gain (BWG) were measured individually. All animals were weighed and had ultrasonic measurements of Longissimus muscle area (REA) and backfat thickness (BF) on the 12th and 13th ribs obtained every 21 days. RFI was calculated as the difference between actual DMI and predicted DMI for a common mid-test BW0.75 and daily BWG and the animals were classified as high (SD>0,5), low (SD<0,5) and intermediary RFI. The starch of the diet and orts was determinate by laboratory analyses and the fecal starch was determinate with NIRS, and the starch digestion estimated. Low RFI bulls had low DMI and feed:gain than high RFI bulls, but no difference were observe in daily BWG, final BW, REA, BF, temperament and daily gain in the pasture performance test. More efficient bulls had no difference in starch digestion, however low RFI bulls had lower crude protein in the feces. RFI was positively correlated with DMI, starch intake and feed efficiency, but RFI was not correlated with daily BWG in the pasture performance test and temperament. Starch digestion was positively associated with Fecal CP and negatively associated with DM and starch. There was no association between RFI and daily BWG on pasture and temperament, perhaps because these animals belonged to a herd that was selected for these characteristics and also were the animals that had the best performance on pasture test.
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Adler, Heiko. "Fetal bovine bone marrow-derived macrophages : a model for studying basic aspects of macrophage biology and pathogen-macrophage interaction in cattle /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1994. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Skinner, Kim David. "Effect of trace mineral supplementation and the use of an experimental Escherichia coli O157:H7 vaccine on Escherichia coli O157:H7 fecal shedding in beef calves." Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/skinner/SkinnerK1205.pdf.
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Turner, Rachel Joy, and Rachel Joy Turner. "Monitoring Diet Quality and Projecting Body Condition Score in Cattle Using Fecal Near Infrared Spectroscopy and NUTBAL on a Southern Arizona Rangeland." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626720.
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Range cattle grazing in semi-arid regions are commonly limited by lack of nutrients from low-quality forage. Due to this, ranchers are faced with the challenge of monitoring diet quality in order to address nutrient limitations. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of fecal samples is a method used to determine diet quality values like crude protein (CP) and digestible organic matter (DOM) in grazing animals. When combined with a nutritional balance analyzer such as the NUTBAL system, fecal NIRS can be used to monitor diet quality and project animal performance. Our research aimed to test the ability of NUTBAL to project animal performance as represented by body condition score (BCS) in cattle (n=82 Animal Units) grazing on the Santa Rita Experimental Range (SRER) in southern Arizona. Previous work conducted on other Arizona rangelands led to the hypothesis that fecal NIRS coupled with NUTBAL can be used to monitor diet quality and project BCS in a southern Arizona commercial grazing operation. Data collection occurred between June 2016 and June 2017. Standing biomass and botanical composition were measured before each grazing period, and relative utilization was measured following each grazing period. During the midpoint of grazing in each pasture, 30 body condition scores and a fecal composite of 15 samples were collected. Fecal derived diet quality varied between a maximum of 10.75% CP and 61.25% DOM in early August 2016, to a minimum value of 4.00 % CP and 58.40 % DOM in March 2017. This study confirmed the ability of fecal NIRS paired with NUTBAL to project future BCS within 0.5 a score point more than 80% of the time in cattle grazing on the SRER. With this information, cattle managers in southern Arizona can better address animal performance needs and nutrient deficiencies.
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Nepomuceno, Delci de Deus. "Efeito do manejo nutricional sobre a maturação do eixo reprodutivo somatotrófico no início da puberdade de novilhas Nelore." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-18022013-160502/.
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Objetivou-se no presente estudo, avaliar o efeito da nutrição proteica no terço final da gestação de vacas Nelore, seguido de estratégias de suplementação e/ou alimentação de suas crias fêmeas sobre a idade à puberdade até os 18 meses. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x2x2; constituindo-se de: 2 manejos suplementar das vacas no pré-parto (Fase I); 2 manejos suplementar das crias (Fase II) e 2 manejos alimentar na recria (Fase IIIA). Na Fase I, 241 vacas foram suplementadas com farelos de soja na proporção de 0,5kg/vaca/dia (Tratamento 1) e 258 vacas foram mantidas sem acesso a suplementação Tratamento 2 (controle - Fase I). Cerca de metade do número de vacas e suas crias fêmeas, nascidas na Fase I, foram distribuídas em dois tratamentos na Fase II-(suplementação das crias) aos 110 dias de idade das crias, as quais passaram receber ou não uma mistura mineral proteica energética em creep-feeding, constituindo assim, os tratamentos suplementação de bezerras em creep-feeding (n =119) e controle (sem suplementação, n =122 ) na Fase II até os 205 dias de idade (desmama). Na fase III A, metade das bezerras de cada grupo na fase II foram manejados em confinamentos (n=119) e a outra metade permaneceu no pasto (Grupo controle, n = 122), até os 320 dias de idade. Na fase IIIB, todas as novilhas foram manejados juntos a pasto e submetidas a estação de monta a partir dos 440 dias aos 560 dias de idade. Os sistemas de suplementação das vacas e bezerras na fase de cria não afetaram o peso corporal, concentração de IGF-1 e percentual de peso adulto das novilhas no início da estação de monta (P > 0,05). O manejo das novilhas em confinamento na fase IIIA, aumentou o número de novilhas púberes (31,9% vs 13,9%; P < 0,01), para as novilhas alimentadas ou não em confinamento, respectivamente. Entretanto, a alimentação em confinamento não ocasionou diferença na idade que estas atingiram a puberdade. Considerando apenas as novilhas que atingiram à puberdade (n = 55) houve efeito de interação entre as fases de suplementação/alimentação e a idade à puberdade (P < 0,05). Para as vacas manejadas na Fase I, a suplementação influenciou a ciclicidade das mesmas no momento da IATF (68,9% vs 55,4%; P < 0,05), porém não ocasionou diferença no número de vacas prenhes (60,1 vs 55,3%; P > 0,05), vacas suplementadas e não suplementadas, respectivamente. Similarmente, a suplementação das novilhas em creep-feeding, não influenciou a taxa de prenhez das vacas (P > 0,05). Em conclusão, a suplementação das vacas com fontes proteicas não influenciou a idade a puberdade de novilhas até os 18 meses, sendo que o manejo alimentar em confinamento aumentou o número de novilhas púberes em relação com as manejadas no pasto.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of protein nutrition in the final third of gestation of Nelore cows, followed by supplementation strategies and / or feed their young females over the age of puberty until 18 months. The experimental design was a completely randomized factorial 2x2x2; constituting of: 2 suplementary managements of cows in pre-partum (Phase I); 2 supplementary managements of offspring (Phase II) and 2 alimentary managements during rearing (Phase IIIA). In Phase I, 241 cows were supplemented with soybean meal at the rate of 0.5 kg / cow / day (Treatment 1) and 258 cows were kept without access to supplemental Treatment 2 (control - phase I). About half of the cows and their female offspring, born in Phase I, were assigned to two treatments in Phase-II (supplementation of cubs) at 110 days of age of the offsprings, which now receive or not a mineral mix protein energy in creep-feeding, constituting, treatments supplementation in calves creep-feeding (n = 119) and control group (without supplementation, n = 122) in Phase II until 205 days of age (weaning). In phase III A, half of each group of calves in phase II were managed in feedlots (n = 119) and the other half remained in the pasture (control group, n = 122), up to 320 days of age. In stage IIIB, all heifers were managed together and submitted to the pasture breeding season from 440 days to 560 days old. Supplementation systems of cows and calves during the growing period did not affect body weight, concentration of IGF-1 and percentage of mature weight of heifers at the beginning of the breeding season (P> 0.05). The management of heifers in the feedlot phase IIIA, increased the number of pubertal heifers (31.9% vs 13.9%, P <0.01) for heifers fed in confinement or not, respectively. However, feeding in confinement caused no difference in age they reached puberty. Considering only heifers reached puberty (n = 55) there was an interaction effect between phases of supplementation / nutrition and age at puberty (P <0.05). For cows managed in Phase I, supplementation influenced the cyclicality of the same at the time of TAI (68.9% vs 55.4%, P <0.05), but caused no difference in the number of pregnant cows (60.1 vs 55.3%, P> 0.05), supplemented and nonsupplemented cows, respectively. Similarly, the addition of heifers in creep-feeding did not influence the rate of pregnancy in cows (P> 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of cows with protein sources did not influence the age at puberty in heifers up to 18 months, and feeding management in confinement increased the number of pubertal compared with those managed on pasture.
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Gardner, Jose. "Effects of Gestational Dietary Intake on Calf Growth and Early Feedlot Performance of Offspring." DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5395.
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Fetal programming is a relatively new and quickly growing field of research in the livestock industry. The concept of fetal programming is simply defined as the effects a change in maternal nutritional intake has on offspring, whether it be a genetic or physical change. The intention of this study was to specifically look at the effects of nutrient restriction of cows during the second trimester of gestation on the growth and performance of the resulting calves.
In this study, thirty-two cows of predominantly angus influence from the Utah state university herd were chosen, naturally bred to a pure bred angus sire, and then allocated into two treatments: maintenance and restricted. These groups were treated uniformly for first and third trimesters of gestation, while in the second trimester, they were managed in a way that the maintenance group maintained a greater level of body condition and weight compared with the restricted group. Calf growth and performance was measured and compared for effects of fetal programming.
Previous studies in beef found positive effects on carcass characteristics. However, little work has been done to ensure that fetal programming is not detrimental to calves early in life. Though this study did find that nutrient restriction resulted in more excitable cattle, no negative effects caused by programming were found in growth and performance of the offspring.
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Goulão, João Pedro Pinto. "Influence of metabolic stress in bovine fetal development : an allometric study." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21168.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaDairy cows go through great metabolic change during the transition period, with several detrimental side effects on health and productivity. The possibility that the stress they undertake on the final phase of gestation can also influence the unborn calf or even have carryover effects that will impact him after birth is not one that should be ignored. The main goal of this study was to determine if calves born from metabolic stressed cows prioritized the development of vital organs, brain and heart specifically, over the development of the long bones, more precisely the radius-ulna and the metatarsus. Additionally, differences between countries, particularly environmental, were also considered as a possible aggravator of metabolic stress and, consequently, of allometric fetal development. For the purposes of this study, the head diameter and circumference (HD and HC, respectively), chest circumference (HG), forearm and metatarsal lengths (FL and ML, respectively), hip and shoulder width (HW and SW, respectively), height (WH) and diagonal length (DL) of 171 newborn Holstein Friesian calves from one farm in Portugal and two farms in Belgium were measured with callipers and a measuring tape. The dam’s milk production for the year (M305d), parity and gemelarity, as well as the season when the measurements were performed, were also registered. Measurement ratios (HC/ML, HC/FL, HD/ML, HD/FL, HG/ML and HG/FL) were used as an indicator of prenatal allometric growth and analysed against the data obtained from the mothers. Some significant correlations were evidenced (P<0.05) in the belgian calves, between the ratios with parity and season, demonstrating a tendency towards higher ratios with the increase of these two variables. However, the portuguese calves supported none of these results. This discrepancy obtained from the analysis of the portuguese and belgian calves, probably the result of an insufficient sample size, led us to believe that the conclusions drawn from this study are most likely premature and that further studies should be conducted in order to clarify them. Subsequently, the relation between metabolic stress and fetal development also remains unclear and should be the subject of further investigation.
RESUMO - Efeitos do stress metabólico no desenvolvimento do feto bovino: estudo sobre alometria - Durante o período de transição as vacas de leite enfrentam enormes alterações metabólicas com repercussões na sua saúde e produtividade. Face à possibilidade de que o stress nesta última fase da gestação pode também influenciar o feto, ou até mesmo ter efeitos secundários que irão afetar o vitelo, esta é uma área de estudo que não pode ser ignorada. O objetivo deste estudo pretende determinar se, na presença de stress metabólico materno, há prioridade no desenvolvimento de órgãos vitais no feto, como o cérebro e o coração em específico, sobre o desenvolvimento dos ossos longos, mais precisamente o rádio-ulna e o metatarso. Adicionalmente as diferenças entre países, particularmente ambientais, foram consideradas como um possível fator agravante do stress metabólico que, consequentemente, poderia realçar diferenças na alometria dos órgãos em estudo. Para os propósitos deste estudo, várias medições foram realizadas em 171 vitelos recém-nascidos de raça Holstein Frísia com um medidor ósseo e uma fita métrica. Foram medidos o diâmetro e a circunferência da cabeça (HD e HC, respetivamente), a circunferência do peito (HG), o comprimento do antebraço e do metatarso (FL e ML, respetivamente), a largura das ancas e dos ombros (HW e SW, respetivamente), a altura (WH) e o comprimento diagonal (DL). Os vitelos em questão foram medidos nas respetivas explorações, uma exploração de vacas leiteiras em Portugal e duas na Bélgica. Também foram recolhidos outros dados provenientes dos registos das explorações como a produção leiteira do ano (M305d), a paridade e a gemelaridade das mães, e a época e temperatura em que foram realizadas as medições. Os rácios das medições (HC/ML, HC/FL, HD/ML, HD/FL, HG/ML e HG/FL) foram utilizados como indicadores de alometria dos órgãos fetais em estudo e analisados em relação aos dados obtidos das vacas. Algumas conexões significativas (P<0.05) foram evidenciadas nos vitelos belgas, entre os rácios com a paridade e a época de medição. Os rácios demonstram uma tendência em crescer com o aumento dessas duas variáveis. No entanto, os vitelos portugueses não comprovaram nenhum destes resultados. Esta discrepância entre as análises dos vitelos portugueses e belgas, provavelmente causada por uma amostra insuficiente, levam-nos a crer que as conclusões tiradas deste estudo são prematuras e que deveriam ser realizados estudos adicionais de modo a esclarecê-las. Subsequentemente, a relação entre o stress metabólico e o desenvolvimento do feto também se mantém incerta e deverá continuar a ser investigada.
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Catoia, Juliana. "Fenotipagem das células Indoleamina 2,3 dioxigenase - IDO positivas em cultura de células de placenta bovina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-14092015-121605/.
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A gestação é um estado fisiológico que exige adaptações imunológicas para que transcorra normalmente. Nesse período a mãe e o feto apresentam uma relação imunológica, ou seja, a interface materno-fetal. A enzima indoleamina-2,3 dioxigenase (IDO) desempenha um papel importante na tolerância materno fetal, por ser responsável pela metabolização do triptofano, impedindo por diversas vias a proliferação principalmente de linfócitos TCD8. Diversos tipos celulares estão presentes na interface materno fetal e vários deles podem expressar a IDO. Os leucócitos com perfil Th1 produzem uma citocina conhecida: o interferon у que estimula a expressão da IDO em vários tipos celulares. Os linfócitos são divididos em subpopulações de acordo com sua função e fenótipo. Seus tipos incluem linfócitos T, Linfócitos B e as Células Natural Killer (uNK). Hormônios também atuam nesse processo a progesterona que exerce função determinante sobre a resposta imunológica materna podendo alterar o prognóstico gestacional e o estrógeno essencial para a tolerância materno fetal e manutenção da prenhez. Dessa maneira este trabalho tem por objetivo principal identificar os linfócitos presentes na placenta bovina em cultivo que expressam IDO (linfócitos T, linfócitos B e células NK), frente a estimulação por progesterona, estrógeno e interferon у nas diversas fases gestacionais utilizando a citometria de fluxo. Segundo os resultados no período de 67,5 a 77, 5 dias com a adição de interferon у a expressão da enzima IDO aumentou discretamente nos linfócitos TCD3, TCD4, e diferentemente dos linfócitos T CD8 apresentaram uma elevada expressão da enzima (4,48 ± 2,12 8,65± 4,91). No período de 92,5 a 172, 5 dias os linfócitos TCD4, TCD8 e TCD25 apresentaram uma diminuição significativa da IDO. No período final da gestação entre 195 a 222, 5 dias, os linfócitos TCD3, TCD4 e os BCD25 aumentaram a expressão da IDO quando submetidos ao interferon у, no entanto, os linfócitos T CD8 e as células NK não apresentaram alterações significativas. Com base nos resultados apresentados podemos concluir que todos os tipos celulares foram capazes de expressar a IDO mediante a suplementação com interferon у, sendo que o linfócito T CD8 apresentou uma diferença bastante significativa quanto ao aumento da IDO, já o estrógeno elevou a expressão da IDO somente nos linfócitos B (CD25) e a progesterona diminuiu a expressão da enzima nos linfócitos T (CD3 e CD4) e nas células NKPregnancy is a physiological state that requires immune adaptations in order to be successfully carried on. During this period the mother and the fetus establish an immuno tolerance status at the maternal fetal interface. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) plays an important role in maternal-fetal tolerance by metabolizing tryptophan, impairs by several pathways, mainly T CD8 cells proliferation. Several cell types present in the maternal fetal interface and several of them can express IDO. Leukocytes with Th1 produce a cytokine known: interferon у that stimulates the expression of IDO in several cell types. Lymphocytes are divided into sub-populations according to their function and phenotype: T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and natural killer cells (uNK). Hormones also involved in this process where progesterone exerts decisive role on maternal immune response that may change gestational outcomes and estrogen is essential for fetal maternal tolerance and maintenance of pregnancy. Therefore this work main objective was to identify lymphocytes present in the bovine placental cells culture that were sensitive to progesterone, estrogen and interferon у stimulation regarding their IDO expression in various gestational stages using flow cytometry. According to the results in the gestation period from 67,5 to 77,5 days, with the addition of interferon у. IDO expression was slightly increased in TCD3 lymphocytes, CD4, and differently from the other T cells CD8 displayed a higher expression of the enzyme (4.48 ± 2.12 to 8.65 ± 4.91). In the period from 92.5 to 172, 5 days CD4 lymphocytes, CD8 and TCD25 showed a significant decrease of IDO expression (p<0,05). At the final gestacional stages between 195-222 5 days, TCD3 lymphocytes, CD4 and BCD25 increased expression when subjected to interferon у supplementation, however, CD8 T cells and NK cells showed no significant changes. Based on the results presented we can conclude that all cell types were able to express IDO by supplementation with interferon у, and that T CD8 lymphocyte showed a highly significant increasing of IDO expression, whereas estrogen increased the expression of IDO only in B lymphocytes (CD25) and progesterone decreased the enzyme expression in T lymphocytes (CD3 and CD4) and in NK cells
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Munoz, Vargas Lohendy M. "Impact of Metabolic Stress, Microbiome, and Lymph Node Colonization on Salmonella Shedding in Dairy Cattle." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492625962680584.
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Castilho, Anthony César de Souza [UNESP]. "Expressão do fator de crescimento fibroblástico 10 (FGF-10) em folículos pré-antrais e antrais jovens durante o desenvolvimento ovariano em fetos bovinos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91673.
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castilho_acs_me_botib.pdf: 805313 bytes, checksum: f2f34b307cbf0586a7d2bcfc8d7e9bca (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O desenvolvimento folicular pré-antral é controlado predominantemente por peptídeos intraovarianos, incluindo os FGFs. O FGF-10 participa de interações parácrinas entre células mesenquimais e epiteliais, regulando a proliferação e diferenciação celular e também tem sido detectado em folículos pré-antrais. No entanto, a expressão do FGF- 10 durante o desenvolvimento ovariano fetal e a possível associação com a dinâmica folicular ainda não haviam sido investigados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o padrão da expressão do FGF-10 durante o desenvolvimento ovariano fetal ao longo da gestação. Trinta fetos bovinos (predominantemente Bos indicus) foram obtidos em matadouro e divididos em seis grupos (n=5) de acordo com a idade gestacional, estimada pelo comprimento entre o topo da cabeça e o início da cauda (grupos: 60, 75, 90, 120, 150 e 210 dias de gestação)...
Preantral follicular development is controlled predominantly by intraovarian peptides including FGFs. FGF-10 participates in paracrine interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells, regulating cellular differentiation and proliferation, and has already been detected in preantral follicles. The expression of FGF-10 during fetal ovary development and the possible association with formation of preantral follicles in the fetal ovary has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression pattern of FGF-10 during fetal ovarian development along gestation. Thirty bovine fetuses (predominantly Bos indicus) were obtained at a local abattoir, and divided into six groups (n=5) according to the crown-rump length as an estimative of age (groups: 60, 75, 90, 120, 150 e 210 days of gestation)...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Adamec, Vaclav. "The Effect of Maternal and Fetal Inbreeding on Dystocia, Calf Survival, Days to First Service and Non-Return Performance in U.S. Dairy Cattle." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/25999.
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Intensive selection for increased milk production over many generations has led to growing genetic similarity and increased relationships in dairy population. In the current study, inbreeding depression was estimated for number of days to first service, summit milk, conception by 70 days non-return, and calving rate with a linear mixed model (LMM) approach and for calving difficulty, calf mortality with a Bayesian threshold model (BTM) for categorical traits. Effectiveness of classical and unknown parentage group procedures to estimate inbreeding coefficients was evaluated depending on completeness of a 5-generation pedigree. A novel method derived from the classical formula to estimate inbreeding was utilized to evaluate completeness of pedigrees. Two different estimates of maternal inbreeding were fitted in separate models as a linear covariate in combined LMM analyses (Holstein registered and grade cows and Jersey cows) or separate analyses (registered Holstein cows) by parity (1-4) with fetal inbreeding. Impact of inbreeding type, model, data structure, and treatment of herd-year-season (HYS) on magnitude and size of inbreeding depression were assessed. Grade Holstein datasets were sampled and analyzed by percentage of pedigree present (0-30%, 30-70% and 70-100%). BTM analyses (sire-mgs) were performed using Gibbs sampling for parities 1, 2 and 3 fitting maternal inbreeding only. In LMM analyses of grade data, the least pedigree and diagonal A matrix performed the worst. Significant inbreeding effects were obtained in most traits in cows of parity 1. Fetal inbreeding depression was mostly lower than that from maternal inbreeding. Inbreeding depression in binary traits was the most difficult to evaluate. Analyses with non-additive effects included in LMM, for data by inbreeding level and by age group should be preferred to estimate inbreeding depression. In BTM inbreeding effects were strongly related to dam parity and calf sex. Largest effects were obtained from parity 1 cows giving birth to male calves (0.417% and 0.252% for dystocia and calf mortality) and then births to female calves (0.300% and 0.203% for dystocia and calf mortality). Female calves from mature cows were the least affected (0.131% and 0.005% for dystocia and calf mortality). Data structure was found to be a very important factor to attainment of convergence in distribution.Ph. D.
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Quevedo, Dario Alejandro Cedeño. "Análise eletrocardiográfica e da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca materna, fetal e neonatal em bovinos da raça holandesa variedade preto e branco /." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/140225.
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Orientador: Simone Biagio ChiacchioCoorientador: Maria Lucia Gomes Lourenço
Banca: Roberto Calderon Gonçalves
Banca: Rogério Martins Amorim
Banca: Ivan Roque de Barros Filho
Banca: Luís Souza Lima de Souza Reis
Resumo: O estresse pode interferir no bem-estar animal, assim como gerar alterações cardiovasculares, endócrinas e metabólicas em vacas e fetos durante no período de transição e na fase neonatal, conhecida como período de adaptação, fase de mudanças necessárias para adaptar-se à vida extrauterina. Por conseguinte, o estúdio foi desenhado para descrever o comportamento dos parâmetros eletrocardiográficos (ECG), dos valores normais da frequência cardíaca (FC), dos índices de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) e a sua associação com os perfis endócrinos e bioquímicos da vaca prenhe da raça Holandesa variedade preto e branco, assim como do feto e do recém-nascido. Para o ECG, as avaliações foram realizadas no grupo de recém-nascidos separados por sexo, e no grupo das vacas, separadas por período pré-parto e pós-parto. No domínio do tempo, mediu-se, a frequência cardíaca (FC), intervalo entre batimentos (RR), desvio-padrão da média de todos os intervalos RR normais (SDNN), raiz quadrada da média do quadrado das diferenças entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes (RMSSD). No domínio da frequência (por análise FFT) calculou-se a potência normalizada da banda LF (LF normal) e da banda de HF (HF normal), bem como o quociente LF / HF. Foram analisados glicose, magnésio, fósforo, cálcio, sódio e cortisol. Os dados de ECG revelaram que, durante o primeiro mês de vida, não houve diferença nas ondas P, Q, S e T, em intervalos PR, QRS, e ST e na orientação do eixo. Houve uma diferença significativa em amplitude e duração R no intervalo QT. Entre os sexos, a diferença estava na amplitude Q. Foram registrados no estágio fetal, aumento da baixa frequência (LF nu), diminuição da alta frequência (HF nu) bem como no índice SDNN até o nascimento, o que reflete mudança em direção à predominância do sistema nervoso simpático. Em vacas, os índices SDNN e LF/HF...
Abstract: Stress can interfere with animal welfare, as well as generate cardiovascular, endocrine and metabolic disorders in cows and fetuses during the transition period and neonatal phase, known as adjustment period, phase changes necessary to adapt to extrauterine life. Therefore, the study was design to describe the electrocardiographic parameters (ECG), the normal range of heart rate (HR), the indices of heart rate variability (HRV) and the association with endocrine and biochemical profiles of Holstein pregnant cow, her fetus and neonate. The study was designed to evaluate the physiological changes during the adaptation period and in cows during the transition period between three weeks before and after delivery. The evaluations were done into the group of neonates between female and male and in pre and post-delivery cows for ECG. In time domain, heart rate (HR), beat-to-beat interval (RR), the square root of variance of RR intervals (SDNN), and square root of the mean squared differences of successive RR intervals (RMSSD) were assessed. The studied parameters of frequency domain were, low frequency measured in normalized units (LF nu), high frequency measured in normalized units (HF nu), and LF/HF ratio. Glucose, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sodium and cortisol concentrations in plasma were determined. The ECG data revealed that during the first month of life, no differences were observed in P, Q, S and T waves, in PR, QRS, and ST intervals and in axis orientation. There was a significant difference in R amplitude and duration in the QT interval. Among sexes, the difference was in the Q amplitude. In the fetal stage, an increase in low frequency (LF nu) and a decrease in high frequency (HF nu) and the SDNN index to birth was recorded, this reflects a shift toward dominance of the sympathetic nervous system. Cows in the transition period, the SDNN and the ratio LF / HF displayed a significant ...
Doutor
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Quevedo, Dario Alejandro Cedeño [UNESP]. "Análise eletrocardiográfica e da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca materna, fetal e neonatal em bovinos da raça holandesa variedade preto e branco." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/140225.
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000866036.pdf: 5142822 bytes, checksum: 96c25ee51aa1d598cd3170f024f468dc (MD5)O estresse pode interferir no bem-estar animal, assim como gerar alterações cardiovasculares, endócrinas e metabólicas em vacas e fetos durante no período de transição e na fase neonatal, conhecida como período de adaptação, fase de mudanças necessárias para adaptar-se à vida extrauterina. Por conseguinte, o estúdio foi desenhado para descrever o comportamento dos parâmetros eletrocardiográficos (ECG), dos valores normais da frequência cardíaca (FC), dos índices de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) e a sua associação com os perfis endócrinos e bioquímicos da vaca prenhe da raça Holandesa variedade preto e branco, assim como do feto e do recém-nascido. Para o ECG, as avaliações foram realizadas no grupo de recém-nascidos separados por sexo, e no grupo das vacas, separadas por período pré-parto e pós-parto. No domínio do tempo, mediu-se, a frequência cardíaca (FC), intervalo entre batimentos (RR), desvio-padrão da média de todos os intervalos RR normais (SDNN), raiz quadrada da média do quadrado das diferenças entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes (RMSSD). No domínio da frequência (por análise FFT) calculou-se a potência normalizada da banda LF (LF normal) e da banda de HF (HF normal), bem como o quociente LF / HF. Foram analisados glicose, magnésio, fósforo, cálcio, sódio e cortisol. Os dados de ECG revelaram que, durante o primeiro mês de vida, não houve diferença nas ondas P, Q, S e T, em intervalos PR, QRS, e ST e na orientação do eixo. Houve uma diferença significativa em amplitude e duração R no intervalo QT. Entre os sexos, a diferença estava na amplitude Q. Foram registrados no estágio fetal, aumento da baixa frequência (LF nu), diminuição da alta frequência (HF nu) bem como no índice SDNN até o nascimento, o que reflete mudança em direção à predominância do sistema nervoso simpático. Em vacas, os índices SDNN e LF/HF...
Stress can interfere with animal welfare, as well as generate cardiovascular, endocrine and metabolic disorders in cows and fetuses during the transition period and neonatal phase, known as adjustment period, phase changes necessary to adapt to extrauterine life. Therefore, the study was design to describe the electrocardiographic parameters (ECG), the normal range of heart rate (HR), the indices of heart rate variability (HRV) and the association with endocrine and biochemical profiles of Holstein pregnant cow, her fetus and neonate. The study was designed to evaluate the physiological changes during the adaptation period and in cows during the transition period between three weeks before and after delivery. The evaluations were done into the group of neonates between female and male and in pre and post-delivery cows for ECG. In time domain, heart rate (HR), beat-to-beat interval (RR), the square root of variance of RR intervals (SDNN), and square root of the mean squared differences of successive RR intervals (RMSSD) were assessed. The studied parameters of frequency domain were, low frequency measured in normalized units (LF nu), high frequency measured in normalized units (HF nu), and LF/HF ratio. Glucose, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sodium and cortisol concentrations in plasma were determined. The ECG data revealed that during the first month of life, no differences were observed in P, Q, S and T waves, in PR, QRS, and ST intervals and in axis orientation. There was a significant difference in R amplitude and duration in the QT interval. Among sexes, the difference was in the Q amplitude. In the fetal stage, an increase in low frequency (LF nu) and a decrease in high frequency (HF nu) and the SDNN index to birth was recorded, this reflects a shift toward dominance of the sympathetic nervous system. Cows in the transition period, the SDNN and the ratio LF / HF displayed a significant ...
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Rosa, Fabiane Quevedo da. "Consumo e disgestibilidade de pastagem nativa do bioma pampa e inclusões de azevém." Universidade Federal do Pampa, 2016. http://dspace.unipampa.edu.br:8080/xmlui/handle/riu/541.
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Com o objetivo de avaliar a proteína bruta fecal como indicador de consumo e digestibilidade de bovinos alimentados com pastagem nativa situada no Bioma Pampa e inclusões de azevém e avaliar a qualidade nutricional dessas pastagens foram realizados dois experimentos em gaiolas de metabolismo. No experimento I, os animais recebiam diferentes níveis de oferta de pastagem nativa onde os tratamentos consistiam em níveis de1,5 e 2,25% do peso vivo de matéria seca e um nível ad libitum, com pelo menos 20% de sobras diárias onde foram realizados seis períodos experimentais, O experimento II consistia em diferentes níveis de inclusão de azevém na dieta de bovinos alimentados com campo nativo, os tratamentos eram 33%, 66% e 100% de azevém em substituição ao campo nativo, em dois períodos experimentias. Os experimentos foram realizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 3 tratamentos e 2 repetições por tratamento em cada período. Os períodos experimentais consistiram de 10 dias de adaptação e 5 dias de coletas, durante o período de coletas foram amostradas as sobras do cocho, a forragem ofertada e ainda a produção total de fezes a cada 24 horas. Realizou-se as medidas de produção fecal, concentração de componentes fecais, consumo de nutrientes e digestibilidade dos componentes da dieta. No capítulo I foram traçadas relações entre digestibilidade e a concentração da proteína bruta fecal (PBf), sendo testados dois modelos não lineares, o exponencial e o hiperbólico gerando as equações de digestibilidade da matéria orgânica(DMO) = 0,709-9,506* exp(-0,041*PBf) com R2 0,61 e DMO = 0,942-38,619/PBf (R2 0,62), respectivamente. A relação de consumo de matéria orgânica (CMO) com a quantidade de PBf, possui comportamento linear, foi então realizada a análise de stepwise para saber quais outras variávies poderiam explicar melhor o modelo junto com a PBf gerando uma equação CMO = -6724,30 + 39*PBf + 2,55*FDNf + 11591,44*DMO com R2 0,95. Determinou-se a relação da proteína bruta (PB) da dieta (g/kg MO) x PBfecal (g/kg MO), PB dieta = 1,346x - 47,63 R² = 0,931 (modelo linear). No capítulo II, foram testados dois modelos para todas as relações traçadas no experimento II, um modelo linear e um modelo quadrático, as relações foram consumo de matéria orgânica (CMO (g/UTM)) x digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro (DFDN), DMO x CMO (g/UTM), DMO x CMO (g/dia), consumo de folhas (g/UTM) x DMO e CMO (g/UTM) x relação proteína/energia. As relações que não foram estatisticamente significativas para nenhum modelo foram CMO (g/UTM) x relação proteína/energia e consumo de folhas (g/UTM) x DMO. Após essas relações, verificou-se que a PBf tem um bom potencial para a estimativa de consumo e a digestibilidade por bovinos alimentados com pastagens nativas ou associadas a forragem cultivada como o azevém anual, mas estes parâmetros também são afetados por diferentes variáveis.
In order to evaluate the fecal crude protein as intake and digestibility marker of cattle fed with natural pasture from Pampa Biome and annual ryegrass inclusions and evaluate the nutritional quality of these pastures it was conducted two experiments in metabolic cages. In the first experiment, the animals received different native pasture offer levels where treatments consisted of 1.5 and 2.25% of the live weight of dry matter and ad libitum with at least 20% of daily leftovers which were carried out six experimental periods. The second experiment consisted of annual ryegrass inclusion levels in the diet of cattle fed with natural pasture, the treatments were 33%, 66% and 100% of ryegrass to replace the native pasture in two experimental periods. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 2 replicates per treatment in each period. The experimental period consisted of 10 days of adaptation and 5 days of collection during the period of the trough collects the forage offered have been sampled, the leftovers and also the total fecal production in each 24 hours. It was measured the fecal productions, concentration of faecal components, nutrient intake and digestibility of diet components. In the Chapter I were study the relationship between digestibility and fecal concentration of crude protein (CPf), being tested exponential and hyperbolic equations generating the digestibility of organic matter (OMD) = 0.709 - 9.506 * exp (- 0.041 * CPf) with R2 = 0.61 and OMD =0.942 - 38.619 / CPf (R2 0.62), respectively. The ratio of organic matter intake (OMI) with the amount of CPf, has a linear relation, it was then carried out stepwise analysis to find out what other variables could explain better the model along with the CPf generating a equation OMI = -6724.30 + 0,998 * CPf + 2.55 * NDFf + 11591.44 * OMD with R2= 0.95. It was determined the ratio of crude protein (CP) of the diet (g/kg of OM) x CPf (g/kg of OM), CPdiet = 1,346*CPf - 47.63 R² = 0.931 (linear model). In the Chapter II were tested two models for all relationships outlined in experiment II, a linear model and a quadratic model, relations were organic matter intake (OMI) x digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (DNDF), OMD x OMI, leaves intake x OMD and OMI x protein/energy ratio. The relationships that were not statistically significant for either model were OMI x protein/energy and leaves intake x OMD. After these relationships, it was found that the CPf has a good potential to estimate intake and digestibility in cattle fed native pastures or associated with annual ryegrass, but these parameters are also affected by different variables.
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Machado, Marcelo Grossi. "Impacts of diet inversion on voluntary intake, digesta and fecal composition, and bacterial community composition in rumen of cattle fed tropical forage-based diets." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/7310.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Objetivou-se avaliar o impacto da inversão de dietas sobre o consumo voluntário, composição das fezes e digesta ruminal, fermentação ruminal e estrutura da microbiota ruminal de bovinos alimentados com dietas baseadas em forragens tropicais e estabelecer a duração mínima do período de adaptação que poderia ser aplicado em protocolos de experimentos conduzidos em delineamentos em crossover e changeover. Doze bovinos mestiços Europeu × Zebu fistulados no rúmen foram utilizados no experimento (quatro animais jovens não-castrados, quatro animais castrados e quatro novilhas). O experimento teve a duração total de 60 dias e duas inversões de dietas foram realizadas no 21o e 41o dias. Quatro sequências de dietas foram avaliadas: cana-se-açúcar-silagem de milho-cana-de- açúcar, silagem de milho-cana-de-açúcar-silagem de milho, baixo concentrado-alto concentrado-baixo concentrado e alto concentrado-baixo concentrado-alto concentrado. Todas as dietas foram ajustadas com ureia para apresentarem 110 g de proteína bruta por kg de matéria seca. Quatro grupos de variáveis foram avaliados ao longo do experimento: características do consumo voluntário, excreção e composição fecal, composição da digesta ruminal e perfil de fermentação ruminal. O comportamento dos grupos ao longo do tempo foi interpretado por um procedimento de agrupamento não-hierárquico. A diversidade das populações bacterianas da fase líquida da digesta ruminal foram avaliadas por PCR-DGGE somente nos animais jovens não castrados entre 6 dias antes e 20 dias após a segunda inversão de dietas. Variações na estrutura da comunidade bacteriana foram avaliadas por intermédio de procedimento de agrupamento utilizando-se o método de pares de grupos não-ponderados com média aritmética. A estabilização do consumo voluntário, digesta ruminal, excreção e composição fecal e fermentação ruminal ocorreu entre 9 e 13, 9 e 14, 6 e 13, e 4 e 11 dias após a inversão de dietas, respectivamente. A comunidade bacteriana na fase líquida estabilizou entre 3 e 9 dias após a inversão das dietas. O tempo máximo requerido para adaptação entre todas as características deve ser escolhido para assegurar-se a utilização de protocolo experimental robusto. Assim, a partir dos resultados do presente trabalho, entre todos os tempos necessários para a adaptação do consumo, excreção fecal, composição e perfil de fermentação ruminal e microbiota ruminal, períodos de adaptação de 14 dias são recomendados para experimentos em changeover e crossover com bovinos alimentados com dietas baseadas em forragens tropicais.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the diet inversion on voluntary intake, ruminal digesta and feces composition, ruminal fermentation, and bacterial community composition in cattle fed tropical forage-based diest and to establish the minimal length of the adaptation period that could be applied to changeover or crossover design protocols. Twelve rumen-cannulated crossbreed (B. taurus × B. indicus) bovines were used in this experiment (four young bulls, four steers, and four heifers). The experiment lasted 60 d and two diet inversions were done at d 21 and d 41. Four diet sequences were evaluated (one animal of each category per sequence): sugarcane-corn silage-sugarcane, corn silage-sugarcane-corn silage, high-low-high concentrate diets, and low-high-low concentrate diets. All diets were adjusted to 110 g crude protein per kg of dry matter by using urea. Four group of variables were evaluated along experimental days: voluntary intake characteristics, fecal excretion and composition, ruminal digesta compostion, and ruminal fermentation profile. The pattern of the groups along time was interpreted through a non-hierarchical clustering procedure. The diversity of the liquid-associated rumen bacterial community was evaluated by PCR-DGGE in the young bulls from 6 days before to 20 days after the second diet inversion. The pattern of microbial diversity was evaluated through a clustering procedure using the unweight pair group method with arithmetic mean. Stabilization of the voluntary intake, ruminal digesta, fecal excretion and composition, and rumen fermentation profile was achieved within 9-13, 9- 14, 6-13, and 4-11 days after diet inversion, respectively. The bacterial community in the liquid phase stabilized within 3-9 days after diet inversion. The maximum required adaptation period among all characteristics must be chosen to assure the utilization of a robust experimental protocol. From the results of this experiment, among all obtained times to adapt intake, fecal and digesta composition, and ruminal fermentation and microbial diversity, a 14- days adaptation period is recommended for changeover and crossover experiments with cattle fed tropical forage-based diets.
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Paddock, Zachary Dean. "Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in cattle: factors affecting fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 and detection methods of non-O157 STEC." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15732.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
T. G. Nagaraja
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and over 380 non-O157 serotypes of Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) are human food-borne pathogens that inhabit the hindgut of ruminants and are shed in the feces, which subsequently contaminate food products. Recent epidemiological data have shown that six non-O157 STEC (O26, O103, O111, O121, O45 and O145) account for majority of human STEC infections. Fecal shedding of STEC is influenced by a number of factors, including diets, supplements, and feed additives, because of their potential to alter hindgut ecosystem. Not much is known about the fecal shedding of non-O157 STEC in cattle because of lack of standardized detection methods. Fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 was studied to determine the effects of supplemental urea, monensin, an ionophore, and ractopamine, a beta-agonist. Cattle fed monensin at 44 mg/kg of feed had lower (P = 0.05) fecal O157:H7 prevalence than cattle fed 33 mg/kg. Supplemental urea (0.35 or 0.70% of the diet) and inclusion of ractopamine at 200 mg/animal/day had no effect on fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7. In an experimental inoculation study, inclusion of corn starch to a distiller’s grains (DG)-supplemented diet had no effect on fecal shedding of E. coli O157 suggesting that either the decreased starch content in the DG-supplemented diet is not a factor in the increased shedding of E. coli O157:H7 or inclusion of pure starch in the diet may not have achieved our intended goal to have starch flow into the hindgut similar to that of corn grain. A multiplex PCR to detect O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 was designed and applicability to detect the seven serogroups in cattle feces was evaluated. A multiplex PCR, designed to detect E. coli O104, feces showed presence of O104 in cattle feces (20.6%), but the isolated strains did not carry genes characteristic of the virulent strain responsible for the 2011 food-borne outbreak in Germany. Two preharvest interventions, a siderophore receptor and porin proteins-based vaccine and a Lactobacillus acidophilus-based direct-fed microbial, intended to control E. coli O157, had no effect on fecal shedding of O26 assessed by culture-based or PCR-based method.
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Castilho, Anthony César de Souza. "Expressão do fator de crescimento fibroblástico 10 (FGF-10) em folículos pré-antrais e antrais jovens durante o desenvolvimento ovariano em fetos bovinos /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91673.
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Orientador: José Buratini JuniorBanca: José Ricardo Figueiredo
Banca: José Antonio Visintin
Resumo: O desenvolvimento folicular pré-antral é controlado predominantemente por peptídeos intraovarianos, incluindo os FGFs. O FGF-10 participa de interações parácrinas entre células mesenquimais e epiteliais, regulando a proliferação e diferenciação celular e também tem sido detectado em folículos pré-antrais. No entanto, a expressão do FGF- 10 durante o desenvolvimento ovariano fetal e a possível associação com a dinâmica folicular ainda não haviam sido investigados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o padrão da expressão do FGF-10 durante o desenvolvimento ovariano fetal ao longo da gestação. Trinta fetos bovinos (predominantemente Bos indicus) foram obtidos em matadouro e divididos em seis grupos (n=5) de acordo com a idade gestacional, estimada pelo comprimento entre o topo da cabeça e o início da cauda (grupos: 60, 75, 90, 120, 150 e 210 dias de gestação)...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Preantral follicular development is controlled predominantly by intraovarian peptides including FGFs. FGF-10 participates in paracrine interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells, regulating cellular differentiation and proliferation, and has already been detected in preantral follicles. The expression of FGF-10 during fetal ovary development and the possible association with formation of preantral follicles in the fetal ovary has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression pattern of FGF-10 during fetal ovarian development along gestation. Thirty bovine fetuses (predominantly Bos indicus) were obtained at a local abattoir, and divided into six groups (n=5) according to the crown-rump length as an estimative of age (groups: 60, 75, 90, 120, 150 e 210 days of gestation)...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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McLean, Kyle. "The Impacts of Maternal Nutritional Plane on the Expression of Endogenous Retroviral Gene Elements, Pregnancy Hormones, and Placental Vascularity Factors During the Establishment of Pregnancy and Fetal Development in Beef Cattle." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/25827.
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Video summarizing Ph.D. dissertation for a non-specialist audience.North Dakota SBARE
USDA Seed Grant (USDA-NIFA-AFRI-GRANT11890931)
Animal Science
Animal Sciences
College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources
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Nunez, Amoracyr José Costa. "Uso combinado de ionóforo e virginiamicina em novilhos Nelore confinados com dietas de alto concentrado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-13102008-104631/.
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Dietas com alto teor de amido podem causar distúrbios metabólicos como acidose ruminal e abscessos hepáticos em bovinos. No entanto, o mais comum é observar desempenhos inconsistentes, particularmente em zebuínos. Aditivos como ionóforos e virginiamicina isoladamente foram bastante estudados e os resultados são consistentes em demonstrar melhora no desempenho e alteração da fermentação ruminal com redução de distúrbios metabólicos. A virginiamicina também apresenta melhora no desempenho em monogástricos. Estudos recentes sugerem que a virginiamicina apresenta efeito aditivo ao do ionóforo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da combinação de virginiamicina e ionóforo sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça, amido e pH fecais e incidência de abscessos hepáticos em bovinos Nelore alimentados com dietas de alto concentrado. 72 novilhos Nelore, castrados, com peso inicial de 278,9 kg, foram confinados em baias individuais por 61 dias após 15 dias de adaptação, recebendo dietas com dois níveis de concentrado (73 e 91%) e dois níveis de virginiamicina (0 e 15 mg/kg MS) em um esquema fatorial 2x2. Todas as dietas continham salinomicina (13 mg/kg MS). O consumo de matéria seca foi maior (P<0,01) para o tratamento com 91% de concentrado, tanto em kg/dia (8,96 vs. 7,79) como em porcentagem de peso vivo (2,07 vs. 1,83), assim como o consumo de energia metabolizável (26,20 vs. 19,86 Mcal/dia; P<0,01) e o ganho de peso (1,79 vs. 1,43 kg/dia; P<0,01). A eficiência alimentar apresentou tendência de aumento para o tratamento com mais concentrado (202,67 vs. 185,91 g/kg; P=0,08), no entanto, não houve diferença para eficiência de utilização de energia metabolizável (P=0,29), e teores de energia líquida para mantença (P=0,38) e ganho (P=0,38) das dietas. O consumo de matéria seca foi menor para o tratamento com virginiamicina, tanto em kg/dia (7,98 vs. 8,76; P<0,01) como em porcentagem de peso vivo (1,88 vs. 2,01; P=0,01), assim como o consumo de energia metabolizável (21,97 vs. 24,09 Mcal/dia; P<0,01). No entanto, o ganho de peso diário não diferiu entre os tratamentos (P=0,66). Os animais tratados com virginiamicina apresentaram maior eficiência alimentar (206,00 vs. 182,58 g/kg; P=0,02), maior eficiência de utilização da energia metabolizável (75,05 vs. 67,47 g/Mcal; P<0,05), maior teor de energia líquida para mantença (2,25 vs. 2,08 Mcal/kg MS; P=0,01) e para ganho (1,56 vs. 1,41 Mcal/kg MS; P=0,01). Animais tratados com mais concentrado apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça (55,3 vs. 54,4%; P=0,02) e maior peso de gordura perirrenal e pélvica (8,06 vs. 7,15 kg; P=0,04). A inclusão de virginiamicina não afetou as características de carcaça. Não foram observados abscessos no fígado de nenhum dos animais. O teor de amido fecal foi maior (P<0,01) para o tratamento com 91% de concentrado (19,27 vs. 13,95%), mas não diferiu (P=0,40) em função dos níveis de virginiamicina. O uso combinado de ionóforo e virginiamicina melhorou a eficiência do uso de dietas de alto concentrado e alto amido para bovinos Nelore.Zebu cattle fed high concentrate diets may present metabolic disorders, such as ruminal acidosis and liver abscesses. Also these animals display inconsistent performances in high starch diets. The use of feed additives such as ionophores and virginiamycin has been thoroughly investigated and the results are very consistent, with improvements in performance, changing ruminal fermentation and reducing the incidence of metabolic disorders. Virginiamycin has also consistent positive effects on performance in swine and poultry animals. Recent studies have suggested that virginiamycin and ionophore may have an additive effect. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of virginiamycin and ionophore in combination on performance, carcass traits, fecal starch, fecal pH and liver abscess incidence in Nellore cattle fed high concentrate diets. 72 castrated Nellore steers, with initial body weight of 278.9 kg, were fed in individual pens for 61 days after a 15 day adaptation period. Diets had two concentrate levels (73 and 91%) and two virginiamycin levels (0 and 15 mg/kg DM) in a 2x2 factorial. All diets had the ionophore salinomycin (13 mg/kg DM). Dry matter intake was higher (P<0.01) for the 91% concentrate treatment, in kg/day (8.96 vs. 7.79) and as percentage of body weight (2.07 vs. 1.83), as well as metabolizable energy intake (26.2 vs. 19.9 Mcal/day; P<0.01). Body weight gain (1.79 vs. 1.43 kg/day; P<0.01) was also higher. There was a trend for increased feed efficiency in the 91% concentrate treatment (202.7 vs. 185.9 g/kg; P=0.08), while no differences were observed for efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization (P=0.29) or dietary net energy content for maintenance (P=0.38) and gain (P=0.38). Dry matter intake was lower for the virginiamycin treatment, in kg/day (7.98 vs. 8.76; P<0.01) and as percentage of body weight (1.88 vs. 2.01; P=0.01), as well as metabolizable energy intake (22.0 vs. 24.1 Mcal/day; P <0.01). However, daily gain did not differ between treatments (P=0.66). Virginiamycin fed animals showed increased feed efficiency (206.0 vs. 182.6 g/kg; P=0.02), efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization (75.05 vs. 67.47 g/Mcal; P<0.05), and dietary net energy content for maintenance (2.25 vs. 2.08 Mcal/kg DM; P=0.01) and gain (1.56 vs. 1.41 Mcal/kg DM; P=0.01). Animals fed 91% concentrate diet had higher dressing percentages (55.25 vs. 54.42%; P=0.02) and heavier kidney and pelvic fat (8.06 vs. 7.15 kg; P=0.04). Virginiamycin levels did not affect carcass traits. Liver abscesses were not observed in these 3 year old animals. Fecal starch content was higher (P<0.01) for the 91% concentrate treatment (19.27 vs. 13.95%), but did not change (P=0.40) due to virginiamycin. These results suggest that the combined use of ionophore and virginiamycin is an efficient tool in high concentrate and high starch diets for Nellore cattle.
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Massot, Méril. "Etude de la dynamique temporelle du microbiote digestif des bovins domestiques pour la compréhension du potage de clones d'Escherichia coli pathogènes et résistants aux antibiotiques." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC328.
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CLes usages antibiotiques chez les bovins domestiques combinés à l’immense diversité et plasticité génomique de l’espèce Escherichia coli multiplient les contextes favorables à l’émergence au sein du microbiote digestif bovin de souches productrices de toxines de Shiga (STEC) et de souches résistantes aux antibiotiques. Cependant, la grande variété des systèmes d’élevage complique notre compréhension du risque sanitaire global que ces populations bactériennes représentent. Dans ce travail, nous avons eu recours à deux modèles bovins pour comprendre le contexte écologique et génomique de la dynamique de portage fécal des STEC et des souches d’E. coli résistantes aux antibiotiques au sein de leur réservoir. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux populations commensales d’E. coli de vaches adultes en l’absence d’exposition antibiotique, dans une zone rurale au Zimbabwe, où l’impact des activités humaines sur le microbiote intestinal des bovins était aussi faible que possible. Nous avons mis en évidence des populations commensales d’E. coli multiclonales et spécifiques de leur hôte, avec un taux de rotation des clones dominants similaire entre les vaches et une taille de population stable sur une courte période de temps. Des STEC et des clones résistants aux antibiotiques ont été détectés de manière transitoire. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié le microbiote fécal de veaux de boucherie en élevage intensif dans des fermes d’engraissement en Bretagne. Dès leur plus jeune âge, ces veaux reçoivent par voie orale, et sur de longues périodes, des traitements antibiotiques polychimiques. Dans une première étude, nous avons mis en évidence une transformation de leur microbiote fécal, avec une augmentation de la diversité intra-veau au cours de l’engraissement et un phénomène de convergence accélérée lors du premier mois. Un effet des antibiotiques a été observé sur la diversité intra-veau mais était limité dans le temps, ce qui suggère une résilience forte du microbiote fécal aux antibiotiques. Chez ces veaux, la taille de la population d’E. coli était impactée par la dose de lactose et atteignait un maximum lors du deuxième mois de l’engraissement, avec une influence des antibiotiques sur sa dynamique temporelle. Dans une seconde étude, nous avons montré que les veaux étaient colonisés par divers clones d’E. coli producteurs de β-lactamases à spectre étendu (BLSE) et multi-résistants, dont la persistance du portage semblait liée à l’antibiothérapie au début de l’engraissement et à leur capacité de diffusion au sein d’une ferme.Les résultats de ces travaux montrent l’existence de plusieurs dynamiques des populations commensales bactériennes à différents niveaux de granularité. L’exposition prolongée aux antibiotiques des veaux de boucherie en début d’engraissement suivie d’une expansion de la niche écologique des E. coli commensaux a induit une colonisation massive et persistante de celle-ci par des clones producteurs de BLSE. Des clones STEC multi-résistants et producteurs de BLSE ont été retrouvés chez les veaux de boucherie. L’un de ces clones est un pathovar hybride émergeant, responsable de syndromes hémolytiques et urémiques associés à des septicémies chez l’hommeAntibiotic usages in cattle combined with the huge diversity and genomic plasticity of the Escherichia coli bacteria enhance the emergence of Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) and antibiotic resistant E. coli within bovine gut microbiota. The diversity of cattle farming complicates our global understanding of these significant public health burdens. In the present work, we focused on two cattle models to study the ecological and genomic contexts of STEC and E. coli resistant strains carriage dynamics. First, we investigated the temporal pattern of commensal E. coli populations in cows reared without antibiotic exposure, in a rural zone in Zimbabwe, in a short timeframe. In this area, impacts of human activities on bovine gut microbiota were limited. We showed that the structure of these E. coli populations was multiclonal and specific to their host, with a clonal turnover similar between cows. Population sizes were stable over time. STEC and antibiotic resistant E. coli were detected transiently. Second, we studied the dynamics of fecal microbiota of veal calves in intensive farming in Britain, France. From an early age, they received antibiotics orally and over long periods. In a first study, we showed that fecal microbiota underwent shifts with an increase of intra-calf diversity and convergent temporal dynamics in the first month. Antibiotics effect was observed on the intra-calf diversity, but was limited in time, suggesting a high resilience of fecal microbiota to antibiotics. In these calves, E. coli population size was impacted by the variations of lactose doses they received, with a maximum reached in the second month of fattening. Antibiotics also had a likely effect on E. coli population dynamics. In a second study, we showed that most of these calves were colonized by different extended spectrum β lactamases producing E. coli (ESBL E. coli). Their persistence was impacted by the use of antibiotics at the start of fattening and their abilities to diffuse within a farm. Taken together, these results show the existence of several dynamics at different levels of granularity of the fecal microbiota of cattle. Extended exposition to antibiotics at the start of fattening followed by expansion of the ecological niche of E. coli in veal calves induced a massive and persistent colonization of E. coli populations by ESBL-producing clones. Multiresistant and ESBL-producing STEC were found in veal calves. One of these clones was an emergent hybrid pathotype associated with uremic and hemolytic syndrome and septicemia in humans
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Hays, Terry D. "Fecal thiaminase in feedlot cattle." 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/22296.
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Murty, Lia D. "Correlation of fecal ergovaline, lolitrem B, and their metabolites in steers fed endophyte infected perennial ryegrass straw." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/36168.
Full textAbstract:
Perennial ryegrass (PRG, Lolium perenne) is a hardy cool-season grass that is infected with the endophytic fungus Neotyphodium lolii, which enables the plant to be insect repellant and drought resistant, lowering the use of insecticides and fertilizers. However, this fungus produces the compound lolitrem B (LB, m/z 686.4) which causes the tremorgenic neurotoxicity syndrome 'ryegrass staggers' in livestock consuming forage which contains <2000 ppb LB. Ergovaline (EV, m/z 534) is a vasoconstrictor normally associated with tall fescue (Festuca arudinacea), but has also been found in endophyte-infected PRG. Past research has shown a strong linear correlation between levels of LB and EV in PRG. The purpose of this study was to examine the linear relationship between EV and LB in feces and determine common metabolites. To accomplish this, four groups of steers (n=6/group) consumed endophyte- infected PRG over 70 days consumed the following averages of LB and EV: group I 2254ppb LB/633 ppb EV; group II 1554ppb LB/ 373ppb EV, group III 1011ppb LB/259ppb EV, and group IV 246ppb LB/<100ppb EV. Group I in week 4 was inadvertently given a washout period at which time the steers consumed the amount of LB and EV given to group IV (control). Both feed and feces samples were extracted using difference solid phase extraction methods and quantified by
HPLC-fluorescence for LB and EV. Concentrations of EV and LB obtained through HPLC-fluorescence in both PRG and feces showed a linear relationship. Additional screening for metabolites was conducted LC-MS/MS and showed possible oxidation and reduction metabolites for both toxins.Graduation date: 2013
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(8581524), Griffin T. Nicholls. "EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING ALGAE TO BREEDING AND EARLY GESTATION NULLIPAROUS HEIFERS ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION." Thesis, 2020.
Find full textAbstract:
Fat supplementation has potential to improve reproductive performance and increase pregnancy rates in cattle by increasing the energy density of the diet. However, some of the positive effects of fat seem to be influenced by the type of fatty acid fed. Supplementation of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids increase uptake of n-3 fatty acids into tissue phospholipids and can mitigate immune and inflammatory responses in favor of pregnancy maintenance in cattle. However, n-3 fatty acid supplementation in ruminants has been associated with a decrease in circulating PGF2α, which may delay CL regression, extend an animal’s time in diestrus, and prevent ovulation. Prostaglandin F2α is a series 2 prostaglandin, synthesized from omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids, which is inhibited by production of series 3 prostaglandins from n-3 fatty acids. Docosohexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) are long-chain n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that have important biological effects on reproduction through their involvement in hormone and series 3 prostaglandin synthesis. Ruminant tissues are naturally almost devoid of n-3 long-chain PUFA, specifically EPA and DHA. Fish oil is the most common ration additive used to provide very long chain n-3 fatty acids to ruminants. However, marine fish do not synthesize n-3 fatty acids; they consume microscopic algae or other algae-consuming fish to obtain n-3 fatty acids. Algae biomass provides a consistent source of DHA and EPA that could be fed to alter hormonal profiles and improve reproduction of beef heifers. Eighty-eight Angus × Simmental heifers (427 ± 1.8 kg) were blocked by BW and allotted to 2 treatments (44/treatment, 4 pens/treatment, 11 heifers/pen). Control heifers were fed a diet that contained (DM basis) 52.8% mixed grass silage, 32% corn silage, and 15.2% concentrate. DHAgold™ (49% fat; 21.8% DHA; DSM Inc.) was included in the algae diet at 1.65% of DM, replacing equal parts of corn and DDGS. Diets were formulated to contain 12% CP and 0.79 Mcal/kg NEg. Heifers were fed treatment diets from 54 d prior to the breeding season through the first trimester. Follicular fluid was collected on day 47 for hormonal analysis. Artificial insemination (AI) was from d 55 to 98, after which open heifers were removed to 1 control and 1 algae pen and placed with a bull. The study ended on d 180. Performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure and conception data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Dominant follicle diameter and follicular estrogen concentration were unaffected by treatment (P≥0.12). Follicular insulin-like growth factor-1 was greater in algae compared to control heifers (P=0.03). During the pre-breeding period, algae supplemented heifers had lesser DMI (P=0.006), and greater ADG (P=0.03) during the breeding period, while BW tended to be greater compared to control heifers on d 98 and 180 (P≤0.07). First service conception rate did not differ between treatments (P=0.67); however, second service tended (P=0.08) and overall conception was (P=0.03) lesser in algae compared to control heifers. These data suggest supplementing DHA-rich algae improved growth, but decreased conception rates of primiparous beef females.
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Siphugu, Steven Mbonalo. "The efficiency of ultrasonorgraphy in monitoring ovarian structures and foetal development in goats, sheep and cattle as verified through laparoscopy and laparotomy." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1148.
Full textAbstract:
MSCAGR (Animal Science)Department of Animal Science
The main purpose of this study was to assess the efficiency of ultrasonography in monitoring reproductive organs, pregnancy diagnosis, and foetal gender identification and to verify its reliability by laparoscopy and laparotomy, where applicable. Reproductive organs, pregnancy diagnosis and gender of the foetus were examined by A-mode ultrasound using 3.0 - 8.0 MHz trans-rectal transducer. A Sony Olympus Model laparoscope with a camera transducer was used to monitor the reproductive organs and pregnancy diagnosis. In monitoring the follicular dynamics, daily ultrasonography (ULTS) scanning was done for 17 days in sheep and for 21 days in both goats and cattle. Follicles of diameter ≥ 3 mm were selected for analysis of growth, ovulation and regression. For determining the efficiency of the techniques, laparoscopy (LAPSC) and laparotomy (LAPT) were used on days 3 and 10 of the goats and sheep oestrous cycle. The follicles were grouped into three categories according to their diameter as 3 - 4.9 mm, 5 - 7.9 mm and ≥ 8 mm, whereas the follicles of cattle were grouped as 3 - 4.9 mm, 5 - 9.9 mm and ≥ 10 mm. Early pregnancy diagnosis examinations were carried out from day 18 post insemination until pregnancy was confirmed. Foetal gender examinations were conducted from day 40 of pregnancy until the day the gender of the foetus was confirmed. Follicular development was accompanied by the occurrence of waves of follicular growth at different period of the oestrous cycle. The first follicular wave emerged on day 1.0 ± 0.4 in goats, 1.2 ± 0.4 in sheep and 2.2 ± 0.4 in cattle. The maximum diameter of the dominant follicles of observed follicular waves in goats was 7.3 ± 0.4 mm, 6.6 ± 0.2 mm, 7.3 ± 0.2 mm; in sheep was 6.4 ± 0.4 mm, 6.6 ± 0.4 mm and 6.7 ± 0.7 mm and in cattle was 13.1 ± 0.8 mm, 14.2 ± 0.6 mm and 15.7 ± 0.6 mm in wave 1, 2 and 3, respectively. However, the maximum size of the dominant follicle of the ovulatory wave in cattle was larger than the dominant follicles of both first and second waves, but in goats and sheep the dominant follicles were of similar size throughout the waves. In cattle, the ovulatory wave was shorter (p ˂ 0.05) than the duration of the first and second waves, while in sheep and goats were similar throughout the waves. In goats the total number of follicles counted in right and left ovaries under category 3 - 4.9 mm was lower with ULTS and LAPSC than with LAPT method (p ˂ 0.05). In sheep the mean number of follicles between 3 - 4.9 mm category in both right and left ovaries were different (p ˂ 0.05) between ULTS and LAPT. However, for categories 5 - 7.9 mm and ≥ 8 mm in both goats and sheep the mean numbers of follicles observed by all techniques were similar (p ˃ 0.05). In goats, pregnancy diagnosis accuracy improved from zero percent on day 18 to 100% on day 26 - 28, in sheep pregnancy diagnosis was 40% on day 18 and improved to 100% on day 20 - 22 vi of gestation. In cattle accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis was not possible at day 18 and gradually increased to 100% on day 30 - 32 of gestation. Out of 5 (100%) goat’s foetuses whose gender was determined, the diagnosis was correct in 100% (3/3) of the male foetuses and 100% (2/2) of the female foetuses. In sheep two foetuses were sexed as males while the other three were sexed as females and were both 100%. Out of 60% (3/5) of foetuses examined in cattle, 1 (100%) was identified as male and the remaining 2 (100%) were identified as females. The results obtained confirmed that the accuracy for foetal gender by ultrasonography was 100% in all foetuses observed. The current study demonstrated that trans-rectal ultrasonography examination is an efficient method for monitoring follicular dynamics, diagnosing pregnancy and foetal gender identification and that it is as reliable as laparoscopy and laparotomy where they were applied together.
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