Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fermentation ruminale'

Quattro diversi esperimenti sono stati eseguiti per investigare i fattori che influenzano la fermentazione ruminale delle diete altamente fermentescibili e per sviluppare un modello per studiare la permeabilità gastro-intestinale nei ruminanti. Nello studio 1, quattro ibridi di mais sono stati valutati per la digeribilità ruminale delle loro frazioni. I risultati suggeriscono che i genotipi e le fasi di maturità influenzano fortemente la digeribilità della sostanza secca e dell’amido nel rumine. Nello studio 2, i risultati della fermentazione in vitro di diversi zuccheri ha rivelato che il lattulosio può essere uno zucchero indicatore per studiare la permeabilità intestinale nei ruminanti, grazie alla sua bassa fermentescibilità ruminale. Nello studio 3, per la prima volta un modello di enteropatia indotta da indometacina è stato utilizzato per valutare nei ruminanti la permeabilità dell’intestino tenue attraverso il test del lattulosio. I risultati mostrano che il lattulosio è passato dall'intestino al sangue modificando alcuni parametri metabolici e dell'infiammazione. Nello studio 4, una acidosi acuta è stata indotta in pecore per testare la permeabilità gastro-intestinale con il test del lattulosio. I risultati hanno dimostrato che l'acidosi acuta compromette il funzionamento della barriera gastro-intestinale consentendo l'assorbimento e la traslocazione di LPS e altre sostanze nocive e incrementa l'infiammazione.
Four different experiments were performed for the better understanding of the factors that affect rumen fermentation of highly fermentable diets and to develop a model to study GI permeability in ruminants. In study 1, four corn hybrids recommended for corn silage were evaluated for ruminal starch digestibility of their grain fractions. Results suggest that the genotypes and maturity stages greatly influenced the DM and starch digestibility in rumen. In study 2, the results of the in vitro rumen fermentation of different naturally occurring and synthetic sugars revealed that lactulose can be a good probe sugar to study GI tract permeability in ruminants due to its low and slow fermentation rate in rumen. In study 3, for the first time an indomethacin-induced enteropathy model was used in ruminants to assess small intestinal permeability by the lactulose test. The results established that lactulose passed from the intestine to blood with perturbation of some metabolic parameters and inflammation. In study 4, acute acidosis was induced in sheep to test GI permeability during acidosis condition by lactulose test. The results demonstrated that acute acidosis impair the GI barrier function which allow absorption and translocation of LPS and other harmful substances and increase inflammation.

En zone tropicale, la production de lait et de viande par les ruminants est limitée par une faible disponibilité et une qualité médiocre des fourrages. A ces contraintes alimentaires s’ajoute l’impact environnemental lié en particulier aux émissions de méthane entérique par les ruminants. L’objectif de cette thèse était de comparer la production de méthane en milieu tempéré et en milieu tropical, puis de valoriser des fourrages tropicaux connus pour leur richesse en tanins dont les propriétés anti-méthanogènes sont reconnues, et qui peuvent réduire l’impact environnemental sans compromettre la productivité animale. Cette thèse comporte trois expérimentations distinctes. La première consistait en une étude in vivo visant à déterminer si les différences de digestibilité, de production de méthane, de fermentation et d’écosystème microbien du rumen observées entre les zones tempérées et tropicales proviennent de l’environnement (site d’expérimentation en milieu tempéré ou tropical), du fourrage (produit en zone tempérée ou tropicale), ou du génotype ovin (race de zone tempérée ou tropicale). Les résultats ont montré que les différences sont liées en priorité à la nature du fourrage, et sont influencées par les interactions entre génotype, caractéristiques du fourrage et environnement. La seconde expérience consistait à étudier l’effet de plantes riches en tanins condensés (feuilles de Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Manihot esculenta) sur la production de méthane, l’ingestion et la digestibilité de la ration, les fermentations et l’écosystème microbien du rumen. Un essai in vivo a montré que l’incorporation de ces plantes à raison de 40% du régime d’ovins sous forme de granulés permettait de réduire le méthane entérique sans effets indésirables sur la digestibilité et la fermentation ruminale. Un essai in vitro a montré que le principal facteur de la réponse a été la dose de tanins condensés plutôt que la source. La troisième expérience consistait en l’étude in situ et in vitro du pouvoir anti-méthanogène et de la dégradation dans le rumen de plantes riches en tanins hydrolysables (feuilles et gousses d’Acacia nilotica) ou en tanins condensés (feuilles de Calliandra calothyrsus, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Manihot esculenta, Musa spp). Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que les tanins hydrolysables conviennent mieux à la réduction des émissions de méthane que les tanins condensés car ils inhibent fortement la production de méthane sans effets négatifs marqués sur la fermentation ruminale. Les effets des tanins sur la production de méthane et la fermentation dans le rumen ont été en partie expliqués par le devenir des différentes fractions des tanins (libres, associés aux protéines ou aux fibres) dans le rumen. L’association de plantes riches en tanins hydrolysables et en tanins condensés ne parvient pas à dégager de possibles synergies entre ces de types de molécules. Ce travail a permis de montrer qu’il était possible de réduire les émissions de méthane entérique par les ruminants en milieu tropical par la consommation de fourrages riches en tanins hydrolysables sans compromettre les processus digestifs dans le rumen ; la diminution de la méthanogenèse avec les tanins condensés présente plus de risque de réduire les fermentations
In tropical areas, dairy and meat production from ruminants is limited by low availability and poor quality of forages. In addition to this dietary constraint, the emission of enteric methane under these less productive conditions is proportionally larger than under temperate conditions. The aim of this work is i) to compare enteric methane production in tropical and temperate environments, and ii) to promote tropical forages rich in hydrolysable or condensed tannins having anti-methanogenic properties that could reduce the environmental impact without compromising animal productivity. This work includes three separate studies. The first one was an in vivo study aiming to determine the origin of the differences of digestibility, methane production, ruminal fermentation and microbial ecosystem between tropical and temperate countries using as variables: the site of the experiment (tropics or temperate area), the type of forage (grown in the tropics or in temperate areas); and the animal genotype (tropical or temperate). Results showed that differences are mainly due to forages, but with interactions between nature of forages, environment and genotype. The objective of the second study was to determine the effect of plants rich in condensed tannins (leaves of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Manihot esculenta) on methane production, intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and microbial ecosystem. An in vivo trial demonstrated that the inclusion of 40% of these plants as pellets in sheep diet reduced enteric methane without compromising the nutritive value of the diet. An in vitro trial showed that the response to tannins was more due to tannin concentration than to the plant species. In the third study, plants rich in hydrolysable tannins (leaves and pods of Acacia nilotica) or in condensed tannins (leaves of Calliandra calothyrsus, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Manihot esculenta, Musa spp) were studied for their anti-methanogenic properties and their ruminal degradation in an in situ and an in vitro trial. Results suggest that hydrolysable tannins are more suitable than condensed tannins for mitigating methane emission because of a strong reduction in methane production without negatively affecting ruminal fermentation. These results have been partly explained by the fate of the different fractions of condensed tannins (free, protein-bound and fibre-bound) in the rumen. The association of plants rich in hydrolysable tannins with plants rich in condensed tannins failed to produce synergistic effects on methane mitigation. This work showed that enteric methane production by ruminants could be reduced in tropical areas by the inclusion of hydrolysable tannins without compromising digestive processes in the rumen; methane mitigation with condensed tannins may result in a reduction of the extent of fermentation

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de um preparado de anticorpos policlonais (PAP) contra bactérias ruminais específicas, Streptococcus bovis e Fusobacterium necrophorum, em parâmetros ruminais da fermentação, em vacas canuladas, adaptadas ou não a uma dieta de alta proporção de carboidratos prontamente fermentescíveis, após indução à acidose. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 3X3 replicado em arranjo fatorial de tratamentos 3X2, sendo 2 aditivos alimentares (PAP na apresentação em pó - PAPP e PAP na apresentação líquida - PAPL) mais um grupo controle (CON) e dois manejos de adaptação à dieta, resultando em seis tratamentos. O primeiro quadrado latino foi submetido a um protocolo de adaptação à dieta do tipo gradual ou step-up: dos dias D0 a D4 os animais receberam 100% de forragem; do D5 ao D9, 30% de concentrados e do D10 ao D14, 60% de concentrados. O segundo quadrado latino recebeu 100% de forragem do D0 ao D14 (sem adaptação). Nos D15 e D16, todos os animais receberam dieta com 80% de concentrados. Para as análises foram coletadas amostras de líquido ruminal a cada 3 horas a partir da 0h antes da alimentação até as 36h (D15 e D16) durante o desafio com uma dieta de 80% de concentrados. Os dados foram analisados pelo procedimento Mixed do SAS com nível de significância de 0,05. Foi observada interação entre tempo e adaptação (P<0,05) para pH ruminal com diferença entre método de adaptação nas 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 36 horas pós alimentação, quando o grupo não adaptado teve valores maiores que o grupo adaptado, sendo que na hora 24 ocorreu o contrário. Para a concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), nas horas 0, 3, 6, 9 e 36 pós alimentação o grupo adaptado obteve maiores valores comparado ao grupo não adaptado. Para proporção molar de acetato, a 0 hora o grupo sem adaptação obteve valores maiores comparado ao grupo adaptado. Já nas horas 24, 27 e 30 o grupo com adaptação que obteve maiores valores. Para a proporção molar de propionato o grupo sem adaptação teve valores mais altos em comparação ao outro grupo das 3 às 36 horas pós alimentação. Quanto à proporção acetato:propionato (Ac:Pr) às 6, 12, 24, 27, 30 e 36 horas pós alimentação, o grupo de animais adaptados teve valores mais altos que o grupo não adaptado. Na proporção molar de butirato, o grupo de animais adaptados obteve maiores valores nas horas 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 33 e 36. Para os valores de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3), às 6 horas pós alimentação, o grupo não adaptado obteve maiores valores que o grupo adaptado (26,1 vs. 19,3, respectivamente). Nas horas 9, 30, 33 e 36 ocorreu o contrário. Observou-se também interação entre tempo e aditivo (P=0,0430) para a proporção molar de butirato. Porém, quando a análise foi realizada por tempo, nenhum efeito foi observado. Para os valores relativos de protozoários mensurados (Dasytricha, Isotricha, Epidinium, Diplodinium e Entodinium) apenas o Entodinium apresentou efeito de adaptação (P<0,0236) tendo sua proporção maior no grupo adaptado. Os valores de haptoglobina também não foram influenciados nem por aditivo nem por adaptação. O preparado de anticorpos policlonais não foi tão eficaz quanto a adaptação gradual à dieta de alto concentrado para controlar alterações dos parâmetros ruminais.
The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects of polyclonal antibodies preparation (PAP) against specific rumen bacteria Streptococcus bovis and Fusobacterium necrophorum on rumen fermentation parameters in ruminally cannulated cows adapted or not to highly fermentable carbohydrates diets (HFC) after an acidosis challenge. The experimental design was two 3X3 Latin squares in a factorial arrangement of treatments 3X2 regarding two feed additives (PAP in powder presentation - PAPP and PAP in liquid presentation - PAPL) plus control group (CON) and two managements of diets adaptation, resulting in six treatments. The first Latin square had a step-up diet adaptation: from D0 to D4 100% forage; D5 to D9 30% of concentrates and D10 to D14 60% of concentrates. The second Latin square received 100% forage from D0 to D14. On D15 and D16, all animals received a diet with 80% of concentrates. For analysis, rumen fluid was sampled at 0 and every 3 h posfeeding totaling 36 h (D15 and D16) of challenge with a diet with 80% of concentrates. Data were analyzed by MIXED procedure with a significance level of 0.05. An interaction between time and adaptation (P<0,05) was observed for ruminal pH. At 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 36 h postfeeding, the non-adapted group had higher values compared to the adapted group and at 24 h postfeeding, the inverse was observed. For total short-chain fatty acids concentration, at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 36 h postfeeding, the adapted group had higher values compared to non-adapted group. For molar proportion of acetate at 0h postfeeding, the non-adapted group had higher values than the adapted group, and at 24, 27 and 30h, the adapted group had greater values than the non-adapted group. For molar proportion of propionate the non-adapted group had greater values compared to the adapted group from 3 to 36h postfeeding. For acetate:propionate (Ac:Pr) ratio at 6, 12, 24, 27, 30 and 36 h postfeeding, the adapted group had greater values compared to the nonadapted group. For butyrate molar proportion at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 33 and 36h postfeeding the adapted group had greater values than the non-adapted group. For ammonia nitrogen (NH3- N) concentration at 6h, the non-adapted group had greater values than the adapted group (26.1 vs. 19.3, respectively), however at 9, 30, 33 and 36h postfeeding, the adapted group had higher values compared to the non-adapted group. It was also observed an interaction between time and additive (P=0.0430) for butyrate molar proportion, but when the analysis was performed by time no effect was observed. For the relative values of protozoa measured (Dasytricha, Isotricha, Epidinium, Diplodinium and Entodinium) only Entodinium presented adaptation effect (P<0.0236) with a higher proportion in the adapted group. Haptoglobin values was also not influenced (P>0.05) by additive or adaptation effect. Polyclonal antibodies preparation was not as effective as the gradual adaptation to the diet high concentrate to control changes of ruminal parameters.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O experimento foi realizado no Departamento de Zootecnia da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo no Campus da USP, em Pirassununga-SP. Foram utilizados 4 bovinos da raça Nelore, castrados, com peso corporal médio de 550 kg e providos de cânulas ruminais, alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos: 0, 1, 2, e 4%, em um delineamento em quadrado latino (4x4). Amostras de líquido ruminal foram colhidas e submetidas a mensurações de pH, variação da amônia ruminal e coletas de sangue para a determinação da uréia plasmática. O pH não foi influenciado pelos níveis de sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos (P>0,05), bem como, para o efeito tempo (P>0,05); indicando ser pouco provável ter ocorrido dissociação de sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos em relação aos níveis de inclusão. Os efeitos de tratamento e de tempo não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas (P>0,05) na concentração de amônia no rúmen, demonstrando que os sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos não interferiu na fermentação ruminal. Observou-se que os valores de uréia plasmática (NUS) não foram significativos nos efeitos de tratamento e tempo (P>0,05) pelos níveis de sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos.
The experiment was carried out at the Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos of the Universidade de São Paulo. Four crossbred Nerolle steers with 550 kg of live weight and fitted with rumen cannulas were fed diets with 0, 1, 2 or 4% of calcium salts of fatty acids, in 4 x 4 a latin square design. Rumen liquid sampled was for pH, rumen ammonia concentration and plasma urea measurements. The pH of the rumen liquid was not influenced by the levels of calcium salts of fatty acids (P>0,05), as well as, there was no influence of sampling time on pH, indicating that probably there was no dissociation of the calcium salts of fatty acids. The sampling time and treatment also had no effect (P>0,05) on the ammonia concentration in the rumen, demonstrating that the calcium salts of fatty acids had no effect in the ruminal fermentation. It was not observed significant effects of calcium salts of fatty acids level or time on plasmatic urea values (NUS) (P>0,05).

Resumo: O experimento foi realizado no Departamento de Zootecnia da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo no Campus da USP, em Pirassununga-SP. Foram utilizados 4 bovinos da raça Nelore, castrados, com peso corporal médio de 550 kg e providos de cânulas ruminais, alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos: 0, 1, 2, e 4%, em um delineamento em quadrado latino (4x4). Amostras de líquido ruminal foram colhidas e submetidas a mensurações de pH, variação da amônia ruminal e coletas de sangue para a determinação da uréia plasmática. O pH não foi influenciado pelos níveis de sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos (P>0,05), bem como, para o efeito tempo (P>0,05); indicando ser pouco provável ter ocorrido dissociação de sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos em relação aos níveis de inclusão. Os efeitos de tratamento e de tempo não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas (P>0,05) na concentração de amônia no rúmen, demonstrando que os sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos não interferiu na fermentação ruminal. Observou-se que os valores de uréia plasmática (NUS) não foram significativos nos efeitos de tratamento e tempo (P>0,05) pelos níveis de sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos.
Abstract: The experiment was carried out at the "Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos" of the Universidade de São Paulo. Four crossbred Nerolle steers with 550 kg of live weight and fitted with rumen cannulas were fed diets with 0, 1, 2 or 4% of calcium salts of fatty acids, in 4 x 4 a latin square design. Rumen liquid sampled was for pH, rumen ammonia concentration and plasma urea measurements. The pH of the rumen liquid was not influenced by the levels of calcium salts of fatty acids (P>0,05), as well as, there was no influence of sampling time on pH, indicating that probably there was no dissociation of the calcium salts of fatty acids. The sampling time and treatment also had no effect (P>0,05) on the ammonia concentration in the rumen, demonstrating that the calcium salts of fatty acids had no effect in the ruminal fermentation. It was not observed significant effects of calcium salts of fatty acids level or time on plasmatic urea values (NUS) (P>0,05).
Orientador: Alexandrs Spers
Coorientador: José Carlos Machado Nogueira Filho
Doutor

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Observou-se o efeito de teores crescentes de proteína bruta na dieta (13, 15, 19 e 22%) sobre o consumo, metabolismo, parâmetros ruminais, conversão alimentar e desenvolvimento corporal de novilhas mestiças alimentadas com 70% de cana forrageira e 30% de concentrado na dieta. Foram realizados 2 experimentos. No primeiro experimento foi avaliado metabolismo. Foram utilizadas 4 novilhas mestiças Holandês x Gir, com média de peso inicial de 200 kg e média de idade de 14 meses. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em quadrado latino 4 x 4. No experimento de desempenho foram utilizadas 24 novilhas mestiças Holandês x Gir, com média de peso inicial de 250 kg e média de idade de 19 meses. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, constituído por 3 blocos e 4 tratamentos. O consumo nutrientes não foi influenciado pelos teores protéicos da dieta, com exceção ao consumo de PB, EE e CNF. A melhor digestibilidade da MS e MO foi obtida com os teores de 13 e 15% de PB na dieta. Na dieta com 22% de PB foi observado maior digestibilidade total (74,9%) para proteína, enquanto a digestibilidade ruminal da proteína não foi influenciada pela dieta. O pH ruminal das novilhas não diferiu entre as dietas, com média de 6,3. A concentração de N-NH3 ruminal foi influenciada pelo teor protéico da dieta, com as maiores médias nos teores de 22 e 19% de PB na dieta (27,5 e 31,6 mg/dL), média de 21,1 mg/dL na dieta com 15% de PB e a menor média na dieta com 13% de PB, 14,0 mg/dL. O ganho diário de peso corporal foi em média 1,1; 0,8; 0,8 e 0,5 kg/dia e a conversão alimentar de 6,2; 8,6; 10,6 e 13,9 kg de MS/kg de ganho, respectivamente, para os teores de 13, 15, 19 e 22% de PB na dieta, ambos influenciados pelas dietas experimentais. As concentrações de uréia e glicose plasmática foram crescentes conforme se elevou o teor de PB na dieta...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of crude protein (13, 15, 19 and 22%) on intake, metabolism, ruminal parameters, body weight gain and feed efficiency of crossbred heifers fed 70% sugarcane and 30% concentrate diet ratio. Two trials were conducted. In the trial one, for evaluate metabolism, were used 4 crossbred Holstein x Gir, with initial live weight of 200 kg and average age of 14 months. The experimental design was a latin square 4 x 4. In the performance trial were used 24 crossbred Holstein x Gir, with initial live weight of 250 kg and average age of 19 months. The experimental design was a randomized block consisting of 3 blocks and 4 treatments. The nutrients intakes were not affected by protein content of the diet. The best DM and OM digestibility was observed for 13 and 15% crude protein level of the diet. In the diet with 22% CP was observed a higher total tract digestibility (74.9%) for protein while the ruminal protein digestibility was not influenced by diet. The ruminal pH of heifers did not differ among treatments, averaging 6.3. The concentration of ammonia N was affected by protein diet with the highest average levels in 22 and 19% dietary CP (31.6 and 27.5 mg/dl), mean of 21.1 mg/dl in the diet with 15% CP and the lowest mean was observed in diet containing 13% CP, 14.0 mg/dl. The average of body weight daily gain was 1.1, 0.8, 0.8 and 0.5 kg/day and feed conversion of 6.2, 8.6, 10.6 and 13.9 kg DM/kg gain, respectively, for levels of 13, 15, 19 and 22% CP in the diet, both influenced by the protein content of the diet. Concentrations of urea and plasma glucose were linearly correlated with increasing CP content of the diet. It is recommended the level of 13% CP in the diet to Holstein x Gir crossbred dairy heifers in the growing phase

Naturally occurring over in the vast majority of Brazil, Solanum Iycocarpum (SL) was investigated as a potential feed ingredient for ruminants. The chemical analyses showed that Crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and the three measurements of fibrous fractions (Neutral-detergent fibre, acid-detergent fibre and acid-detergent lignin) varied significantly amongst SL plant anatomical fractions (P<0.05). Specifically with regards to CP, the values found for the flower (21.25%) and for the leaf (18.21) suggest that these parts can be an alternative source of protein for ruminants. The flower fraction showed the highest amount of Total Phenols (TP) (2.32 mg/g OM) compared in particularly with the relatively low amounts in the stem (0.54 mg/g OM) and root (0.34 mg/g OM) (P<0.05). Condensed Tannins levels were very high for all SL fractions compared to the levels found in traditional forages. The highest amounts were found in the leaf and flower fractions (16.3 and 16.2 mg/g OM respectively). Saponins levels were at moderate levels especially in the fruit and leaf (2.5 and 2.2 mg/g OM). The main secondary metabolites found in the Iypophilic extract were plant sterols (stigmasterol in leaf and stem, gamma sistosterol in leaf, stem and flower, campesterol in leaf and stem), vitamin derivatives (pantalactone in the fruit), antioxidants (tetratriacontane in the fruit) and plant fatty acids (9,12 octadecadienoic acid in the root, stigmast-5-en-3-01, oleate the flower). The in vitro trials which investigated S. Iycocarpum fractions as ruminant additives showed that the leaf fraction (10 g/Kg OM inclusion) had the highest effect when added to the lucerne and increased ruminal the Acetate: Propionate (P<0.05). When SL fractions were evaluated with incubated ryegrass hay, root and stem fractions decreased Ace: Prop (P<0.05). In the in vitro studies methane production was reduced by the addition of flower fraction of S. Iycocarpum when lucerne (under 1.5 mg/g DM of CH4) or ryegrass (under 0.5 mg/g DM of CH4) formed the basal forage (P<0.05), which is evidence of the potential of S. Iycocarpum to mitigate methanogenesis in livestock production systems.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) (1μg/mL) were evaluated and sorbents β-glucans derived from Saccharomyces cerevisae with 65% of active ingredient (β-glu) (1mg/mL) and montmirillonite (MMT) (5mg/mL) under ruminal fermentation. Two in vitro assays were conducted. On the first assay the objectives were to determine the production of short chain fatty acids, the production of ammonia during 24-h in vitro. While on the second assay the production of methane (CH4) and kinetic parameters based on gas production date were determined (GPmax= maxim gas production in t time; Lag= lag phase before gas production commenced; S=gas production rate (h-1)) during 72-h in vitro incubation. In each assay six repetitions were made for the following treatments: CONT: control (without AFB1 or sorbents); AF: AFB1 (1μg/mL); β-glu (1mg/mL); β-glu + AF: (1mg/mL of β-glu + 1μg/mL of AFB1); MMT: (5mg/mL); MMT + AF: (5mg/mL of MMT + 1μg/mL of AFB1). The amount of AGCC produced by the β-glu (67,7 mM) treatment was significantly higher about CONT (57,72 mM) and MMT (53,3 mM). treatments. On the other hand, MMT clay reduced the production of NH3 (9,6 mM) about CONT (11,4 mM), AF (12,6 mM) and β-glu (12,2 mM). The amount of GPmax by the β-glu treatment was 103,4 mL, significantly higher about produced CONT (89,0 mL) e MMT (91,6 mL). There was also higher gas production rate by the β-glu treatment. The montmorilonite raised the lag phase and reduced the CH4 production. The results of this study suggest that AFB1 (1μg/mL) has no toxic effect on ruminal fermentation. Whereas the β-glu impacts the ruminal fermentation by increase the AGCC produced. The montmorilonite can delay the bacterial colonization but does t effect the quantity of AGCC produced.
Foram avaliados os efeitos da aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) (1μg/mL) e os adsorventes β-glucanas devivadas de Saccharomyces cerevisae com 65% de princípio ativo (β-glu) (1mg/mL) e montmorilonita (MMT) (5mg/mL) sobre a fermentação ruminal. Foram conduzidos dois ensaios in vitro, no primeiro ensaio o propósito foi determinar a produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, a produção de amônia em 24h de incubação. Enquanto no segundo ensaio determinou-se a produção de metano (CH4) e os parâmetros da cinética da produção de gases (Vf = volume final de gás (ml) no tempo t; L = tempo de colonização; S = taxa de degradação (h-1)) no período de 72h de incubação. Em cada ensaio seis repetições foram realizadas para os seguintes tratamentos: CONT: controle (sem AFB1 ou adsorventes); AF: AFB1 (1μg/mL); β-glu (1mg/mL); β-glu + AF: (1mg/mL de β-glu + 1μg/mL de AFB1); MMT: (5mg/mL); MMT + AF: (5mg/mL de MMT + 1μg/mL de AFB1). A quantidade produzida de AGCC foi significativamente maior no tratamento β-glu (67,7 mM) em relação aos tratamentos CONT (57,72 mM) e MMT (53,3 mM). A MMT reduziu significativamente a produção de NH3 (9,6 mM) em relação aos tratamentos CONT (11,4 mM), AF (12,6 mM) e β-glu (12,2 mM). O tratamento β-glu produziu maior volume de gás (103, 4 mL) em relação aos tratamentos CONT (89,0 mL) e MMT (91,6 mL). Também o tratamento β-glu teve maior taxa de degradação em relação aos demais tratamentos. A montmorilonita aumentou o tempo de colonização e reduziu a produção de CH4. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a AFB1 (1μg/mL) não é tóxica a fermentação ruminal. Enquanto, o uso do β-glu impacta a fermentação ruminal, aumentando a produção de AGCC. O uso de montmorilonita pode retardar a colonização bacteriana no alimento porém, não interfere significativamente na quantidade total de AGCC produzidos.

Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
KC Olson
Condensed tannins (CT) in plants are phenolic compounds with relatively high binding affinities for proteins. In ruminants, dietary CT limit DM intake and digestibility, and ruminal protein degradation by forming CT-protein complexes. Effects of dietary CT, animal species, prior dietary CT exposure, and antimicrobial inclusion on 48-h rate and extent of digestion were measured in two in vitro experiments. Cattle, sheep, and goats (n = 3 / species) were used in a 2-period, randomized complete-block experiment with a 2 × 3 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factor 1 was substrate: tannin-free or high-CT. Factor 2 was source of ruminal fluid inoculum: cattle, sheep, or goat. Factor 3 was prior animal exposure to a high-CT diet: non-exposed or exposed. Factor 4 was inclusion of antimicrobials: no antimicrobial, penicillin + streptomycin to suppress bacterial activity, or cycloheximide to suppress fungal activity in the fermentation. Tannin-free or high-CT substrates were incubated in vitro using ruminal fluid from animals either not exposed (period 1) or exposed to dietary CT (period 2). Periods consisted of an adaptation to tannin-free (10 d) or high-CT diets (21 d) and a 15-d period of ruminal-fluid collection via stomach tube. The presence of CT or penicillin + streptomycin in in vitro fermentation reduced (P < 0.001) total gas pressure, DM disappearance, and total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, and branched-chain VFA concentrations. We concluded that: 1) CT had negative effects on fermentation, 2) prior exposure to dietary CT attenuated some but not all negative effects, and 3) CT effects were similar to the effects of penicillin + streptomycin.

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo caracterizar as mudanças na população bacteriana ruminal, ocasionadas pelo aumento de concentrado na dieta, utilização de diferentes fontes de CNF e volumosos com diferentes digestibilidades da fibra. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras de líquido ruminal, para posterior quantificação relativa de bactérias ruminais, oriundas de quatro projetos de pesquisa conduzidos no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Gado de Corte, pela FMVZ/USP - Pirassununga-SP. Em todos os experimentos, foram utilizados animais da raça Nelore, castrados e canulados no rúmen, em delineamento experimental de quadrado latino. Foi realizada uma quantificação relativa através da técnica de qPCR de três bactérias celulolíticas (Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus e Ruminococcus flavefaciens), duas amilolíticas (Streptococcus bovis e Ruminobacter amylophilus), e uma consumidora de lactato (Megasphaera elsdenii), para determinação do efeito da dieta sobre a população de microrganismos ruminais. No Experimento 1, as dietas experimentais foram formuladas com dois níveis de concentrado: 60% ou 80%, sendo que o volumoso utilizado foi silagem de cana-de-açúcar (variedade IACSP 93-3046). Dentro de cada nível de inclusão de concentrado, foram utilizados três fontes de CNF: milho floculado a vapor (MFV), polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP), ou milho moído (MM). MFV e PCP foram incluídas na dieta em substituição parcial de 70% do MM. No Experimento 2, as dietas experimentais foram formuladas com 60% de concentrado, sendo que o volumoso utilizado foi a cana-de-açúcar fresca ou ensilada, com alta ou baixa digestibilidade da fibra (DFDN). No Experimento 3, as dietas experimentais foram formuladas com dois níveis de concentrado: 60% ou 80%, sendo que o volumoso utilizado foi a cana-de-açúcar fresca, com alta ou baixa DFDN. No Experimento 1, o aumento de concentrado resultou em queda da população de F. succinogenes (P<0,01) e S. bovis (P<0,01), e aumentou R. flavefaciens (P=0,05). A substituição parcial do MM por PCP resultou em aumento de S. bovis (P=0,01) e redução de R. flavefaciens (P<0,01). Já a substituição do MM por MFV reduziu R. albus (P<0,01). Houve uma interação Dieta*CNF apenas para a M. elsdenii (P=0,02), onde o MFV aumentou M. elsdenii apenas na dieta com 80% de concentrado. No Experimento 2, o fornecimento de cana fresca resultou em um aumento da população de S. bovis (P<0,01), e M. elsdenii (P=0,06). Houve interação entre DFDN e modo de conservação da cana sobre a população de F. succinogenes (P=0,01), onde a cana de alta DFDN aumentou a população de F. succinogenes apenas com o fornecimento de cana fresca. No Experimento 3, o aumento de concentrado resultou em queda de S. bovis (P<0,01), e aumento de R. amylophilus (P=0,07). Houve interação entre DFDN e nível de concentrado para a F. succinogenes (P=0,06) e R. albus (P<0,01), onde a cana de alta DFDN aumentou a população destes microrganismos apenas na dieta com 60% de concentrado. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o desempenho animal pode ser explicado pela modulação da população de microrganismos ruminais por meio da composição da dieta.
The aim of this study was to characterize the population change of cellulolytic and amylolytic rumen bacteria, caused by the increase of concentrate, and by the use of different sources of NFC in diets with sugarcane silage. Samples of rumen contents were collected for subsequent analysis of the relative quantification of rumen microorganisms, from four research projects conducted at the Research Laboratory in Beef Cattle at FMVZ / USP - Pirassununga-SP. In all experiments, Nellore beef cattle, castrated, and ruminal cannulated, were used in a Latin square design. Three cellulolytic bacteria (Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens); two amylolytic (Streptococcus bovis and Ruminobacter amylophilus); and a lactate fermenting microorganism (Megasphaera elsdenii), were quantified by the technique of qPCR, to determine the effect of diet on the population of rumen microorganisms. Experiment 1, the experimental diets were formulated with two levels of concentrate: 60% or 80%, and the roughage used was sugarcane silage (IACSP 93-3046). Within each level of concentrate inclusion, three different sources of NFC were used: steam flaked corn (SFC), pelleted citrus pulp (PCP), or ground corn (GC). SFC and PCP were included in the diet in partial replacement of 70% of GC. Experiment 2, the experimental diets were formulated with 60% of concentrate level, and two sugarcane genotypes divergent for stalk NDFD, with high or low NDFD, either freshly cut or as silage. Experiment 3, the experimental diets were formulated with two levels of concentrate: 60% or 80%, and the roughage used was fresh sugarcane, with high or low NDFD. In the Experiment 1, increasing concentrate in the diet decreased the population of F. succinogenes (P<0.01) and S. bovis (P<0.01), and increased R. flavefaciens population (P=0.05). The partial replacement of GC by PCP increased S. bovis population (P=0.01) and decreased R. flavefaciens population (P<0.01). The replacement of GC by SFC decreased the population of R. albus (P<0.01). There was a significant Diet*NFC interaction only for M. elsdenii (P=0.02), where SFC increased the relative population only at the 80% concentrate diet. Experiment 2, Diets with fresh sugarcane increased the population of S. bovis (P <0.01), and M. elsdenii (P=0.06). There was a significant interaction between NDFD and conservation mode of sugarcane for F. succinogenes (P = 0.01), where sugarcane with high NDFD increased F. succinogenes population only when sugarcane was offered as freshly cut. In Experiment 3, the increase concentrate in the diet decreased S. bovis population (P<0.01), and increased R. amylophilus (P=0.07). There was a significant interaction between NDFD and concentrate level for F. succinogenes (P=0.06) and R. albus (P<0.01), where sugarcane with high NDFD increased the population of these microorganisms only at the 60% concentrate diet. The animal performance can be explained by modulation of the population of the rumen microorganisms through diet composition.

Foi avaliado o efeito do uso dos aditivos monensina (MON) ou óleo funcional (OF) e de diferentes teores de fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro proveniente da forragem (FDNf), no desempenho, emissão de metano, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de bovinos Nelore em terminação. Para isso, foram realizados concomitantemente dois experimentos, utilizando no total setenta animais. Os experimentos 1 e 2 contaram com 30 e 60 bovinos machos Nelore não castrados, respectivamente. Sendo o peso vivo inicial 409 ± 6,36 e 407,4 ± 3,05 kg respectivamente e idade aproximada de 24 meses. A dieta era composta por feno de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, milho grão moído, farelo de soja, polpa cítrica moída, ureia, cloreto de potássio, cloreto de sódio e núcleo confinamento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com dez animais por tratamento, sendo esquema fatorial 3x2 no experimento 2. No experimento 1, os tratamentos foram: controle (CTL), que consistiu em dieta base, sem aditivos; monensina (MON), dieta base com adição de monensina sódica (30mg.kg MS) e óleo funcional (OF), dieta base com adição de óleo funcional (500mg.kg MS). No experimento 2, os tratamentos foram: três concentrações de FDN provindo da forragem (6, 9 e 15% da MS) e dois aditivos: óleo funcional (500 mg.kg MS) ou monensina sódica (30 mg.kg MS). Os experimentos tiveram duração de 105 dias sendo 14 dias para a adaptação. As análises de variância para todas as características foram realizadas pelo procedimento MIXED do programa SAS. No experimento 1, os animais que receberam MON apresentaram maior CMS e dos nutrientes FDN, FDA e amido (kg.dia-1), comparado ao tratamento CTL. O uso de OF promoveu diminuição no CMS em quilos por dia e em porcentagem do PV e dos nutrientes, matéria orgânica, extrato etéreo, FDN, amido, proteína e carboidratos não fibrosos (kg.dia-1), comparado ao tratamento CTL. O uso dos aditivos promoveu melhora no comportamento ingestivo dos animais, sendo que os animais que receberam MON apresentaram maior tempo de ruminação (259,76 vs 185,7) e eficiência de ruminação (29,80 vs 21,48), comparado ao tratamento CTL. O uso de OF aumentou todas as variáveis de comportamento ingestivo avaliadas, comparado ao tratamento CTL (P<0,01). Os animais do tratamento CTL apresentaram seleção contra as partículas longas da dieta e os animais que receberam os aditivos MON e OF seleção a favor dessas partículas. O uso de OF promoveu aumento na digestibilidade da FDN (DFDN%) comparado ao tratamento CTL, sendo essa diferença de 21%. Os animais alimentados com o aditivo MON apresentaram menor valor de pH médio diário comparado aos animais do tratamento CTL, assim, como maior tempo com pH abaixo de 5,6 em h.dia, sendo em média 72,4% maior que o tempo do tratamento CTL abaixo deste valor. O fornecimento de MON ocasionou efeito anti-protozoário, diminuindo o gênero Entodinium em 24% e o gênero Epidinium em 78%. O uso de OF, por sua vez, diminuiu em 78% o gênero Epidinium, comparado ao tratamento CTL. Os animais do tratamento CTL apresentaram maior emissão de metano (g.dia), comparado ao uso de OF, sendo 15,5% a diferença nessa emissão. O uso de ambos os aditivos não promoveu diferenças nas variáveis de desempenho produtivo comparados ao tratamento CTL. Os animais do tratamento CTL apresentaram menores pesos de fígado (P = 0,08) e do trato gastrintestinal vazio, comparado ao uso de MON, além de maior profundidade da carcaça (P = 0,06) comparado ao uso de OF. Os aditivos não diferiram do tratamento CTL quanto ao peso de carcaça quente, rendimento de carcaça e rendimento do ganho. No experimento 2, a interação entre FDNf e os aditivos foi significativa para o consumo de MS (P=0,02), sendo o maior consumo observado no tratamento com inclusão de 15% de FDNf e uso de MON. Houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de FDNf para os consumos de extrato etéreo e amido, sendo os maiores valores obtidos com inclusão de 9% de FDNf. Também houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de FDNf para consumo de carboidratos não fibrosos, sendo que os níveis com inclusão de 9% e 15% de FDNf apresentam maiores valores comparados ao tratamento com inclusão de 6% de FDNf. Assim como, efeito quadrático para os consumos de nutrientes digestíveis totais e de energia metabolizável, sendo observados maiores valores com inclusão de 15% de FDNf. O consumo de FDN (% PV), assim como consumo de FDA (kg.dia-1), apresentaram efeito linear com a inclusão dos níveis de FDNf, sendo observados maiores valores com inclusão de 15% de FDNf. A interação entre o uso dos aditivos e os níveis de FDNf foi significativa para tempo de ruminação. Assim como para eficiência de ruminação. O uso de MON apresentou menor tempo de alimentação (TAL), tempo de mastigação (TMAST) e eficiência de alimentação, comparado ao tratamento com uso de OF. O TAL e TMAST aumentaram linearmente em função do aumento nos níveis de FDNf, sem diferença (P>0,10) entre os tratamentos com inclusão de 6% e 9% de FDNf. Foi observado aumento no coeficiente de digestibilidade da FDN com uso do aditivo OF comparado ao uso de MON. Os animais alimentados com MON permaneceram mais tempo consecutivo com pH entre 5,5 e 5,6 que os animais que receberam dietas com OF, assim como o tratamento com inclusão de 6% de FDNf. O uso de OF proporcionou aumento de 45% na população total de protozoários ciliados do rúmen. O tratamento com inclusão de 15% de FDNf apresentou maior número de protozoários do gênero Metadinium, entretanto, o número total de protozoários foi maior com a inclusão de 9% de FDNf. A média da emissão de metano (g.dia) do tratamento com uso de OF foi menor que a média do tratamento com uso de MON, sendo 14% essa diferença, entretanto, a emissão de metano (g.kg MS) e emissão de metano em porcentagem do consumo de energia bruta foi menor com uso de MON. O aumento na inclusão dos níveis de FDNf ocasionou efeito linear crescente na emissão de metano (g.dia) e CH4/GMD (g.kg), sendo que o aumento de 1% de FDNf na dieta, proporcionou acréscimo de 6,7% na emissão de CH4 (g.dia). O uso de MON promoveu aumento de 5% no peso vivo final e peso vivo vazio, comparado ao uso de OF, com incremento de 15% no GMD, entretanto, sem diferir na eficiência alimentar. Os animais do tratamento MON apresentaram maior espessura de gordura subcutânea, peso de carcaça quente, gordura renal, pélvica e inguinal, peso de fígado e peso do trato gastrintestinal vazio comparado aos animais que receberam OF como aditivo, entretanto, sem diferir quanto ao rendimento de carcaça e rendimento do ganho. Houve efeito linear crescente com a inclusão dos níveis de FDNf no peso do trato gastrintestinal cheio, sendo 26% maior no nível de 15% de FDNf comparado ao nível de 6% de FDNf. A carne dos animais alimentados com MON, apresentou maiores valores para as variáveis força de cisalhamento. Quanto ao perfil de ácidos graxos o uso de OF apresentou maior valor de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados e menor valor para n-3 comparado ao uso de MON. foi observado efeito linear dos níveis de FDNf para a variável suculência avaliada na análise sensorial, sendo o menor valor observado com a inclusão de 6% de FDNf, não diferindo entre os tratamentos com inclusão de 9% e 15% de FDNf. Os níveis de FDNf promoveram efeito quadrático na variável maciez, diferindo entre todos os tratamentos (P<0,10), sendo o menor valor observado com a inclusão de 6% de FDNf. O uso de óleo funcional é indicado visando melhora na digestibilidade da fibra e redução nas emissões de metano, entretanto, não se mostra superior ao aditivo monensina quanto ao desempenho dos animais. Dietas com baixa inclusão de volumoso, com até 6% de fibra em detergente neutro provinda da forragem, são recomendadas para terminação de bovinos em confinamento.
The effect of monensin (MON) or functional oil (FO) and different levels of neutral detergent insoluble fiber from roughage (NDFf) on performance, methane emission, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Nellore finishing cattle were evaluated. For this, two experiments were performed concomitantly, using a total of seventy animals. Experiments 1 and 2 counted on 30 and 60 Nellore bulls, respectively. The initial body weight (BW) was 409 ± 6.36 and 407.4 ± 3.05 kg respectively, and the age was approximately 24 months. The diet was composed of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, grain corn, soybean meal, ground citrus pulp, urea, potassium chloride, sodium chloride and core confinement. The experimental design was completely randomized with ten animals per treatment, being factorial scheme 3x2 in experiment 2. In experiment 1, the treatments were: control (CTL), which consisted of a base diet, without additives; monensin (MON), base diet with addition of sodium monensin (30mg. kg DM) and functional oil (FO), base diet with addition of functional oil (500mg. kg DM). In the experiment 2, the treatments were: three concentrations of NDF from roughage (6, 9 and 15% of DM) and two additives: functional oil or monensin sodium. The experiments had duration of 105 days and 14 days for adaptation. The analyzes of variance for all the characteristics were performed by the MIXED procedure of the SAS program. In the experiment 1, the animals that received MON presented higher DMI and nutrients NDF, ADF and starch (kg.dia-1), compared to the CTL treatment. The use of FO promoted a decrease in DMI (kg.dia-1) and in percentage of live weight and nutrients, organic matter, ethereal extract, NDF, starch, protein and non-fibrous carbohydrates (kg.d-1), compared to CTL treatment. The use of additives promoted an improvement in the ingestive behavior of the animals, and the animals that received MON had a longer rumination time (259.76 vs 185.7) and efficacy of rumination (29.80 vs 21.48) compared to the treatment CTL. The use of FO increased all the ingestive behavior variables evaluated, compared to CTL treatment (P <0.01). The animals of the CTL treatment were selected against the long diet particles and the animals that received the MON and FO additives in favor of these particles. The use of FO promoted an increase in the digestibility of NDF compared to the CTL treatment, being this difference of 21%. The animals fed the MON had a lower mean daily pH value compared to the CTL treatment animals, thus, as a longer time with pH below 5.6 in h / d, with a mean of 72.4% higher than the time of the CTL treatment below this value. The supply of MON caused an anti-protozoal effect, decreasing the Entodinium genus by 24% and the genus Epidinium by 78%. The use of FO, in turn, decreased the genus Epidinium by 78%, compared to the CTL treatment. The CTL treatment animals presented higher methane emission (g.d), compared to the FO, with a difference of 15.5% in this emission. The use of both additives did not promote differences in productive performance variables compared to CTL treatment. The CTL treatment animals had lower liver and empty gastrointestinal tract weights, compared to the use of MON, in addition to a greater carcass depth (P = 0.06) compared to the FO use. The additives did not differ from the CTL treatment in terms of warm carcass weight, carcass yield and gain yield. In experiment 2, the interaction between NDFf and the additives was significant for the intake of DM, with the highest intake observed in the treatment with inclusion of 15% of NDFf and use of MON. There was a quadratic effect of the levels of NDFf for the intake of ethereal extract and starch, being the highest values obtained with inclusion of 9% of NDFf. There was also a quadratic effect of NDF levels for non-fibrous carbohydrate intake, with levels with inclusion of 9% and 15% of NDF greater than the treatment with inclusion of 6% NDF. As well as, quadratic effect for total digestible nutrients and metabolizable energy intake, with higher values with inclusion of 15% of NDF. The intake of NDF as a percentage of live weight, as well as ADF intake in kilograms per day, had a linear effect with the inclusion of NDF levels, with higher values with inclusion of NDF of 15%. The interaction between the use of the additives and the levels of NDF was significant for rumination time. As well as for rumination efficiency. The use of MON showed less feeding time (FT), chewing time (CWT) and feeding efficiency, compared to treatment with FO. The FT and CWT increased linearly as a function of the increase in NDF levels, with no difference (P> 0.10) between the treatments with inclusion of 6% and 9% of NDF. It was observed an increase in the digestibility coefficient of the NDF with the use of the FO compared to the use of MON. The animals feed MON remained longer consecutively with pH between 5.5 and 5.6 than the animals that received OF diets, as well as treatment with inclusion of 6% of NDFf. The use of FO provided a 45% increase in the total population of ciliate protozoa of the rumen. The treatment with inclusion of 15% of NDF showed a higher protozoa of the genus Metadinium, however, the total number of protozoa was higher with the inclusion of 9% of NDF. The average methane emission (g.d) of the treatment using FO was lower than the average of the treatment with MON, with 14% being methane emission (g.kg MS) and emission of methane as a percentage of gross energy intake was lower with MON use. The increase in the inclusion of NDF levels caused an increasing linear effect on the emission of methane (g.d) and CH4 / ADG (g.kg), and the increase of 1% of NDF in the diet provided an increase of 6.7% in the emission of CH4 (g.d). The use of MON promoted a 5% increase in final live weight and empty live weight, compared to the use of FO, with a 15% increase in ADG, however, without any difference in feed efficiency. The animals of the MON treatment presented higher subcutaneous fat thickness, warm carcass weight, renal, pelvic and inguinal fat, liver weight and empty gastrointestinal tract weight compared to the animals that received OF as an additive, however, without differing in the yield of carcass and gain yield. There was a linear effect increasing with the inclusion of NDFf levels in the weight of the full gastrointestinal tract, being 26% higher at the 15% level of NDFf compared to the level of 6% NDFf. The meat of the animals fed with MON showed higher values for the shear force variables. As for the fatty acid profile, the treatment with FO had a higher value of monounsaturated fatty acids and a lower value for n-3 compared to the use of MON. a linear effect of NDF levels was observed for the succulence variable evaluated in the sensory analysis, the lowest value being observed with the inclusion of 6% NDF, not differing between treatments with inclusion of 9% and 15% NDF. The levels of NDFf promoted quadratic effect in the soft variable, differing among all the treatments, being the lowest value observed with the inclusion of 6% of NDFf. The use of functional oil is indicated in order to improve the digestibility of the fiber and reduction in methane emissions, however, it is not superior to the monensin additive as to the performance of the animals. Diets with low inclusion of roughage, with up to 6% neutral detergent fiber derived from roughage, are recommended for feedlot cattle.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O trabalho teve por objetivo estimar a ingestão de matéria seca (IMS) e a digestibilidade da matéria seca (DMS) em bovinos alimentados com Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Para isso, foram realizados 3 experimentos. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de validar a metodologia dos n-alcanos para estimar a produção fecal, ingestão e digestibilidade em novilhos Nelore alimentados com capim Marandu em duas diferentes idades de rebrota. No segundo experimento, avaliaram-se os efeitos da redução da freqüência de suplementação no desempenho, IMS, DMS e tempo de pastejo de novilhos mantidos em pastagem de capim Marandu de fevereiro a maio de 2006 e onde foi oferecido um suplemento a base de glúten de milho na quantidade de 0,5% do peso corporal/dia. O terceiro experimento foi realizado para verificar as implicações da redução da freqüência de fornecimento da suplementação na fermentação ruminal de novilhos mantidos em pastagem com capim Marandu. Como principais resultados observou-se que o par de alcanos C32:C33 foi adequado para estimar a IMS e o alcano C35 para estimar a DMS. O mês do ano exerceu importante efeito na disponibilidade e composição bromatológica da forragem, na IMS, na DMS, na produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta...
The objectives of this work were to estimate the dry matter intake (DMI) and the dry matter digestibility (DMD) in beef cattle feeding Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. For that, 3 experiments were accomplished. In the first experiment, the objective was to analyser the n-alkanes methodology to estimate the faecal production, intake and digestibility in Nelore steers feeding with Marandu grass in two different regrowth ages. In the second experiment, was evaluated the effect of the reduction of the supplementation frequency in the performance, DMI, DMD and grazing time of steers maintained in grazing of Marandu grass of February to May of 2006 and receiving a supplement the base of corn gluten in the amount of 0.5% of the body weight/day. The third experiment was accomplished to verify the implications of the decreasing the frequency of supplementation in the ruminal fermentation of steers maintained in Marandu pasture. Observed that the pair of alkanes C32:C33 was suitable to estimate DMI and the alkane C35 to estimate DMD. The month of the year cause important effect in the forage availability and the bromathologic composition, in the DMI, DMD and short-chain fatty acids production and, consequently, in the performance of bovine in pasture. The supplementation frequency doesn't affect DMI, the digestibility and the performance of bovine... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses do preparado de anticorpos policlonais (PAP) produzido contra diferentes cepas de bactérias ruminais sobre parâmetros de fermentação ruminal (pH, AGCC, nitrogênio amoniacal e lactato) em bovinos recebendo dieta de alto concentrado. Foram utilizadas oito fêmeas bovinas, canuladas no rúmen, alimentadas (ad libitum) duas vezes ao dia com dieta de alto concentrado. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4 x 4, replicado duas vezes. Os quatro tratamentos foram estruturados de acordo com as diferentes doses do produto (T1: 0,0 g/animal/dia, “controle”; T2: 1,5 g/animal/dia; T3: 3,0 g/animal/dia e T4: 4,5 g/animal/dia) e em diferentes períodos experimentais. Cada período experimental foi constituído de 21 dias, sendo que as colheitas de líquido ruminal foram realizadas a cada duas horas nos tempos de 0 a 12 horas, após a alimentação, no último dia de cada período e posteriormente analisadas. Não foi observado efeito de interação entre tempo e tratamento (p > 0,05) para os dados de pH. Independentemente do tempo de amostragem, não foi observado efeito linear ou quadrático dos níveis de administração do PAP sobre o pH ruminal. Não foram observados efeitos significativos (p > 0,05) sobre a concentração de AGCC total, nitrogênio amoniacal ou proporções molares dos ácidos acético, propiônico e butírico e lactato. Também não foram observados efeitos nos parâmetros de degradabilidade in situ para as três diferentes fontes alimentares utilizadas e para os valores de digestibilidade in vivo. Com isso, pode-se concluir que as diferentes doses do PAP não foram suficientes para alterar o ambiente ruminal sendo necessária à realização de mais testes que refutem ou não essa resposta.
Due the prohibition of antibiotics in ruminants diets arouse the necessity to find new alternatives for ionophores utilization without hazard to human health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) on ruminal fermentation parameters (pH, short chain fatty acids, ammonia nitrogen and lactate) in cattle fed high concentrate diets. Eight rumen cannulated cows were used in a latin square 4x4, twice replicated. The treatments were T1: 0.0 g/animal/day, “control”; T2: 1.5 g/animal/day; T3: 3.0 g/animal/day; T4: 4.5 g/animal/day with four experimental periods with 21 days each. Sample collection was carried out at the last day of each period with two hours of interval between each collection. There was no interaction between time and treatment (p > 0.05) for pH data. Independently from time of sampling there was no linear or quadratic effect on total short chain fatty acids (tSCFA), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) or molar proportion of acetate, propionate and butirate. There were no significant differences to degradability and digestibility values in this trial. Thus, it can be concluded that different levels of PAP were not sufficient to alter rumen environment with the necessity of more studies to validate or not this observation.

Resumo: Observou-se o efeito de teores crescentes de proteína bruta na dieta (13, 15, 19 e 22%) sobre o consumo, metabolismo, parâmetros ruminais, conversão alimentar e desenvolvimento corporal de novilhas mestiças alimentadas com 70% de cana forrageira e 30% de concentrado na dieta. Foram realizados 2 experimentos. No primeiro experimento foi avaliado metabolismo. Foram utilizadas 4 novilhas mestiças Holandês x Gir, com média de peso inicial de 200 kg e média de idade de 14 meses. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em quadrado latino 4 x 4. No experimento de desempenho foram utilizadas 24 novilhas mestiças Holandês x Gir, com média de peso inicial de 250 kg e média de idade de 19 meses. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, constituído por 3 blocos e 4 tratamentos. O consumo nutrientes não foi influenciado pelos teores protéicos da dieta, com exceção ao consumo de PB, EE e CNF. A melhor digestibilidade da MS e MO foi obtida com os teores de 13 e 15% de PB na dieta. Na dieta com 22% de PB foi observado maior digestibilidade total (74,9%) para proteína, enquanto a digestibilidade ruminal da proteína não foi influenciada pela dieta. O pH ruminal das novilhas não diferiu entre as dietas, com média de 6,3. A concentração de N-NH3 ruminal foi influenciada pelo teor protéico da dieta, com as maiores médias nos teores de 22 e 19% de PB na dieta (27,5 e 31,6 mg/dL), média de 21,1 mg/dL na dieta com 15% de PB e a menor média na dieta com 13% de PB, 14,0 mg/dL. O ganho diário de peso corporal foi em média 1,1; 0,8; 0,8 e 0,5 kg/dia e a conversão alimentar de 6,2; 8,6; 10,6 e 13,9 kg de MS/kg de ganho, respectivamente, para os teores de 13, 15, 19 e 22% de PB na dieta, ambos influenciados pelas dietas experimentais. As concentrações de uréia e glicose plasmática foram crescentes conforme se elevou o teor de PB na dieta... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of crude protein (13, 15, 19 and 22%) on intake, metabolism, ruminal parameters, body weight gain and feed efficiency of crossbred heifers fed 70% sugarcane and 30% concentrate diet ratio. Two trials were conducted. In the trial one, for evaluate metabolism, were used 4 crossbred Holstein x Gir, with initial live weight of 200 kg and average age of 14 months. The experimental design was a latin square 4 x 4. In the performance trial were used 24 crossbred Holstein x Gir, with initial live weight of 250 kg and average age of 19 months. The experimental design was a randomized block consisting of 3 blocks and 4 treatments. The nutrients intakes were not affected by protein content of the diet. The best DM and OM digestibility was observed for 13 and 15% crude protein level of the diet. In the diet with 22% CP was observed a higher total tract digestibility (74.9%) for protein while the ruminal protein digestibility was not influenced by diet. The ruminal pH of heifers did not differ among treatments, averaging 6.3. The concentration of ammonia N was affected by protein diet with the highest average levels in 22 and 19% dietary CP (31.6 and 27.5 mg/dl), mean of 21.1 mg/dl in the diet with 15% CP and the lowest mean was observed in diet containing 13% CP, 14.0 mg/dl. The average of body weight daily gain was 1.1, 0.8, 0.8 and 0.5 kg/day and feed conversion of 6.2, 8.6, 10.6 and 13.9 kg DM/kg gain, respectively, for levels of 13, 15, 19 and 22% CP in the diet, both influenced by the protein content of the diet. Concentrations of urea and plasma glucose were linearly correlated with increasing CP content of the diet. It is recommended the level of 13% CP in the diet to Holstein x Gir crossbred dairy heifers in the growing phase
Orientadora: Telma Teresinha Berchielli
Coorientador: Ricardo Dias Signoretti
Banca: Alexandre Sampaio Moraes Amstalden
Banca: Francisco Palma Rennó
Banca: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira
Banca: Mário de Beni Arrigoni
Doutor

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes concentrações de quitosana nas dietas de novilhos Nelore canulados no rúmen sobre o consumo e digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca e nutrientes, fermentação e síntese de proteína microbiana ruminal, concentrações de parâmetros sangüíneos, e os balanços de energia e de nitrogênio. Foram utilizados 8 novilhos canulados da raça Nelore. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 2 quadrados latinos 4 x 4 balanceados e contemporâneos, para receber as seguintes rações experimentais: 1) Controle (Q0), composta por ração sem a inclusão de quitosana; 2) Q50, com a inclusão de 50 mg/kg de peso corporal de quitosana; 3) Q100, com a inclusão de 100 mg/kg de peso corporal de quitosana; e 4) Q150, com a inclusão de 150 mg/kg de peso corporal de quitosana. Diariamente foram realizadas pesagens das quantidades dos volumosos e concentrados fornecidos e das sobras de cada animal, para estimativa do consumo. As amostras de sobras, silagem e fezes foram coletadas do 15° ao 18° dias de cada período experimental, armazenadas em sacos plásticos em freezer à 20°C, e posteriormente submetidas a análises químico-bromatológicas dos principais nutrientes. Na determinação da digestibilidade aparente total dos nutrientes a quantidade total de matéria seca fecal excretada foi estimada pela concentração de fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi). As amostras de líquido ruminal foram coletadas no último dia de cada período, sendo uma coleta realizada antes da alimentação (0 hora), e seis coletas com intervalos de 2 horas após a alimentação (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 horas). Foram determinados no líquido ruminal o pH, as concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal e as concentrações dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta. As amostras spot de urina foram obtidas de no 16º dia de cada período experimental, quatro horas após a alimentação matinal, durante micção espontânea. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos vacuolizados (vacutainer) por punção da veia jugular. Houve efeito quadrático com menores valores sobre o consumo de FDN, expressos em kg/dia e porcentagem de peso vivo (PV) para o tratamento Q150 (P<0,05). A inclusão de quitosana na dieta proporcionou aumento linear crescente (P<0,05) da digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), carboidratos totais (CT), FDN e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Houve efeito quadrático (P<0,05) sobre a concentração de N-NH3 com redução no tratamento Q150. A inclusão de quitosana na dieta não causou diferenças nas concentrações totais de AGCC (P>0,05), porém alterou as proporções molares de AGCC individualmente. Houve efeito linear crescente (P>0,05) das concentrações e porcentagens molares de propionato (mmol/L) à medida que se elevou as concentrações de quitosana na dieta. Houve diminuição (P>0,05) da relação acetato: propionato, principalmente para o tratamento Q150. Foi observado efeito linear decrescente para as proporções molares de acetato e butirato com a inclusão de quitosana. Houve efeito linear crescente sobre as concentrações plasmáticas de glicose com os tratamentos. As concentrações de quitosana utilizadas não influenciaram a síntese de proteína microbiana. O balanço de energia não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o balanço de nitrogênio, porém ocorreu decréscimo na excreção do nitrogênio total (NT) nas fezes em porcentagem de NT. A quitosana quando utilizada como aditivo modulador da fermentação ruminal, resultou em alterações que possibilitam sua utilização como alternativa ao uso de ionóforos para bovinos.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of chitosan on intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, ruminal microbial protein, balance of energy and nitrogen and blood parameters. Eight Nellore steers cannulated in the rumen were divided into two 4 x 4 balanced Latin squares. The daily doses of chitosan were 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg BW respectively the treatments Q0 (Control), Q50, Q100 and Q150. The diets consisted of corn silage and concentrate in ratio 60:40 and the chitosan were inserted directly through the ruminal cannula, twice a day before feeding. Daily weights of the amounts of corn silage and concentrated supplied, and the orts refused of each animal, were recorded for estimate the nutrient intake. Samples of orts and feedstuffs were analyzed for composition and subsequent nutrient intake calculation. For determination of total apparent digestibility of nutrients, the total amount of fecal dry matter excreted was estimate by indigestible detergent acid fiber (ADFi). The feces were collected in the 15th until the 18th day of each experimental period, and frozen in freezer at -20°C. In the end of the collection period it was made composed sample by animal with base in the dry matter, and analyzed. Samples of ruminal fluid were collected at 0 (before feeding) and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours after feeding. Spot urine samples were collected on day 16 of the experimental period. The estimation of microbial protein synthesis was performed by the method of total excretion of purine derivatives. Blood samples were collected by puncture of jugular vein. Intakes (kg/d) of DM, OM, CP, ether extract , total carbohydrates , non-fiber carbohydrates and TDN were not different, however, NDF intake decresead quadratically (P<0,05) when expressed as kg/d and percent of BW. Digestibility in the total digestive tract increased linearly to NDF, DM, OM as well as improved the digestibility of CP and TC, accordingly there was a positive effect on TDN with the inclusion of chitosan. All the ruminal fermentation parameters were influenced by the time after feeding. The NH3-N concentration decreased quadractically with Q150 treatment and there were no difference in total VFA concentration, however the individual VFA proportions were affected. Propionate concentration was higher with Q150 and similarly increasing linearly the proportion of propionate (P<0,05) which means an increase of 7.47% (Q0 vs. Q150). Chitosan decreased linearly the molar proportion of acetate and butyrate .Was observed linear and quadratic decrease effect on acetate: propionate ratio. The plasmatic metabolites and enzymes had no effect by the treatments, nevertheless the glucose concentration was markedly superior with the supplementation corresponding to an increase of 18.58%, 26.35%, 23.68% for Q0 versus Q50, Q100 e Q150 respectively. The energy and nitrogen balance had no effect with the treatments, however there was a decrease of fecal total nitrogen (%) excretion. Chitosan when used as modulator of ruminal fermentation resulted in changes that allow its use as an alternative to the use of ionophores for cattle without showing damage to the health of the animal.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de enzimas sobre a ingestão de matéria seca, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, comportamento alimentar, produção de CH4 entérico e os parâmetros fermentativos, além da produção de metano nas fezes de bovinos, utilizando biodigestores. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga/SP, Brasil. Foram utilizadas cinco vacas, com peso médio de 923,04 ± 86,76 kg, canuladas no rúmen, distribuídas em cinco tratamentos utilizando delineamento experimental em quadrado latino 5x5: 1) Controle: dieta sem adição de enzimas; 2) Amilase: dieta com 7,5 g de amilase/animal/dia (Amaize, ALLTECH); 3) Xilanase: dieta com 15 g de xilanase/animal/dia (Fibrozyme, ALLTECH); 4) Celulase + protease: dieta com 7,5 g celulase + protease/animal/dia (Allzyme VegPro PO, ALLTECH); 5) Pool: dieta com 30 g de mistura de enzimas (amilase, xilanase e celulase + protease)/animal/dia. Cada período experimental consistiu de 21 dias (os primeiros 15 dias foram utilizados para adaptação da dieta e os últimos 5 dias para a coleta de dados). Nos dias 10 e 20, foi avaliada a digestibilidade utilizando o marcador de óxido crômico e coleta de fezes. No dia 17, foi avaliada o comportamento ingestivo por 24 horas, através de monitoramento visual a cada 5 minutos. No dia 19, foi mensurado o pH ruminal a cada 10 minutos, utilizando-se probes de mensuração contínua. Para quantificar os ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), metano, concentração de N-NH3 e protozoários, coletou-se conteúdo ruminal antes, 3, 6, 9 e 12 horas após a alimentação matinal. A técnica de fermentação consistiu na incubação de conteúdo de rúmen líquido e sólido em frascos em banho-maria 39 ºC durante 30 minutos. Na subsequente medição da produção de metano usou-se cromatografia gasosa. Nos dias 20 e 21, foi avaliada a dinâmica ruminal. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa SAS, através do procedimento PROC MIXED. O modelo, o efeito de tratamento como fator fixo e os efeitos de animal e período como fatores aleatórios, considerado nível de significância de 5%. A adição de enzimas não mostrou diferença significativa em relação ao consumo de matéria seca (CMS), digestibilidade, comportamento ingestivo, produção de CH4, N-NH3, protozoários ou dinâmica ruminal. A associação de enzimas (tratamento Pool) aumentou a produção de acético, propiônico e AGCC totais em relação à dieta controle. As variáveis pH mínimo, médio e máximo, tempo de pH abaixo de 5,8, 6,0, 6,2 e 6,5, assim como área de pH abaixo de 5,8, 6,0, 6,2 e 6,5 não diferiram significativamente entre os tratamentos. Não foram verificadas diferenças para a produção de biogás ou teores sólidos do efluente. Concluiu-se que a utilização destes aditivos, nas proporções usadas, não afetou as variáveis de CMS, digestibilidade, comportamento ingestivo, produção de CH4, pH, protozoários, N-NH3 ou dinâmica ruminal. A associação de enzimas apresentou melhora na produção de AGCC ruminal sem aumentar a emissão de CH4.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of enzymes on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, feeding behavior, production of enteric CH4 and fermentative parameters, as well as the production of methane in bovine feces using digester. The experiment was conducted at the University of São Paulo, Pirassununga/SP, Brazil. Five cows were used, with a mean weight of 923.04 ± 86.76 kg, cannulated in the rumen, distributed in five treatments using 5x5 Latin square experimental design: 1) Control: diet without addition of enzymes; 2) Amylase: diet with 7.5 g of amylase/animal.day(Amaize,Alltech); 3) Xylanase: diet with 15 g of xylanase/animal.day(Fibrozyme, Alltech); 4) Cellulase + protease: diet with 7.5 g of cellulase + protease/animal.day (Allzyme VegPro PO, Alltech); 5) Pool: diet with 30 g of enzymes pool (amylase, xylanase and cellulase + protease)/animal.day. Each experimental period consisted of 21 days (first 15 days were used for diet adaptation and the last 5 days for data collection). On days 10th and 20th, digestibility was evaluated using the chromic oxide marker and fecal collection. On the 17th day, ingestive behavior was evaluated for 24 hours, through visual monitoring every 5 minutes. On day 19th, ruminal pH was measured every 10 minutes, using a continuous measurement device. In order to quantify short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), methane, concentration of NH3-N and protozoa, rumen contents were sampled prior to and 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours after morning feeding. The fermentation technique consisted of incubation of liquid and solid rumen contents in bottles in a water bath 39 ºC for 30 minutes. Subsequent measurement of methane production using gas chromatography On days 20th and 21th, ruminal dynamic was evaluated by emptying this organ. Data were analyzed using SAS, through the PROC MIXED procedure. The model included the effect of treatment as fixed factor, animal and period effects as random factors, considered level of significance of 5%. The addition of enzymes showed no significant difference in relation to dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility, ingestive behavior, CH4 production, NH3-N, protozoa or ruminal dynamics parameters. The association of enzymes (pool treatment) increased acetic, propionic and total SCFA production in relation to the control diet. Not significant differences were observed for the pH variables, as minimum, average and maximum pH, as well as time and area which pH was below to 5.8, 6.0, 6.2 and 6.5. No differences were verified for biogas production or solid effluent contents. It is concluded that these additives, in the proportions used, did not affect the variables of DMI, digestibility, ingestive behavior, CH4 production, pH, protozoa, NH3-N or ruminal dynamic. The association of the enzymes showed improvement in the production of rumen SCFA without increasing the CH4 emission.

Orientador: Mário de Beni Arrigoni
Banca: Paulo Henrique Mazza Rodrigues
Banca: Rafael da Costa Cervieri
Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses do preparado de anticorpos policlonais (PAP) produzido contra diferentes cepas de bactérias ruminais sobre parâmetros de fermentação ruminal (pH, AGCC, nitrogênio amoniacal e lactato) em bovinos recebendo dieta de alto concentrado. Foram utilizadas oito fêmeas bovinas, canuladas no rúmen, alimentadas (ad libitum) duas vezes ao dia com dieta de alto concentrado. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4 x 4, replicado duas vezes. Os quatro tratamentos foram estruturados de acordo com as diferentes doses do produto (T1: 0,0 g/animal/dia, "controle"; T2: 1,5 g/animal/dia; T3: 3,0 g/animal/dia e T4: 4,5 g/animal/dia) e em diferentes períodos experimentais. Cada período experimental foi constituído de 21 dias, sendo que as colheitas de líquido ruminal foram realizadas a cada duas horas nos tempos de 0 a 12 horas, após a alimentação, no último dia de cada período e posteriormente analisadas. Não foi observado efeito de interação entre tempo e tratamento (p > 0,05) para os dados de pH. Independentemente do tempo de amostragem, não foi observado efeito linear ou quadrático dos níveis de administração do PAP sobre o pH ruminal. Não foram observados efeitos significativos (p > 0,05) sobre a concentração de AGCC total, nitrogênio amoniacal ou proporções molares dos ácidos acético, propiônico e butírico e lactato. Também não foram observados efeitos nos parâmetros de degradabilidade in situ para as três diferentes fontes alimentares utilizadas e para os valores de digestibilidade in vivo. Com isso, pode-se concluir que as diferentes doses do PAP não foram suficientes para alterar o ambiente ruminal sendo necessária à realização de mais testes que refutem ou não essa resposta.
Abstract: Due the prohibition of antibiotics in ruminants diets arouse the necessity to find new alternatives for ionophores utilization without hazard to human health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) on ruminal fermentation parameters (pH, short chain fatty acids, ammonia nitrogen and lactate) in cattle fed high concentrate diets. Eight rumen cannulated cows were used in a latin square 4x4, twice replicated. The treatments were T1: 0.0 g/animal/day, "control"; T2: 1.5 g/animal/day; T3: 3.0 g/animal/day; T4: 4.5 g/animal/day with four experimental periods with 21 days each. Sample collection was carried out at the last day of each period with two hours of interval between each collection. There was no interaction between time and treatment (p > 0.05) for pH data. Independently from time of sampling there was no linear or quadratic effect on total short chain fatty acids (tSCFA), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) or molar proportion of acetate, propionate and butirate. There were no significant differences to degradability and digestibility values in this trial. Thus, it can be concluded that different levels of PAP were not sufficient to alter rumen environment with the necessity of more studies to validate or not this observation.
Mestre

Two independent studies were conducted to assess the effects of feeding condensed tannin (CT)-containing forages to continuous cultures to evaluate their impacts on ruminal fermentation and digestibility, with an emphasis on methane (CH4) and ammonia-N (NH3-N) production. In Chapter 3, treatments consisted of: 1) 100% alfalfa hay (AH), 2) 50% AH and 50% birdsfoot trefoil hay (dry matter (DM) basis; AHBFTH), and 3) 100% birdsfoot trefoil hay (BFTH). Three replicated runs lasted 8 d each, with the first 5 d allowed for microbial adaptation to the diets, and 3 d for data collection and sampling. Methane, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and profiles were not affected by the dietary treatments. However, NH3-N concentration and flow were reduced when replacing the AH with the BFTH. It was concluded that feeding a CT-containing diet (BFTH) increased the in vitro N utilization. In Chapter 4, five total mixed ration (TMR) diets were evaluated, each containing a different forage source as hay: 1) alfalfa (AHT), 2) cicer milkvetch (CMVHT), 3) Norcen birdsfoot trefoil (NBFTHT), 4) Oberhaunstadter birdsfoot trefoil (OBFTHT), and 5) sainfoin (SFHT). Total VFA production and acetate molar proportion were not influenced by treatments. However, molar proportion of propionate increased by the CMVHT, and decreased by the SFHT. Acetate to propionate ratio decreased with the CMVHT and the OBFTHT, but increased with the SFHT when compared to the AHT. Digestibilities of DM and NDF were not influenced by dietary treatments. Total CH4 production decreased by all treatments when compared to the AHT, whereas CH4 production expressed as mM per g of NDF digested was reduced only by the CMVHT and the OBFTHT. Ammonia-N concentration decreased when feeding the CMVHT and the SFHT. Feeding the CMVHT decreased ruminal concentration of C18:0, while ruminal C18:1 cis and trans isomers were greatest with the CMVHT. Because these effective tannin-free and tanniniferous legumes did not have negative impacts on ruminal fermentation, they can maintain potential productive performance of lactating dairy cows when fed as main forage sources in TMR diets.

As técnicas in vitro de produção de gases são usualmente empregadas em pesquisas na nutrição de ruminantes com a finalidade de simular a fermentação ruminal, possuindo diversas vantagens como facilidade de adoção, repetibilidade, uso minimizado de animais e baixo custo. Para tanto, é necessário a coleta de conteúdo ruminal, a qual geralmente é obtida com o uso de animais fistulados no rúmen, no entanto este tipo de cirurgia esta cada vez mais contestada. Frente a esse duelo, há um crescente interesse científico por pesquisas que forneçam alternativas ao inóculo ruminal. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de inóculo fecal submetidos à pré-incubações em substituição ao inóculo ruminal de bovinos na técnica in vitro de produção de gases em bioensaio de metanogênese (24 h) e de cinética fermentativa (72 h). Como doadores de inóculos ruminal e fecal foram utilizadas quatro novilhas Nelore portadoras de cânulas ruminal. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro blocos com duas réplicas analíticas para cada repetição. Sendo os tratamentos os inóculos: conteúdo ruminal (CR), fezes sem pré-incubação (F0), e fezes com 12, 24 e 36 h de pré-incubação (F12, F24 e F36, respectivamente). Foram avaliados os efeitos da pré-incubação das fezes quando utilizado como inóculo fecal sobre a estimativa da degradabilidade ruminal, produção de metano e parâmetros de fermentabilidade. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa estatístico SAS 9.3 verificando a normalidade dos resíduos e a homogeneidade das variâncias, em seguida foram realizadas as comparações das médias pelo teste de Tukey. Em ambos os bioensaios (24 e 72 horas), os inóculos fecais pré-incubados por 24 ou 36 horas mostraram-se bom substituto ao inóculo ruminal para análises de degradabilidade in vitro da matéria seca e orgânica. Para as variáveis produção de total de ácidos graxos, perfil de ácidos graxo de cadeia curta, relação acético:propiônico e nitrogênio amoniacal, o inóculo sem pré-incubação (FE0) foi o que mais se aproximou do inóculo referência. Para as produções de gases, produção de metano e fator de partição da matéria seca e matéria orgânica as fezes não foram eficientes.
The in vitro techniques of gas production are usually used in ruminant nutrition research with the purpose of simulating ruminal fermentation. This technique has several advantages such as ease of adoption, repeatability, minimized use of animals and low cost. Therefore, is necessary the collection of ruminal content, which is usually obtained with the use of fistulated animals in the rumen, however this type of surgery is increasingly challenged. Faced with this duel, there is a great scientific interest in research that provides alternatives to the ruminal inoculum. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of fecal inoculum submitted to preincubation to replace rumen inoculum of Nelore in the in vitro technique of gas production in bioassay of methanogenesis (24 h) and fermentative kinetics (72 h). Four Nellore carrying ruminal cannula were donors of ruminal content and feces. The experimental design was a randomized block, with five treatments and four blocks with two analytical replicates for each replicate. The treatments were the inocula: ruminal contents (RC), faeces without preincubation (F0), and faeces with 12, 24 and 36 hours of preincubation (F12, F24 and F36, respectively). Estimates of ruminal degradability, methane production and ruminal fermentability were evaluated. The data were analyzed by the statistical program SAS 9.3 verifying the normality of the residues and the homogeneity of the variances, the averages were compared by the Tukey test. In the two bioassays (24 and 72 hours), the fecal inocula preincubated for 24 or 36 hours were good substitute for the ruminal inoculum in analyzes of in vitro degradability of dry and organic matter. For the variables production of total fatty acids, short chain fatty acid profile, acetic: propionic and ammoniacal nitrogen, the inoculum without pre-incubation (FE0) approached the reference inoculum. For gas production, methane production and partitioning factor of dry matter and organic matter were not efficient.

Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
James S. Drouillard
Three studies were conducted to assess effects of mineral supplementation on growing cattle performance, mineral status, and in vitro fermentation. Exp. 1 was a 3-part study that measured effects of Cu source and concentration on in vitro fermentation by mixed ruminal microbes. An initial in vitro experiment was performed to identify a Cu concentration (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 mg Cu/kg substrate DM) that would yield a 50% decrease in gas production. This concentration (100 mg Cu/kg substrate) was then used to evaluate varying Cu sources in the 3rd part of Exp.1. Titration of Cu (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 mg Cu/kg DM substrate) linearly decreased (P < 0.01) in vitro gas production, acetate, and propionate production. Inhibition of ruminal fermentation by Cu sources (CuSO₄, CuCl₂, CuCO₃, CuO, and tribasic copper chloride) also was evaluated using an in vitro fermentation system. Sources were incorporated into cultures at 100 mg Cu/kg substrate DM, a concentration great enough to elicit an inhibitory response. Copper sulfate and CuCl₂ were more inhibitory to in vitro fermentation, as indicated by decreases in gas production, VFA, and IVDMD, and increases in pH (P < 0.01). In Exp. 2, heifers were fed 3 different free-choice minerals: salt (S), a dry mineral basemix with salt (M), and a cooked molasses block (B); M and utilized the identical basemix. Mineral source had no effect on DMI, G:F, or concentrations of plasma P and Zn (P > 0.10). Average daily gain was greatest for M (P = 0.03), and not different between S and B (P = 0.98). Liver Cu concentrations were different among treatments (P < 0.01), with M having the greatest, B intermediate, and S having the least. Total dietary mineral intake also was different among treatments (P < 0.01), and was greatest for M, intermediate for B, and the least for S (P < 0.01). Experiment 3 × 4 factorial design and evaluated minerals added as different supplement types and trace mineral concentrations (0, 1, 5, or 10×) in an in vitro batch culture fermentation. Cooked molasses mineral blocks were compared to a dry mineral premix, and a dry mineral premix + molasses block added separately. In vitro fermentation was not different between the two molasses block treatments (P > 0.01); however, addition of molasses blocks increased fermentation to a greater extent than dry mineral alone (P < 0.01). Increasing trace mineral concentration decreased fermentation linearly (P < 0.01). In conclusion, excesses of trace elements can adversely affect fermentation by ruminal microbes. Mineral status in growing cattle was reflective of mineral intake; however, block supplements may be a method to control mineral intake to minimize overconsumption.

Propolis as natural dietary additive can be used to manipulate rumen fermentation towards less methane (CH4) and it may affect animal reproductive and productive performance. To study the application of propolis, three studies were conducted. The first study aimed to evaluate the in vitro nutritive value of two types of propolis (Brazilian red propolis (BRP) and Egyptian brown propolis (EBP) for their anti-methanogenic activity, ruminal fermentation and degradability. Propolis extracts were prepared using 70% ethanol and added to a 50:50 Tifton hay to concentrate diet at three levels [0 (negative control, CTL), 25, 50 and 100 micrograma / 0.5 g substrate]. Each propolis were compared with monensin as positive control. Both BRP50 micrograma and EBP25 micrograma showed similar significant effects on CH4 production as monensin; on average 14.2 ml/TDOM g compared with CTL (19.3 ml/TDOM). Monensin supplementation increased (P<0.001) the propionate concentration and decreased the acetate/propionate ratio, while BRP and EBP enhanced (P<0.001) the individual and total volatile fatty acids concentrations and reduced (P<0.002) protozoa count compared to CTL. The objective of the second study was to evaluate the oral administration of BRP extract to Santa Inês ewes during and after flushing period on the reproductive performance and animal health (hormonal profiles, hematological, biochemical and parasites responses). Thirty adult grazing ewes (40±2.0 kg BW) were divided into two dietary treatments, control (basal diet) and BRP (basal diet plus 3.0g of BRP/ewe/day) for 21 days. Blood and fecal samples were collected weekly for eight weeks. Oral administration of BRP did not affect (P>0.05) any of the observed reproduction traits, but there was promising improvement on the number of services per conceptions and hormones levels: increased (P<0.01) progesterone, decreased cortisol (P<0.05) and thyroxin (T4) (P<0.01) without significant changes in triiodothyronine (T3). Propolis resulted in increasing (P<0.01) of total leukocyte while there were no significant differences observed for other hematological parameters. Propolis increased (P<0.01) total protein and globulin but reduced (P<0.01) triglycerides, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and fecal egg counts (P<0.05) compared with control. The third study was conducted to evaluate the oral administration of BRP extract to Santa Inês ewes from 25±3 day pre-partum through 48 d post-partum on milk yield, milk composition and lamb performance. Twenty Santa Inês ewes (60 ± 2.0 kg BW) were divided into two groups: control (basal diet) and BRP (basal diet plus 3.0g of BRP/ewe/day for 21 days). Milk samples were collected weekly for seven weeks. Propolis fed group showed increasing (P<0.05) milk yield, fat content, fat yield, protein yield, lactose yield and energy corrected milk while somatic cell counts was decreased (P<0.05). Propolis increased (P<0.05) ewes body condition score. Lambs average daily gain and milk conversion ratio were improved (P<0.05) by propolis treatment. The studies highlight the potential of propolis to handle the ruminal fermentation in order to reduce the production of CH4, as well as improved the health of ewes during the breeding season, besides increasing milk production and performance of lambs
Própolis, aditivo natural, pode ser usada para manipular a fermentação ruminal e diminuir a produção de metano (CH4), podendo afetar o desempenho dos animais. Foram conduzidos estudos visando avaliar a aplicação da própolis em ovinos. O primeiro experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o valor nutritivo in vitro de dois tipos da própolis (Vermelho Brasileiro (PVB) e Marrom Egípcio (PME)), através da atividade antimetanogênica, fermentação ruminal e degradabilidade. Os extratos da própolis foram preparados usando etanol e adicionados a um substrato base (50:50 feno Tifton x concentrado) em quatro concentrações [0 (controle, CTL), 25, 50 e 100 micrograma / 0,5 g de substrato]; sendo comparadas com a monensina como controle positivo. As própolis PVB50 micrograma e PME25 micrograma apresentaram redução na produção de CH4 similar à monensina, sendo menores que o CTL. A monensina aumentou (P < 0,001) a concentração de proprionato e diminuiu (P < 0,001) a proporção de acetate / propionate, enquanto as própolis aumentaram (P < 0,002) as concentrações dos ácidos graxos voláteis e reduziram (P < 0,001) os protozoários. O segundo estudo objetivou avaliar a administração de extrato de PVB em ovelhas durante o período de \"flushing nutricional\" sobre o desempenho e a saúde dos animais durante a estação de reprodução. Trinta ovelhas (40 ± 2,0 kg PV) foram divididas em dois grupos, controle (dieta basal) e PVB (dieta basal com suplementação de 3,0 g de PVB / ovelha / dia) e suplementadas durante 21 dias. Amostras de sangue e fezes foram coletadas semanalmente durante oito semanas. Administração do PVB não afetou nenhuma característica reprodutiva, mas houve melhora (P < 0.01) no número de serviços por concepção, e aumento (P < 0,01) no teor de progesterona, diminuição (P < 0,01) nas concentrações de cortisol e tiroxina (T4), sem efeito na concentração de tri-iodotironina (T3). Própolis resultou apenas em aumento (P < 0,01) no número de leucócitos dentre os parâmetros hematológicos. A própolis aumentou (P < 0,01) a concentração de proteina total e de globulina, e reduziou (P < 0,05) os teores de triglicerídeos, transaminase oxalacética (TGO), transaminase glutamato piruvato (TGP) e contagem de ovos nas fezes quando comparado com o controle. O terceiro estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a administração do extrato de PVB para as ovelhas desde 25 ± 3 dias pré-parto até 48 dias pós-parto sobre a produção e composição do leite e desempenho dos cordeiros. Vinte ovelhas (56 ± 2,0 kg PV) foram divididas em dois grupos e suplementadas conforme descrito no segundo estudo: controle e PVB durante 21 dias. Amostras de leite foram coletadas semanalmente durante sete semanas. Própolis aumentou (P < 0,05) a produção de leite, conteúdo de gordura, rendimentos de gordura, proteína e lactose e leite corrigido para energia, enquanto diminuiu (P < 0,05) a contagem de células somáticas, mas aumentou (P < 0,05) a condição corporal. O ganho em peso médio diário dos cordeiros e taxa de conversão de leite foram melhoradas (P < 0,05) pelo tratamento com própolis. Os estudos destacam o potencial da própolis para manipular a fermentação ruminal visando redução na produção de CH4, assim como melhorar a saúde de ovelhas durante a estação de reprodução, além de aumentar a produção de leite e desempenho dos cordeiros

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico do Maranhão (FAPEMA)
Avaliou-se efeito da inclusão de 0, 15 e 30% de glicerina bruta (GB) na matéria seca (MS) de dietas em substituição ao milho grão moído sobre o consumo de MS, produção de leite (PL), fermentação ruminal e digestibilidade da MS (DMS) em vacas leiteiras. Foram utilizadas seis vacas multíparas, da raça Holandesa providas de cânula permanente de 4” no rúmen, estando no início do experimento com peso médio de 587 ± 39 kg, com 114 ± 29 dias em lactação e produzindo média de 20 ± 1,5 kg/leite em duas ordenhas diárias. As vacas foram distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 3 x 3 com períodos de 21 dias, sendo 14 de adaptação. As dietas continham silagem de milho, milho grão, farelo de girassol, glúten de milho, uréia, vitaminas, minerais e GB (86% de glicerol, 95% MS, 6% sais e <100 g/kg de metanol) e foram oferecidas ad libitum, duas vezes ao dia, na forma de dieta total. A dieta controle - ausência de GB, continha 36% de milho; a dieta com 15% e 30% de GB continham, respectivamente, 19,3 e 2,8% de milho. A utilização da GB na dieta reduziu a PL (P=0,10), o consumo de MS (P=0,08), os tempos gastos com atividade mastigatória (P<0,03), a digestibilidade da FDN (P<0,04) e a produção de bactérias associadas à fase líquida do rúmen (P=0,04). Não foram observadas diferenças quanto a cinética de degradação e passagem. Porém, houve aumento na concentração de metano quando a GB foi incluída na dieta. A utilização de glicerina bruta (86% de glicerol) em 15% da matéria seca da dieta de vacas em lactação deprime produção de bactérias de fase líquida, digestibilidade da fibra e desempenho. A sua inclusão em até 10% parece ser o limite ótimo
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of 0, 15 and 30% crude glycerin (CG) in the MS diet in replacement of corn grain (diet control) on the ground on the dry matter intake (DMI), milk production (MY), rumen fermentation and dry matter digestibility in dairy cows . We used six multiparous Holstein cows rumen cannulated, being at the experiment with 587±39 kg BW, 114±29 DIM and with average 20±1.5 kg/d MY in two daily milkings, distributed in two 3x3 Latin Square with 21-days periods. The diets contained corn silage (45% DM), corn grain, sunflower meal, corn gluten meal, urea, vitamins, minerals and CG (86% glycerol, 95% DM, salts 6% and <0.1ppm of methanol). Cows were individually fed on total mixed ration in twice daily. The control diet - no glycerin, containing 36% corn, the diet with 15% and 30% contained GB, respectively, 19.3 and 2.8% of the corn. The use of the CG in the diet reduced the MY (P=0.10), DMI (P=0.08), the time chewing activities (P<0.03), NDF digestibility (P=0.04) and the liquid-associated bacteria content (P=0,04). There were no differences in the kinetics of degradation and passage. However, increased methane output when GB was in the diet. The use of crude glycerin (86% glycerol) in 15% of the diet dry matter for lactating cows depresses production of bacteria in the liquid phase, fiber digestibility and performance. Inclusion in up to 10% seems to be the optimum limit

Degradability in the rumen of several protein sources was determined by suspending from 12 to 13 g of feedstuff in dacron bags into the rumen for 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. Rumen cannulated lactating Holstein cows consuming a diet of corn silage, alfalfa, soybean, and high moisture corn were used. Degradability of protein varied from 18.6% for corn gluten meal to 72.3% for soybean meal. Gel electrophoresis was used to monitor rates of degradation in the rumen of fractions of corn gluten (CGM), CORN, cottonseed (CSM), peanut (PM), and soybean meal (SBM) protein fractions. Fractional degradation rates in the rumen were determined from densitometric analysis of stained polypeptides bands on SDS-PAGE gels. Acidic subunits of soybean glycinin were degraded at a faster rate than basic subunits (.144 vs .104 h⁻¹). Rates of degradation of zein in corn and corn gluten meal were .026 and .015 h⁻¹, respectively. Protein degradability estimated by using B subfractional components did not differ from degradability measured using total B fractions. Lag phase associated with dacron bags suspension technique did not change effective degradability. Protein solubility in SDS-PAGE sample buffer was highly correlated (R²=.958) with in situ protein degradability of CORN, CSM, DBG, FM, PM, and SBM. Different rates of degradation of each fraction may directly influence protein and amino acid contribution to the animal.
Master of Science

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a utilização de uma mistura comercial de óleos essenciais, fornecidos via concentrado e/ou sucedâneo lácteo, no que se refere ao escore fecal, fermentação ruminal e desempenho geral dos animais. Foram utilizados 30 bezerros da raça Holandês que receberam 6L/d de dieta líquida, composta por sucedâneo lácteo comercial (20PB:15EE), além de livre acesso à água e ao concentrado inicial. O desaleitamento ocorreu na 8ª semana, sendo os animais acompanhados até a 10ª semana de vida. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, nos seguintes tratamentos: 1) Controle: sem suplementação com óleos essencias (C); 2) Suplementação: 400 mg/kg de blend de óleos essenciais no sucedâneo lácteo (S) e 3) Suplementação: 200 mg/kg de blend de óleos essenciais no sucedâneo lácteo e 200 mg/kg no concentrado inicial (SCI). A partir da 2ª semana foram realizadas pesagens e aferições das medidas corporais, bem como avaliação diária de consumo de concentrado e escore fecal. Além disso, foram realizadas semanalmente colheita de sangue para determinação de hematócrito, glicose, ?-hidroxibutirato e proteínas totais; fezes, para a contagem de bactérias ácido lácticas e enterobactérias; e fluido ruminal, para determinação do pH, ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, nitrogênio amoniacal e contagem de bactérias amilolíticas, celulolíticas e protozoários. As medidas de desempenho, escore fecal e microrganismos intestinais não foram afetadas pela suplementação com blend de óleos essenciais (P>0,05). Os parâmetros ruminais e sanguíneos também não foram alterados pela suplementação de óleos essenciais (P>0,05), a exceção da concentração ruminal de N-amoniacal, com maiores valores para animais suplementados via sucedâneo e concentrado inicial (P<0,05). A maior parte dos parâmetros avaliados foi afetada pela idade dos animais, em reposta aos aumentos no consumo de concentrado inicial observados com o passar do tempo. A análise de contrastes não revelou efeito da via de fornecimento dos óleos essenciais nos parâmetros avaliados (P>0,05), a não ser pelos ganhos semanais de altura na cernelha, sendo estes superiores para animais suplementados via sucedâneo (P<0,05). Os óleos essenciais apresentam-se como promissores substitutos dos antibióticos promotores de crescimento. No entanto, a dose de óleos essenciais e as vias de fornecimentos merecem maiores estudos, de forma a se obter benefícios em saúde e desempenho animal.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a commercial blend of essential oils, supplied via starter concentrate and/or milk replacer with regard to fecal scores, rumen fermentation and overall performance of the animals. Thirty Holstein calves were utilized and received 6L/d of liquid diet, consisting of commercial milk replacer (20CP:15EE), and had free access to water and starter concentrate. Weaning occurred at week 8, and the animals were followed until the 10th week of age. Animals were distributed in a randomized block design, in the following treatments: 1) Control: without supplementation with essential oils (C), 2) Supplementation: 400 mg/kg of blend of essential oils in milk replacer (M) and 3) Supplementation: 200 mg/kg of blend of essential oils in the milk replacer and 200 mg/kg in the starter concentrate (MRC). From the second week, calves were weighted and body measurements were taken, while concentrate intake and fecal scores were monitored daily. Furthermore, blood samples were drawn weekly for determination of hematocrit, glucose, ?-hydroxybutyrate and total proteins; as well as feces, for counting lactic acid bacteria and enterobacteria; and ruminal fluid for determination of pH, short chain fatty acids, ammonia-N and counts of amylolytic and cellulolytic, and protozoa. Performance, fecal scores and intestines microorganisms were not affected by the essential oils supplementation (P>0.05). Ruminal and blood parameters were also not affected (P>0.05), exception made for the rumen ammonia-N concentration, with higher values for animals supplemented through milk-replacer and starter concentrate (P<0.05). Most of the evaluated parameters were affected by age of animals, mainly as a response to the increase on concentrate intake as animal aged. Contrast analysis did not reveal a route of administration of essential oils effect (P>0.05), except for the wither´s height gains, being those higher for animals supplemented via milk-replacer (P<0.05). Essential oils are promising substitutes for antibiotic growth promoters. However, the dose and routes of administration deserve further studies, allowing a better animal performance and health to be achieved.

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The objective of this study was to characterize the nutritional potential of five native forage species of the caatinga through the in vitro gas production technique. The experimental design was in 5 x 2 factorial blocks, with five forage species: (Catingueira, Maniçoba, Marmeleiro, Quixabeira, Faveleira), with no addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The chemical-bromatological appearance was seen; disappearance, digestibility and cumulative in vitro gas production of organic matter, in addition to ruminal parameters. There is no significant interaction as species and treatment (with and without PEG). Based on the results of a faveleira, comparing them with other species, we can highlight the bromatological comparison of raw material, with superior and inferior fibers in neutral detergent (NDF), acid detergent fiber (FAD) and Lignin, resulting in a better DIVMO coefficient and higher gas accumulation. However, all species have increased the digestibility (above 60%), with the value of NNH3, FP, and microbial biomass, thus demonstrating a good fermentative efficiency. The inhibition of condensed tannins (increase of PEG) influenced in a significant way in a DIVMO, PGMO and biomass production, thus making a good efficiency of ruminal fermentation kinetics. good ruminal fermentation, and can be used for animal feed without semiarid.
Objetivou-se caracterizar o potencial nutricional de cinco espécies forrageiras nativas da caatinga através da técnica de produção de gás in vitro. O delineamento experimental foi em Blocos Casualizados (série de incubação) em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, sendo cinco espécies de forrageiras: (Catingueira, Maniçoba, Marmeleiro, Quixabeira, Faveleira), com e sem a adição de polietilenoglicol (PEG). Foram analisados a composição químicabromatológica; desaparecimento, digestibilidade e produção cumulativa de gás in vitro da matéria orgânica, além dos parâmetros ruminais. Não houve interação significativa entres as espécies e o tratamento (com e sem PEG). Mediante os resultados a faveleira, comparado com as demais espécies, destacou-se por apresentar uma composição bromatológica de relevância, com PB superior e baixa fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e Lignina, acarretando em um melhor coeficiente de DIVMO e maior acumulo de gás. Entretanto, todas a espécies apresentaram alta taxa de digestibilidade (acima de 60%), valores considerados ideias de N-NH3, FP, e produção de biomassa microbiana, demostrando assim uma boa eficiência fermentativa. A inibição dos taninos condensados (adição de PEG) influenciou nos parâmetros aumentando significativamente a DIVMO, PGMO e produção de biomassa, indicando assim uma boa eficiência da cinética da fermentação ruminal.Todas a espécies apresentaram característica nutricionais (pela técnica in vitro) favoráveis para uma boa fermentação ruminal, podendo ser utilizadas para alimentação animal no semiárido.
São Cristóvão, SE

Orientador: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel
Banca: Juliana Borsari Dourado Sancanari
Banca: Weber Vilas Bôas Soares
Banca: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira
Banca: Atushi Sugohara
Resumo: Avaliou-se efeito da inclusão de 0, 15 e 30% de glicerina bruta (GB) na matéria seca (MS) de dietas em substituição ao milho grão moído sobre o consumo de MS, produção de leite (PL), fermentação ruminal e digestibilidade da MS (DMS) em vacas leiteiras. Foram utilizadas seis vacas multíparas, da raça Holandesa providas de cânula permanente de 4" no rúmen, estando no início do experimento com peso médio de 587 ± 39 kg, com 114 ± 29 dias em lactação e produzindo média de 20 ± 1,5 kg/leite em duas ordenhas diárias. As vacas foram distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 3 x 3 com períodos de 21 dias, sendo 14 de adaptação. As dietas continham silagem de milho, milho grão, farelo de girassol, glúten de milho, uréia, vitaminas, minerais e GB (86% de glicerol, 95% MS, 6% sais e <100 g/kg de metanol) e foram oferecidas ad libitum, duas vezes ao dia, na forma de dieta total. A dieta controle - ausência de GB, continha 36% de milho; a dieta com 15% e 30% de GB continham, respectivamente, 19,3 e 2,8% de milho. A utilização da GB na dieta reduziu a PL (P=0,10), o consumo de MS (P=0,08), os tempos gastos com atividade mastigatória (P<0,03), a digestibilidade da FDN (P<0,04) e a produção de bactérias associadas à fase líquida do rúmen (P=0,04). Não foram observadas diferenças quanto a cinética de degradação e passagem. Porém, houve aumento na concentração de metano quando a GB foi incluída na dieta. A utilização de glicerina bruta (86% de glicerol) em 15% da matéria seca da dieta de vacas em lactação deprime produção de bactérias de fase líquida, digestibilidade da fibra e desempenho. A sua inclusão em até 10% parece ser o limite ótimo
Abstract: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of 0, 15 and 30% crude glycerin (CG) in the MS diet in replacement of corn grain (diet control) on the ground on the dry matter intake (DMI), milk production (MY), rumen fermentation and dry matter digestibility in dairy cows . We used six multiparous Holstein cows rumen cannulated, being at the experiment with 587±39 kg BW, 114±29 DIM and with average 20±1.5 kg/d MY in two daily milkings, distributed in two 3x3 Latin Square with 21-days periods. The diets contained corn silage (45% DM), corn grain, sunflower meal, corn gluten meal, urea, vitamins, minerals and CG (86% glycerol, 95% DM, salts 6% and <0.1ppm of methanol). Cows were individually fed on total mixed ration in twice daily. The control diet - no glycerin, containing 36% corn, the diet with 15% and 30% contained GB, respectively, 19.3 and 2.8% of the corn. The use of the CG in the diet reduced the MY (P=0.10), DMI (P=0.08), the time chewing activities (P<0.03), NDF digestibility (P=0.04) and the liquid-associated bacteria content (P=0,04). There were no differences in the kinetics of degradation and passage. However, increased methane output when GB was in the diet. The use of crude glycerin (86% glycerol) in 15% of the diet dry matter for lactating cows depresses production of bacteria in the liquid phase, fiber digestibility and performance. Inclusion in up to 10% seems to be the optimum limit
Doutor

A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of adding an exogenous proteolytic enzyme (EPE) on the growth performance of beef steers fed growing and finishing diets containing 30% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; Exp. 1), and results corroborated by in vitro ruminal fermentation in continuous cultures (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, 48 group-penned Angus crossbred steers were randomly assigned to 2 treatments (n = 6) in a completely randomized design: DDGS TMR (DT) without and with EPE (27 mg of azocasein hydrolyzed/min/kg DM TMR). The addition of EPE during the growing phase increased DMI (P = 0.02), but had no effects on final BW, BW change, ADG, and G:F. Adding EPE during the growing phase decreased NDF digestibility, whereas the digestibility of DM, CP, and ADF were not affected. There was a tendency for both ADG (P = 0.09) and final BW (P = 0.11) to increase during the finishing phase without affecting BW change and G:F. As opposed to the growing phase, EPE increased digestibility (P < 0.04) of DM, CP, NDF, and ADF. In Exp. 2, 4 dietary treatments were assessed in continuous cultures; non-DDGS TMR (NDT) or DT finishing beef steer diet was combined without or with EPE in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The DT was the same diet used as the finishing diet in Exp. 1, and dose rate of EPE was the same as Exp. 1. Feeding the DT increased total VFA concentration (P = 0.01) which corresponded with a decreased (P < 0.01) pH compared with the NDT diet (5.8 vs. 6.0) regardless of EPE supplementation. Supplementing EPE tended to increase (P = 0.07) the total VFA concentration in both diets, but only increased digestibility of DM, OM, and NDF when added to the DT diet (P < 0.05), leading to tendencies on TMR × enzyme interaction (P < 0.10). Addition of the EPE product assessed in this study resulted in positive responses in Exp. 1 and 2 when added to finishing beef steer diets, and thus it is clear that use of protease enzyme products may be more effective in high concentrate diets such as finishing beef steer diets containing DDGS.

O objetivo com o presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do preparado de anticorpos policlonais (PAP) contra bactérias ruminais específicas (Streptococcus bovis e Fusobacterium necrophorum) sobre o consumo de matéria seca, digestibilidade aparente total da dieta, parâmetros de fermentação ruminal e contagem ruminal de protozoários, em animais adaptados ou não a dietas com alta proporção de carboidratos fermentescíveis. Foram utilizadas 6 vacas fistuladas no rúmen em dois quadrados latinos 3x3, em arranjo fatorial de tratamentos 3x2 referentes a dois aditivos PAP pó (PAPP) e PAP líquido (PAPP), mais o grupo controle e 2 tipos de manejo de adaptação à dieta. O primeiro quadrado latino recebeu uma adaptação gradual à dieta: do D0 ao D4 100% forragem; D5 ao D9 30% de concentrado e do D10 ao D14 60% de concentrado. O segundo quadrado latino recebeu 100% de forragem do D0 ao D14. Nos dias D15 e D16, todos os animais receberam uma dieta com 80% de concentrado. Para as análises, amostras de líquido ruminal foram coletadas diariamente às 3 h após a alimentação matinal. Os dados foram analisados pelo procedimento MIXED do SAS com nível de significância de 0,05. A variável consumo de matéria seca apresentou efeito de interação entre tempo e adaptação à dieta com alta proporção de carboidratos prontamente fermentescíveis (P<0,0001), onde o grupo adaptado apresentou consumo mais elevado em relação aos não adaptados (12,4 vs 6,6, respectivamente) do D0 ao D17. Para a variável digestibilidade da MS foi observado efeito de adaptação (P<0,0001), sendo que nos animais adaptados, a digestibilidade da MS foi superior (65,9%) à dos não adaptados (55,3%). Foi também observado efeito de aditivo (P=0,0186), onde o tratamento com PAPL apresentou maior digestibilidade da MS (63,6%), quando comparados aos tratamentos PAPP e controle (58,4% e 59,6%, respectivamente). A digestibilidade da PB apresentou efeito de interação entre proporção de carboidratos na dieta e o tipo de adaptação (P<0,0001), onde os animais adaptados apresentaram maior digestibilidade da PB (83,2%) em comparação aos não adaptados (79,3%), ambos recebendo 100% de forragem. Quando os animais adaptados receberam 60% de concentrado na dieta, este grupo apresentou menor digestibilidade da PB (69,4%), quando comparado ao grupo de animais não adaptados (83,6%). Já para a variável digestibilidade da FDN, os animais adaptados apresentaram maior digestibilidade da FDN (40,6%) em relação aos não adaptados (36,3%) (P=0,0332). Quanto ao efeito de aditivo (P=0,0248), os animais tratados com o aditivo PAPL apresentaram maior digestibilidade da FDN (44,0%), quando comparados aos tratados com PAPP (36,2%) e o grupo controle (35,4%). Quanto à digestibilidade do amido, foi observada interação entre dieta e adaptação (P=0,05), onde, na segunda semana, o grupo dos adaptados apresentou maior digestibilidade (92,8%) quando comparado ao grupo dos não adaptados (73,9%). Para a digestibilidade de carboidratos totais, foi observado efeito de adaptação (P<0,0001) e de aditivo (P=0,0312), onde o grupo dos adaptados apresentou maior digestibilidade quando comparados aos não adaptados (66,4% vs. 55,5, respectivamente), e os animais tratados com PAPL, apresentaram maior digestibilidade (63,9%) de carboidratos totais, que os tratados com PAPP (59,0%) e controle (59,9%). Ocorreu interação entre tempo e adaptação para a variável pH (P <0,0001), sendo que o grupo adaptado apresentou menor pH (6,40) quando comparado ao grupo dos não adaptados (6,77) entre o D2 e o D16. Ainda, foi verificado efeito de aditivo sobre a variavel pH ruminal (P=0,0432), onde o grupo PAPL apresentou maiores valores (6,62) quando comparado ao grupo PAPP (6,57) e ao controle (6,56). Ocorreu interação entre tempo e adaptação (P<0,0001) para a concentração AGCCt, onde os animais adaptados apresentaram valores mais elevados que o grupo dos não adaptados (100,3 vs. 77,7, respectivamente). Para a variável relação acetato:propionato (Ac:Pr), houve efeito de interação entre tempo e adaptação (P<0,0001). No D2, 5, 6 e D7, o grupo dos animais adaptados apresentou menor relação Ac:Pr quando comparados aos animais não adaptados (2,29 vs. 1,96, respectivamente). Porém, nos dias 12 a 16, houve inversão desta relação e os animais adaptados passaram a apresentar maior relação Ac:Pr (2,87) quando comparados ao grupo dos não adaptados (2,41). Não foi observado efeito de adaptação (P>0,05) bem como aditivo (P>0,05) para a variável concentração de lactato no líquido ruminal. A concentração de N-NH3 apresentou interação entre tempo e adaptação (P=0,0003), onde o grupo dos adaptados apresentou maiores valores quando comparado ao dos não adaptados (24,68 vs 15,97 mg/dL, respectivamente) entre o D1 e D15. Quanto as populações de protozoários, observou-se interação entre tempo, adaptação e aditivo para as populações de Dasytricha sp (P=0,0305) e Entodinium sp (P=0,0398), sendo observada manutenção das populações de Dasytricha sp (P=0,0188) nos animais não adaptados e decréscimo nos animais adaptados. Conseqüentemente, para a população de Entodinium sp, foi observado aumento nos animais adaptados (80,78%) e manutenção nos não adaptados (45,3%). Nos animais tratados com PAPL, a população de Dasytricha sp foi superior (38,3%) quando comparados às populações dos tratados com PAPP (31,50%) e grupo controle (34,7%), sem diferença entre estes últimos dois grupos. Quanto a população de Entodinium sp, os animais tratados com PAPL apresentaram menor porcentagem deste gênero de protozoários (58,5%) quando comparados ao grupo controle (64,0%) e ao PAPP (66,7%). A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que o preparado de anticorpos policlonais tanto na apresentação líquida como em pó não alterou o consumo de matéria seca bem como a concentração AGCCt, proporção molar de acetato, propionato e butirato, assim como a concentração ruminal de lactato e N-NH3. O preparado de anticorpos policlonais na apresentação líquida melhorou a digestibilidade da MS, FDN e carboidratos totais. Quanto ao pH ruminal, o PAP na apresentação líquida, se mostrou mais eficiente, em evitar a sua redução, quando comparado ao preparado na apresentação em pó e que o grupo controle durante o pico de fermentação. A adaptação melhorou a digestibilidade da MS, PB, EE, FDN, FDA e carboidratos totais, assim como aumentou as concentrações de AGCCt, sem que ocorresse aumento nas concentrações de lactato.
The objective with the present work was to evaluate the polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) against specific rumen bacteria (Streptococcus bovis and Fusobacterium necrophorum) on dry matter intake, total apparent digestibility of diet, ruminal fermentation patterns and ruminal protozoa counting on adapted and non-adapted animals to highly fermentable carbohydrates diets. Six ruminally cannulated cows were used in two Latin squares 3x3, in a factorial arrangement of treatments 3x2 regarding two feed additives (PAP in powder presentation (PAPP) and PAP in liquid presentation (PAPL)) plus control group (CON) and two managements of diets adaptation. The first Latin square received a step-up diet adaptation: from D0 to D4 100% forage; D5 to D9 30% of concentrates and D10 to D14 60% of concentrates. The second Latin square received 100% forage from D0 to D14. On D15 and D16, all animals received a diet with 80% of concentrates. For analysis, rumen fluid samples were daily collected 3h after morning meal. Data were analyzed by MIXED procedure with a significance level of 0.05. The variable dry matter intake presented interaction between time and adaptation to highly fermentable carbohydrate diets (P<0.0001), where the adapted group had greater DMI compared with non-adapted animals (12.4 vs. 6.6, respectively) from D0 to D17. For DM digestibility, it was observed effect of adaptation (P<0.0001), where the adapted group had greater values (65.9%) compared with the non-adapted group (55.3%). It was also observed effect of additive for this variable (P=0.0186), where the treatment PAPL had greater DM digestibility (63.6%) compared with treatments PAPP and control (58.4% and 59.6%, respectively). Crude protein digestibility had effect of interaction between carbohydrate proportion in diet and type of adaptation (P<0.0001), where the adapted animals had greater CP digestibility (83.2%) in relation to non-adapted animals (79.3%), both receiving 100% of forage. When the adapted animals received 60% of concentrates in diet, this group had lower CP digestibility (69.3%) compared with non adapted group (83.6%). For NDF digestibility, adapted animals had greater values (40.6%) in relation to non-adapted animals (36.3%) (P=0.0332). It was also observed an additive effect (P=0.0248), where the animals in PAPL group had greater NDF digestibility (44.0%) compared with PAPP (36.2%) and control (35.4%) groups. For starch digestibility, it was observed interaction between diet and adaptation (P=0.05), where, in the second week, the adapted group had greater digestibility (92.8%) compared with non-adapted group (73.9%). For total carbohydrates digestibility, it was observed effect of adaptation (P<0.0001) and additive (P=0.0312), where the adapted group had greater values compared with non-adapted animals (66.4% vs. 55.5, respectively), and the animals in PAPL group had greater total carbohydrates digestibility (63.9%) than PAPP (59.0%) and control (59.9%) groups. It was observed an interaction between time and adaptation for ruminal pH (P <0.0001), where the adapted group had lower pH (6.40) compared with non-adapted group (6.77) between D2 and D16. Moreover, it was verified additive effect for ruminal pH (P=0.0432), where PAPL group had higher values (6.62) compared with PAPP (6.57) and control (6.56) groups. It was observed an interaction between time and adaptation (P<0.0001) for total concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), where the adapted animals had greater values than non-adapted animals (100.33 vs. 77.72, respectively). For acetate:propionate ratio (Ac:Pr), there was effect of interaction between time and adaptation (P<0.0001). At D2, 5, 6 and D7, the group of adapted animals had lower Ac:Pr ratio than non-adapted group (2,29 vs. 1,96, respectively). However, at D12 to D16, there was an inversion of this relation and the adapted animals had greater Ac:Pr ratio (2.87) when compared with non-adapted animals (2.41). It was not observed effect of adaptation (P>0.05) as well as effect of additive (P>0.05) for ruminal lactate concentration. The concentration of N-NH3 showed interaction between time and adaptation (P=0.0003), where the adapted group had greater values compared with non-adapted group (24.7 vs. 16.0 mg/dL, respectively) between D1 and D15. For rumen protozoa population, it was observed an interaction between time, adaptation and additive for Dasytricha sp (P=0.0305) and Entodinium sp (P=0.0398), where the number of Dasytricha sp (P=0.0188) population was maintained in non-adapted animals and decreased in adapted animals. Consequently, for Entodinium sp population, it was observed increase in its number in adapted animals (80.8%) and maintenance of its number in non-adapted animals (45.3%). In animals treated with PAPL, the population of Dasytricha sp was greater (38.3%) when compared with the animals treated with PAPP (31.5%) and control group (34.7%), without difference between these last two groups. For Entodinium sp population, the animals treated with PAPL had lower percentage of these protozoa (58.5%) when compared with control (64.0%) and PAPP (66.7%) groups. From these results, it was possible to conclude that polyclonal antibody preparation both in liquid or powder presentation did not alter dry matter intake, total concentration of SCFA, molar proportion of acetate, propionate and butyrate as well as ruminal concentration of lactate and NH3-N. Polyclonal antibody presentation in liquid presentation improved DM, NDF and total carbohydrates digestibility. For ruminal pH, PAP in liquid presentation was more efficient in preventing its reduction, when compared with PAP in powder presentation and control group during the peak of fermentation. Adaptation to highly fermentable carbohydrate diets improved DM, CP, EE, NDF, NDA and total carbohydrates digestibility even as increased total concentration of SCFA without increase in lactate concentration.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A crescente preocupação com o aquecimento global incentiva as discussões sobre novas fontes de energia, destacando-se o biodiesel. O processo de produção desse biocombustível gera resíduos como tortas, farelos e glicerina. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de glicerina na ração de bovinos sobre, consumo, digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, produção de gases, pH, amônia, quantificação e composição da massa microbiana. O trabalho foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias-FCAV/Unesp, campus de Jaboticabal, utilizando-se cinco bovinos mestiços. As dietas foram formuladas com a inclusão de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 % de glicerina na MS. O delineamento experimental foi quadrado latino 5 x 5. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão adotando nível de significância de 5%. As dietas com glicerina resultaram em menores concentrações de extrato etéreo e carboidratos não fibrosos, o que levou a uma redução linear no consumo desses nutrientes (p<0,05) em kg/dia, %PV/dia e g/kgPV0,75. A digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro e carboidratos não fibrosos foi influenciada (p<0,05) apresentando redução linear com o aumento do porcentual de glicerina na dieta. A fermentação ruminal foi alterada apresentando decréscimo linear na concentração ruminal de N-NH3 com a inclusão desse subproduto. A inclusão de glicerina não influenciou a produção de metano em L/dia, g/dia, g/KgMSI e g/KgFDNi nem o pH ruminal entre os tratamentos. Não foram observados efeitos das dietas (p>0,05) sobre as BSA, verificou-se apenas diferenças quanto ao tempo de colheita para MO% e N%. Foram verificadas reduções na produção e composição de BLA e PLA (p<0,05) com a inclusão de glicerina na dieta. A utilização de altas concentrações de glicerina na dieta de bovinos necessita de maiores estudos para a determinação
The growing concern about global warming encourages new discussions about energy sources, especially biodiesel. The biodiesel production generates residues as meals and glycerin. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of glycerin inclusion in the cattle diet on intake, apparent digestibility, ruminal gas production, pH, ammonia, microbial mass quantification and composition. The experiment was carried out in FCAV / Unesp, Jaboticabal campus, using five crossbred cattle. The diets were formulated with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% glycerin inclusion in DM. Statistical design was a 5X5 Latin Square. The results were submitted to variance analysis and regression adopting 5% level significance. The glycerin inclusion in the diets affected lipids and non-fiber carbohydrates concentrations and subsequently its intake in kg/day, %BW and g/kgBW0,75. The neutral detergent fiber and nonfiber carbohydrates digestibility was influenced (p<0.05) showing linear decrease with glycerin increase in diet. The rumen fermentation showed linear decrease in NH3-N ruminal concentration with glycerin inclusion. Glycerin inclusion didn’t influenced methane production in L/day, g/day, g/kgDMi and g/kgNDFi, or ruminal pH between treatments. There were no diet effect (p>0.05) in the PAB for treatments, there was differences only in the time at feeding for OM% and N%. Reductions were observed in BLA and PLA production and composition (p<0.05) with glycerin inclusion in diet. The high concentrations of glycerin in cattle diets needs further studies to determine the limit inclusion of this byproduct

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are unique group of trans fatty acids formed during the biohydrogenation (BH) of unsaturated fatty acids by rumen microorganisms. The reported health benefits of CLA in recent human studies have increased researchers' interest in enhancing their concentrations in ruminants dairy and meat products. Despite the great successes seen in increasing milk CLA by dietary means, little information has been presented about the effect of CLA-enhancing diets on rumen microorganisms, particularly bacterial species involved in the BH process. Identifying the rumen bacteria responsible for the formation of the beneficial trans fatty acids in the rumen may provide an opportunity to isolate and grow such bacteria in vitro and then feed as a microbial supplement to dairy cows to enhance the CLA content in their milk. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to investigate how dietary forge level and oil supplementation affects trans fatty acids formation and selected strains of ruminal bacteria believed to be involved in BH. The effects of forage level and oil supplementation on fermentation, trans fatty acids and ruminal bacteria were investigated in continuous culture fermenters system. Four continuous culture fermenters were used in 4 ×x 4 Latin square design with a 2 ×x 2 factorial arrangement over four 10-d consecutive periods. The experimental diets used in this study were: 1) high forage diet (70:30 forage to concentrate (DM basis); HFC), 2) high forage plus oil supplement (HFO), 3) low forage diet (30:70 forage to concentrate; LFC), and 4) low forage plus oil supplement (LFO). The oil supplement was a blend of fish oil (FO) and soybean oil (SBO) added at 1 and 2 g/100g DM, respectively. On day 10 of each period, samples were collected from each fermenter at 3 h post morning feeding for volatile fatty acids (VFA) and fatty acids analysis using gas chromatography and for microbial analysis using real time PCR (rPCR). Fermenters pH averaged 6.5 ±± 0.05 and 5.8 ±± 0.05 with the high and low forage diets, respectively and was not affected (P > 0.05) by oil supplement. Total VFA concentration was not affected by forage level (P > 0.05) but decreased (P < 0.05) with oil supplementation. The concentration (mM) of acetate was greater (P < 0.05) with the high forage diets while the concentration of propionate was greater (P < 0.05) with the low forage diet and both decreased (P < 0.05) with oil supplementation. Dietary forage level had no effect (P > 0.05) on butyrate concentration but oil supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) concentration particularly when added with the high forage diet (P < 0.02). The concentrations of trans-11 C18:1 (vaccenic acid; VA) and cis-9 trans-11 CLA were greater (P < 0.01) with the high than the low forage diets and concentrations increased (P < 0.01) with oil supplementation particularly when added with the high forage diet (P < 0.01). The concentrations of trans-10 C18:1 and trans-10 cis-12 CLA were greater (P < 0.05) with the low the high forage diets and concentrations increased (P < 0.01) with oil supplementation particularly when added with the low forage diet (P < 0.02). The concentration of C18:0 was greater (P < 0.01) with the high than the low forage diets and oil supplementation decreased (P < 0.02) C18:0 concentration in the high forage diet but increased it (P < 0.01) in the low forage diet. Forage level and oil supplementation had no effect (P > 0.05) on the DNA abundance of Butyrivibrio SA subgroup. The DNA abundances of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Butyrivibrio VA subgroup, Anaerovibrio lipolytica and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus were greater (P < 0.05) with the high than the low forage diets. Oil supplementation reduced the DNA abundances only for R. flavefaciens, B. fibrisolvens and R. albus especially when added with the high forage diet. Results from this study may suggest that the greater trans fatty acids formation seen with the high forage diets may be related to greater activity of Butyrivibrio VA subgroup, B. fibrisolvens, R. flavefaciens, and R. albus bacteria and both Butyrivibrio SA subgroup and B. proteoclasticus seems to play a minor role in the production of C18:0 from trans C18:1. Further research is needed to identify the strain(s) of bacteria responsible for trans C18:1 reductions to C18:0, particularly under high rumen pH conditions.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Science, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, 1993.
Includes two of author's articles in pocket inside back cover. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-150).

In the beef cattle industry, sustainable beef production is a primary focus, as it has direct effects on environmental stewardship, farm profitability, and public concerns. Research has been and is continually being conducted to evaluate alternative forages such as Brown Midrib Corn Silage (BMRCS) as a major component in growing beef cattle diets, to improve animal performance, ruminal fermentation, and economic returns. The objective of this study was to determine growth performance, ruminal fermentation characteristics, and economic returns of growing beef steers when fed a brown midrib corn silage-based TMR (BMRT) compared with a conventional corn silage-based TMR (CCST). This growing beef study was performed in a completely randomized design with 24 Angus crossbred steers (initial body weight (BW) = 258 ± 23.2 kg) to test 2 treatments: CCST vs. BMRT. All animals were placed in individual pens, and 12 animals allocated to each treatment (n = 12). All steers were adapted to the CCST for a 2-wk period prior to start of the trial. The CCST contained 48.1% CCS whereas the BMRT consisted of 49.0% BMRCS on a dry matter (DM) basis. All steers were fed once per day, and feed bunks assesed each afternoon and prior to morning feeding, which was used to determine the amount of feed to deliver to each pen the following day. The experiment lasted 84 d. For all steers, BW and ruminal fermentation characteristics were measured on wk 4, 8, and 12. Intake of DM averaged 9.54 kg/d across the treatments and was similar between the treatments. Steers fed the BMRT tended to increase average daily gain (ADG) compared to those fed the CCST (1.54 vs. 1.42 kg/d; P = 0.09). In addition, feeding the BMRT tended to increase G:F compared with the CCST (0.165 vs. 0.146; P = 0.07). Feeding the BMRT decreased ruminal pH (6.42 vs. 6.67; P < 0.01), whereas it increased total VFA concentration (P = 0.01) compared with the CCST. Feeding the BMRT decreased molar proportion of acetate (P < 0.01), but increased propionate proportion (P = 0.01), resulting in decreased acetate-to-propionate ratio compared with the CCST (P < 0.02). Steers fed BMRT increased feed margin (P = 0.05) and net return (P = 0.02) compared to those fed CCST throughout the trial. Overall data in this study indicate that feeding the BMRT to growing beef steers enhanced ruminal fermentation and beneficially shifted VFA profiles, which contributed to improved growth performance and economic performance of steers fed the BMRT.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
The experiment 1 objectives were to evaluate the isolated and combined effects of the virginiamycin (VM) and monensin sodium (MON) on performance, feed intake, feed efficiency, ruminal fermentation, and carcass characteristics of beef cattle fed with high concentrate diet, the experiment 2 had the objective evaluate ruminal parameter the bulls Nelore with use the isolated and combined effects of the virginiamycin (VM) and monensin sodium (MON) and the experiment 3 had the objective to determine the optimal moisture content for reconstituted ensiled corn grain, evaluating final moisture concentrations of 27%, 30%, 33%, and 36%. In Exp. 1, 339 crossbred bulls Nellore x Guzera; were used in a randomized complete block design with five treatments and seven replicates. The blocks were defined by initial body weight. The animals were allocated in group pens for 103d, including 28d adaptation period. Treatments were defined by levels of VM and MON (mg/kg of DM) as follows: 30MON; 15VM+30MON; 25VM+30MON; 34VM+ 30MON e 34VM. In the phase of adaptation was no statistical (P>0.05) in body weight initial, body weight final, and average daily gain. Already to dry matter intake have the statistical difference (P<0.05) to compare 30MON vs 34MON e 34VM vs 34VM+30MON, in the phase adaptation the dose association 34VM+30MON have the smaller dry matter intake. In Exp. 2, 15 Nellore bulls with ruminal cannula were used in a randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 3 replicates. Animals were blocked by initial body weight. The animals were kept in individual pens for 35 days has received the same diet to Exp.1. The sample liquid ruminal was collected in days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 for evaluation pH, VFA, N-NH3, and protozoan. After this period was realized the digestibility. The values of pH, NH3-N, and VFA were no differences (P>0.05) for contrast and linear and quadratic regression, except for acetic acid concentration that was difference (P<0.05). The protozoa concentration total had effect in contrast 34VM vs 34VM+30MON (P<0.05), being that the dose 34VM provide more concentration. In the Exp.3 sixty cattle (Bos taurus) were randomized complete block design with 6 treatments and 10 replicates was used. The treatments were corn grain reconstituted with water until they reach to final moisture concentrations of 27 (HMC27%), 30 (HMC30%), 33 (HMC33%), and 36% (HMC36%) and grains were allowed to ensile for 101 days. The steam-flaker corn and dry-rolled corn also were usually with treatment. Were no statistical difference (P<0.05) in performance the cattle confined for 89 days. Already in experiment in vitro the gas production the high moisture corn. To usually the high moisture corn in diet the cattle no increased the performance. Already the processing corn were availed in vitro, high moisture result in high fermentation and gas production.
No Exp. 1, o objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos isolados e combinados de virginiamicina (VM) e monensina sódica (MON) no desempenho, consumo, eficiência alimentar e características de carcaça e composição corporal de bovinos cruzados alimentados com dieta de alto teor de concentrado, enquanto o Exp. 2 o objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros ruminais de bovinos Nelore confinados com o uso isolado e combinado de virginiamicina (VM) e monensina sódica (MON). Um terceiro experimento (Exp. 3) foi conduzido a fim de determinar o teor de umidade ideal para umidade. No Exp. 1 foram utilizados 330 animais mestiço nelore x guzerá que foram blocados peso corporal e randomizados em baias coletivas em um delineamento de blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e sete repetições. O experimento teve duração 103 dias, sendo 28 dias de adaptação. Os tratamentos foram compostos por doses de VM e MON em mg/kg de matéria seca e suas associações, sendo: 30MON; 15VM+30MON; 25VM+30MON; 34VM+30MON e 34VM. Na fase da adaptação, não foi observado diferenças (P>0,05) no peso inicial, peso final e ganho médio diário. Já para ingestão de matéria seca houve diferença (P<0,05), quando comparado 30 MON vs 34 MON e 34VM vs 34VM+30MON, na fase de adaptação a dose associada 34VM+30MON teve menor ingesta de matéria seca. No Exp. 2 foram utilizados 15 animais da raça Nelore canulados no rúmen, que foram alocados em baias individuais randomizados e blocados pelo peso corporal, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições. Os animais foram mantidos em confinamento por 35 dias recebendo a mesma dieta descrita no Exp. 1. Amostras de líquido ruminal foram coletadas nos dias 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 para avaliar pH, AGV, nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e protozoários. Após esse período foi realizado um ensaio de digestibilidade para mensurar a utilização de nutrientes. Os valores de pH, N-NH3 e AGV não foram encontrados diferenças (P>0,05) para os contrastes e regressão linear e quadrática, exceto para a concentração de ácido acético (P<0,05). A concentração total de protozoários foi maior para 34VM quando comparada com 34VM vs 34VM + 30 MON (P<0,05). No Exp. 3, sessenta bovinos (Bos taurus) foram blocados e randomizado pelo peso corporal, com seis tratamentos e dez repetições. Os tratamentos foram grãos de milho seco e laminados reconstituídos com água até atingirem o teor de umidade de 27 (HMC27%), 30 (HMC30%), 33 (HMC33%), 36% (HMC36%) e em seguida foram ensilados por 101 dias previamente ao início do experimento. Milho floculado e milho laminado seco também foram utilizados como tratamento. Não foi observada diferenças no desempenho (P<0,05) dos animais confinados por 89 dias. Paralelamente foi conduzido um experimento in vitro para avaliar a produção de gás dos milhos processados. O uso de HMC na dieta de bovinos confinados não melhorou o desempenho dos animais. Já quando os milhos processados foram avaliados in vitro, maior teor de umidade resultou em maior fermentação e consequentemente maior produção de gás.

O objetivou-se com este trabalho foi avaliar a influência de óleos funcionais e monensina na dieta de vacas no verão sobre o consumo de matéria seca, parâmetros produtivos, sanguíneos, fisiológicos e hormonais, fermentação ruminal e a digestibilidade aparente total dos nutrientes. O projeto foi conduzido no Centro de Análise e Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio (APTA), no setor de Bovinos de Leite, Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, SP. Foram utilizadas oito vacas da raça Holandesa primíparas, lactantes (68 ± 3,46 dias de lactação e 511,56 ± 65,38 pesos vivos), distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos contemporâneos, em arranjo fatorial 2x2, ou seja, dieta sem inclusão de aditivo, dieta com inclusão de óleo funcional (OF, 0,5 g/kg MS), dieta com inclusão de monensina (MO, 30 mg/kg MS) e dieta com inclusão de óleo funcional e monensina, nas mesmas quantidades já descritas. As vacas foram mantidas a temperatura média de 25,31°C ± 0,26; umidade relativa do ar de 71,24% ± 1,03 e índice de temperatura e umidade de 73,85 ± 0,14. No presente experimento não observou interação entre os tratamentos, porém os animais com OF apresentaram maior CMS e a inclusão de MO diminuiu esse parâmetro. Se tratando dos parâmetros fermentativos, a inclusão de MO aumentou a concentração de propionato e isovalérico, consecutivamente sua proporção e diminuiu a relação acético: propiônico, OF não alterou a fermentação ruminal. Os parâmetros bioquímicos apresentaram interação na quantidade de ácidos graxos não esterificados (NEFA), sendo que, a não inclusão de aditivos foi maior sua concentração do que a inclusão de ambos os aditivos. Quando se tratando da digestibilidade dos nutrientes, não houve diferença significativa para nenhuma das frações. Para aos parâmetros produtivos, a produção de leite, produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura e quantidade de gordura ocorreu interação entre os tratamentos, onde a dieta com OF na ausência de monensina aumentou esses parâmetros e quando incluído MO diminuiu. Já dieta com somente MO funcional diminuiu, os mesmos parâmetros, e a presença dos dois aditivos aumentou. A quantidade de lactose, proteína e o teor de proteína foram maiores para o tratamento incluído OF. A inclusão de MO diminuiu os teores de gordura e sólidos totais, porém esse tratamento apresentou maior eficiência produtiva. Nos parâmetros fisiológicos a quantidade de tiroxina (T4), e frequência respiratória (FR) também foi maior quando incluído OF comparado sem inclusão de aditivos. Já os demais parâmetros fisiológicos e hormonais (temperatura retal e do pelame e triiodotironina, T3) não foram afetados. O óleo funcional demonstrou eficácia em melhorar a produção de leite e consumo em animais submetidos a estresse calórico crônico sem alterar a fermentação ruminal e digestibilidade, porém aumentou a FR e o T4. Entretanto, a monensina foi capaz de alterar a fermentação sem alterar o consumo e os parâmetros fisiológicos e hormonais, também sendo mais eficiente produtivamente.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of functional oils and monensin in the diet of cows submitted in the summer on dry matter intake, and how this influence affected their blood as well as their productive, physiological and hormonal parameters, ruminal fermentation and apparent digestibility of feed. The project was conducted in the Milk Cattle Sector at the Agribusiness Technological Research and Analysis Center (APTA), Institute of Animal Science, Nova Odessa, SP. Eight primiparous, lactating Holstein cows (68 ± 3.46 days of lactation and 511.56 ± 65.38 live weights) were used and distributed in two contemporary Latin squares, in a 2x2 factorial arrangement. They received four diets one without the inclusion of additives, one with functional oil (OF, 0.5 g / kg DM), one with monensin (MO, 30 mg / kg DM), and one with both functional oil and monensin with the same quantities as described. The cows were submitted to a mean temperature of 25.31°C ± 0.26 with a relative humidity of 71.24% ± 1.03 and a temperature and humidity index of 73.85 ± 0.14. In the present experiment, there was no interaction between the treatments, but the animals with + OF presented higher CMS and + MO decrease this parameter. When treating the fermentation parameters with MO, there was an increase in the amount of propionate and isovaleric, however, a decrease in the acetic: propionic ratio occurred. At the same time, only the proportion of propionate increased when treated with MO while isovaleric and acetic proportions remained the same, and the inclusion of OF did not alter the ruminal fermentation. The biochemical parameters showed interaction in the amount of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and the without additives the concentration of NEFA was higher than with the inclusion of both additives. When it came to nutrient digestibility, there was no significant difference for any of the fractions. Regarding the productive parameters concerning milk production, this adjusted to 3.5% fat and the amount of fat experienced interaction between treatments of OF and MO; the diet with OF in the absence of monensin saw an increase in these productive parameters and when MO was included, a decrease occurred. The diet with only functional MO saw a decrease in the productive parameters, while this increased in the presence of both additives. The amount of lactose, protein, and protein content were higher in the treatments including OF. The inclusion of MO decreased the total fat and solid contents, but this treatment presented a higher productive efficiency. In the physiologic parameters the thyroxin (T4). The respiratory rate (RR) was also higher when including OF in comparison without additives, while the other physiological and hormonal parameters (rectal temperature, skin and triiodothyronine, T3) were not affected. Functional oil showed efficacy in improving milk production and consumption in animals submitted to chronic caloric stress without altering rumen fermentation and digestibility, but increased RF and T4. However, monensin was able to alter the fermentation without altering the consumption and the physiological and hormonal parameters, also being more efficient productively.

The thesis includes the effect of Bioflavex®, an orange plant extract rich in flavonoids, on rumen fermentation and meat quality. Several experiments were performed, in the “in vivo” trials (Exp. 1,2 and 3) under acidosis conditions the plant extract blend, ameliorated pH decrease and improved the acetic/propionic ratio and relative abundance of lactate-consuming microorganism (M. elsdenii). The “in vitro” trials (Exp. 4 and 5) confirmed the “in vivo” findings and it was demonstrated that the effect of flavonoids blend relies in its main components, Naringine, Neohesperidine moreover the flavonoids blend reduced gas and methane production through a significant reduction in abundances of methanogenic archaeas. Finally, in the sixth “in vivo” experiment, the effect of Bioflavex® on carcass quality and fat color and stability of 32 young Friesian bulls was negligible.
En la memoria se analizó el efecto de un extracto cítrico rico en flavonoides, Bioflavex® sobre la fermentación ruminal y la calidad de la carne. En los experimentos “in vivo” (Exp. 1,2 y 5) y en condiciones de acidosis ruminal la presencia de Bioflavex® tamponó los descenso del pH, mejoró la tasa acético/propionico y la abundancia de especies bacterianas consumidoras de lactato. En los ensayos “in vitro” (Exp.4 i 5) se validaron los ensayos “in vivo” pero además se demostró como el efecto de Bioflavex® derivaba de la de sus componentes principales Naringina y Neohesperidina. Además, la presencia de flavonoides redujo la producción de gas y metano deprimiendo las concentración de arqueas metanogénicas. Finalmente, en el sexto ensayo, “in vivo”, (Exp. 6) el efecto de la mezcla comercial de flavonoides sobre la calidad de la canal, color y estabilidad de la grasa de 32 terneros frisones tuvo una mínima relevancia.
A la tesis s’analitza l’efecte d’un extracte vegetal ric en flavonoides, Bioflavex® sobre la fermentació ruminal i la qualitat de la carn. A les probes “in vivo” (Exp. 1,2 i 3) i en condicions d’acidosis ruminal la presencia de Bioflavex® redueix els nivells d’acidosis, millora la taxa acètic/propiònic i la abundància de especies consumidores de lactat. Al assajos “in vitro” (Exp. 4 i 5) es validaren els resultats obtinguts “in vivo” però a més és demostrà com l’activitat de la mescla Bioflavex® derivava de la de llurs components principals Naringina i Neohesperidina. A més, la presencia de flavonoides reduí la producció de gas i la de metà al deprimir els títols de de arquees meta gèniques. Finalment, en un sisè assaig, “in vivo” l’efecte de la barreja comercial sobre la qualitat de la canal, color i estabilitat de la grassa en 32 vedells Frisons va tenir una escassa rellevància.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (December 12, 2005) Includes bibliographical references.

Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
James S. Drouillard
Hops β-acid extract was fed to 80 heifers (389 ± 23.6 kg initial BW) to assess impact on feedlot performance and ruminal fermentation. Heifers were randomly assigned to individual pens and fed once daily for 147 d. Treatments were a control (no additive); 33 mg monensin (Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN)/kg diet DM; and 10, 25, 50 mg β-acid extract of hops (DSM Nutritional Products, France)/kg diet DM. Ruminal fluid was collected on d 44 and 86 by rumenocentesis for analyses of VFA, lactate, and NH[subscript]3 concentrations. Cattle were harvested at a commercial abattoir on d 147. Hops β-acids decreased propionate (P = 0.01) concentrations and increased caproate (P = 0.05), A:P (P = 0.04), and ammonia concentrations (P = 0.03) compared to monensin. Growth performance of heifers fed β-acid or monensin was not different than that of heifers fed the control diet. Additionally, two in vitro studies were conducted to evaluate effects of hops β-acid extract on starch fermentation by mixed microbial populations from the bovine rumen. In trial 1, 2 treatments were assigned in triplicate to fermentation bottle, fitted with Ankom[superscript]RF1 Gas Production System modules (Ankom[superscript]RF Technology, Macedon, NY) using starch as substrate (Difco Soluble Starch; Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD) and either 0 or 33 mg hops β-acid extract (10.99% active hops beadlet; DSM Nutritional Products, France)/kg substrate. Gas production was measured over 30 h. Terminal pH, IVDMD, and VFA and lactate were measured after 30 h of fermentation. Gas production increased in response to β-acid (P ≤ 0.05). Terminal pH, IVDMD, VFA, and lactate were unaffected by addition of β-acid extract (P ≤ 0.05). In trial 2, pH, VFA concentrations, and IVDMD were measured at 6-h intervals during a 30-h incubation period using 36 fermentation tubes. There was no effect of hops β-acid on in vitro fermentation (P > 0.05). In conclusion, under the conditions of these experiments, hops β- acid extracts hops had little impact on feedlot performance, though there are indications of an impact on ruminal fermentation.

Forages containing condensed tannins (CT) have potential to reduce the environmental impact of dairy farming. In 3 studies, I hypothesized that feeding CTcontaining birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus, BFT) would result in improved nutrient utilization and lactational performance of dairy cows compared with control forages of the respective experiments. Improved milk components, reduction in waste N, and overall improved N efficiency were hypothesized for BFT-fed cows compared to those cows fed alfalfa hay (Study 1) or grass-based diets (Study 2). In addition, a decrease in in vitro methane production and improved rumen fermentation due to diets based on BFT pasture and concentrate supplementation compared with grass pasture-based diets was the hypothesis of the third study. Study 1 showed BFT-hay diets improved lactational performance through increased energy-corrected milk yield and increased milk protein yield, resulting in improved N utilization efficiency compared with the alfalfa hay diet. Total volatile fatty acids concentration tended to increase, and greater microbial protein yield was exhibited by cows fed BFT compared to other diets tested. Therefore, BFT can replace alfalfa hay in dairy diets and showed improved feed and N utilization efficiencies and lactational performance. Study 2 determined that pasture nutrient content increased for BFT pasture compared to the mixed grass control, contributing to increases in milk yield most weeks during the 2-year study. Energy-corrected milk yield increased most weeks by BFT-grazed cows due to increased milk yield, although milk protein concentration was similar between treatments. Cows grazing BFT pasture increased N efficiency coupled with decreased milk urea N secretion in the first, but not the second year, suggesting an environmental advantage over traditional grass-based pastures depending on the effect of growing conditions on pasture quality at time of grazing. Study 3 showed that offering BFT pasture to continuous cultures without or with barley grain or total mixed ration supplements reduced methane production and altered rumen microbial populations. The reduced methane production on the continuous cultures was likely due to direct and/or indirect effects of CT on rumen microbiota. Overall, diets including BFT showed improved nutritive, lactational, and environmental benefits by decreasing N waste and methane production over typical alfalfa hay-based dairy diets and grass pastures.

Shortage of quality feed is the major constraint in livestock production particularly under smallholder subsistence farmer’s conditions in sub-Saharan Africa, including South Africa. This is due to the fact that livestock production under smallholder subsistence farmers predominantly depends on communal grazed natural pastures which are often inadequate in both quality and quantity particularly during the dry season. In order to improve livestock production in these areas, there is a need to address shortage of feed both in terms of quantity and quality. Consequently cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) varieties adaptable in Limpopo province of South Africa were evaluated for their nutritive value and in vitro gas production (fermentation) attributes in order to identify superior varieties as potential forage source for ruminants animals. Several laboratory experiments (including proximate analysis, in vitro digestibility estimate and gas production) were conducted at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. In this study, 12 varieties of cowpea were evaluated for their chemical composition, in vitro organic matter digestibility and gas production (fermentation) attributes. Generally the adaptable varieties had more than 15% crude protein (CP) content with relatively low neutral detergent fibre (NDF), thus they were highly digestible. This indicates that these varieties could be potentially utilised as supplementary forage and nitrogen source to complement poor quality forage. However, of the 12 varieties, three, Bechuana white, IT 97K-499-35 and TX 08-30-1 were relatively superior as they had greater CP, ME and IVOMD with low fibre values. Hence, these three varieties are chosen for further evaluation in terms of their potential in improving ruminal fermentation and digestibility of poor quality grass hay when used as supplement at three different levels of inclusion. This was done by conducting an in vitro gas production experiment and measuring parameters such as, ruminal fermentation, in vitro organic matter digestibility and NDF degradability of forage. Generally supplementing poor quality grass hay with cowpea varieties improved grass hay fermentation. Among the cowpea varieties, high levels of inclusion resulted in greater gas production for Bechuana White and IT 97K-499-35, while for TX 08-30-1 variety, there was no difference between 15 vs 30 % or 50% inclusion level. Thus Bechuana White and IT 97K-499-35 can be used as a forage source while TX 08-30-1 varieties can be recommended as a protein source to supplement poor quality forage. However, there is a need to determine their dry matter intake, digestibility and animal performance response in order to utilise them in the feeding system of ruminants. In vitro supplementary results to poor quality forage suggests that thirty percent level of inclusion of the two cowpea varieties (Bechuana White and IT 97K-499-35) has the maximum benefit.
Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
National Research Foundation (NRF)
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
MSc (Agric)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da frequência de suplementação no comportamento ingestivo animal, ingestão e digestibilidade da matéria seca, desempenho e características da carcaça; além de verificar o efeito da frequência de suplementação na, fermentação ruminal, fluxo de nutrientes, eficiência de síntese microbiana e produção de metano ruminal de bovinos Nelore, mantidos em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu, durante o período da seca. O suplemento foi fornecido diariamente, de segunda a sexta-feira e suspenso aos sábados e domingos e em dias alternados, na ordem de 1%; 1,4% e 2,0% do peso corporal, respectivamente. O suplemento foi composto de polpa cítrica, farelo de algodão e uréia. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância com medidas repetidas no tempo, pelo procedimento MIXED do SAS, e as médias foram comparadas através do teste de Tukey. A frequência de suplementação não influenciou o desempenho, o comportamento ingestivo animal, a ingestão de matéria seca, a eficiência de síntese microbiana e a produção de metano ruminal. Os meses do ano exerceram efeito na massa e composição química da forragem, no desempenho e na produção de metano de bovinos em pastejo. Foram verificadas interações significativas entre as frequências de suplementação e meses avaliados na digestibilidade da matéria seca, pH e concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal, e na produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta. As características de carcaça foram influenciadas pelas frequências de suplementação, no entanto, encontraram-se no limite desejável de acabamento. Desta forma, a redução da frequência de suplementação torna-se uma boa opção no sistema de suplementação, pois permite diminuir custos com suplemento e equipamentos.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation frequency on behavior animal intake, dry matter intake, dry matter digestibility, performance and characteristics of the carcass; besides the effect of the supplementation frequency on the ruminal fermentation, flow of nutrients, microbial synthesis efficiency and ruminal methane production by Nellore steers grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture during dry season. The supplement was offered daily or from Monday to Friday or in alternate days, in the order of 1%, 1.4% and 2.0% of the body weight, respectively. This supplement was composed by citrus pulp, cottonseed meal and urea. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (repeated measure in time), using the proc mixed procedure of SAS, and the averages were cooperated through Tukey test. The supplementation frequency did not influence the performance, behavior animal intake and dry matter intake, microbial synthesis efficiency and ruminal methane production. Months of the year affected the herbage mass and their chemical composition, performance and ruminal methane production of animals. They were verified significant interaction between supplementation frequency and months for dry matter digestibility, ruminal pH and concentration of ruminal ammonia nitrogen and short-chain fatty acids production. Carcass characteristics were influenced by the supplementation frequency, however, they were in the desirable limit of finish. This way, the reduction in the supplementation frequency became a good option in the production system, because of reducing costs and time with supplement and equipments.