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Mbanzamihigo, L., CJ van Nevel, and DI Demeyer. "Essai sur l'adaptation de la fermentation ruminale au monensin." Reproduction Nutrition Development 35, no. 4 (1995): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rnd:19950401.
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JOUANY, J. P. "Les fermentations dans le rumen et leur optimisation." INRAE Productions Animales 7, no. 3 (June 24, 1994): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.1994.7.3.4170.
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Les microorganismes du rumen dégradent et fermentent les fourrages ingérés par les ruminants alors que les enzymes du tube digestif des animaux n’en sont pas capables. Ils transforment la matière organique des aliments en acides qui assurent l’essentiel des apports énergétiques aux ruminants. Les protéines des microorganismes synthétisées dans le rumen sont ensuite digérées dans l’intestin où elles apportent la majeure partie des acides aminés. Les gaz qui sont éructés représentent une perte énergétique de l’ordre de 10 % de l’énergie ingérée ; en outre, ils contribuent à aggraver la concentration des gaz à effet de serre autour de notre planète. On sait que la qualité de la production de lait ou de viande par les ruminants est largement influencée par la nature des produits terminaux de la fermentation dans le rumen mis à la disposition des animaux. Il est désormais possible, en agissant sur l’équilibre de la population microbienne dans le rumen, de contrôler le lieu de la digestion (rumen ou intestin) et (ou) d’orienter les fermentations dans le rumen vers la formation des produits terminaux désirés. Cet article présente les méthodes de manipulation de la digestion ruminale actuellement disponibles dans les laboratoires de recherches ; les aspects purement alimentaires qui interviennent dans le contrôle de l’activité microbienne dans le rumen ne sont pas traités ici.
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Chiquette, J. "Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae, used alone or in combination, as a feed supplement for beef and dairy cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-060.
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The effects of addition of direct-fed microbials prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) and Aspergillus oryzae (AO) to ruminant diets was examined in two experiments. Experiment 1 was designed to study the effects of microbial supplements on ruminal and total tract digestibility, ruminal fermentation, bacterial counts and bacterial colonization of fibrous feed, in eight ruminally cannulated steers. The steers were used in a factorial arrangement within a replicated, concurrently run 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were: (1) 60% rolled barley + 40% timothy hay (C); (2) C + 10 g head−1 d−1 of SC; (3) C + 3 g head−1 d−1 of AO fermentation extract; (4) C + 10 g head−1 d−1 of a mixture of SC and AO. In exp. 2, milk yield and composition were monitored following the addition of microbial supplements to the diets described above and fed to dairy cows. The addition of AO, alone or in combination with SC, stimulated (P < 0.10) ruminal fermentation with higher concentrations of acetate (P < 0.01), propionate (P = 0.07), and total VFA (P < 0.01) when sampled prior to feeding. Accordingly, ruminal pH was lower (P < 0.01) in animals receiving AO, alone or combined with SC. Aspergillus oryzae, when supplemented alone, tended (P > 0.10) to increase ruminal NH3-N concentration. These changes in ruminal fermentation did not affect DMI or ruminal and total tract digestibility. The addition of direct-fed microbials did not affect bacterial counts or bacterial colonization of roughage in the rumen. Milk yield, milk composition and feed intake were not affected by the addition of SC to the diet of dairy cows. However, supplementation of the diet with AO alone or in combination with SC increased (P < 0.05) the ratio of milk yield/DMI. Key words: Direct-fed microbials, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, ruminal fermentation, milk production, beef, dairy cattle
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Tricarico, J. M., J. D. Johnston, K. A. Dawson, K. C. Hanson, K. R. McLeod, and D. L. Harmon. "The effects of anAspergillus oryzaeextract containing alpha-amylase activity on ruminal fermentation and milk production in lactating Holstein cows." Animal Science 81, no. 3 (December 2005): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc50410365.
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AbstractThe effects of anAspergillus oryzaeextract containing alpha-amylase activity (Amaize™, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) were examinedin vivoandin vitro. A lactating cow study employed 20 intact and four ruminally fistulated Holstein cows in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin-square design to examine the effects of four concentrations of dietary Amaize™ extract on milk production and composition, ruminal fermentation and serum metabolite concentrations. The treatment diets contained 0, 240, 480 or 720 alpha-amylase dextrinizing units (DU) per kg of total mixed ration (TMR) (dry-matter basis). The supplemental alpha-amylase increased the yields of milk (P= 0·02), fat (P= 0·02) and protein (P= 0·06) quadratically. The maximum milk yield was obtained when 240 DU per kg of TMR were offered. Ruminalin situstarch disappearance was not affected by alpha-amylase supplementation in lactating cows or ruminally cannulated steers. Supplemental alpha-amylase extract reduced the molar proportion of propionate in the rumen of steers (P= 0·08) and lactating cows (P= 0·04), and in rumen-simulating cultures (P= 0·04). The supplement also increased the molar proportions of acetate (P= 0·06) and butyrate (P= 0·05), and the serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (P= 0·01) and non-esterified fatty acid (P= 0·03) concentrations in lactating cows. The improvements in milk production appear to be a consequence of the effects of alpha-amylase on ruminal fermentation and the potential changes in nutrient metabolism that result from them. We conclude that supplemental alpha-amylase may be given to modify ruminal fermentation and improve milk and component yield in lactating Holstein cattle.
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Grace, S. E., A. P. Moloney, and D. A. Kenny. "Accumulation of biohydrogenation intermediates during in vitro ruminal fermentation of camelina oil-based rations." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200019293.
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The myriad putative health benefits of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and in particular the cis-9, trans-11 isomer, have stimulated interest in increasing its concentration in food. Ruminant fat is the main dietary source of CLA for humans and CLA is produced in the rumen by incomplete biohydrogenation of dietary linoleic acid (LA). It is now accepted that most CLA is synthesised post-ruminally by desaturation of vaccenic acid (VA) produced during ruminal biohydrogenation of (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) (Griinari et al., 2000). Enhancement of VA synthesis in the rumen is therefore an important element of strategies to increase CLA concentration in tissue. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of controlling the rate of release of oil from camelina seeds, a novel source of both LA and LNA, on the accumulation of intermediates during ruminal biohydrogenation.
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Mohammadi, Ghodrat, Mostafa Malecky, and Jamal Seifdavati. "Determining the nutritive value of some commercial pulse screenings using in sacco and in vitro methods." Animal Production Science 60, no. 3 (2020): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17576.
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The present study aimed at determining in sacco and in vitro the nutritive value of lentil screenings (LS), common vetch screenings (CVS) and bitter vetch screenings (BVS). For this purpose, three experiments (Exp.) were conducted. Ruminal degradation characteristics of the screenings were determined in Exp. 1 by the nylon bag technique using three ruminally fistulated rams. Gas production kinetics, and ruminal degradability and fermentation indices of the screenings were determined using 144 and 24-h incubations, respectively in Exp. 2. In Exp. 3, a basal growing ration for lambs (control) was supplemented by 175 or 350 g/kg of either LS, CVS or BVS (LS175, LS350, CVS175, CVS350, BVS175 and BVS350 respectively), and ruminal degradability and fermentation of the rations were evaluated in vitro. Soluble and potentially degradable fractions of protein were 0.321 and 0.719, 0.362 and 0.688, and 0.333 and 0.707, for LS, BVS and CVS respectively. Metabolisable energy was 11.1, 11.6 and 12.1 MJ/kg DM for LS, BVS and CVS respectively. The screenings had comparable gas production profiles, ruminal digestibility and total volatile fatty acid concentration. However, CVS and BVS had a higher propionate and a lower acetate:propionate ratio than LS (P < 0.05). Including BVS and LS in the mixed ration increased total volatile fatty acid at both inclusion levels, but only BVS enhanced propionate proportion and lowered the acetate:propionate ratio (P < 0.05). These results revealed that these screenings have a good nutritional value and can be used in ruminant diets without adversely affecting the rumen fermentation.
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Ribeiro, Angelita Alecchandra, Lerner Arévalo Pinedo, Luciane da Cunha Codognoto, Jucilene Cavali, Marlos Oliveira Porto, Betina Raquel Cunha dos Santos, Palloma Vitória Carlos de Oliveira, Dayana Souza Amorim, Salvador González Chacón, and Salenilda Soares Firmino. "Comparison of methods to measure enteric methane emissions from ruminants: an integrative review." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 11 (December 5, 2020): e8259118143. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.8143.
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The agricultural industry is the main emitter of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), gases that each have a global warming potential that is greater than that of CO2 by 23 and 298 times, respectively. On a global scale, enteric fermentation from ruminant animal production (especially of cattle and sheep) is responsible for between 21% and 25% of total anthropogenic CH4 emissions. The search for effective, simple, and fast methods to measure the production of CH4 and other products from ruminal fermentation has been the objective of several studies on ruminant nutrition. Thus, techniques have been developed under experimental conditions of Brazil and other international countries to quantify CH4 emissions of ruminants. The objective of this literature review is to discuss and compare the existing techniques of measuring enteric CH4 from ruminants. Each technique has a shortcoming or disadvantage in its characterization of ruminal fermentation. The ex-situ technique of measuring CH4 from ruminal fermentation has been quite promising, because it facilitates the measurement of CH4 and other fermentation products, such as short chain fatty acids (SOFA). CH4 detection by a portable laser is effective in monitoring fluctuations in emission and is recommended especially for short-term measurements of respiring and eructating animals reared in a feedlot system. Other methods are being improved and better adapted for practical use in the ongoing quest for more efficient uses of ruminal fermentation products.
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Díaz, Tatiana García, Antonio Ferriani Branco, Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo, Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos, Silvana Teixeira Carvalho, Ana Lúcia Teodoro, and Ronaldo Lopes Oliveira. "In vitro gas production kinetics and digestibility in ruminant diets with different levels of cashew nut shell liquid." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 4 (August 2, 2018): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n4p1669.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) in ruminant diets on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), gas production kinetics, ruminal fermentation parameters, ammoniacal nitrogen concentration (NH3-N), and pH of the artificial rumen contents. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 5 x 4 + 1 design, with five concentrate levels (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 g kg-1 DM) and four CNSL levels (0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 g kg-1 DM), as well as a control diet comprising only whole-plant corn silage, totaling 21 treatments. The inclusion of concentrate linearly increased IVDMD, while CNSL levels showed a quadratic effect, with the maximum estimated at 0.5 g kg-1 of CNSL. The total gas production, the disappearance of the substrate, the fraction of slow degradation (fraction VF2), and the respective degradation rate (fraction µ2) linearly increased with increasing levels of concentrate in the diet. Increasing concentrate levels resulted in a linear increase in the concentration of NH3-N and a reduction in the pH of the rumen liquid. Increasing CNSL levels decreased the concentration of NH3-N and increased the ruminal pH. The inclusion of 0.5 g CNSL kg-1 in the ruminant diets improved IVDMD, without altering the kinetic parameters of ruminal fermentation. The addition of CNSL to ruminant diets reduces ammoniacal nitrogen production and can avoid drastic reductions in ruminal pH, favoring better fermentation in the rumen.
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Freiria, Lucien Bissi da, Joanis Tilemahos Zervoudakis, Nelcino Francisco de Paula, Luciano da Sival Cabral, Yasmim Rodrigues Vilas Boas, Pedro Ivo Jose Lopes da Rosa e. Silva, Alan Carlos Barbosa Melo, and Adriano Jorge Possamai. "Kinetic parameters of ruminal degradation in vitro with combinations of exogenous enzymes in diets of production systems simulated." Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 19, no. 1 (March 2018): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-99402018000100007.
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SUMMARY This study evaluated the effects of eight combinations of three exogenous enzymes with fibrolytic activity (FIB), amylolytic activity (AMZ), and proteolytic activity (PRO) on the accumulated gas production (PG) and kinetic parameters in simulated fermentations in two diet production systems using the in vitro gas production technique. In experiment 1, ruminal fluid was obtained from two Santa Ines sheep, cannulated in the rumen, kept in a feedlot and fed a diet containing a roughage:concentrate ratio of 20:80. In experiment 2, the ruminal fluid was obtained from two Santa Ines sheep, cannulated in the rumen, and kept on pasture (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu). The accumulated gas production was measured during a 96-hour incubation, measured at 18 different time points. After incubation, the pH, dry matter degradability, organic matter in vitro digestibility, digestibility of neutral detergent insoluble fiber, metabolizable energy, partitioning factor, gas yield, short chain fatty acids and microbial protein production were determined. In the in vitro fermentation using the feedlot diet, the increased use of fibrolytic enzymes increased PG and improved the profile characteristics and kinetic parameters of the fermentation, regardless of the combination with other enzymes. In the in vitro fermentation using the forage diet, increased fibrolytic enzymes also increased PG, with improvements in the kinetic parameters and the profile of the fermentation, independent of the use of the other enzymes. The addition only of fibrolytic enzymes has major potential to optimize the use of feedlot diets as well of forage in ruminant feed.
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Rezaii, F., M. Danesh Mesgaran, and A. Heravi Moussavi. "The effect of non-structural carbohydrate on in vitro first order disappearance kinetic of cellulose." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200030167.
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Ruminal cellulose digestion is a complex microbial process that involves adhesion of microbial cells to cellulose, cellulose hydrolysis, and fermentation of the resulting cellodextrins to volatile fatty acid, methane, and CO2 (Weimer, 1996). Information about how cellulose digestion and fermentation are affected by different ruminal environmental conditions is necessary to understand ruminant performance (Mourino, 2001). The aim of the present study was to elucidate the impact of type of supplemental non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) (starch and/or sucrose) on invitro first order disappearance kinetic of commercial cellulose (Cell).
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Dehority, Burk A., and Patricia A. Tirabasso. "Antibiosis between Ruminal Bacteria and Ruminal Fungi." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 2921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.7.2921-2927.2000.
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ABSTRACT Cellulose digestion, bacterial numbers, and fungal numbers were monitored over time in vitro by using a purified cellulose medium with and without antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin). All fermentations were inoculated with a 1:10 dilution of whole rumen contents (WRC). Without antibiotics, cellulose digestion was higher (P < 0.01) at 24, 30, 48, and 72 h; fungi had almost disappeared by 24 h, while bacterial concentrations increased over 100-fold in 24 h and then decreased gradually up to 72 h. In those fermentations with added antibiotics, fungal concentrations increased 4-fold by 30 h and up to 42-fold at 72 h; bacterial concentrations were markedly reduced by 24 h and remained low through 72 h. Similar results were obtained with ground alfalfa as a substrate. In further studies, the in vitro fermentation of purified cellulose without antibiotics was stopped after 18 to 20 h, and the microbial population was killed by autoclaving. Antibiotics were added to half of the tubes, and all tubes were reinoculated with WRC. After 72 h, extensive cellulose digestion had occurred in those tubes without antibiotics, as compared to very low cellulose digestion with added antibiotics. The extent of this inhibition was found to increase in proportion to the length of the initial fermentation period, suggesting the production of a heat-stable inhibitory factor or factors. The inhibitory activity was present in rumen fluid, could be extracted from lyophilized rumen fluid (LRF) with water, and was stable in response to proteolytic enzymes. In addition, the water-extracted residue of LRF was found to contain growth factor activity for rumen fungi in vitro.
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MARTIN, C., L. BROSSARD, and M. DOREAU. "Mécanismes d’apparition de l’acidose ruminale latente et conséquences physiopathologiques et zootechniques." INRAE Productions Animales 19, no. 2 (March 13, 2006): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2006.19.2.3488.
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Alors que sa forme aiguë est devenue rare, l’acidose ruminale se développe dans nos systèmes de production intensive sous sa forme latente, plus discrète mais touchant un nombre important d’animaux avec des impacts financiers négatifs. L’acidose ruminale aiguë a pour origine une surconsommation accidentelle de glucides rapidement fermentescibles. Elle apparaît comme un état de perturbation bien défini : chute du pH à des valeurs inférieures à 5, associée à une accumulation de lactate dans le rumen. Ceci est dû à l’appauvrissement de l’écosystème microbien ruminal (protozoaires, bactéries) au profit d’une flore productrice de lactate acido-tolérante. L’acidose latente apparaît plus spécialement lors des périodes de transitions alimentaires vers des régimes à forte densité énergétique. Elle représente un état de déséquilibre transitoire plus ou moins fréquent ou durable. La baisse du pH, proche des valeurs physiologiques inférieures (pH moyen entre 5 et 6,25), n’est pas liée à l’accumulation de lactate, mais à celle des acides gras volatils. La proportion d’acétate diminue en relation avec la baisse de l’activité cellulolytique. Pour une baisse de pH modérée, les protozoaires se développent et les fermentations s’orientent vers le butyrate. Pour des pH plus faibles, les protozoaires disparaissent au profit des bactéries amylolytiques, avec une orientation fermentaire vers le propionate. Ces modifications ruminales peuvent avoir des conséquences physiopathologiques à plus ou moins long terme au niveau digestif (inhibition de la motricité ruminale, diarrhées, lésions de la paroi ruminale…), des troubles métaboliques ou encore des complications infectieuses et locomotrices. Les conséquences négatives sur les quantités ingérées et les performances, bien que réelles, sont très difficiles à quantifier du fait que les régimes acidogènes, riches en concentré, vont généralement de pair avec des quantités ingérées et des performances élevées. L’état d’acidose se traduirait par des diminutions de courte durée, et donc une plus grande irrégularité de l’ingestion et de la production.
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Danesh Mesgaran, M. "Apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial N entering duodenum in Iranian Baloochi Lambs fed diets formulated to contain similar amounts of ERDP with different protein sources." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008012.
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Published results in the literature indicate that the inclusion of increased level of degradable protein in the ruminant diet resulted in a stimulation of ruminal pH, ruminal N-NH3 and microbial N entering duodenum (Mesgeran & Parker, 1998). The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of altering the dietary sources of protein with similar amounts of ERDP on the apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbial protein entering duodenum in Iranian Baloochi lambs.
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Mojtahedi, M., M. Danesh Mesgaran, A. Heravi Moussavi, and A. Tahmasbi. "Effect of substitution barley grain with dried sugar beet pulp on ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration of Holstein steers." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029999.
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Grains are often substituted for forage in ruminant diets to increase feed intake, diet fermentability, and animal growth rate. However, greater dietary starch concentration can lead to digestive disorders, such as ruminal acidosis and reduce performance (Owens et al., 1998). Adding non-forage fibre source, such as sugar beet pulp (SBP), to low-forage diets might reduce the negative effects of increased starch fermentation without increasing the filling effect of the diet to the same extent as forage fibre. So, substituting SBP for barley grain in a diet with moderately low forage content should alter ruminal fermentation and might increase mean or minimum ruminal pH. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the substitution of barley grain with SBP on ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration in Holstein steers.
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Hoffmann, Carly A., and Darren D. Henry. "PSII-31 Manipulation of steam-flaked corn bulk density during grain adaptation phase of beef steers: ruminal fermentation characteristics and feeding behavior." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.442.
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Abstract The effects of steam-flaked corn bulk density (SFC-BD) during grain adaptation phase on ruminal fermentation characteristics and feeding behavior were evaluated. Six crossbred ruminally-cannulated Angus beef steers (BW = 404 ± 42 kg; experimental units) were used in a randomized complete block design (block = BW). Steers were assigned to adaptation strategy grain-treatment: a) SFC-BD of 335g/L (335); or b) 412g/L (412). Steers were fed ad-libitum during six 7d phases consisting of: HAY; step-up (1, 2, 3, and 4); and a common 335 SFC-BD FINISHER diet. Respective SFC-BD treatments were fed throughout step-up diets. Ruminal pH was continuously measured (wireless pH probes), and ruminal fluid collected for further analyses. A continuous observation (24h) was used for feeding behavior. Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedures of SAS. SFC-BD did not affect (P ≥ 0.19) measured variables, except for increasing NDF (P < 0.01) and tending to increase (P = 0.09) ADF digestibility for 412 steers during step-up 2 and 3. Steers fed 412 had greater (P ≤ 0.05) DMI during step-up 3 and 4 compared to FINISHER. Greater (P ≤ 0.01) digestible DMI during step-up 4 and FINISHER were observed compared to other phases. Digestible NDF/ADF intakes were greatest (P ≤ 0.05) during HAY-phase. Digestibility of DM was lowest (P ≤ 0.05) during HAY-phase. Steers ruminated more (P ≤ 0.05) during HAY-phase than FINISHER. Chewing was greatest (P ≤ 0.05) for HAY and intermediate for Step-up 1. Ruminal C2:C3 decreased (P < 0.01) as steers advanced through phases. Ruminal ammonia-N was greatest (P < 0.01) for step-up 1 and 2, and intermediate for other phases. The SFC-BD range studied seemed to not dramatically affect ruminal fermentation characteristics and feeding behavior. The most critical moment evidenced was between HAY and the receiving diet, as well as, when 412 g/L was suddenly switched to 335 g/L.
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Ricci, Sara, Renee M. Petri, Ezequias Castillo-Lopez, Raul Rivera-Chacon, Nicole Reisinger, and Qendrim Zebeli. "196 Screening several phytogenic compounds for their effect on ruminal fermentation parameters in cattle fed high grain diet." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.286.
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Abstract Phytogenic compounds, e.g. secondary plant compounds and essential oils, are often used as supplements in ruminant nutrition to modulate microbial fermentation under ruminal dysbiosis associated with high grain feeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effects of phytogenic compounds on volatile fatty acids (VFA) production and composition in cows affected by subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). Nine substances were tested at low and high dosage (1x and 10x respectively) using nine non-lactating ruminally cannulated Holstein cows, adapted to a 65% concentrate and 35% silage (grass and corn) ration (DM basis). Feeding was restricted for nine hours before providing the substance mixed with five kg of TMR. Each substance and dosage was tested individually on four cows (n = 4/compound/dose) over a period of four hours. Rumen and reticulum fluid were collected before the treatment, and four hours after feeding. VFA were measured with gas chromatography. Ruminal pH was continuously recorded (eCow indwelling pH systems). Data were analyzed with the Proc Mixed procedure of SAS. Seven out of nine compounds showed an effect or a trend on VFA measured, both in rumen and reticulum. Acetic acid in rumen fluid decreased with garlic oil, while low dose mint oil increased its concentration (P = 0.06 and P = 0.01, respectively). Low dose mint oil (P < 0.01) and L-menthol (P = 0.03) both increased the A:P ratio, whereas garlic oil tended towards a decrease in the A:P ratio. Garlic oil and ginger showed negative correlations between total VFA and mean ruminal pH (P = 0.03 and P < 0.01, respectively). Our results suggest that phytogenic compounds can modulate microbial activity within four hours of feeding. The use of phytogenic compounds may have beneficial effects on microbial fermentation under low pH conditions associated with high grain feeding.
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Spears, Jerry W. "139 Ruminal microbiota mineral requirements to optimize performance on different diets." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.243.
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Abstract This presentation will discuss mineral requirements of ruminal microorganisms, and the effect of trace mineral source on ruminal fermentation. Sulfur and phosphorus are required in relatively large amounts by ruminal microorganisms, and dietary deficiencies of these minerals have been related to impaired ruminal fermentation. A number of trace minerals are required in low concentrations by ruminal microorganisms. With the except of cobalt (Co) minimal trace mineral requirements of the host ruminant appear to be considerably greater than that needed for rumen microbial requirements. It is well known that certain bacteria can synthesize vitamin B12 from inorganic Co. Some bacteria require vitamin B12 as a growth factor, and adequate dietary Co is needed to allow sufficient ruminal B12 synthesis to meet their requirement. Vitamin B12 is needed as a cofactor for ruminal microorganisms to convert succinate to propionate. Dietary Co deficiency results in decreased ruminal propionate in ruminants fed high concentrate diets, and decreased fiber digestion in ruminants fed high fiber diets. Attempts have been made to use high concentrations of certain trace minerals to favorably manipulate ruminal fermentation. For example, attempts have been made to increase rumen protein bypass by feeding high dietary zinc (Zn). However, studies have indicated that high concentrations of copper (Cu), Zn, and iron reduce cellulose digestion in vitro. Recent studies have indicated lower fiber digestibility in cattle supplemented with sulfate sources of Cu, Zn, and manganese compared with those fed similar concentrations from hydroxy or certain organic sources. Additional research is needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) whereby trace mineral sources affect fiber digestibility differently.
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Joy, F., J. A. Johnson, P. Górka, J. J. McKinnon, S. Hendrick, and G. B. Penner. "Effect of dietary lipid inclusion from by-product-based pellets on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient digestion in finishing beef heifers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 101, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 481–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2020-0133.
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This study was designed to evaluate dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation, ruminal digesta outflow, omasal flow of N constituents, and ruminal and total-tract digestibility in response to increasing dietary lipid content derived from high-lipid by-product-based pellets for finishing beef cattle. Five ruminally cannulated heifers were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Dietary treatments were iso-nitrogenous with increasing ether extract (EE) concentrations resulting in dietary concentrations of 3.5%, 4.2%, 4.7%, 5.1%, and 5.9% of dry matter. Periods were 28 d in duration with the first 19 d used for dietary adaptation and the last 9 d for sample and data collection. Dry matter intake, ruminal pH, omasal flow of N constituents, and short-chain fatty acid concentrations were not affected by increasing dietary EE content (P ≥ 0.10). Increasing dietary EE content increased outflow of EE from the rumen (P < 0.001). Apparent ruminal and total-tract digestibility of EE increased linearly (P ≤ 0.03) with increasing dietary EE levels. Results indicate that increasing dietary EE content from 3.5% up to 5.9% of DM by including high-lipid by-product-based pellets does not alter site of nutrient digestibility with no negative effects on nutrient intake, ruminal fermentation, or apparent ruminal, and total-tract digestibility.
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Colombatto, D., D. P. Morgavi, A. F. Furtado, and K. A. Beauchemin. "Screening of fibrolytic enzymes as additives for ruminant diets: relationship between enzyme activities and the in vitro degradation of enzyme-treated forages." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008668.
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Results in the literature concerning the efficacy of feed enzymes for ruminant diets have been mixed. Commercial preparations currently used are fermentation extracts containing several enzymic activities. It has been suggested that ruminal fermentation of grass and maize silages is enzyme-limited (Wallace et al., 2001). In order to design better enzyme additives, the enzyme activities likely to affect the animal responses should be identified. This study examined 23 commercial enzyme preparations for their biochemical properties and their ability to influence the in vitro degradation of alfalfa and maize silage.
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Andries, JI, BG Cottyn, S. De Keersmaecker, and FX Buysse. "Effets de l'addition d'iso-acides à la ration sur la fermentation ruminale, la dégradation in sacco de la matière sèche et la concentration de quelques paramètres sanguins chez la vache." Reproduction Nutrition Développement 30, Suppl. 2 (1990): 181s—182s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rnd:19900821.
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Prasetiyono, Bambang Waluyo Hadi Eko, Mulyono Mulyono, and Widiyanto Widiyanto. "Methionine Hydroxy Analog Supplementation to Increase Feed Utilization for Indigenous Sheep." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 38, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.55678.
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In the tropical area, productivity of ruminant has not optimized caused by the low quality of nutrition that leads to low-efficiency metabolism at the level of ruminal fermentation, post rumen digestibility, and intermediary metabolism. The study aimed to analyze effect of methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) on ruminal fermentation profiles of indigenous sheep specifically in the increase of ruminant productivity. In vitro utility test was conducted using rumen fluid of the indigenous sheep and sample of rational ration having a proportion of grass and concentrate 30%:70%, dry matter basis. The treatments implemented were three levels of MHA supplementation; T0: 0 g/day, T1: 3 g/day, and T2: 6 g/day. Variables measured were dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), production of VFA, NH3, as well as total protein, and molar proportion of partial VFA of rumen fluid. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a completely randomized design (CRD). The 0.2% MHA supplementation increased OMD with the highest production of total protein was from 28.57 mg/g (T0) to 40.49 mg/g (T2) (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the lowest ratio of acetate : propionate was from 2.74 (T0) to 2.33 (T2) (P<0.05). Supplementation of MHA up to 6 g/day concentrate increased the performance of fermentation and/or feed utility.
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Frutos, P., G. Hervás, F. J. Giráldez, and A. R. Mantecón. "An in vitro study on the ability of polyethylene glycol to inhibit the effect of quebracho tannins and tannic acid on rumen fermentation in sheep, goats, cows, and deer." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 11 (2004): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04058.
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Abstract. Batch cultures of rumen microorganisms, using rumen fluids from 4 ruminant species, sheep, goats, cows, and deer, were used to study the ability of polyethylene-glycol (PEG 6000) to inhibit the effect of 2 types of tannins, quebracho (QUE, a condensed tannin) and tannic acid (TA, a hydrolysable tannin) on several in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Both QUE and TA were able to impair ruminal fermentation (they reduced gas production, extent of degradation, ammonia-N, and volatile fatty acid concentrations, etc.; P < 0.05), with differences depending on the inoculum donor. The clearest effect of tannins was the reduction of the rates of fermentation, which was observed in all species (P < 0.05). The detrimental effects of tannins were removed by the presence of PEG in most cases, but there were important variations and noticeable exceptions. Thus, for instance, PEG failed to revert the negative effect of TA on the rate of fermentation and the extent of degradation (P < 0.05). The extent of the limited ability of PEG to completely inhibit the negative effects of tannins on in vitro ruminal fermentation seems to depend both on the type of tannin and the species of the rumen inoculum donor.
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Guliye, A. Y., C. Atasoglu, and R. J. Wallace. "Assessment of amino acid requirements for optimum fermentation of xylan by mixed micro-organisms from the sheep rumen." Animal Science 80, no. 3 (June 2005): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc41730353.
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AbstractA deletion approach was undertaken to identify which amino acids (AA) most limited the growth of mixed ruminal microorganisms on xylan. Ruminal fluid was withdrawn from sheep receiving a mixed grass hay/concentrate diet and incubated for 24 h with oat spelts xylan in the presence or absence of a mixture of 20 AA or the same mixture with a single AA deleted. Gas and volatile fatty acid production were increased by the AA mixture in comparison with incubations in which ammonia was the only added nitrogen (N) source, and the deletion of each of the aromatic AA, tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan, as well as leucine and methionine, led to decreases (P< 0·05) in fermentation rate. The addition of aromatic AA as a mixture to ammonia-only fermentations increased (P< 0·05) the fermentation rate but failed to replicate the benefits of the complete mixture of AA. Although the addition of all 20 AA increased (P< 0·05) the microbial yield by up to 0·56, no single AA deletion had a significant (P> 0·05) influence on microbial yield, and the aromatic AA mixture also did not increase the microbial yield on xylan over the yield with ammonia as sole N source. It was concluded that aromatic AA may be first-limiting for xylan fermentation, but they cannot replace the benefits of a complete mixture of 20 AA in stimulating xylan fermentation by ruminal micro-organisms.
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Santos, K. C., F. F. R. Carvalho, M. M. Carriero, A. L. R. Magalhães, A. M. V. Batista, G. M. Fagundes, and I. C. S. Bueno. "Use of different carbohydrate sources associated with urea and implications for in vitro fermentation and rumen microbial populations." Animal Production Science 60, no. 8 (2020): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18633.
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Context Alternative feed sources have been investigated as replacements for green forages and cereal grains traditionally used in ruminant feed. We hypothesised that, when replacing sources of true protein with non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in the ruminant diet, the efficiency of utilisation of the NPN may be affected by the source of energy and that different energy resources used as alternatives to maize may improve efficiency and maximise ruminal fermentation characteristics. Aims The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets containing different carbohydrate sources associated with urea on in vitro ruminal fermentation and rumen microbial profile. Methods Four diets based on Tifton 85 Bermuda grass hay (584 g/kg dry matter) were tested as substrates: cornmeal + soybean meal (C + SM, typical diet), cornmeal + urea (C + U), cassava scraping + urea (CS + U), and spineless cactus + urea (SC + U). The experimental design consisted of randomised blocks with four treatments and five blocks. Five adult Nellore cattle with permanent fistula in the rumen were used as inoculum donors. The semi-automatic in vitro gas production technique was used in two experiments. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to monitor the changes in the rumen microbial community. Key results The diets containing C + U and CS + U decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate after 24 h of incubation, and all diets containing urea decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate and valerate after 96 h and increased (P < 0.05) acetate:propionate ratio. After 96 h of incubation, the diets containing CS + U and SC + U resulted in a lower (P < 0.05) population of Ruminococcus flavefaciens than the C + U diet, and a lower (P < 0.05) population of Streptococcus bovis than the C + SM diet. Conclusions From our results, a diet containing cassava scraping produces more methane per unit of degraded organic matter, which reduces fermentation efficiency. Diets that contain corn with either soybean meal or urea result in greater degradability with lower gas production rates than diets that contain either cassava scrapings or spineless cactus with urea. Diets containing urea as a total substitution for soybean meal alter the production of short-chain fatty acids and reduce the populations of S. bovis and R. flavefaciens. Implications Use of urea to replace soybean meal in the ruminant diet alters ruminal fermentation and rumen microbial population.
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Leiber, F., C. Kunz, and M. Kreuzer. "Influence of different morphological parts of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and its major secondary metabolite rutin on rumen fermentation in vitro." Czech Journal of Animal Science 57, No. 1 (January 27, 2012): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5479-cjas.
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It was hypothesized that buckwheat, especially its flowers, influences foregut fermentation in ruminant animals because it is rich in phenolic compounds. The entire fresh aerial buckwheat herb, or its parts (leaves, stems, flowers and grain), were incubated for 24 h together with pure ryegrass (1:1, dry matter basis) in an in vitro ruminal fermentation system (Hohenheim Gas Test). Additionally ryegrass, supplemented with 0, 0.5, 5, or 50 mg rutin trihydrate/g dry matter, was incubated. Contents of extractable phenols (g/kg dry matter) were the highest in buckwheat flowers (88), followed by leaves (63), and the lowest in ryegrass (8). The levels of production of total gas and volatile fatty acids demonstrated that the nutritional value of buckwheat was slightly lower than that of ryegrass. Compared to ryegrass alone, ruminal transformation of dietary protein-N <br />into ammonia was lower with 50 mg rutin, buckwheat flowers and buckwheat leaves. Thus, these treatments appeared to have partly protected dietary protein from ruminal degradation. Rutin, at the highest level, buckwheat flowers and the total aerial fraction of the buckwheat plant suppressed methane per unit of total gas by > 10%, either at elevated (rutin) or reduced total gas volume. This indicates that the ways of the influence on the ruminal fermentation pattern differed between pure rutin and buckwheat. In vivo studies have to confirm these potentially beneficial effects of buckwheat if used as forage for ruminants and clarify the role of further phenolic compounds present in buckwheat. Abbreviations: DM = dry matter, HGT = Hohenheim Gas Test, NDF = neutral detergent fibre, TEP = total extractable phenols, VFA = volatile fatty acids
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Faverdin, P. "The effect of nutrients on feed intake in ruminants." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, no. 3 (August 1999): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199000695.
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The purpose of the present review is to examine the role played by nutrients in controlling feed intake in ruminants, in light of their particular anatomical, physiological, nutritional and behavioural characteristics. The ration is first digested in the rumen for several hours by microbial fermentation. Volatile fatty acids, which constitute 50–75 % of a ruminant’s energy supply, considerably depress feed intake when administered by short-term infusion into the rumen. However, this effect seems to be largely due to osmolarity problems. Only propionate seems to have a specific action, unrelated to osmolarity, in the mesenteric or portal veins. Nitrogenous nutrients have little short-term effect on feed intake, except when there is excess NH3 in the rumen. Metabolic cues from intestinal digestion, particularly of glucose and starch, have very little short-or long-term influence in controlling feed intake, in comparison with rumen digestion cues. However, the short-term responses in feeding behaviour do not always reflect longer-term effects on feed intake control. The effects of volatile fatty acid infusion on feed intake are much less significant over the long term, except in the case of propionate. The nutrients required for good microbial activity (proteins in the rumen) generally promote feed intake, whereas nutrients that disrupt rumen functioning (lipids) reduce feed intake. After a learning period, preferences are always governed by a tendency toward optimum rumen functioning, rather than by animal nutritional requirements, although the two factors are not independent. Ruminants, due to their particular anatomical and nutritional characteristics, have, in the course of their evolution, developed specific feed intake control mechanisms based on nutritional cues.Résumé L’objet de cette revue est d’étudier le rôle des nutriments dans les mécanismes de contrôle de la prise alimentaire chez les ruminants, en tenant compte de leurs particularités anatomiques, physiologiques, nutritionnelles et comportementales. La digestion de la ration se déroule d’abord pendant de nombreuses heures dans le rumen par fermentation des aliments par des microbes. Les acides gras volatils, qui constituent 50–75 % des nutriments énergétiques d’un ruminant, présentent des effets rassasiants marqués lorsqu’ils sont perfusés dans le rumen. Cependant, ces effets semblent liés dans une large mesure à des problèmes d’osmolarité. Seul le propionate semble agir avec une action spécifique autre que l’osmolarité au niveau des veines mésentériques ou porte. Les nutriments azotés ont peu d’effet à court terme sur la prise alimentaire, excepté en cas d’excès d’ammoniac du rumen. Les signaux métaboliques provenant de l’absorption intestinale, en particulier le glucose ou l’amidon, ont très peu d’effet, à court ou long terme, dans le contrôle de la prise d’aliment comparativement aux signaux provenant de la digestion ruminale. Mais les réponses observées à court terme dans le contrôle de la prise alimentaire ne présagent pas toujours des effets à plus long terme dans la régulation des quantités ingérées. Les effets des acides gras volatils sur les quantités ingérées sont beaucoup moins nets à long terme, sauf pour le propionate. Les nutriments indispensables au bon fonctionnement de l’activité microbienne (protéines dans le rumen) ont des effets favorables sur l’ingestion alors que les nutriments qui perturbent le fonctionnement du rumen (lipides) diminuent les quantités ingérées. Après apprentissage, les choix alimentaires s’orientent toujours vers une recherche d’un fonctionnement optimal du rumen plus que vers une bonne adéquation des apports aux besoins de l’animal, même si les deux ne sont pas indépendants. Les ruminants présentent donc, de par leurs spécificités anatomique et nutritionnelle, des adaptations originales dans les mécanismes de régulation des quantités ingérées à partir des signaux nutritionnels.
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Garcia-Ascolani, Mariana E., Martin Ruiz-Moreno, Tessa M. Schulmeister, Federico Tarnonsky, Sergio Roskopf, Federico Podversich, Gleise Medeiros da Silva, et al. "184 President Oral Presentation Pick: Supplementation of Angus crossbred steers with avian-derived polyclonal antibody preparations against ruminal methanogenic Archaea alters ruminal fermentation and decreases ex situ methane production." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.298.
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Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing fourteen ruminally cannulated Angus crossbred steers with polyclonal antibody preparations (PAP) from avian origin against ruminal methanogens Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii Ho (PAP-Ho) and M. ruminantium M1 (PAP-M1). Steers were fed bermudagrass hay ad libitum and 2 kg d-1 of corn gluten feed. A randomized block design was used, with a 3 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, replicated in three periods. Factors were proportions of PAP against Ho and M1 in the mixture (100:0, 50:50, and 0:100 Ho:M1) and level of supplementation of each mixture (3 or 6 mL d-1). Control steers had no PAP supplementation. Steers were adapted to the feeding regimen for 14 d, with no PAP supplementation, followed by a 21-d treatment period. Ruminal fluid (RF) from each steer (experimental unit) was collected before PAP supplementation (h 0) and every 4 h (for a 24-h period) on d 0, 14, and 21 of treatment period for the determination of ruminal fermentation profile. In addition, RF collected at h 0 was individually mixed with McDougall’s Buffer (1:3 ratio) to inoculate serum bottles and polycarbonate tubes for the determination of methane production and in vitro fermentation profile. Treatment means were evaluated by preplanned, non-orthogonal, single-degree-of-freedom contrasts. There was no effect (P ≥ 0.48) of level of inclusion on ex situ methane production (ESMP). When PAP-M1 was used either alone or in combination with PAP-Ho, ESMP decreased (P ≤ 0.05) compared to control. Ex situ ruminal fermentation profile was not different (P ≥ 0.12) across treatments. In vivo molar proportion of propionate tended to be greater (P = 0.10) with supplementation of PAP-M1, alone or combined, compared with control. Polyclonal antibody preparations against ruminal methanogens have the potential to decrease enteric methane emissions.
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Kirwan, Stuart, Tommy Boland, Eleonora Serra, Gaurav Rajauria, and Karina Pierce. "413 Effect of chitosan inclusion and dietary crude protein level on rumen fermentation in beef heifers fed a total mixed ration." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.343.
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Abstract Chitosan (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine polymer) is a natural biopolymer, which is the second most abundant organic compound on earth, found in lower plants and some arthropods and crustaceans. Studies with ruminants have shown that supplementing with chitosan can alter ruminal fermentation, including higher propionate concentration and lower acetate to propionate ratio, improving the energy efficiency within the rumen though data on nitrogen metabolism is lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan with different dietary crude protein (CP) inclusion on rumen fermentation in beef heifers. Eight ruminally cannulated Belgian Blue x Holstein Friesian heifers (752 ± 52Kg BW) were allocated one of four dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial Latin Square design (n = 8). Diets were offered as total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of grass silage plus concentrate. Diets were offered once daily ad libitum. Dietary treatments were as follows: high CP (16%) +/- chitosan (10g kg-1 DMI) supplementation (HP+) or (HP-) and low CP (12%) +/- chitosan supplementation (LP+) or (LP-). Experimental periods were 25d in duration (14 d dietary adaptation and 10 d sampling). Rumen fluid was collected via cannula every 2 h post feeding for analysis of ruminal pH, ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) over a 48-hour period. Data was analysed using Proc Mixed procedure in SAS. Significant differences were considered when P < 0.05. Dietary treatment had no effect on ruminal pH (P > 0.05). Chitosan supplementation had no effect on ruminal NH3 and VFA concentrations (P > 0.05), whereas, animals offered 16% CP had higher concentrations of ruminal NH3 (P < 0.001). In conclusion, supplementing a TMR diet fed to beef heifers with chitosan had no effect on rumen fermentation. However, reducing dietary CP concentration fed to beef animals resulted in lower rumen NH3 concentrations.
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Castillo-Castillo, Yamicela, Raul Solis, Armando A. Quintana, Claudio Arzola, Ana Luisa Olivas-Palacios, Jaime Salinas-Chavira, and Robin Anderson. "PSXI-17 Influence of hops on in vitro ruminal fermentation of corn grain." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.809.
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Abstract An in vitro incubation was carried out to evaluate the potential of hops (Humulus lupulus) as an alternative to antibiotics for upgrading animal production. Whole pellets of hops (Variety Galena) were ground and incubated in a batch culture of ruminal fluid (2000 mg of ground corn grain + 10 mL of fresh rumen liquor). Ruminal fluid was collected from two beef cows through an esophageal tube. The hops were incubated by 24 h at levels of 0, 800, 1600 and 2400 µg/mL. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance using PROC GLM of SAS. Hops addition linearly decreased (P < 0.01) gas production (GP; 90.89, 61.73, 36.63 and 28.37 µmol/g respectively) and methane production (MP; 9.76, 1.70, 1.30 and 0.46 µmol/g respectively). The CO2 production linearly increased as levels of hops increased (P < 0.02; 87.5, 88.4, 98.1 and 99.3 µmol/g respectively). The ammonia-N production was reduced in treatment 2 with respect to other treatments (P < 0.03; 12.6, 9.2, 13.7 and 13.5 µmol/g). Effects on ruminal fermentation of corn grain were dose dependent of hops. Addition of hops in ruminant feeding may offer a means to decrease ruminal methane production. Further research is needed to test efficacy of hops on other in vivo rumen-fermentation parameters.
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Schlau, N., L. Duineveld, W. Z. Yang, T. A. McAllister, and M. Oba. "Precision processing barley grain did not affect productivity of lactating dairy cows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 93, no. 2 (June 2013): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas2012-133.
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Schlau, N., Duineveld, L., Yang, W. Z., McAllister, T. A. and Oba, M. 2013. Precision processing barley grain did not affect productivity of lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 261–268. This study evaluated the effects of precision processing (PP; processing based on kernel size) barley grain on ruminal fermentation and productivity of lactating dairy cows. Twenty multiparous Holstein cows, including eight ruminally cannulated cows, were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Diets contained light barley grain processed precisely using a narrow roller setting (LB), heavy barley processed precisely using a wide roller setting (HB), processed HB and LB mixed at equal proportions (PP), or equal parts of light and heavy barley grain processed at a single narrow roller setting (CON). All diets consisted of 40% barley grain, 40% barley silage, and 20% of a supplement premix. Comparisons were made between LB and HB to evaluate the effect of barley quality, and between PP and CON to evaluate the effect of precision processing. Dry matter intake, sorting index, ruminal fermentation characteristics, and nutrient digestibility were not affected by diet. In addition, milk yield and concentrations of milk fat, protein, and lactose were not different, although milk urea nitrogen concentration was greater for PP vs. CON and for LB vs. HB. These results suggest that precision processing barley grain based on kernel size may not drastically affect ruminal fermentation and milk production in lactating dairy cows.
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Fagundes, G. M., G. Benetel, K. C. Santos, K. C. Welter, F. A. Melo, J. P. Muir, and I. C. S. Bueno. "Tannin-Rich Plants as Natural Manipulators of Rumen Fermentation in the Livestock Industry." Molecules 25, no. 12 (June 26, 2020): 2943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122943.
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Condensed tannins (CTs) are plant anti-herbivore compounds with antimicrobial activity that can be used in ruminant diets as ruminal microbiome manipulators. However, not all CTs from fodder legumes are bioactive due to their wide structural diversity. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of 10 CT-containing plants (Flemingia macrophylla, Leucaena leucocephala, Stylosanthes guianensis, Gliricidia sepium, Cratylia argentea, Cajanus cajan, Desmodium ovalifolium, Macrotiloma axilare, D. paniculatum, and Lespedeza procumbens) on in vitro fermentation kinetics of Nelore beef cattle. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), a specific CT-binding agent, was added to neutralize condensed tannin. Tifton and alfalfa hay were used as controls lacking CT. The experimental layout included a randomized complete block with factorial design and four blocks. The data were subjected to analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s test to determine differences (p < 0.05) among treatment means. The addition of PEG in browse incubations resulted in increased gas production, fermentation rate, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and N-NH3 release. Within our study, Lespedeza procumbens, Desmodium paniculatum, Leucaena leucocephala, Desmodium ovalifolium, and Flemingia macrophylla showed superior bioactivity compared to other species evaluated, suggesting a natural alternative for replacing ionophores to modify ruminal fermentation. Condensed tannins from L. pocumbens, D. paniculatum, L. leucocephala, D. ovalifolium, and F. macrophylla have the potential to modify rumen fermentation in beef cattle.
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McSweeney, CS, RI Mackie, and BA White. "Transport and intracellular metabolism of major feed compounds by ruminal bacteria: the potential for metabolic manipulation." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 4 (1994): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9940731.
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Current knowledge of the uptake and metabolism of the major energy yielding and nitrogenous nutrients that are naturally available to ruminal bacteria is reviewed. The potential use of metabolic engineering to manipulate these metabolic pathways and improve nutrient utilization in ruminant animals is briefly discussed. Metabolic engineering is the use of recombinant DNA techniques to enhance microbial function by manipulating enzymatic, transport and regulatory functions of the cell. Examples of the use of metabolic engineering in industrial fermentation are also given.
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Peripolli, Vanessa, Ênio Rosa Prates, Júlio Otávio Jardim Barcellos, Cássio André Wilbert, Cláudia Medeiros Camargo, Rúbia Branco Lopes, and João Batista Gonçalves Costa Junior. "Effect of crude glycerol on in-vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics." Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 15, no. 1 (March 2014): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-99402014000100015.
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The interest in using crude glycerol in animal feeding has reemerged due to its increasing availability and favorable price resulting from the expansion of biofuel industry. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of substituting corn for crude glycerol at different levels in the diet on ruminal fermentation using in-vitro true digestibility parameters. The experimental treatments consisted of substituting corn for liquid crude glycerol (0; 4; 8 and 12%) in dry matter basis. Diets consisted of 60% alfalfa hay and 40% corn and glycerol substituted the corn in the diet. In addition to the 48 hours traditionally applied in digestibility assays, different in-vitro digestibility times were used (0; 4; 8; 16; 48, 72 and 96 hours) in order to study digestion kinetics. The dietary corn substitution for increasing crude glycerol levels did not affect ammonia nitrogen content, metabolizable energy content, in-vitro digestibility of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber, nor ruminal degradation parameters. However this by-product of biodiesel production may be tested in-vivo as an alternative energy feedstuff in ruminant diets.
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Jing, Longhui, Ruiyang Zhang, Yujie Liu, Weiyun Zhu, and Shengyong Mao. "Intravenous lipopolysaccharide challenge alters ruminal bacterial microbiota and disrupts ruminal metabolism in dairy cattle." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 2 (April 28, 2014): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451400066x.
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In the present study, three primiparous lactating Holstein cows (260–285 d in lactation) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design to assess the effects of three doses (0·0, 0·4 and 0·8 μg/kg body weight) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Escherichia coli 0111:B4) on changes in ruminal microbiota and ruminal fermentation. Ruminal pH was linearly decreased (P< 0·001) by LPS challenge, and the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, total volatile fatty acids and amino N increased linearly (P< 0·001) according to the LPS dose. LPS infusion linearly decreased (P< 0·001) the organic matter degradability of alfalfa hay and soyabean meal in the rumen, but did not affect (P>0·10) the gene expression of Na+/K+-ATPase and monocarboxylic acid transporter-1, -2 and -4. A plot of principal coordinate analysis based on unweighted UniFrac values and analysis of molecular variance revealed that the structure of ruminal bacterial communities in the control was distinct from that of the ruminal microbiota in the cattle exposed to LPS. At the phylum level, when compared with the control group, LPS infusion in the tested cows linearly increased (P< 0·05) the abundance of Firmicutes, and linearly decreased (P< 0·05) the percentage of Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes, Spirochaetes, Chlorobi and Lentisphaerae. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report that intravenously LPS challenge altered the ruminal bacterial microbiota and fermentation profiles. The present data suggest that systemic LPS could alter ruminal environment and ruminal microbiota composition, leading to a general decrease in fermentative activity.
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SAUVANT, D., F. MESCHY, and D. MERTENS. "Les composantes de l’acidose ruminale et les effets acidogènes des rations." INRAE Productions Animales 12, no. 1 (February 23, 1999): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.1999.12.1.3854.
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L’état d’acidose ruminale latente constitue une des préoccupations majeures de la nutrition moderne des animaux ruminants. En effet, l’accroissement des potentiels de production a entraîné l’apport de rations plus concentrées en énergie. De ce fait, le rumen de ces animaux doit traiter des quantités accrues de matières organiques fermentescibles et les fermentations plus intenses consécutives entraînent un état d’acidose aux effets zootechniques défavorables : interactions digestives négatives, dégradation du taux butyreux du lait, pathologies digestives et métaboliques... L’état d’acidose est également atteint car la sécrétion salivaire qui recycle les tampons ruminaux est insuffisante par rapport aux acides organiques produits par les fermentations. L’état d’acidose est apprécié à travers la mesure du pH de la panse. On estime que le pH moyen au cours d’une journée ne doit pas être inférieur à une valeur approximative de 6,25. Les recherches ont permis de montrer que de nombreuses caractéristiques des rations présentaient une influence sur le pH ruminal. Si on se réfère à la valeur seuil moyenne minimale de 6,25, il est possible de définir des limites pour les différentes caractéristiques mesurées sur les rations. Certaines limites recommandées se présentent sous forme de minima ; ainsi on estime qu’il faut au minimum 35 % de NDF/MS, 25 % de NDF de fourrage/MS, 2,5 mm de taille moyenne des particules de la ration ou 40 % de la MS sous forme de particules de taille supérieure à 2 mm. On sait en outre que l’indice de mastication de la ration doit être supérieur à 40 min/kg MS ingérée. Il existe également des recommandations de seuil maximum à ne pas dépasser. Ainsi la proportion d’aliments concentrés doit rester inférieure à environ 45 %/MS, celle d’amidon à 25 %/MS et celle d’amidon dégradable dans le rumen à 20 %/MS. D’autre part, il est connu que les niveaux élevés d’ingestion vont de pair avec un transit plus rapide et un pH plus faible, ainsi le pH moyen passe en dessous du seuil de 6,25 lorsque la MS ingérée excède environ 2,5 % du poids vif. Enfin les rations peu mastiquées sont ingérées rapidement et sont, de ce fait, acidogènes. On estime ainsi que chez le bovin la vitesse moyenne d’ingestion doit être inférieure à 50 g/min pour que les fermentations ruminales soient normales. En cas de risque avéré d’acidose, il est recommandé d’apporter des substances tampons à la ration, à une dose de l’ordre de 1 à 2 % de la MS ingérée.
En conclusion, il est important de chercher à mieux caractériser les rations et aliments offerts aux ruminants en prenant en compte des critères " sécuritaires " en plus des paramètres classiques de valeur nutritive. Un exemple de méthode de prévision du pH à partir de tels critères est présenté.
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Geron, Luiz Juliano Valério, Alexande Lima de Souza, Suellem Fernanda Perosa Zanin, Sílvia Cristina de Aguiar, Ilda de Souza Santos, Rayane Fernandes da Silva, Jocilaine Garcia, Anderson de Moura Zanine, Leomar Custódio Diniz, and Daniele de Jesus Ferreira. "Pepper (Capsicum ssp.) as a feed additive in sheep rations using two types of inoculum: Effects on in vitro digestibility and fermentation parameters." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 6Supl3 (October 16, 2019): 3653. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6supl3p3653.
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The influence of pepper (Capsicum ssp.) as a feed additive to balanced sheep rations on the in vitro digestibility coefficient of nutrients and their fermentation parameters was evaluated in two different inocula: rumen liquid and sheep feces. Four inclusion levels of pepper (0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% of DM) and two types of inoculum were arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement, in a completely randomized design. Experimental rations were balanced to include 0.0%; 0.2%; 0.4% and 0.6% Capsicum ssp., with 13.5% crude protein and 70.0% total digestible nutrients (TDN). A basal diet of 60% bulk (corn silage) and 40% of the concentrate containing 0.0% Capsicum ssp. was given to the inoculant donor animals. Two sheep with a mean bodyweight of 27.6 + 1.6 kg were used as inoculum donors (ruminal fluid and feces) for the determination of the IVDC of nutrients. The variables studied were submitted for analysis of variance and the inclusion levels of pepper. Regression analysis was performed at 5% of probability and for the different inocula, a Tukey test was performed at 5% significance. The different levels of inclusion of pepper (0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%) in the balanced sheep rations were not altered (P > 0.05) the IVDC of DM; OM; CP and NDF for both inocula (ruminal fluid and sheep feces). However, the use of the different inocula resulted in a change (P < 0.05) in the IVDC value of DM, OM, CP, and NDF, in which the ruminal liquid inoculum presented higher (P < 0.05) values of IVDC for the ration nutrients in relation to sheep feces. The levels of 0, 0%; 0.2%; 0.4% and 0.6% of pepper in ruminant feeds did not change the pH value of the fermented content after a 24-hour in vitro incubation (P > 0.05). However, the use of ruminal liquid as inoculum for the in vitro fermentation of the experimental rations provided a lower value (P < 0.05) for the pH of the fermented content in relation to the sheep feces. The inclusion of this phytogenic additive in ruminant feeds and the use of inoculum based on rumen fluid or sheep feces did not cause changes in the concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) in the fermented rations after incubation (P > 0.05) for 24 hours in vitro. Thus, the inclusion of up to 0.6% Capsicum ssp. (pepper) in balanced rations for ruminants does not alter the in vitro digestibility coefficient of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber, or the in vitro fermentation parameters. However, the use of ruminal fluid as inoculum for the in vitro fermentation presented values of a higher degree of confidence in relation to feces to determine the in vitro digestion coefficient of the nutrients.
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Ghoorchi, T., V. Rezaeipour, S. Hasani, and G. Ghorbani. "Study of protein characteristics of rapeseed meal (canola) by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) model and its effects on the levels of thyroid hormones in finishing lambs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200010590.
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The use of oilseeds is an important option for increasing the energy density of ruminant diets, in addition to supplying dietary protein to support high rates of production. Ruminal degradation of dietary feed CP is an important factor influencing ruminal fermentation and AA supply to dairy cattle. Ruminal protein degradation is described most often by first order mass action models. One of the more complex of these models is the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). In the model, feed CP is divided into five fractions (A, B1, B2, B3 and C) which sum to unity. The five fractions have different rates of ruminal degradation. Fraction C contains proteins associated with lignin and tannins and heat – damaged proteins such as the Maillard reaction products. The remaining B fractions represent potentially degradable true protein. Glucosinalate levels in the rapeseed meal reduce its feeding value as it makes meal unpalatable and toxic to animals. Several studies suggest that certain oils primarily through changes in peripheral deiodination of the inactive hormone thyroxine (T4) to the active hormone triiodothyronine (T3).
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Kingston-Smith, Alison H., Joan E. Edwards, Sharon A. Huws, Eun J. Kim, and Michael Abberton. "Plant-based strategies towards minimising ‘livestock's long shadow’." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 69, no. 4 (August 4, 2010): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665110001953.
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Ruminant farming is an important component of the human food chain. Ruminants can use offtake from land unsuitable for cereal crop cultivation via interaction with the diverse microbial population in their rumens. The rumen is a continuous flow fermenter for the digestion of ligno-cellulose, with microbial protein and fermentation end-products incorporated by the animal directly or during post-ruminal digestion. However, ruminal fermentation is inefficient in capturing the nutrient resource presented, resulting in environmental pollution and generation of greenhouse gases. Methane is generated as a consequence of ruminal fermentation and poor retention of ingested forage nitrogen causes nitrogenous pollution of water and land and contributes to the generation of nitrous oxide. One possible cause is the imbalanced provision of dietary substrates to the rumen micro-organisms. Deamination of amino acids by ammonia-producing bacteria liberates ammonia which can be assimilated by the rumen bacteria and used for microbial protein synthesis. However, when carbohydrate is limiting, microbial growth is slow, meaning low demand for ammonia for microbial protein synthesis and excretion of the excess. Protein utilisation can therefore be improved by increasing the availability of readily fermentable sugars in forage or by making protein unavailable for proteolysis through complexing with plant secondary products. Alternatively, realisation that grazing cattle ingest living cells has led to the discovery that plant cells undergo endogenous, stress-mediated protein degradation due to the exposure to rumen conditions. This presents the opportunity to decrease the environmental impact of livestock farming by using decreased proteolysis as a selection tool for the development of improved pasture grass varieties.
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Zhang, Ying, Chao Wang, Along Peng, Hao Zhang, and Hongrong Wang. "Metagenomic Insight: Dietary Thiamine Supplementation Promoted the Growth of Carbohydrate-Associated Microorganisms and Enzymes in the Rumen of Saanen Goats Fed High-Concentrate Diets." Microorganisms 9, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030632.
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Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is often caused by feeding a high-concentrate diet in intensive ruminant production. Although previous studies have shown that dietary thiamine supplementation can effectively increase rumen pH and modify rumen fermentation, the effect of thiamine supplementation on rumen carbohydrate-related microorganisms and enzymes in goats under SARA conditions remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary thiamine supplementation on carbohydrate-associated microorganisms and enzymes in the rumen of Saanen goats fed high-concentrate diets. Nine healthy mid-lactating Saanen goats in parity 1 or 2 were randomly assigned into three treatments: A control diet (CON; concentrate:forage (30:70)), a high-concentrate diet (HC; concentrate:forage (70:30)), and a high-concentrate diet with 200 mg of thiamine/kg of DMI (HCT; concentrate:forage (70:30)). Compared with the HC group, dietary thiamine supplementation improved ruminal microbes associated with fiber, including Prevotella, Fibrobacter, Neocallimastix, and Piromyces (p < 0.05). In addition, an increase in the relative abundance of enzymes involved in both fiber degradation and starch degradation, such as CBM16, GH3, and GH97, was observed in the HCT treatment. (p < 0.05). Thus, thiamine supplementation can improve carbohydrate metabolism by increasing the abundance of the microorganisms and enzymes involved in carbohydrate degradation. In conclusion, this study revealed the relationship between ruminal microbiota and enzymes, and these findings contributed to solving the problems arising from the high-concentrate feeding in ruminant production and to providing a new perspective on ruminant health.
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Avila, Andre S., Maximiliane A. Zambom, Andressa Faccenda, Maria L. Fischer, Fernando A. Anschau, Tiago Venturini, Rodrigo C. R. Tinini, Jessica G. Dessbesell, and Antonio P. Faciola. "Effects of Black Wattle (Acacia mearnsii) Condensed Tannins on Intake, Protozoa Population, Ruminal Fermentation, and Nutrient Digestibility in Jersey Steers." Animals 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10061011.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of condensed tannins (CT) from black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) on feed intake, ruminal protozoa population, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient digestibility in Jersey steers. Five ruminally-cannulated steers were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design, with five periods of 20 days each (14 days for diet adaptation and six days for sample collection per period). Treatments were composed of dietary inclusion levels of condensed tannins at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/kg of diet dry matter. Intakes of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and total digestible nutrients were not affected by condensed tannins. The ruminal pH was reduced linearly with tannin levels. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration was not affected by tannins. Tannins reduced the molar proportion of acetate and did not affect the ruminal protozoal population, which might be related to the low doses used. Digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber were not altered; however, there was a linear reduction in crude protein digestibility. Based on these results, CT extracts from black wattle are not recommended for improving nutrient utilization in steers at the tested levels.
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Ream, Cody, Allison V. Stevens, and Gwinyai Chibisa. "PSIV-22 The effects of altering ruminal fermentable carbohydrate supply in finishing diets containing distillers grains on rumen fermentation characteristics and nitrogen utilization." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.450.
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Abstract This study examined the effects of altering ruminal fermentable carbohydrate (RFC) supply by feeding different amounts of corn and wheat in finishing cattle diets containing 15% corn dried distillers grains [DDGS; dry matter (DM) basis] on ruminal fermentation characteristics and nitrogen (N) utilization. Six ruminally-cannulated crossbred heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 28 d periods. Dietary treatments were either corn (73% of diet DM; CON), 53:20 corn:wheat blend (20W) or 33:40 corn:wheat blend (40W) as the major fermentable carbohydrate source. Diets were isonitrogenous (12% CP; DM basis). Feed intake was measured daily. Indwelling pH logger were used to measure ruminal pH (d 22 to 28) and ruminal fluid was collected from d 26 to 28 to determine fermentation characteristics, as were feces and urine to measure N excretion. Data was analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Dry matter and N intake tended to be lower (P ≤ 0.07) for heifers fed the 40W compared to the CON and 20W diets. There was no diet effect (P = 0.15) on total VFA concentration; however, the duration and area for pH < 5.5 tended to be longer (P = 0.07) and greater (P = 0.096), respectively, for heifers fed the 20W and 40W compared to the CON diet. There was no diet effect (P ≥ 0.44) on ruminal ammonia concentration and total urine N excretion (g and % of N intake). However, urine urea N (UUN) excretion as a percentage of total urine N tended to be lower (P = 0.05) in heifers fed the 20W and 40W compared to the CON diet. In summary, although altering RFC supply by feeding increasing amounts of wheat resulted in a decrease in UUN excretion, it also caused a decrease in ruminal pH that possibly compromised DM intake.
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Banik, B. K., Z. Durmic, W. Erskine, K. Ghamkhar, and C. Revell. "In vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and methane production differ in selected key pasture species in Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 9 (2013): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13149.
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Thirteen current and potential pasture species in southern Australia were examined for differences in their nutritive values and in vitro rumen fermentation profiles, including methane production by rumen microbes, to assist in selection of pasture species for mitigation of methane emission from ruminant livestock. Plants were grown in a glasshouse and harvested at 7 and 11 weeks after sowing for in vitro batch fermentation, with nutritive values assessed at 11 weeks of growth. The pasture species tested differed significantly (P < 0.001) in methane production during in vitro rumen fermentation, with the lowest methane-producing species, Biserrula pelecinus L., producing 90% less methane (4 mL CH4 g–1 dry matter incubated) than the highest methane-producing species, Trifolium spumosum L. (51 mL CH4 g–1 dry matter incubated). Proxy nutritive values of species were found not to be useful predictors of plant fermentation characteristics or methane production. In conclusion, there were significant differences in fermentative traits, including methane production, among selected pasture species in Australia, indicating that the choice of fodder species may offer a way to reduce the impact on the environment from enteric fermentation.
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Abd El Tawab, Ahmed Mahmoud, Mostafa Sayed Abdellatif Khattab, Fatma Ibrahim Hadhoud, and Mahmoud Mohamed Shaaban. "Effect of mixture of herbal plants on ruminal fermentation, degradability and gas production." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 43 (August 18, 2020): e48549. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.48549.
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Reducing livestock negative environmental impacts get great interest in last years. So, present study was carried out to determine the effect of adding different levels of mixture of thyme and celery versus salinomycin on ruminal fermentation, gas production, dry, organic matter and fiber degradation. Four experimental treatments were used by in-vitro batch culture technique, as follow: 60% CFM, 40% clover hay (control), control diet + 2.5 gm thyme + 2.5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T1), control diet + 5 gm thyme + 5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T2), control diet + 10 gm thyme + 10 gm celery kg-1 DM (T3), control diet + 0.4 gm Salinomycin kg-1 DM (T4). Ruminal pH value was significantly increased (p < 0.05) with T4 compared with other treatments. While, the T4 recorded the lowest value (p < 0.05) for microbial protein, short chain fatty acids concentrations (SCFA), total gas production, dry matter and organic matter degradability (DMd and OMd) compared with other treatments. Fiber fraction degradability (NDFd and ADFd) appeared no significant variance (p > 0.05) between control and other treatments except for T1 that recorded the lowest value (p < 0.05). It is concluded that mixture of thyme plus celery could be alternate for ionophores in the ruminant diets to enhance ruminal fermentation, reducing gas production without any negative effect on nutrients degradability.
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Johnson, J. A., F. Joy, J. J. McKinnon, and G. B. Penner. "High-fibre high-lipid by-product pellets containing calcium oxide-treated oat hulls as a partial replacement for barley grain in finishing diets for beef cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 98, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 656–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2017-0111.
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Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of treating oat hulls with calcium oxide (CaO) prior to inclusion in a high-lipid by-product pellet (HLP) on dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation, and total-tract digestibility (Study 1) and growth performance (Study 2). In Study 1, six ruminally cannulated heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Study 2 used 210 steers in 21 pens in a 113 d finishing study. Dietary treatments for both studies included a barley-based control diet (CON), a diet where HLP partially replaced barley grain (NT-HLP), and a diet where HLP contained oat hulls treated with 7.5% CaO [dry matter (DM) basis; CaO-HLP]. For Study 1, DMI and ruminal pH were not affected. Apparent total-tract digestibility of DM and organic matter (OM) were greater (P < 0.05) for CON than NT-HLP and CaO-HLP. In Study 2, final body weight tended to be greater for NT-HLP and CaO-HLP than CON (P = 0.065). For CaO-HLP and NT-HLP, DMI was greater than CON (P < 0.01), but average daily gain (ADG) (2.0 kg d−1) and gain:feed (G:F) (0.16 kg kg−1) were not different. Thus, HLP can partially replace barley grain in finishing diets without negatively affecting ruminal fermentation or growth performance, but treatment with CaO has no effect.
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Chiquette, J., P. Savoie, and A. Lirette. "Effects of maceration at mowing on digestibility and ruminal fermentation of timothy hay in steers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 74, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas94-033.
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Eight ruminally fistulated steers (711 kg ± 72 kg) were used in a crossover experimental design to study the nutritional effects of macerating timothy grass (M) over the conventional conditioning process (C). Maceration was applied at mowing by conditioning the freshly cut forage through eight high-speed metallic grinding rolls with a shredding effect on leaves and stems. Animals were fed an all forage diet consisting of M or C. Feces were collected over a period of 6 d for total digestibility determination. On day 7 of each experimental period, ruminal fluid was sampled at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 h after meals. On days 9–11, nylon bags were incubated in the rumen of each steer for 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h in order to determine forage dry matter (DM) degradation at the ruminal level. Maceration reduced the field drying time to reach baling moisture by 50% under Southeast Canadian climatic conditions. Results of forage digestibility at the ruminal level showed that the rate of forage DM disappearance was greater (P < 0.001) for M than for C. This greater ruminal digestibility of M was associated with numerically although not statistically greater ruminal concentrations of acetate, propionate and butyrate at all sampling times in steers fed M. However, butyrate concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in M fed animals than in C fed animals, at the 4 h sampling. Although M was better digested at the ruminal level, total digestibility of DM, organic matter, ADF and NDF was slightly less for M than for C (P < 0.05). Total digestibility of nitrogen was similar for both treatments. An increased passage rate of M might explain its decreased total digestibility. This last assumption still needs to be verified as well as the impact of this small decrease in digestibility on animal production. Key words: Maceration, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, steer, forage, grass
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Sondakh, E. H. B., J. A. D. Kalele, and F. S. Ratulangi. "The use of coconut pulp as a feed substrate to methanogenesis inhibitor in in vitro rumen fluid fermentation." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 42, no. 3 (August 17, 2017): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.42.3.202-209.
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This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the adding of coconut pulp in ruminant feed on methane reduction in vitro. Rumen fluid and substrate of forage and concentrate in ratio 60:40 were in this study. This experiment consisted of five treatments of coconut pulp as followed: R1: feed substrates without the coconut pulp; R2: substrate feed with coconut pulp 5%; R3: substrate feed with coconut pulp 10%; R4: Substrate feed with coconut pulp 15% and R5: substrate feed with coconut pulp 20%. Each treatment was conducted to four replications. Fermentation was done using the Hohenheim Gas Test (HGT) incubated at 39oC for 72 hours. At the end of fermentation was determined production of methane, parameters of fermentation, microbial activity, feed digestibility and fatty acids profile of the ruminal fluid. Data obtained were analyzed by using analysis of variance using completely randomized design. The differences of mean values were analyzed by Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). The results showed that methane production has decreased about 13.74%-17.39% when the feed was given coconut dregs 15-20%. Based on the results of the study was concluded that the supplementation of coconut pulp up to 15-20% of 100% dry matter can be used as a substrate of ruminant feed, because it can reduce methane and does not interfere the microbial activity in the fermentation of rumen fluid through in vitro. The supplementation of coconut pulp can be a referencein designing the methanogenic inhibitor feed.
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LETTAT, A., C. MARTIN, C. BERGER, and P. NOZIÈRE. "Analyse quantitative de l’effet des bactéries probiotiques sur les fermentations dans le rumen et les performances des bovins en production." INRAE Productions Animales 25, no. 4 (October 2, 2012): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2012.25.4.3223.
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L’acidose ruminale latente est une préoccupation majeure chez les ruminants à potentiel élevé de production. Sa prévention par la supplémentation des rations avec des Bactéries Probiotiques (BP) est une stratégie potentiellement intéressante compte tenu de leur capacité à s’adapter à l’environnement très compétitif du rumen. Une méta-analyse des données publiées regroupant 33 expériences (82 traitements) a permis de mettre en évidence l’effet des BP, seules ou associées à la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae (BP + SC), sur les fermentations dans le rumen et les performances zootechniques de bovins laitiers et à viande. Chez ces derniers la supplémentation en BP ou en BP + SC n’a pas affecté en moyenne les performances animales. En revanche, chez la vache laitière la supplémentation en BP + SC a permis d’augmenter l’ingestion (+ 1,7 kg/j) et la production de lait (+ 2,36 kg/j) sans modifier sa composition. L’effet des probiotiques sur les fermentations dans le rumen est très variable et en moyenne relativement faible. La régulation du pH ruminal moyen par les BP seules ou les BP + SC n’est effective que lorsque la ration de base entraîne un pH ruminal inférieur à 5,75. Enfin, bien que non pris en compte dans le dispositif statistique du fait d’un nombre limité de données, les réponses des performances animales semblent également dépendre du type de BP employées.
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Pinho, Ricardo M. A., Edson M. Santos, Juliana S. De Oliveira, Gleidson G. P. De Carvalho, Joyce P. Alves, Alberto J. da S. Macêdo, Gildenia A. Pereira, Danilo M. Pereira, Alexandre F. Perazzo, and Anderson De M. Zanine. "Relationship between forage neutral detergent fiber and non-fibrous carbohydrates on ruminal fermentation products and neutral detergent fiber digestibility in goats." Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias 32, no. 2 (May 17, 2019): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.v32n2a06.
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Background: There is a comprehensive understanding of the role of dietary fiber as a nutrient and its function during digestion in cattle. On the other hand, the role of fiber digestion in goats has not received similar attention. Objective: To evaluate the effects of different ratios of forage neutral detergent fiber (fNDF) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) on ruminal fermentation products, and in vitro neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility in goats. Methods: A 3 × 5 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three fNDF levels (100, 190, and 290 g/kg) and five NFC levels (350, 400, 450, 500, and 550 g/kg) was used. The experiment was performed in vitro. Two ruminally fistulated goats were used as rumen liquid donors. Results: The ratios between fNDF and NFC affected all ruminal parameters (p<0.05). Increasing NFC levels in diets containing 100 and 290 g/kgfNDF resulted in linear increase (p<0.05) in ammonia concentration after 48 h fermentation. There was no adjustment of linear models (p>0.05) for pH values. Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and their individual molar proportions were affected (p<0.05) at all fNDF and NFC levels. The NDF digestibility was not affected (p>0.05) by fNDF or NFC levels, except for diets containing 290 g/kg fNDF, which were fit to a quadratic model (p<0.05). Conclusion: The relationship between fNDF and NFC concentrations affect the fermentation end products and in vitro NDF digestibility. NFC plays a more consistent role than fNDF in the ruminal microbial ecosystem of goats during in vitro fermentation.Keywords: digestion, energy, microbial protein, physically effective fiber, rumen. Resumen Antecedentes: Aunque hay una amplia comprensión del papel que juega la fibra dietética como nutriente y su función durante la digestión en el ganado vacuno, el papel de la digestión de la fibra en las cabras no ha recibido una atención similar. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de diferentes proporciones de fibra detergente neutra proveniente del forraje (fNDF) y carbohidratos no fibrosos (NFC) sobre los productos de la fermentación ruminal y la digestibilidad in vitro de la fibra detergente neutra (NDF) en cabras. Métodos: Se utilizó un arreglo factorial de 3 × 5, distribuidos en un diseño completamente aleatorizado con tres niveles de fNDF (100, 190 y 290 g/kg) y cinco niveles de NFC (350, 400, 450, 500 y 550 g/kg). El experimento se realizó in vitro. Se utilizaron dos cabras fistuladas en rumen como donantes de líquido ruminal. Resultados: La relacion entre fNDF y NFC afectó todos los parámetros ruminales estudiados (p<0,05). El aumento de los niveles de NFC en dietas con 100 y 290 g/kg de fNDF resultó en aumento lineal (p<0,05) de la concentración de amoníaco después de 48 h de fermentación. No hubo ajuste de modelos lineales (p>0,05) para valores de pH. Los ácidos grasos volátiles totales y sus proporciones molares individuales se afectaron (p<0,05) en todos los niveles de fNDF y NFC. La digestibilidad de NDF no fue afectada (p>0,05) por los niveles de fNDF ni NFC, con excepción de las dietas con 290 g/kg fNDF, que se ajustaron a un modelo cuadrático (p<0,05). Conclusión: La relación entre las concentraciones de fNDF y NFC afecta los productos finales de fermentación y la digestibilidad in vitro de NDF. Los niveles de NFC juegan un papel más consistente que fNDF en el ecosistema microbiano ruminal de la cabra durante la fermentación in vitro.Palabras clave: digestión, energía, fibra físicamente efectiva, proteína microbiana, rumen. ResumoAntecedentes: Embora exista um compreensível entendimento do papel que a fibra dietética desempenha como nutriente e sua função durante a digestão em bovinos, o papel da digestão das fibras em caprinos não recebeu atenção semelhante. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de diferentes relações da fibra em detergente neutro advindo de forragem (fNDF) e carboidratos não-fibrosos (NFC) sobre produtos da fermentação ruminal e digestibilidade in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro (NDF) em caprinos. Métodos: Utilizou-se um esquema fatorial de 3 × 5 distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três níveis de fNDF (100, 190 e 290 g/kg) e cinco níveis de NFC (350, 400, 450, 500 e 550 g/kg). O experimento foi realizado in vitro. Duas cabras fistuladas no rúmen foram utilizadas como doadoras de líquido ruminal. Resultados: As relações entre fNDF e NFC impactaram todos os parâmetros ruminais estudados (p<0,05). O aumento dos níveis de NFC em dietas contendo 100 e 290 g/kg de fNDF resultou em um aumento linear (p<0,05) na concentração de amônia após 48 h de fermentação. Não houve ajuste de modelos lineares (p>0,05) para valores de pH. Os ácidos graxos voláteis totais e suas proporções molares individuais foram afetados (p<0,05) em todos os níveis de fNDF e NFC. A digestibilidade NDF não foi afetada (p>0,05) pelos níveis de fNDF e NFC, com exceção de dietas experimentais contendo 290 g/kg fNDF, que foram ajustadas a um modelo quadrático (p<0,05). Conclusão: A relação entre as concentrações de fNDF e NFC afeta os produtos finais de fermentação e a digestibilidade in vitro de NDF de dietas experimentais. Os níveis de NFC desempenham um papel mais consistente do que o fNDF no ecossistema microbiano ruminal de cabras durante a fermentação in vitro.Palavras-chave: digestão, energia, fibra fisicamente efetiva, proteína microbiana, rúmen.
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Doležal, P., J. Doležal, and J. Třináctý. "The effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on ruminal fermentation in dairy cows." Czech Journal of Animal Science 50, No. 11 (December 11, 2011): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4255-cjas.
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This study presents the results of an experiment in which the effect of addition of a yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Strain 47) on rumen fermentation was studied in thirty-six dairy cows of Holstein breed.The animals were divided into one control and five experimental groups. Each group involved 6 individuals. The animals received a diet consisting of good maize silage with a higher dry matter content (16 kg), clover-grass haylage (l6 kg), meadow hay (3 kg) and supplementary feed mixture (7.5 kg). The rations were fed to cows as total mixed ration (TMR).In experimental groups, the yeast culture was added into the feed mixture in amounts of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 g per day and animal. Samples of rumen fluid were taken perorally 3–4 hours after feeding. The obtained results indicated that the addition of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC-47 culture in recommended doses showed a positive effect on ruminal digestion. As compared with control, the addition of all aforementioned amounts of the yeast culture into the feeding ration resulted in all cases in a statistically significant (P < 0.01) decrease in pH and fluctuated near the lower limit of the reference values. As compared with control, the yeast culture supplementation showed a positive effect (P < 0.01) on production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) (127.6 vs. 84.0 mmol/l). The utilisation of ammonia was higher (P < 0.01) in experimental groups (8.12, resp. 8.68 mmol/l) than in controls (9.06 mmol/l). The difference in protozoa numbers in rumens of dairy cows in the control and experimental groups was statistically highly significantly (P < 0.01) different. There was a close relationship between the dose of yeast culture on the one hand and the VFA content and protozoa numbers on the other. The regression analysis of dependence of dependent variable (i.e. pH of rumen fluid) on the independent one (i.e. the dose of yeast culture) revealed only a slight degree of dependence (r = 0.671).
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Harmon, D. L., R. M. Yamka, and N. A. Elam. "Factors affecting intestinal starch digestion in ruminants: A review." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-077.
Full textAbstract:
The process of starch assimilation in the ruminant is complex and remains an avenue by which increases in production efficiency can be gained. Ruminal starch digestion is typically 0.75–0.80 of starch intake. Starch that escapes fermentation and flows to the small intestine may be more resistant to enzymatic digestion and on average 0.35–0.60 of starch entering the small intestine is degraded there. Of the fraction that escapes small intestinal digestion an additional 0.35–0.50 is degraded in the large intestine. This suggests that limitations to small intestinal starch digestion do exist. This review summarizes available information describing the digestive and absorptive processes occurring in the small intestine with an emphasis on nutritional factors that influence these processes. A review of experiments measuring small intestinal starch digestion indicates that small intestinal digestion is either highly variable or poorly determined whereas ruminal and large intestinal digestion are much more clearly described. These data indicate that improvements in methodologies are needed before we can accurately describe processes occurring in the small intestine and formulate diets to optimize site of starch digestion. Key words: Ruminant, starch, glucose, small intestine, digestion