Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fermented milk products'

Today approximately 10 % of fermented milk products stick to the packaging material inner surface, and therefore it is not possible to pour all of the dairy product from the package. This is both an economical and environmental issue. The product loss is expensive for consumer and makes recycling of package less effective. As they do not yet exist the development of packaging materials to which fermented milk products stick less, it would make it possible to both save money and protect our environment. The aim of this work was to provide knowledge and understanding of the important factors involved in the phenomenon when fermented milk products adhere to the inner surface of a packaging material. Studies were done on materials having different surface properties, such as polarity and relative oxidation. They were incubated in fermented milk and other dairy products varying in fat concentration and protein type up to 168 h. The systems were investigated gravimetrically, with Fourier Transform Infra Red/Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Contact Angle measurements. Fermented milk contains amphiphilic components and therefore can interact both with polar and non-polar surfaces, such that the relative oxidation of the surface does not contribute to the adhesion. The adhesion of fermented milk is an equilibrium reaction, which depend on the fat concentration before equilibrium as well as the protein concentration after equilibrium. The adhesion seems to follows the Vroman effect, with smaller molecules associating faster and thereby adhering to the surface initially, but are displaced by larger molecules that associates slower as times passes.

The rapid rise in allergic diseases has been linked to urbanization and Westernization. Recent observational studies indicate a significantly lower prevalence of allergic disease in children exposed to farming environments during the ante- and postnatal period. Consumption of unpasteurized and fermented cow's milk have been hypothesized as independent protective factors against allergy. Lack of microbial diversity and low levels of lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB) in infant diets may be predisposing factors to developing atopic eczema, allergic sensitisation and asthma. In South Africa, rural communities with a low prevalence of allergy consume unpasteurized and traditional fermented milk products on a regular basis. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare the microbiome of differently sourced cow's milk samples. Raw, unpasteurized cow's milk was collected from farms in an urban and rural setting, respectively. Another sample, collected from a cow on a rural farm, was left to naturally ferment (amasi) while three different brands of commercially fermented milk samples were obtained from a local retail shop. The variable V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified and diversity and abundance plots were constructed and analyzed. Clear differences in the diversity and abundance of especially LAB in the differently sourced samples were demonstrated. Urban, and rural fresh cow's milk samples were the most diverse, and commercially bought products, the least. The commercially fermented products were similarly dominated by LAB, belonging to the phylum Firmicutes (more than 98% abundance) and the phylum Proteobacteria (less than 2% abundance). The homemade fermented milk (amasi) comprised approximately 50% Firmicutes and approximately 50% Proteobacteria. At the family member level, Leuconostocaceae dominated in all three the commercially bought samples. At the species level, Lactococcus lactis (AB100803) dominated in all the milk products, with less abundance in the fresh cow's milk samples. Lactobacillus paracasei (D79212) and Streptococcus infantis (AY485603) were abundant in amasi and absent in the commercially fermented products. Statistically significant difference between fermented and unfermented cow's milk samples at species level were demonstrated. Lactococcus chungangensis (EF694028), Leuconostococcus mesenteroides (AB023247) and Leuconostococcus pseudomesenteroides (AB023237) were abundant in the commercially fermented products, but absent in amasi. Important pathogens were identified in fresh cow's milk and amasi. We concluded that commercially fermented milk, although of low diversity, may be utilized as a safe allergy protective weaning food in infant diets. The microbiome of homemade amasi is more diverse than commercially fermented products and important allergy protective lactic acid producing organisms were identified in this study. However, the safety of amasi remains a concern. This information can be used in future research to produce important allergy protective ‘starter cultures' and to appropriately shape the gut microbiome early in life.

Tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus L) are recognized as a high potential, alternative source of food nutrients. However, there is limited scientific literature on the technological possibilities for developing value-added foods, such as fermented products from tiger nut milk. Therefore, strategies for producing and improving the properties of fermented tiger nut milk were investigated for generating lactose-free, nutritious yogurt-like products with acceptable sensory properties and a prolonged shelf life quality. A wet-milling procedure was standardized for extracting tiger nut milk from tiger nuts, and the effects of the extraction process on nutrient distribution, colour properties and colloidal stability of the milk were analyzed. Next, tiger nut milk was enriched with proteins and/or hydrocolloids and the impact of the additives on the physical properties of the milk were determined. Enriched tiger nut milk was fermented by using classical yogurt cultures and the obtained products were analyzed for the microbiological, physico-chemical and sensory characteristics. Additionally, effects of enriching tiger nut milk with microbial transglutaminase cross-linked proteins on the microbiological and physico-chemical properties were evaluated. Higher wet-milling intensity improved the nutrient composition, colloidal stability and colour of the milk. Enrichment of tiger nut milk with milk proteins and xanthan gum enhanced the viscosity and stability, and after fermentation, led to homogenous gel-like products with superior microbiological, physico-chemical and different sensory properties compared to the fermented plain tiger nut milk. Microbial transglutaminase cross-linked proteins improved the physical characteristics of the fermented product, especially during storage. This product would be relevant in many developing countries with high prevalence of lactose intolerance, limited access to nutritious food but show a high distribution of tiger nut vegetation
Erdmandeln (Cyperus esculentus L) haben ein hohes Potential als alternative Quelle Lebensmittelinhaltsstoffen. Allerdings gibt es nur in begrenztem Ausmaß Literatur über technologische Möglichkeiten zur Entwicklung von Mehrwert-Lebensmitteln wie fermentierter Erdmandelmilch. Daher wurden Strategien zur Herstellung und Verbesserung der Eigenschaften von fermentierter Erdmandelmilch zur Erzeugung laktosefreier joghurtähnlicher Produkte mit akzeptablen sensorischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Für die Extraktion der Erdmandelmilch wurde ein Nassmahlverfahren standardisiert und der Einfluss des Verfahrens auf die Nährstoffverteilung, die Farbeigenschaften und die kolloidale Stabilität der Milch analysiert. Als nächstes wurde Erdmandelmilch mit Proteinen und/oder Hydrokolloiden angereichert, und der Einfluss der Additive auf die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Extrakts bestimmt. Angereicherte Erdmandelmilch wurde mit klassischen Joghurtkulturen fermentiert, und die mikrobiologischen, physikalisch-chemischen und sensorischen Eigenschaften der Produkte wurden untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden Effekte der Anreicherung von Erdmandelmilch mit enzymatisch vernetzten Proteinen auf die mikrobiologischen und physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften bewertet. Eine höhere Nassmahlintensität verbesserte die Nährstoffzusammensetzung, die kolloidale Stabilität und die Farbe der Milch. Die Anreicherung erhöhte die Viskosität und Stabilität und führte nach der Fermentation zu homogenen gelartigen Produkten mit verbesserten mikrobiologischen, physikalisch-chemischen und sensorischen Eigenschaften im Vergleich zur fermentierten Erdmandelmilch. Mikrobielle Transglutaminase-vernetzte Proteine verbesserten die physikalischen Eigenschaften des fermentierten Produkts, insbesondere während der Lagerung. Dieses Produkt wäre in vielen Entwicklungsländern mit hoher Prävalenz von Laktoseintoleranz und begrenztem Zugang zu nahrhaften Lebensmitteln als Alternative von Interesse

Orientador: Ana Lúcia Barretto Penna
Banca: Susana Marta Isay Saad
Banca: Crispin Humberto Garcia Cruz
Resumo: Os leites fermentados probióticos são líderes no mercado de alimentos funcionais e prioridade de pesquisa em diversos países. A presença de bactérias probióticas viáveis e em alto número no produto durante sua vida de prateleira é condição essencial para assegurar o efeito probiótico. As qualidades tecnológica e funcional de leites fermentados são importantes para sua aceitação pelo consumidor e podem ser afetadas pelos aditivos adicionados antes da fermentação dos produtos. Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da adição de edulcorantes, em diferentes concentrações, na produção de leites fermentados por uma cultura mista composta por Streptococcus thermophilus e Lactobacillus bulgaricus (Rich) e uma cultura pura composta por Lactobacillus acidophilus (La-5). As bases lácteas para preparação dos leites fermentados obtidas antes da fermentação foram submetidas às determinações dos teores de sólidos totais, proteínas, cinzas, gordura, acidez titulável e valor calórico. Nos leites fermentados foram avaliados: a viabilidade das bactérias láticas, a pós-acidificação, a sinérese e a capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), durante 28 dias de estocagem refrigerada. As características físico-químicas dos leites fermentados atenderam aos requisitos legais e apresentaram diferenças somente nos teores de sólidos totais, cinzas e valor calórico nos produtos elaborados com sacarose. O tipo e a concentração de edulcorante afetaram a fermentação da cultura La-5 e a acidez titulável. No entanto, não influenciaram o tempo de fermentação da cultura Rich, a viabilidade de S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus e L. acidophilus, a sinérese e a CRA dos leites fermentados elaborados. O tipo de cultura influenciou o tempo de fermentação do leite, sendo superiores os tempos obtidos para La-5 e a acidez titulável, com valores superiores para a cultura... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Fermented probiotic dairy products are leaders in the functional food markets and priority for researching worldwide. The presence of probiotic bacteria viable at high level during shelf-life of the product is essential to ensure the probiotic effect. The technological and functional qualities of fermented milks are important for their acceptance by the consumers and they can be affected by the addition of ingredients before fermentation. The aim of this research was to evaluate the use of sweeteners, in different concentrations, in the production of fermented milks using a mixed culture composed of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus (Rich), or a pure culture composed of Lactobacillus acidophilus (La-5). The milk bases obtained before fermentation were submitted to determinations of total solids, protein, ash, fat, acidity contents and caloric value. The viability of lactic bacteria, post-acidification, syneresis and waterholding capacity (WHC) of fermented milks were examined during 28 days of cold storage. The physicochemical characteristics of fermented milks were according to legal requirements and showed differences only on the contents of total solids, ash and caloric value in the products formulated with sucrose. The type and concentration of sweeteners affected the fermentation of La-5 culture and titratable acidity. However they did not influence fermentation time of Rich culture, viability of S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus and L. acidophilus, syneresis and WHC of fermented milks. The culture type affected the fermentation time, which was higher for La-5 culture, and acidity, which was higher for Rich culture, however, they did not influence the syneresis and WHC of fermented milks. All kinds and concentrations of sweeteners did not influence the technological quality of products, so all of them can be used to produce lowcalorie fermented milks.
Mestre

Subprodutos de frutas são rotineiramente descartados pelas indústrias. Porém, são ricos em compostos bioativos, podendo ser utilizados como ingredientes em produtos funcionais, promovendo a saúde e minimizando o impacto ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o potencial funcional de subprodutos desidratados de acerola e de laranja, como fontes de compostos fenólicos, e desenvolver leites fermentados probióticos adicionados deste resíduo, avaliando suas características físico-químicas durante o armazenamento sob refrigeração (28 dias; 4 ± 1 °C), bem como o impacto das condições gastrointestinais sobre os flavonoides e as cepas probióticas. Os subprodutos foram obtidos em indústrias de processamento de frutas do estado de São Paulo, e foram realizadas as seguintes análises para caracterizá-los: composição centesimal, teores de vitamina C, minerais, fibras alimentares, compostos fenólicos totais e proantocianidinas, capacidade antioxidante in vitro e perfil cromatográfico de flavonoides (CLAE). Foram elaboradas quatro formulações de leites fermentados: F0 (controle), sem adição de resíduo de acerola (RA); F2, com 2% de RA; F5, com 5% de RA; F10, com 10% de RA. Adicionou-se a cultura probiótica ABT-4 nos produtos, constituída de duas cepas probióticas: Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Bb-12 e Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, além da cultura starter Streptococcus thermophilus. As seguintes análises foram realizadas com as formulações de leites fermentados, durante o armazenamento sob refrigeração (28 dias, 4 ± 1 °C): composição centesimal, pH, acidez, viabilidade dos microrganismos, teor de compostos fenólicos totais (CF), cor e textura instrumentais. Além disso, os leites fermentados foram submetidos a condições gastrointestinais simuladas in vitro, para avaliação do impacto na viabilidade das cepas probióticas e nos compostos fenólicos. O RA mostrou-se excelente fonte de vitamina C (605 mg/100 g b.u.), além de apresentar melhor capacidade antioxidante in vitro do que o RL. Proantocianidinas foram encontradas apenas no RA, na concentração de 617 µg EC/g b.s. O teor de compostos fenólicos totais do RA (3240 µg EAG/100 g b.s.) foi 3,6 vezes maior que o do RL. Os principais compostos fenólicos encontrados no RA foram: derivados de quercetina, procianidina B1, rutina, e derivados de caempferol. No RL, foram identificados: naringenina, sinensetina, homorientina, isovitexina e derivados de ácido clorogênico. Os subprodutos estudados apresentaram elevados teores de fibras totais (acima de 60%) e proteínas totais (RA: 10,4%; RL: 9,9%), além de reduzido teor de lipídeos totais (RA: 1,6%; RL: 2,6%). Os principais minerais identificados em ambos os resíduos foram: potássio, magnésio, cálcio e fósforo. Quanto às quatro formulações de leites fermentados, estas apresentaram baixo teor de lipídeos totais (menor que 1%), e o teor de proteínas totais variou entre 3,9 e 5,1 g/100 g, estando de acordo com a legislação vigente para este tipo de produto. O pH das formulações F0 (controle) e F2 manteve-se estável significativamente (p > 0,05) ao longo do período de armazenamento sob refrigeração (28 dias; 4 ± 1 °C), e das outras formulações sofreu pequena queda, mesmo assim mantendo-se acima de 4,5. A acidez das formulações, que variou entre 0,92 a 1,28 mg de ácido lático/g, aumentou entre os dias 1 e 14 de armazenamento, depois se manteve até o final da vida de prateleira. O RA não interferiu de maneira negativa nas populações de microrganismos analisadas durante o armazenamento, já que as formulações F2, F5 e F10 mantiveram suas populações em torno de 8 log UFC/g. Quanto ao teor de CF, as amostras diferiram significativamente entre si (p < 0,05), sendo que F0 apresentou teor em torno de 5 vezes inferior a F10 (21,13 e 101,13 µg EAG/100 g, respectivamente, no dia 1). A cor dos produtos se manteve até o final da vida de prateleira, e diferiram significativamente (p < 0,05) entre si. O RA influenciou pouco nos parâmetros de textura dos leites fermentados, mas a formulação controle foi a única que perdeu adesividade. Após a fase gástrica da digestão simulada in vitro, no 7° dia de armazenamento, as populações de bactérias probióticas diminuíram drasticamente (quedas em torno de 3 a 5 log UFC/g), e após a fase entérica não foram detectadas contagens. Por outro lado, os flavonoides encontrados nos leites fermentados adicionados de RA aumentaram em torno de 2 a 5 vezes, após a fase gástrica, mantendo-se ou sofrendo pequena queda após fase entérica. Estes resultados mostram que o pó de subprodutos de acerola é um valioso ingrediente a ser utilizado em alimentos funcionais, pois é rico em vitamina C, fibras e compostos fenólicos, agregando valor nutricional, além de servir como antioxidante natural. Seus flavonoides parecem ser altamente resistentes aos ácidos e sais da digestão, podendo, assim, exercer efeitos positivos sobre a saúde.
Fruits by-products are routinely discarded by industries. However, they are rich in bioactive compounds, and can be used as ingredients in functional foods, promoting health and minimizing environmental impact. The objective of this study was to investigate the functional potential of acerola and orange dehydrated by-products, as sources of phenolic compounds, and to develop probiotic fermented milks suplemented with this residues, evaluating its physico-chemical characteristics during refrigerated storage (28 days, 4 ± 1 °C), as well as the impact of gastrointestinal conditions on flavonoids and probiotic strains. The by-products were obtained from fruit processing industries of São Paulo, and the following analyzes were performed to characterize them: contents of moisture, ash, lipids, proteins, vitamin C, minerals, dietary fibers, total phenolic compounds and proanthocyanidins, antioxidant capacity in vitro and flavonoids chromatographic profile (HPLC). Were elaborated four formulations of fermented milks: F0 (control), without addition of acerola residue (AR); F2, with 2% AR; F5, with 5% AR; F10, with 10% AR. Was used the probiotic culture ABT-4, composed of two probiotic strains, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Bb-12 and Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, in addition to the starter culture Streptococcus thermophilus. During the refrigerated storage (28 days, 4 ± 1 °C), the following analyzes were performed with the fermented milks: contents of moisture, ash, lipids and proteins, pH, acidity, viability of microorganisms, total phenolic compounds (PC), instrumental color and texture. In addition, the fermented milks were submitted to in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions to evaluate the impact on the viability of probiotic strains and phenolic compounds. AR presented excellent content of vitamin C (605 mg/100 g), in addition to presenting better antioxidant capacity in vitro than orange residue (OR). Proanthocyanidins were found only in AR (617 µg CE/g). The PC content of AR (3240 µg GAE/100 g) was 3.6 higher than in OR. The phenolic compounds identified in AR were quercetin-3-rhamnoside, rutin and others quercetin derivatives, procyanidin B1 and kaempferol derivatives. In OR, were identified naringenin, sinensetin, homorientin, isovitexin and chlorogenic acid derivatives. The by-products studied showed high total fibers content (above 60%) and total proteins (AR: 10.4%, OR: 9.9%), as well as reduced total lipids content (AR: 1.6%; OR: 2.6%). Both residues showed high levels of potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. The four formulations of fermented milks presented low total lipids content (below 1%), and the total proteins content ranged from 3.9 to 5.1 g/100 g, being in agreement with the legislation. The pH of F0 (control) and F2 formulations remained stable (p > 0.05) throughout the refrigerated storage period (28 days, 4 ± 1 °C), and the other formulations showed a small decreased, even thus remaining above 4.5. The acidity of the formulations, ranging from 0.92 to 1.28 mg of lactic acid/g, increased between days 1 and 14 of storage, then remained until the end of shelf life. The AR did not negatively interfere in the populations of microorganisms analyzed during storage, since the formulations F2, F5 and F10 maintained their populations around 8 log CFU/g. Regarding PC content, the samples differed significantly (p < 0.05), with F0 being about 5 lower than F10 (21.13 and 101.13 µg GAE/100 g, respectively, in the day 1). The instrumental color of the products remained until the end of shelf life, and differed significantly (p < 0.05) from each other. The AR influenced a little in the texture parameters of the fermented milks, but the control formulation was the only one that lost adhesiveness. After the gastric phase of the simulated digestion in vitro, on the 7th day of storage, the populations of probiotic bacteria decreased dramatically (of 3 to 5 log CFU/g), and after the enteric phase no colonies were detected. On the other hand, the flavonoids found in the fermented milks that were suplemented with AR increased from 2 to 5 times, after the gastric phase, maintaining or suffering small decreased after enteric phase. These results show that acerola by-products powder is a valuable ingredient to be used in functional foods because it is rich in vitamin C, dietary fibers and phenolic compounds, adding nutritional value, and serving as a natural antioxidant. Its flavonoids appear to be highly resistant to the acids and salts of digestion and can thus have positive effects on health.

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Os leites fermentados probióticos são líderes no mercado de alimentos funcionais e prioridade de pesquisa em diversos países. A presença de bactérias probióticas viáveis e em alto número no produto durante sua vida de prateleira é condição essencial para assegurar o efeito probiótico. As qualidades tecnológica e funcional de leites fermentados são importantes para sua aceitação pelo consumidor e podem ser afetadas pelos aditivos adicionados antes da fermentação dos produtos. Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da adição de edulcorantes, em diferentes concentrações, na produção de leites fermentados por uma cultura mista composta por Streptococcus thermophilus e Lactobacillus bulgaricus (Rich) e uma cultura pura composta por Lactobacillus acidophilus (La-5). As bases lácteas para preparação dos leites fermentados obtidas antes da fermentação foram submetidas às determinações dos teores de sólidos totais, proteínas, cinzas, gordura, acidez titulável e valor calórico. Nos leites fermentados foram avaliados: a viabilidade das bactérias láticas, a pós-acidificação, a sinérese e a capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), durante 28 dias de estocagem refrigerada. As características físico-químicas dos leites fermentados atenderam aos requisitos legais e apresentaram diferenças somente nos teores de sólidos totais, cinzas e valor calórico nos produtos elaborados com sacarose. O tipo e a concentração de edulcorante afetaram a fermentação da cultura La-5 e a acidez titulável. No entanto, não influenciaram o tempo de fermentação da cultura Rich, a viabilidade de S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus e L. acidophilus, a sinérese e a CRA dos leites fermentados elaborados. O tipo de cultura influenciou o tempo de fermentação do leite, sendo superiores os tempos obtidos para La-5 e a acidez titulável, com valores superiores para a cultura...
Fermented probiotic dairy products are leaders in the functional food markets and priority for researching worldwide. The presence of probiotic bacteria viable at high level during shelf-life of the product is essential to ensure the probiotic effect. The technological and functional qualities of fermented milks are important for their acceptance by the consumers and they can be affected by the addition of ingredients before fermentation. The aim of this research was to evaluate the use of sweeteners, in different concentrations, in the production of fermented milks using a mixed culture composed of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus (Rich), or a pure culture composed of Lactobacillus acidophilus (La-5). The milk bases obtained before fermentation were submitted to determinations of total solids, protein, ash, fat, acidity contents and caloric value. The viability of lactic bacteria, post-acidification, syneresis and waterholding capacity (WHC) of fermented milks were examined during 28 days of cold storage. The physicochemical characteristics of fermented milks were according to legal requirements and showed differences only on the contents of total solids, ash and caloric value in the products formulated with sucrose. The type and concentration of sweeteners affected the fermentation of La-5 culture and titratable acidity. However they did not influence fermentation time of Rich culture, viability of S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus and L. acidophilus, syneresis and WHC of fermented milks. The culture type affected the fermentation time, which was higher for La-5 culture, and acidity, which was higher for Rich culture, however, they did not influence the syneresis and WHC of fermented milks. All kinds and concentrations of sweeteners did not influence the technological quality of products, so all of them can be used to produce lowcalorie fermented milks.

1-4% of pulse fractions including pea protein and fiber, chickpea and lentil flour as well as soy flour and protein concentrate were selected and characterized. As preliminary results the functional properties of pulse ingredients are varied upon their protein content and pH of the food carrier. Orange juice, apple juice, yogurt and two probiotic fermented milk were selected for supplementation. 1% and 2% pulse fractions gave comparable results in terms of turbidity, cloud and visual stability, color and sensory attributes for both orange and apple juices beverages. All supplements improved the acidification rate of yogurt and probiotic cultures, but the highest effects were obtained with probiotic supplementation with lentil and soy flour. As for the main study, skim milk (9.5 % w/v solid content) was supplemented with 1-3% (w/v) lentil flour, pea flour or skim milk powder and they were inoculated with yogurt starter cultures or probiotic (L. rhamnosus). Acid production during the fermentation, the pH, syneresis, color, rheological properties (dynamic oscillation temperature sweep test at 4-50 ˚C), and sensory properties (only for yogurt) were studied after production and 28 days of refrigerated storage.1-3% lentil and pea flour enhanced acid production during yogurt fermentation, but the microbial population (CFU) of both S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus were in the same range in all lentil and pea flour and skim milk supplemented yogurts, after production. Pea flour supplementation enhanced survival of L. bulgaricus after storage. The pH decreased from 4.5 to 4.1 in lentil flour and from 4.5 to 3.75 in pea flour supplemented yogurts, after 28 days. Syneresis in 1-2% lentil and pea flour supplemented yogurts was higher than other samples. In lentil supplemented yogurts, "a" and "L" values did not significantly differ in all samples and remained constant after 28 days whereas, "b" value increased as a result of supplementation. Pea flour supplementation did not alter redness or greenness of yogurts, but the yellowness was significantly higher than other yogurts. Yogurt with 3% lentil and pea flour had higher storage (G΄) and loss (G˝) moduli in comparison with samples supplemented with 1-3% skim milk and the control yogurt. 1-2% lentil and pea flour supplemented yogurt showed comparable sensory properties in comparison with 1-2% skim milk supplemented and control samples.1-3% lentil and pea flour enhanced acid production during probiotic fermentation, and the CFU's of L. rhamnosus were comparable with non-supplemented control sample after production. After 28 days, the CFU`s of 2% and 3% lentil supplemented probiotic were as high as 1% skim milk supplemented sample and the CFU`s of 3% pea flour supplemented probiotic was the highest followed by 3-2% skim milk and 1-2% pea flour supplemented samples. The pH decreased from 4.50 to 3.90 for lentil flour supplemented probiotics and from 4.50 to 4.04 for pea flour supplemented probiotics, over 28 days. Syneresis in 1-3% lentil and pea flour supplemented probiotic was significantly lower than other samples. All lentil flour supplemented samples had significantly lower "L" values and higher "b" and "a" values in comparison with skim milk supplemented samples. Pea flour supplementation slightly changed the color which was not as light as skim milk supplemented samples and they showed more yellowness in final product after production and storage. Probiotic fermented milk with 1-3% lentil and pea flour showed higher G΄ and G˝ in comparison with other samples.
Des légumineuses tels que des protéines et fibres de pois, farine de pois chiche, de lentille et de soja ont été sélectionnées et caractérisés. Des résultats préliminaires ont montré que des propriétés fonctionnelles ont variés en fonction de la teneur en protéines et du pH des légumineuses employées. Du jus d'orange et de pomme, du yogourt et deux laits fermentés à l'aide de probiotiques ont été supplémentés avec les différentes légumineuses à des taux de 1 à 4%. Les supplémentations à 1 et 2% ont donné des résultats comparables en termes de turbidité, de stabilité, de couleur et d'attributs sensoriels pour les jus d'orange et de pomme. L'addition de légumineuse a permis d'avoir une acidification plus rapide dans les yaourts et les cultures probiotiques, mais le effet le plus important a été obtenu avec farine de lentilles et le soja dans les cultures probiotiques. Comme précédemment, des laits écrémés (9,5% p/v) ont été supplémentés avec 1-3% (p/v) de farine de lentilles, de pois ou de poudre de lait écrémé. Ils ont été inoculés avec des cultures de yogourt, des probiotiques (L.rhamnosus). La production d'acide lors de la fermentation, le pH, la synérèse, la couleur, les propriétés rhéologiques (essai dynamique balayer oscillation de température à 40-50˚C), et les propriétés sensorielles (uniquement pour les yogourts) ont été étudiés après la production et durant 28 jours d'entreposage frigorifique. 1-3% de farine de lentilles ou de pois ont amélioré la production d'acide pendant la fermentation du yogourt, mais les UFC ont les même compte pour les laits suppléments que pour les témoins (lait écrémé). Il est a noter que L. bulgaricus avaient un meilleur taux de survie au jour 28 avec une supplémentation en farine de pois. La diminution du pH dans les yogourts est de 4,5 à 4,1 avec la farine de lentille et de 4,5 à 3,75 avec farine de pois, après 28 jours. La synérèse pour les yogourts supplémentés à 1 et 2% avec de la farine de lentille ou de pois était supérieure d'autres échantillons. Lorsque le taux de supplémentation augmente en farine de lentille ou de pois, il n'y a pas de différence significative pour les valeurs de a alors que la valeur b a augmenté en fonction de la supplémentation.Les yogourts faits de 1 a 3 % farine de lentilles et de pois 1 3% avaient un module élastique (G') et un module visqueux (G˝) plus élevés que les échantillons supplémentés en lait écrémé et que les témoins. Les Yogourts avec 1 à 2% de farine de lentilles et de pois possèdent des propriétés sensorielles comparable a celles des yogourts faits avec 1 a 2% de lait écrémé et celles des témoins. 1-3% de farine de lentilles ou de pois dans des laits avec probiotiques ont amélioré la production d'acide pendant la fermentation, et les UFC de L rhamnosus étaient comparable a ceux des témoins (lait écrémé) après production. Après 28 jours, les UFC pour les échantillons supplémentés avec 2 et 3% de farine de lentille étaient aussi élevées que ceux supplémentés avec 1% de lait écrème et les UFC pour les échantillons supplémentés avec 3% de farine de pois étaient plus élevées que ceux de tous les autres échantillons. Durant les 28 jours de production le pH diminue dans les laits probiotiques contenant de la farine de lentille de 4,50 à 3,90 et pour ceux contenant de la farine de pois de 4,50 à 4,04. La synérèse dans laits probiotiques avec 1 à 3% de farine de lentilles ou de pois a été significativement plus faible que les autres échantillons. Tous les échantillons contenant de farine de lentilles avaient significativement une valeur de L plus bas et des valeurs de b et a plus élevés en comparaison aux échantillons supplémentés en lait écrémé. L'addition de farine de pois a entraîné une modification de couleur b.Les laits probiotiques supplémentés avec 1 a 3 % de farine de lentilles et de pois ont des valeurs de G' et G˝ supérieures aux autres échantillons.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is molecular diagnostic method which allows the identification of lactic acid bacteria used in food industry. In this work species-specific PCR primers (targeted on highly conserved 16S rDNA region) were used for identification of bacteria of species Streptoccocus thermophilus in 10 randomly commercially accessible fermented milk products and for identification of species Streptococcus thermophilus in 25 lyophilisates collected in Culture Collection of Dairy Microorganisms Laktoflora (CCDM, Tábor, Czech Republic). The PCR products (968 bp) were detected using electrophoresis in 1,2 % agarose gel. Bacterial DNA was isolated from crude cell lysates by magnetic carriers P(HEMA co GMA) containing carboxyl groups. DNA was reversibly bind on their surface in the presence of high concentrations of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 6000) and sodium chloride. Phenol extraction of DNA was used as control. Streptococcus thermophilus strains were identificated using PCR in all analysed samples.

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A presença de resíduos de antimicrobianos em leite pode representar grave problema de saúde pública. Por este motivo, algumas medidas legais foram tomadas pelos órgãos competentes, como a venda de medicamentos antimicrobianos sob prescrição médica ou médico veterinária, a observância de Boas Práticas Agropecuárias, e a definição de limites máximos de resíduos (LMR) em alimentos de origem animal. No entanto, os LMR estabelecidos não visam os efeitos sobre tecnologia e fabricação de produtos lácteos, mas sim a proteção da saúde pública. Sob o aspecto tecnológico, as bactérias lácticas são indispensáveis na produção de derivados lácteos fermentados, pois promovem a acidificação controlada e melhoram a textura e o sabor do produto. Assim, a hipótese norteadora deste estudo é que resíduos de antimicrobianos em leite, mesmo abaixo do LMR, são capazes de alterar negativamente a resposta fermentativa das bactérias lácticas. Para tal, foram empregados cinco antimicrobianos (amoxicilina, ceftiofur, gentamicina, sulfametazina e tetraciclina, representante dos cinco principais grupos de antimicrobianos constantes do Plano Nacional de Controle de Resíduos e Contaminantes do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento - MAPA), em cinco diferentes concentrações (0; 0,50; 0,75; 1,0 e 1,25 do respectivo LMR), que foram testados frente a três fermentos comerciais, DELVO® FRESH FC-211 (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis e Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris), DELVO® CHEESE CP-101 (Streptococcus thermophilus) e DELVO® FRESH YS-131 (Lactobacillus bulgaricus e Streptococcus thermophilus), amplamente utilizados na fabricação de queijos e iogurtes. O leite foi proveniente de três animais diferentes, comprovadamente não-tratados com antimicrobianos. Os controles e tratamentos experimentais foram analisados com respeito à cinética fermentativa. O efeito inibitório das substâncias antimicrobianos foi determinado pela variação na curva de acidificação, bem como quanto ao tempo para se atingir o pH final de referência de cada fermentação. Ceftiofur e tetraciclina inibiram a atividade de cultura contendo Streptococcus thermophilus, mesmo quando empregados em concentrações abaixo de seus respectivos LMR. A cultura composta por Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis e Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris foi inibida pelos antimicrobianos ceftiofur e gentamicina, mesmo quando empregados em concentrações abaixo dos respectivos LMR. Ceftiofur também inibiu a cultura mista de Streptococcus thermophilus e Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, em concentrações abaixo de seu LMR. Assim, os resultados do presente estudo indicam que concentrações abaixo do LMR de antimicrobianos em leite podem interferir negativamente na atividade fermentativa de bactérias lácticas.
The presence of antimicrobial residues in milk represents a serious public health problem. For this reason, some legal measures have been taken by the governments, as a sale of antimicrobial drugs under medical or veterinary medical prescription, observation of Good Agricultural Practices, and the definition of maximum residue limits (MRLs) in foods of animal origin. However, the established MRL do not take into account effects on technology and manufacturing of dairy products, but only the protection of public health. Under the technological aspect, lactic bacteria are indispensable in the production of fermented dairy products, because promote controlled acidification and improve the texture and flavor of the product. Thus, the guiding hypothesis of this study is that antimicrobial residues in milk, even below the MRL, are capable of negatively altering the fermentative response of lactic bacteria. Five antimicrobials (amoxicillin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, sulfamethazine and tetracycline, representing the five main antimicrobial groups included in the National Plan for the Control of Residues and Contaminants of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA), in five different concentrations (0, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 of the respective MRL), which were tested against three commercial lactic cultures, DELVO® FRESH FC-211 (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis e Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris), DELVO® CHEESE CP-101 (Streptococcus thermophilus) and DELVO® FRESH YS-131 (Lactobacillus bulgaricus e Streptococcus thermophilus). Widely used in the manufacture of cheeses and yogurts. The milk came from three different animals, proven untreated with antimicrobials. Experimental controls and treatments were analyzed with respect to fermentative kinetics. The inhibitory effect of the antimicrobial substances was determined by the variation in the acidification curve as well as the time to reach the final reference pH of each fermentation. Ceftiofur and tetracycline inhibited the culture activity containing Streptococcus thermophilus, even when employed at concentrations below their respective MRL. The culture composed of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris was inhibited by ceftiofur and gentamicin antimicrobials, even when used at concentrations below their MRL. Ceftiofur also inhibited the mixed culture of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, at concentrations below its MRL. Thus, the results of the present study indicate that concentrations below the antimicrobial MRL in milk may negatively interfere with the fermentative activity of lactic acid bacteria.

This thesis focused on the study of the influence of different exopolysaccharide types produced by two strains of Streptococcus thermophilus on the physical properties of fermented milk. First, the fermentation factors affecting EPS production were studied to ascertain required carbon source and environmental conditions which would support their production. Higher fermentation temperature (42°C) resulted in a greater cell growth and EPS production. EPS production was growth associated in glucose or lactose-containing M17 medium. The examined strains appeared to be able to utilize galactose for the EPS assembly and produced comparable amounts of EPS, albeit restrictive cell growth. The EPS production of the two strains was comparable, ranging from ~100 to ~600 mg/L. Secondly, the EPS were rheologically characterized to show their resistance to deformation. Influence of temperature, pH and concentration on the flow behaviour of these EPS was also assessed. Under acidic conditions, capsularropy EPS was less responsive to temperature with a higher zero shear viscosity ηo (14.36 to 150.82 mPa s) than capsular EPS (93.72 to 9.24 mPa s), and slightly higher relaxation time τ (0.43 to 15.82 s for capsular-ropy EPS and 0.72 to 9.36 s for capsular EPS). The opposite behavior was observed under neutral pH. EPS concentration did not give significant effect (P>0.05) on ηo and τ. The second study examined the effects of types of EPS on yoghurt texture under selected conditions. Fermented milk made using capsular-ropy EPS showed greater resistance to flow with less solid-like behaviour. It also had greater water holding capacity although the milk gel was less compact and brittle compared to fermented milk with capsular EPS. The EPS production in milk during fermentation between the two strains was comparable with maximum concentration was 840 plus/minus 47.5 mg EPS/kg fermented milk. Syneresis was lower in fermented milk incubated in low temperature, was ranging from 4.1-2.4 g/100 g fermented milk with capsular-ropy-EPS, and 10.9-26.6 g/100 g in fermented milk with capsular EPS. G’ was 23.8-365.1 Pa and 57.6-1040 Pa for fermented milk with capsular ropy and capsular EPS, respectively. The third study examined the involvement of EPS in the texture creation of fermented milk supplemented with calcium and/or sucrose, or calcium and whey proteins. Calcium addition to milk base resulted in increased acidity and greater syneresis (~20-30 g/100 g in fermented milk with capsular-ropy EPS and ~30-50 g/100 g in fermented milk with capsular EPS) and thixotropy of fermented milk, as compared to fermented milk without added calcium. Sucrose affected the parameters in opposite manner. EPS production did not differ from that of the control fermented milk. Storage modulus (G’) was 96-230.4 Pa, and 502.8-1143.5 for fermented milk with capsular ropy and capsular EPS, respectively. The effect of heat-untreated whey protein isolate or whey protein concentrate on calcium-fortified fermented milk was studied using capsular ropy EPS producer. Result showed that combined effect of both supplement was detrimental to texture of fermented milk to make it resemble that of drinking yoghurt. Syneresis was up to ~50 g/100 g, while G’ was only around 4 mPa. The next experiment studied the effect of heat-treated whey protein isolate addition on fermented milk texture. Results showed that heat-treatment applied to added whey protein preserved the G’ and syneresis with the values close to those of normal fermented milk. However, at high concentration of added heat-treated whey protein (whey protein:casein 3:1), the texture became very hard with 0 m2 permeability. Gelation was started very early in fermented milk added with heatdenatured whey protein. Whey protein addition induced the beginning of gelation. Supplemented fermented milk made using capsular-ropy EPS producer consistently showed lower G’, lower syneresis, and more shear-resistant compared to that made using capsular EPS. In conclusion, capsular ropy EPS, both in dispersion and in fermented milk with or without different supplementation, exhibited less solid-like properties and more shear-resistant behavior compared to capsular EPS.

Thesis (PhD Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The fermentation of milk has been known for millennia and leads to nutritious and prolonged shelf-life dairy products. In Southern Africa, traditional fermented dairy products have the same value as local staple foods and are consumed as a part of or as a whole meal. However, the retail price and the technology make many commercialised fermented dairy products unaffordable to the majority of the population. There is thus a need for a healthy nutritious low-cost easily prepared fermented dairy product. A product that could be the answer to the above need, is Kefir. The principle advantage is that the Kefir beverage is made from reusable Kefir grains, which unfortunately are not easily available and grow slowly. Kefir grains can only be obtained from pre-existing grains, which presents a problem in the marketing of the grains. A mass culturing technique was developed to produce large masses of grains but preparation of Kefir using these grains results in a product (MG Kefir) lacking in the sensory attributes of Traditional Kefir. Thus, the overall objective of this research was to determine the impact of environmental factors on the metabolic profiles of Kefir produced using different Kefir grains and this was then followed by the subsequent enrichment of Kefir prepared with mass cultured grains so as to obtain a Kefir beverage that has improved organoleptic qualities. To determine the impact of environmental factors Traditional and MG Kefir were prepared under controlled and uncontrolled conditions. Traditional Kefir was found to give the best beverage and was thus considered as the control. Under controlled conditions the optimum incubation temperature for the production of Kefir was 22ºC as over-acidification was observed at 25ºC. The metabolic profiles of both Traditional and MG Kefir showed that both contained acetaldehyde, ethanol, acetone, diacetyl and acetic acid. In addition, the metabolic profiles revealed that an inadequate ratio of diacetyl to acetaldehyde as well as the lack of ethyl acetate was responsible for the flavour defect in MG Kefir. In order to overcome this defect, citrate and ascorbate (0.015 % w.v-1) were added during Kefir fermentation to enhance the diacetyl and ethyl acetate production. This addition showed a positive impact on diacetyl but not on ethyl acetate production. Improvement of the overall flavour of Kefir was observed as the ratios of diacetyl to acetaldehyde were higher (0.21 – 0.5) in the samples with added citrate and ascorbate than in the samples without (0.12 – 0.17). The production of ethyl acetate in MG Kefir was enhanced by combining the effects of longer incubation (24 h + 18 h at 22ºC), addition of ethanol and acetic acid at 0.79% (m.v-1) and the addition of either Lactococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis biovar diacetylactis 318 or Candida kefyr 1283. The best yields were obtained in samples containing C. kefyr 1283 and only added ethanol (9.22 mg.L-1), indicating that ethanol is an important factor in ethyl acetate production by Kefir starter strains and suggesting that the absence of ethyl acetate is an indication that the grains do not contain a yeast capable of producing sufficient ethyl acetate. During this investigation, the impact of ethyl acetate on the organoleptic quality of Kefir during storage at refrigerated and room temperatures were also studied. The results indicated that refrigerated Kefir contained up to 40 mg.L-1 of ethyl acetate and was not found defective and thus ethyl acetate was considered a positive contributor to Kefir flavour. This is of particular interest as ethyl acetate is a potent flavour compound at concentrations below 5 mg.L-1. Improvements of MG Kefir’s flavour were successful and will be of value for commercial Kefir production where the main aim is to optimise the flavour of Kefir. However, stabilising the grain microbial consortium was found to be important as it is responsible, over time, for both stable and acceptable Kefir. Acceptability of Traditional, MG and other Kefirs (Candi-Kefir and Lacto-Kefir) prepared with microbially stabilised MG was evaluated by 85 consumers. Results indicated that pH (r = 0.978; p < 0.05) was a significant driver of liking for flavour, especially for female consumers (r = 0.982; p < 0.05). In addition, three clusters, each characterised by different liking attributes were identified. Cluster I generally disliked all the products whereas slight acidic Kefir such as Candi-Kefir (7.63) and Lacto-Kefir (7.09) were preferred by Cluster III. Cluster II showed preference to Kefir with moderate acidity and high ethanol content. In that regard, Traditional Kefir obtained the best score (7.50) and MG Kefir the lowest score (4.87). The sensory study is of value as it led to the identification of the drivers of consumers liking by the different types of consumers. In the course of this project, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was developed as a rapid method to estimate lactic and acetic acids, which are the organic acids responsible for acidity in Kefir, as well as pH and titratable acidity (TA). The results showed that the calibration models for lactic acid (RPD = 2.57 – 3.16), pH (RPD = 2.90) and TA (RPD = 2.60) were good for screening purposes (2 < RPD < 3); indicating that these models would show if the concentrations of lactic acid, the pH or the TA varied from the normal range. This study has demonstrated that the flavour of MG Kefir, prepared with enriched grains, was successfully improved and has provided some understanding on the preference liking of Kefir, an unknown fermented dairy product to South African consumers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fermentering van melk is al vir millennia bekend en lei tot voedsame suiwelprodukte met 'n verlengde raklewe. In Suidelike Afrika het tradisioneel gefermenteerde suiwelprodukte dieselfde waarde as plaaslike stapelvoedsels en word dit as 'n maaltyd of as deel van 'n maaltyd geëet. Die kleinhandelsprys en tegnologie van kommersieel gefermenteerde suiwelprodukte maak hierdie produkte egter onbekostigbaar vir die grootste deel van die populasie. Daar is dus 'n behoefte aan 'n gesonde, voedsame, goedkoop, maklik-om-te-berei gefermenteerde suiwelproduk. 'n Moontlike produk om aan die bogenoemde te voldoen is Kefir. Die hoof voordeel is dat die Kefir drankie van herbruikbare Kefirkorrels gemaak word, maar ongelukkig is hierdie korrels nie vrylik beskikbaar nie, en vermeerder dit stadig. Kefirkorrels kan net van reeds bestaande korrels verkry word wat problematies is vir die bemarking van hierdie korrels. 'n Massakwekingstegniek is ontwikkel vir die produksie van groot hoeveelhede korrels maar die voorbereiding van Kefir met hierdie korrels lei tot 'n produk (MG Kefir) wat sensories minder aanvaarbaar is as tradisionele Kefir. Die hoofdoel van hierdie navorsing was dus om die invloed van omgewingsfaktore op die metaboliese profiele van Kefir, berei deur gebruik te maak van verskillende Kefirkorrels, te bepaal. Dit is gevolg deur die verryking van Kefir berei van massagekweekte korrels om 'n Kefir drankie met verbeterde organoleptiese kwaliteite te verkry. Tradisionele en MG Kefir is voorberei onder gekontroleerde en ongekontroleerde toestande om die impak van omgewingsfaktore te bepaal. Die beste drankie is van tradisionele Kefir verkry en is dus beskou as die kontrole. Die optimum temperatuur vir die produksie van Kefir onder gekonroleerde toestande is 22ºC aangesien oor-versuring by 25ºC waargeneem is. Die metaboliese profiele van beide tradisionele en MG Kefir het gewys dat beide produkte asetaldehied, etanol, asetoon, diasetiel en asynsuur bevat. Die metaboliese profiele het verder gewys dat 'n onvoldoende diasetiel tot asetaldehied verhouding sowel as 'n tekort aan etielasetaat verantwoordelik was vir 'n geur defek in MG Kefir. Om hierdie defek te oorkom is sitraat en askorbaat (0.015% m.v-1) tydens Kefir fermentasie bygevoeg om diasetiel en etielasetaat produksie te verhoog. Hierdie byvoeging het 'n positiewe effek gehad op diasetiel produksie, maar nie op die produksie etielasetaat nie. 'n Verbetering in die algehele geur van Kefir is waargeneem aangesien die diasetiel tot asetaldehied verhoudings hoër (0.21 – 0.5) was in die monsters met bygevoegde sitraat en askorbaat as in die monsters daarsonder (0.12 – 0.17). Die produksie van etielasetaat in MG Kefir is verhoog deur die effekte van 'n verlengde inkubasie tydperk (24 h + 18 h by 22ºC), die byvoeging van etanol en asynsuur teen 0.79% (m.v-1) en die byvoeging van óf Lactococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis biovar diacetylactis 318 óf Candida kefyr 1283 te kombineer. Die beste opbrengs is verkry in monsters wat C. kefyr 1283 en slegs etanol (9.22 mg.L-1) bevat het. Dit dui daarop dat etanol 'n belangrike faktor is vir etielasetaat produksie in Kefir beginstamme en wys moontlik op die afwesigheid van etielasetaat wat daarop dui dat die korrels nie 'n gis bevat wat bevoeg is om genoegsame hoeveelhede etielasetaat te produseer nie. Tydens hierdie ondersoek is die impak van etielasetaat op die organoleptiese kwaliteit van Kefir gedurende opberging by verkoelde- en kamertemperatuur ook bestudeer. Die resultate het gewys dat verkoelde Kefir tot 40 mg.L-1 etielasetaat bevat het sonder dat dit defektief was. Etielasetaat is dus beskou as 'n positiewe bydraer in terme van Kefir geur. Dit is van besondere belang aangesien etielasetaat 'n sterk geurkomponent teen konsentrasies laer as 5 mg.L-1 is. Verbeteringe in MG Kefir se geur was suksesvol en sal van waarde wees vir kommersiële Kefir produksie waar die hoofdoel die optimisering van Kefir geur is. Stabilisering van die korrels se mikrobiologiese konsortium is ook belangrik aangesien daar gevind is dat dit oor tyd verantwoordelik is vir stabiele en aanvaarbare Kefir. Die aanvaarbaarheid van tradisioneel, MG en ander Kefirs (Candi-Kefir en Lacto-Kefir), voorberei van mikrobiologies gestabiliseerde MG, is deur 85 verbruikers geëvalueer. Die resultate het aangedui dat pH (r = 0.978; p < 0.05) 'n belangrike faktor is in die bepaling van verbruikers se voorkeur van geur is, veral by vroulike verbruikers (r = 0.978; p < 0.05). Drie groepe, elk gekenmerk deur verskillende voorkeur en aanvaarbaarheid eienskappe, is verder geïdentifiseer. Groep I het oor die algemeen van geen van die produkte gehou nie en Groep III het die effense suur Kefirs soos Candi-Kefir (7.63) en Lacto-Kefir (7.09) verkies. Groep II het die Kefir met 'n matige suurheid en hoë etanolinhoud verkies. Tradisionele Kefir het die hoogste telling (7.50) en MG Kefir die laagste telling (4.78) behaal. Die sensoriese studie is van waarde aangesien dit gelei het tot die identifisering van die drywers van verbruikersvoorkeure deur die verskillende tipes verbruikers. Tydens hierdie projek is 'n naby-infrarooi reflektansie spektroskopiese metode ontwikkel vir die vinnige skatting van melk- en asynsuur, die organise sure wat verantwoordelik is vir die suurheid van Kefir, asook die pH en titreerbare suurheid (TS). Die resultate het getoon dat die kalibrasiemodelle vir melksuur (RPD = 2.57 – 3.16), pH (RPD = 2.90) en TS (RPD = 2.60) voldoende was vir siftingsdoeleindes (2 < RPD < 3). Dit dui daarop dat hierdie modelle sal aandui wanneer die konsentrasie van melksuur, pH of TS afwissel van die normale reeks. Hierdie studie het gewys dat die geur van MG Kefir, berei van verrykte korrels, suksesvol verbeter is en het ook gelei tot insigte in die voorkeur van aanvaarbaarheid van Kefir, 'n onbekende gefermenteerde suiwelproduk vir Suid-Afrikaanse verbruikers.

L’objectif de la thèse est de caractériser la poudre du kishk libanais, un lait fermenté traditionnel, et d’optimiser sa technologie de transformation dans une démarche d’industrialisation. Des échantillons de poudre de kishk traditionnel ont été collectés, et leurs propriétés physico-chimiques, rhéologiques, microbiologiques et sensorielles ont été étudiées, en fonction du type de lait utilisé. Il en résulte que le kishk préparé à base de lait de chèvre est plus riche en matières grasses que les autres types. La distribution granulométrique est très large, quel que soit le type de lait, avec présence simultanée de fines particules à forme irrégulière et d’agrégats de grande taille. Les particules de poudre sont revêtues d’une épaisse couche de lipides leur conférant un caractère cohésif et une grande résistance au cisaillement. Il s’avère aussi que la soupe de kishk présente un comportement rhéofluidifiant, et ses propriétés sensorielles sont fortement liées à la région de production et au type de lait. L’effet des conditions de production optimisée sur les propriétés de la poudre et de la soupe de kishk a été également étudié. Les résultats sont prometteurs et montrent que la structure de la poudre de kishk et son comportement rhéologique n’ont pas été altérés. En effet, les deux poudres de kishk présentent des propriétés rhéologiques quasi similaires, avec une faible aptitude à l’écoulement, malgré des différences au niveau de la composition chimique et la taille des particules. Au niveau rhéologique et sensoriel, la soupe de kishk issue de la production optimisée semble plus épaisse et consistante que la soupe traditionnelle, sans dépréciation notable des qualités organoleptiques du kishk
The aim of this thesis is to characterize Lebanese kishk powder, a traditional fermented milk, and to optimize its processing technology. Samples of traditional kishk powder were collected, and their physicochemical, rheological, sensory and microbiological properties were studied based on the type of milk. As a result, kishk prepared with goat milk is richer in fat than other types. The particle size distribution is very wide, regardless of the type of milk, with simultaneous presence of fine irregularly shaped particles and large aggregates. Powder particles are coated with a thick layer of fat conferring a cohesive character and a high shear strength. Kishk soup has a shear-thinning behavior, and its sensory properties are strongly related to the production region and the type of milk. The effect of optimized production conditions on the properties of kishk powder and soup was also studied. The results are promising and show that the structure and rheological behavior of kishk powder were not altered. Indeed, the two kishk powders exhibit almost similar rheological properties, with low flowability, despite slight differences in chemical composition and particle size. Finally, kishk soup resulting from the optimized production seems thicker and consistent than traditional soup, without significant loss of the organoleptic properties of kishk

L’objectif principal de ce travail vise à améliorer la qualité sanitaire des bouillies infantiles à base de céréales fermentées de mil, consommées en Afrique comme aliments de complément à l’allaitement maternel. Ces bouillies doivent être exemptes de germes susceptibles de provoquer des toxi-infections alimentaires. L’évaluation de la qualité bactériologique des produits issus de 10 sites de la commune de Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso, nous a permis d’isoler et d’identifier 449 souches des échantillons prélevés à différentes étapes de la fabrication de la bouillie que sont : avant la fermentation de la pâte, à la fin de la fermentation, après la cuisson de la pâte fermentée et lors de la confection des granules. Des dénombrements microbiens réalisés sur les milieux Mac Conkey, Baird Parker, Mannitol-Yolk-Polymyxin et Tryptone Sulfite Cyclosérine de tous les échantillons montrent la présence en grand nombre de différents germes, signe pour certains sites d’une mauvaise hygiène des produits et des procédés. Pour les entérobactéries, l’espèce la plus rencontrée est Klebsiella pneumo. Ssp pneumonia. Pour les autres bacilles Gram négatif, c’est l’espèce Chryoseomonas luteola. Pour les staphylocoques, c’est l’espèce Staphylococcus xylosus. Pour les bacilles gram positif aptes à sporuler ce sont des souches de Bacillus cereus et de Clostridium beijerinckii /butyricum. D’un point de vue toxi-infections alimentaires, les espèces suivantes ont été isolées et identifiées : Bacillus cereus (19 souches), Enterobacter sakazakii (03), Klebsiella pneumo. Spp pneumonia (16), Escherichia coli (04) et Staphylococcus aureus (02). Globalement, on observe une diminution importante des niveaux de population après la fermentation mais les bacilles capables de sporuler se maintiennent dans les produits après cette étape importante du procédé. La cuisson entraine une diminution drastique voir la disparition de la majorité des germes sauf pour les bacilles aptes à la sporulation. L’analyse des dangers lors de la fabrication des bouillies a montré que la fermentation et la cuisson de la pâte fermentée sont deux points critiques qu’il faut maitriser. Des challenge-tests réalisés avec les souches Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterobacter sakazakii CIP 103183T, Bacillus cereus ATCC 9139 de collection ou les souches Escherichia coli AMC2-1, Enterobacter sakazakii AMC8-3, Bacillus cereus BMYP7-3 isolées des ateliers ont permis l’évaluation du risque de leur développement et ce à certaines étapes des procédés de transformation. La fermentation lactique et surtout la cuisson s’avèrent efficaces pour réduire les populations d’entérobactéries testées. Pour les souches de Bacillus cereus testées, elle ne constitue pas une barrière efficace contre le maintien de leurs formes sporulées. Il en ressort que pour ces différents germes utilisés, la maîtrise du processus de fermentation lors de la décantation de la pâte, la maîtrise de la cuisson à travers le couple temps/température, les contaminations croisées liées à la qualité des ustensiles et à la propreté des productrices sont à maitriser pour l’obtention d’une bouillie « saine ». La recontamination de la bouillie cuite reste un danger. L’ajout de nisine dans les bouillies, est sans effet sur les entérobactéries testées alors que cet ajout permet de réduire efficacement les populations de bacillus cereus. Cette molécule thermostable pourrait être ajoutée en fin d’étape de fermentation et avant cuisson pour cumuler les deux effets : destruction thermique par cuisson et inhibition par la nisine
The aims of this work were to improve the quality of traditional millet-based fermented gruels for young children consumed in Africa as complementary foods. These gruels must be free from pathogens likely to cause food infections. The evaluation of the bacteriological quality of the products resulting from 10 production units of Ouagadougou town in Burkina Faso, allowed us to isolate and identify 449 bacteria from the samples taken at different steps during gruel manufacture: before the fermentation of the dough, at the end of the fermentation, after cooking of the fermented dough and granule production. Microbial enumerations were carried out on Mac-Conkey, Baird Parker, Mannitol-Yolk-Polymyxin and Trypton Sulfite Cycloserin mediums. All the samples showed the presence in great numbers of various pathogens, because of the bad hygiene of the products and process. For the enterobacteria, the most frequent was Klebsiella pneumo. Ssp pneumonia. For the other Gram negative bacilli, it was Chryoseomonas luteola. For the staphylococci, it was Staphylococcus xylosus. For sporulating Gram positive bacteria, we are identified Bacillus cereus and Clostridium beijerinckii/butyricum. With regard to food infections, the following species were isolated and identified: Bacillus cereus (19 species), Enterobacter sakazakii (03), Klebsiella pneumo. Spp pneumonia (16), Escherichia coli (04) and Staphylococcus aureus (02). Globally, we observed a major reduction in population levels after fermentation, but the bacilli able to sporulate were maintained in the products after this important step of the process. Cooking involved a drastic reduction in the majority of pathogens except the bacilli able to sporulate. Challenge-tests carried out with Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterobacter sakazakii CIP 103183T, Bacillus cereus ATCC 9139 from a collection or Escherichia coli AMC2-1, Enterobacter sakazakii AMC8-3 and Bacillus cereus BMYP7-3 isolated from the production units, allowed the evaluation of the risk of their development and that with different steps of the process. Lactic fermentation and especially cooking were effective at reducing the populations of enterobacteria tested. For Bacillus cereus, it does not constitute an effective barrier against the maintenance of the spores. This reveals that for the various pathogens used, control of the process of fermentation during the decantation of the dough, control of cooking through time/temperature, cross contaminations related on the quality of the utensils and general cleanliness have to be controlled to obtain a “healthy” gruel. The cross contamination of the cooked gruel remains a danger. The addition of nisin in the gruel is without effect on the enterobacteria tested, whereas this addition makes it possible to reduce effectively the populations of Bacillus cereus. This heat-resistant molecule could be added at the end of the fermentation step and before cooking to combine the two effects: thermal destruction by cooking and inhibition by nisin

碩士
中山醫學大學
營養科學研究所
90
Recently, fermented milk products are increasing. This research is aim to realize the functions of four most popular fermented milk products in improve the intestinal bacterial flora, antimutagenic and antioxidative ability. In our human trials, a total of fifty-eight participants with aged 18 to 22 years, equal numbers of both males and females. The first three weeks was “control period”, subjects consumed a balance diet without fermented milk. In the following three-weeks, each subject consumed fermented milk twice everyday. Then all subjects were back to a no fermented milk diet for 2 weeks. The Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in stool were increased efficiently after ingesting the fermented milk. Besides, the E. coli was decreased. These results reveal an improvement of intestinal bacterial flora after daily supplementation of fermented milk. The biochemistry data support countinuing drinking fermented milk for 3 weeks has no significant effect in plasma lipids. For anti-oxidative ability, it raised about 4 to 7%. For testing 3 mutagents IQ, t-BuOOH, and MNNG, it showed a good inhibiation of MNNG, was up to 90%. Others results include good anti-oxidative effect on linolic acid oxidation, chelated Fe2+ and the cleasing active oxygen.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
動物科學技術學研究所
105
“Probiotics” are live microorganisms that provide health benefits on the host, when administered in adequate amounts. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are regarded as “Generally recognized as safe (GRAS)”, and are mainly involving in the fermentation of traditional fermented foods, especially in fermented milk products. For centuries, the nomadic peoples of Mongolia have been producing various kinds of traditional fermented milk products such as Airag (fermented mare’s milk) and Tarag (fermented milk of cows, goats and yaks). To explore the potential probiotic strains, it is very important to develop the culture collection at the first step. In this study, culture- and molecular-based methods were used to investigate the potential LAB probiotic strains in the traditional Mongolian fermented milk products. Based on Enterobacterial Reptitive Intergenic Consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) profiles, a total of 106 isolates isolated from five Mongolian traditional fermented milk products were categorized into 40 different strains, and identified as belonging to 8 species (Lactobacillus crustorum, Lactobacillus diolivorans, Lactobacillus kefiri, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum, Lactococcus. lactis, Leuconostoc lactis, and Leuconostoc pseudomensenteroides) by 16S rRNA and housekeeping gene (pheS and rpoA) sequencing. Lactobacillus kefiri was isolated as the predominant species (24 strains), followed by Lb. crustorum (6 strains). By the screening tests, survival in low pH and bile salt and production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) were characterized as the potential probiotic abilities. As a result, almost of the strains in Lb. crustorum, Lb. diolivorans, and Lb. kefiri showed high survival ability in artificial gastric (pH 3.0) and intestinal (0.3% bile) juices. And, almost of the strains in the Lb. crustorum and Lb. kefiri species showed high ability to produce EPS. Finally, features of survival abilities in low pH and bile salt, and EPS production demonstrated that the two Lb. crustorum strains (MCC0017, MCC0029) could be novel prospective probiotics.

Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fermented dairy products has been attributed to acid-adaptation. Acid-adaptation enhances resistance to extreme acid pH and confers cross-protection to heterologous stresses. This study sought to investigate whether acid-adaptation confers cross-protection to lactoperoxidase (LP) system and lactic acid in Tryptone Soy Broth (TSB), and to determine the mechanism of cross-protection. Subsequently, cross-protection of acid-adapted E. coli O157:H7 to the combination of LP activation, heat and lactic acid treatments was determined in fresh goat milk. Finally, the effect of LP activation and E. coli O157:H7 survival on acid production during fermentation of traditional and commercial goat milk was investigated with indigenous cultures and single strain lactic acid bacteria (LAB) respectively. Acid-adapted E. coli O157:H7 strain UP10 showed high acid-resistance at pH levels 4.0 and 5.0 for up to 24 h in TSB at 25°C compared to non-adapted E. coli O157:H7. Acid-adaptation also conferred cross-protection against activated LP system and lactic acid challenge at pH 4.0 and 5.0. Results from fatty acid analysis and quantitative real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) indicated that sigma S (RpoS)-independent systems were responsible for acid-resistance and cross-protection in TSB. Increase in the saturation of fatty acids, increased expression of outer membrane porin, OmpC, and activation of the glutamate decarboxylase system contributed to acid-resistance and cross-protection. Growth of acid-adapted E. coli O157:H7 strains UP10 and 1062 were inhibited in fresh goat milk compared to the non-adapted cells. Nonetheless, strain 1062 showed better growth and resistance to activated LP in fresh goat milk compared to strain UP10. LP activation alone did not significantly inhibit either acid-adapted or non-adapted E. coli O157:H7, but it sensitized E. coli O157:H7 cells to sub-lethal heat treatment at 55 and 60°C. The combination of heat treatment at 60°C, LP activation and lactic acid at pH 5.0 had a greater inhibitory effect on both acid-adapted and non-adapted E. coli O157:H7, but the acid-adapted strains displayed cross-protection against combined treatments. This indicates that non-adapted E. coli O157:H7 can survive a certain threshold of stresses unscathed. Below that threshold, acid-adaptation may be detrimental to survival. LP activation did not inhibit growth and acid production by single strain and indigenous LAB in the processing of commercial and traditional fermented goat milk products. LP activation however inhibited E. coli O157:H7 in both the commercial and traditional goat milk products although E. coli O157:H7 had become acid-adapted during the fermentation process. E. coli O157:H7 inhibition could be due to the combination of LP activation, low pH, fermentation time and antimicrobial compounds present in the milk or produced by the LAB during milk fermentation. Results from this study suggest that while acid-adaptation protects E. coli O157:H7 under harsh conditions, it can sensitize E. coli O157:H7 to sub-lethal stresses that does not require acid-adaptation for survival. On the other hand, non-adapted E. coli O157:H7 could become acid-adapted in food at mild acid pH which may enhance prolonged survival in such foods.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Food Science
unrestricted

Робота присвячена вивченню технології наступного асортименту незбираномолочних продуктів: молоко пряжене; молоко білкове; простокваша Мечниківська; біойогурт питний з наповнювачем «Полуниця». У першому розділі проведено сировинно-продуктовий розрахунок; описано технології виробництва запроєктованого асортименту та контроль за процесом виготовлення, підібрано технологічне обладнання, розраховано площу виробничих та допоміжних приміщень. У другому розділі проведено техніко-економічне обґрунтування, вибрано місце розташування підприємства, охарактеризовано сировинні зони та канали реалізації виготовленої продукції. Третій розділ присвячений питанням безпеки життєдіяльності та основам охорони праці.
This work is devoted to the study of the following milk products range technology: - baked milk; - protein milk; - «Mechnikivska» sour clotted milk; - drinking bio-yogurt with strawberry filler. In the first section the raw material and product calculation is made, describes the production technology of the designed range and control over the manufacturing process, technological equipment is selected, calculated the area of production and auxiliary premises. In the second section the technical and economic justification is carried out, selected the location of the enterprise, raw material zones and sale channels of manufactured products are characterized. The third section is devoted to life safety and the basics of labor protection.
Анотація...... Зміст..... Вступ.... 1. Технологічна частина........... 1.1 Технологічні розрахунки виробництва запроєктованого асортименту..... 1.1.1 Таблиця вихідних даних для розрахунку продуктів..... 1.1.2 Схема напрямків технологічної переробки сировини... 1.1.3 Сировинно-продуктовий розрахунок.... 1.1.4 Зведена таблиця розрахунку продуктів.... 1.2 Вибір та обґрунтування технологічних процесів і режимів виробництва молочних продуктів...... 1.2.1 Вимоги до сировини, використовуваної для виробництва молочних продуктів........ 1.2.2 Опис загальних операцій виробництва молочних продуктів запроєктованого асортименту........ 1.2.3 Опис технології виробництва молочних продуктів запроєктованого асортименту.......... 1.2.4 Нормативні характеристики молочних продуктів запроєктованого асортименту.......... 1.3 Технохімічний і мікробіологічний контроль виробництва молочних продуктів запроєктованого асортименту........... 1.4 Організація санітарно-гігієнічного оброблення технологічного обладнання......... 1.5 Підбір технологічного обладнання........ 1.6 Розрахунок площ виробничих і допоміжних приміщень... 2. Техніко-економічне обґрунтування..... 3. Безпека життєдіяльності, основи охорони праці....... Список використаних літературних джерел...........

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
食品科學系
99
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were isolated from Polish Kefir, and were identified in order to be used as starters in the production of fermented milk products. A total of 12 LAB strains were isolated from Polish Kefir. Eight strains were identified as homofermentative LAB, and another 4 were identified as heterofermentative LAB. Presumptively identification of the isolates revealed that 4 were lactobacilli, 4 leuconostocs, 1 pediococcus, and 3 streptococci. These LAB isolates were further characterized for their ability to growth at different temperatures and different NaCl concentrations. It was found that all the LAB strains could grow at 25oC and 30oC, whereas the majority of the strains were able to grow in the presence of 3% and 6.0% NaCl. Saccharide fermentation test was performed and it was observed that LAB strains isolated from Polish Kefir showed to have the ability to produce enough acid products from the fermentation of 13 different carbohydrates (arabinose, fructose, glucose, galactose, inulin, lactose, maltose, manitol, raffinose, rhamnose, sucrose, trehalose, or xylose). Arginine hydrolase test revealed that 4 LAB strains (DP-2, DP-4, DP-5, and DP-6) isolated from Polish Kefir, identified as heterofermentative LAB, contained the enzymes to hydrolyze arginine causing ammonia release. It was observed that the pH value decreased to 4.6 while the titratable acidity increased from 0.28% to 0.90%, and the lactic acid bacteria count reached a final population around 9.27 log CFU/mL after 6 hr of the fermentation process at 37oC when using paired LAB isolates (KP-4 + DP-6) from Polish Kefir as starters. Antioxidative activities including DPPH radical-scavenging activity, ferrous ions chelating ability, and total phenolic content exerted by these dairy products were evaluated. It was noticed that the DPPH radical-scavenging activity, ferrous ions chelating ability, and total phenolic content of these fermented products varied with the strains used. Dairy products made by LAB strains isolated from Polish Kefir showed a significantly greater level of scavenging activity of DPPH radicals and higher total phenolic content than milk fermented by using commercial starters (Strep. thermophillus and Lb. bulgaricus). However, no significant difference among these dairy products in regards to chelating effect upon ferrous ions was noted in this study. Prebiotic properties of milk products that fermented by LAB isolated from Polish Kefir were evaluated. It was observed that these LAB strains stimulated the growth of Bifidobacterium longum BCRC 11847, Bifodobacterium pseudolongun BCRC 14673, or Bifidobacterium adolescentis BCRC 14608, demonstrating that dairy products made by LAB strains isolated from Polish Kefir have potential to be used as prebiotic. Fermented milk products made by LAB isolated from Polish Kefir showed weak blood anticoagulant activity, with the same mechanism of action observed for unfermented skim milk as well as milk fermented by Strep. thermophillus and Lb. bulgaricus. Furthermore, dairy products made by LAB strains isolated from Polish Kefir showed the highest ACE-inhibitory activity compared with milk products that fermented by using commercial starters (Strep. thermophillus and Lb. bulgaricus).

The aim of this thesis was carried out using one of the methods of analysis of sensory evaluation of selected dairy products. Based on the proposed questionnaire survey carried out simultaneously on consumption and preference for selected commodities. The thesis was part of the project ECOP CZ.1.07/2.3.00/09.0081: "Comprehensive training of human resources in the dairy."

У роботі розглядаються технології кисломолочних продуктів, а саме: кефіру «Особливого», м.ч.ж. 1 %; ряжанки, м.ч.ж. 4 %; молока ацидофільного м.ч.ж. 1 %; сметани, м.ч.ж. 25 %. Технологічні розрахунки, опис технологій виробництва продуктів запроєктованого асортименту, організація технохімічного та мікробіологічного контролю на виробництві, необхідне технологічне обладнання, розрахунок площ подані в першому розділі. Другий розділ присвячений обґрунтуванню доцільності будівництва підприємства у вибраному місті, подана характеристика сировинних зон та каналів збуту продукції. У третьому розділі висвітлено питання безпеки життєдіяльності та основ охорони праці.
This paper considers the technology of fermented milk products, namely: - kefir «Osoblyvyi», mass fraction of fat 1%; - ryazhenka, mass fraction of fat 4%; - acidophilic milk, mass fraction of fat 1%; - cultured cream, mass fraction of fat 25%. Technological calculations, production technologies description of the designed range product, organization of technochemical and microbiological production control, necessary technological equipment, and the calculation of areas are given in the first section. The second section is devoted to substantiation of expediency of enterprise construction in the chosen city, the characteristic of raw material zones and sale channels of products is given. The third section covers issues of life safety and basics of labor protection.
Анотація....... Зміст.......... Вступ....... 1. Технологічна частина....... 1.1 Технологічні розрахунки виробництва запроєктованого асортименту.... 1.1.1 Таблиця вихідних даних для розрахунку продуктів........ 1.1.2 Схема напрямків технологічної переробки сировини...... 1.1.3 Сировинно-продуктовий розрахунок......... 1.1.4 Зведена таблиця розрахунку продуктів.......... 1.2 Вибір та обґрунтування технологічних процесів і режимів виробництва молочних продуктів...... 1.2.1 Вимоги до сировини, використовуваної для виробництва молочних продуктів......... 1.2.2 Опис загальних операцій виробництва молочних продуктів запроєктованого асортименту.... 1.2.3 Опис технології виробництва молочних продуктів запроєктованого асортименту.... 1.2.4 Нормативні характеристики молочних продуктів запроєктованого асортименту..... 1.3 Технохімічний і мікробіологічний контроль виробництва молочних продуктів запроєктованого асортименту.... 1.4 Організація санітарно-гігієнічного оброблення технологічного обладнання...... 1.5 Підбір технологічного обладнання...... 1.6 Розрахунок площ виробничих і допоміжних приміщень..... 2. Техніко-економічне обґрунтування.......... 3. Безпека життєдіяльності, основи охорони праці........ Список використаних літературних джерел.......

Tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus L) are recognized as a high potential, alternative source of food nutrients. However, there is limited scientific literature on the technological possibilities for developing value-added foods, such as fermented products from tiger nut milk. Therefore, strategies for producing and improving the properties of fermented tiger nut milk were investigated for generating lactose-free, nutritious yogurt-like products with acceptable sensory properties and a prolonged shelf life quality. A wet-milling procedure was standardized for extracting tiger nut milk from tiger nuts, and the effects of the extraction process on nutrient distribution, colour properties and colloidal stability of the milk were analyzed. Next, tiger nut milk was enriched with proteins and/or hydrocolloids and the impact of the additives on the physical properties of the milk were determined. Enriched tiger nut milk was fermented by using classical yogurt cultures and the obtained products were analyzed for the microbiological, physico-chemical and sensory characteristics. Additionally, effects of enriching tiger nut milk with microbial transglutaminase cross-linked proteins on the microbiological and physico-chemical properties were evaluated. Higher wet-milling intensity improved the nutrient composition, colloidal stability and colour of the milk. Enrichment of tiger nut milk with milk proteins and xanthan gum enhanced the viscosity and stability, and after fermentation, led to homogenous gel-like products with superior microbiological, physico-chemical and different sensory properties compared to the fermented plain tiger nut milk. Microbial transglutaminase cross-linked proteins improved the physical characteristics of the fermented product, especially during storage. This product would be relevant in many developing countries with high prevalence of lactose intolerance, limited access to nutritious food but show a high distribution of tiger nut vegetation.:1. Introduction and aim 1 2. Literature review 4 2.1 Tiger nut, origin, nutritional value and food use 4 2.2 Tiger nut milk, preparation and nutrient composition 7 2.3 Colloidal characteristics of tiger nut milk 9 2.4 Factors accounting for the dispersion stability of tiger nut milk 10 2.5 Enhancing tiger nut milk stability 12 2.6 Properties of fermented tiger nut milk 17 2.7 Microbial transglutaminase and properties of fermented tiger nut milk 18 3. Methodology 21 3.1 Extraction and characterisation of tiger nut milk 21 3.1.1 Sample collection and preparation 21 3.1.2 Tiger nut milk extraction 21 3.1.3 Nutrient analysis of tiger nuts 22 3.1.4 Analysis of tiger nut products 23 3.1.5 Particle size distribution 24 3.1.6 Colloidal stability 25 3.1.7 Colour measurement 25 3.2 Stabilisation of tiger nut milk dispersion 26 3.2.1 Tiger nut milk preparation 26 3.2.2 Preparation of tiger nut milk enrichments 26 3.2.3 Gravitational stability of enriched tiger nut milk 27 3.2.4 Accelerated gravitational stability of enriched tiger nut milk 28 3.2.5 Viscosity of TNM mixtures 29 3.3 Extraction and characterisation of globular tiger nut proteins 29 3.3.1 Protein extraction and fractionation 29 3.3.2 Molecular mass of globular tiger nut proteins 31 3.3.3 Denaturation temperature of globular tiger nut proteins 32 3.3.4 Isoelectric point of globular tiger nut protein 33 3.4 Properties of fermented tiger nut milk enriched with proteins 34 3.4.1 Materials and Reagents 34 3.4.2 Preparation of plain and enriched tiger nut milk 34 3.4.3 Fermentation of plain and enriched tiger nut milk 35 3.4.4 Viable counts of starter cultures in fermented tiger nut milk systems 36 3.4.5 Chemical analysis of unfermented and fermented tiger nut milk 36 3.4.6 Physical analysis of fermented tiger nut milk products 37 3.4.7 Sensory analysis of fermented tiger nut milk products 38 3.5 Microbial transglutaminase and fermented tiger nut milk property 38 3.5.1 Preparation of plain and enriched tiger nut milk 38 3.5.2 Fermentation of plain and enriched tiger nut milk 39 3.5.3 Analysis of the enzymatically cross-linked proteins 39 3.5.4 Viable counts 40 3.5.5 pH and titratable acidity 40 3.5.6 Syneresis and viscosity 41 3.5.7 Colour of fermented tiger nut products 41 3.6 Statistical analysis 41 4. Results and discussion 43 4.1 Extraction and characteristics of tiger nut milk 43 4.1.1 Material recovery, mass transfer and yield of tiger nut solids 43 4.1.2 Nutrient composition of tiger nut products 45 4.1.3 Physical properties of tiger nut milk 48 4.1.3.1 Particle size distribution of extracted tiger nut milk 48 4.1.3.2 Colloidal stability of tiger nut milk 49 4.1.3.3 Colour stability of tiger nut milk 51 4.2 Stabilisation of tiger nut milk 53 4.2.1 Effects of enrichments on the stability of tiger nut milk 53 4.2.2 Effects of pH and temperature on the stability of enriched TNM 56 4.2.3 Effects of enrichments on the rheology of tiger nut milk 58 4.3 Tiger nut protein extraction and characterisation 60 4.3.1 Protein extraction and fractionation 60 4.3.2 Molecular mass of tiger nut protein 62 4.3.3 Thermal denaturation of tiger nut protein 63 4.3.4 Isoelectric point of tiger nut proteins 66 4.4 Properties of fermented tiger nut milk enriched with proteins 67 4.4.1 Acidification and gel formation during fermentation 67 4.4.2 Microbiological properties of fermented enriched tiger nut milk 70 4.4.3 Physico-chemical properties of fermented enriched tiger nut milk 71 4.4.4 Sensory properties of fermented tiger nut milk products 76 4.5 Microbial transglutaminase and fermented tiger nut milk property 77 4.5.1 Effects on tiger nut milk fermentation 77 4.5.2 Microbiological properties during storage of fermented product 81 4.5.3 Physico-chemical properties during storage of fermented product 83 4.5.4 Effects on colour of fermented tiger nut product 86 5. Conclusions and outlook 88 Bibliography 90 List of figures 111 List of tables 115 List of Publications 116 Poster and presentations 116
Erdmandeln (Cyperus esculentus L) haben ein hohes Potential als alternative Quelle Lebensmittelinhaltsstoffen. Allerdings gibt es nur in begrenztem Ausmaß Literatur über technologische Möglichkeiten zur Entwicklung von Mehrwert-Lebensmitteln wie fermentierter Erdmandelmilch. Daher wurden Strategien zur Herstellung und Verbesserung der Eigenschaften von fermentierter Erdmandelmilch zur Erzeugung laktosefreier joghurtähnlicher Produkte mit akzeptablen sensorischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Für die Extraktion der Erdmandelmilch wurde ein Nassmahlverfahren standardisiert und der Einfluss des Verfahrens auf die Nährstoffverteilung, die Farbeigenschaften und die kolloidale Stabilität der Milch analysiert. Als nächstes wurde Erdmandelmilch mit Proteinen und/oder Hydrokolloiden angereichert, und der Einfluss der Additive auf die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Extrakts bestimmt. Angereicherte Erdmandelmilch wurde mit klassischen Joghurtkulturen fermentiert, und die mikrobiologischen, physikalisch-chemischen und sensorischen Eigenschaften der Produkte wurden untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden Effekte der Anreicherung von Erdmandelmilch mit enzymatisch vernetzten Proteinen auf die mikrobiologischen und physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften bewertet. Eine höhere Nassmahlintensität verbesserte die Nährstoffzusammensetzung, die kolloidale Stabilität und die Farbe der Milch. Die Anreicherung erhöhte die Viskosität und Stabilität und führte nach der Fermentation zu homogenen gelartigen Produkten mit verbesserten mikrobiologischen, physikalisch-chemischen und sensorischen Eigenschaften im Vergleich zur fermentierten Erdmandelmilch. Mikrobielle Transglutaminase-vernetzte Proteine verbesserten die physikalischen Eigenschaften des fermentierten Produkts, insbesondere während der Lagerung. Dieses Produkt wäre in vielen Entwicklungsländern mit hoher Prävalenz von Laktoseintoleranz und begrenztem Zugang zu nahrhaften Lebensmitteln als Alternative von Interesse.:1. Introduction and aim 1 2. Literature review 4 2.1 Tiger nut, origin, nutritional value and food use 4 2.2 Tiger nut milk, preparation and nutrient composition 7 2.3 Colloidal characteristics of tiger nut milk 9 2.4 Factors accounting for the dispersion stability of tiger nut milk 10 2.5 Enhancing tiger nut milk stability 12 2.6 Properties of fermented tiger nut milk 17 2.7 Microbial transglutaminase and properties of fermented tiger nut milk 18 3. Methodology 21 3.1 Extraction and characterisation of tiger nut milk 21 3.1.1 Sample collection and preparation 21 3.1.2 Tiger nut milk extraction 21 3.1.3 Nutrient analysis of tiger nuts 22 3.1.4 Analysis of tiger nut products 23 3.1.5 Particle size distribution 24 3.1.6 Colloidal stability 25 3.1.7 Colour measurement 25 3.2 Stabilisation of tiger nut milk dispersion 26 3.2.1 Tiger nut milk preparation 26 3.2.2 Preparation of tiger nut milk enrichments 26 3.2.3 Gravitational stability of enriched tiger nut milk 27 3.2.4 Accelerated gravitational stability of enriched tiger nut milk 28 3.2.5 Viscosity of TNM mixtures 29 3.3 Extraction and characterisation of globular tiger nut proteins 29 3.3.1 Protein extraction and fractionation 29 3.3.2 Molecular mass of globular tiger nut proteins 31 3.3.3 Denaturation temperature of globular tiger nut proteins 32 3.3.4 Isoelectric point of globular tiger nut protein 33 3.4 Properties of fermented tiger nut milk enriched with proteins 34 3.4.1 Materials and Reagents 34 3.4.2 Preparation of plain and enriched tiger nut milk 34 3.4.3 Fermentation of plain and enriched tiger nut milk 35 3.4.4 Viable counts of starter cultures in fermented tiger nut milk systems 36 3.4.5 Chemical analysis of unfermented and fermented tiger nut milk 36 3.4.6 Physical analysis of fermented tiger nut milk products 37 3.4.7 Sensory analysis of fermented tiger nut milk products 38 3.5 Microbial transglutaminase and fermented tiger nut milk property 38 3.5.1 Preparation of plain and enriched tiger nut milk 38 3.5.2 Fermentation of plain and enriched tiger nut milk 39 3.5.3 Analysis of the enzymatically cross-linked proteins 39 3.5.4 Viable counts 40 3.5.5 pH and titratable acidity 40 3.5.6 Syneresis and viscosity 41 3.5.7 Colour of fermented tiger nut products 41 3.6 Statistical analysis 41 4. Results and discussion 43 4.1 Extraction and characteristics of tiger nut milk 43 4.1.1 Material recovery, mass transfer and yield of tiger nut solids 43 4.1.2 Nutrient composition of tiger nut products 45 4.1.3 Physical properties of tiger nut milk 48 4.1.3.1 Particle size distribution of extracted tiger nut milk 48 4.1.3.2 Colloidal stability of tiger nut milk 49 4.1.3.3 Colour stability of tiger nut milk 51 4.2 Stabilisation of tiger nut milk 53 4.2.1 Effects of enrichments on the stability of tiger nut milk 53 4.2.2 Effects of pH and temperature on the stability of enriched TNM 56 4.2.3 Effects of enrichments on the rheology of tiger nut milk 58 4.3 Tiger nut protein extraction and characterisation 60 4.3.1 Protein extraction and fractionation 60 4.3.2 Molecular mass of tiger nut protein 62 4.3.3 Thermal denaturation of tiger nut protein 63 4.3.4 Isoelectric point of tiger nut proteins 66 4.4 Properties of fermented tiger nut milk enriched with proteins 67 4.4.1 Acidification and gel formation during fermentation 67 4.4.2 Microbiological properties of fermented enriched tiger nut milk 70 4.4.3 Physico-chemical properties of fermented enriched tiger nut milk 71 4.4.4 Sensory properties of fermented tiger nut milk products 76 4.5 Microbial transglutaminase and fermented tiger nut milk property 77 4.5.1 Effects on tiger nut milk fermentation 77 4.5.2 Microbiological properties during storage of fermented product 81 4.5.3 Physico-chemical properties during storage of fermented product 83 4.5.4 Effects on colour of fermented tiger nut product 86 5. Conclusions and outlook 88 Bibliography 90 List of figures 111 List of tables 115 List of Publications 116 Poster and presentations 116

Захист відбудеться 24 лютого 2018 р. о 14.00 годині на засіданні екзаменаційної комісії №18 у Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана Пулюя за адресою: 46000, м. Тернопіль, вул. Танцорова, 5, навчальний корпус №5, ауд. 14
Маліцька Н.І. Розроблення продукту кефірного, збагаченого біоактивними фосфопептидами. – Рукопис. Дослідження на здобуття освітнього ступеня «магістр» зі спеціальності 181 «Харчові технології». – Тернопільський національний технічний університет імені Івана Пулюя, Тернопіль, 2019. Дипломна робота присвячена розробці технології кефірного продукту кисломолочного, збагаченого фосфопептидами, які здатні підвищувати засвоюваність макро- і мікроелементів в організмі. Використано фосфопептиди, виділені із панкреатинового гідролізату казеїну. У продукт їх вносили у концентрації 0,1 %. встановлено, що при цьому вони не проявляють бактеріостатичного ефекту по відношенню до молочнокислих бактерій і дріжджів. Ключові слова:Кисломолочні напої, кефірний продукт, фосфопептиди, фукнціональні продукти.
Malitska N.I. Development of a kefir product rich in bioactive phosphopeptides – Manuscript. Rasearch for obtaining an educational degree «Master» in specialty 181 «Food Technologies». – Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, 2019. The master’s work is devoted to the development of the kefir product technology of enriched with phosphopeptides that can increase digestibility of macro- and microelements in the body. Used phosphopeptides were obtained from pancreatin hydrolyzate of casein. They were added into a product at a concentration of 0.1%. It is established that they while this don’t show the bacteriostatic effect in relation to the lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Key words: Fermented-milk drinks, kefir product, phosphopeptides, functional products.
АНОТАЦІЯ…… ВСТУП…………… 1. ТЕХНІКО-ЕКОНОМІЧНЕ ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ ПРОЕКТУ……… 2. ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНА ЧАСТИНА ПРОЕКТУ……… 2.1. Технологічні розрахунки виробництва запроектованого асортименту………… 2.2. Вибір та обґрунтування технологічних процесів і режимів виробництва молочних продуктів…… 2.3. Забезпечення технологічного процесу виробництва молочних продуктів запроектованого асортименту……… 3. НАУКОВО-ДОСЛІДНА ЧАСТИНА ПРОЕКТУ……… 3.1.Аналітичний огляд літературних джерел………… 3.2. Мета, об’єкт, предмет та методи дослідження……… 3.3. Результати дослідження……… 4. ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ТА БЕЗПЕКА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ…. 4.1. Охорона праці……… 4.2. Безпека в надзвичайних ситуаціях………… 5. ЕКОЛОГІЯ…… ВИСНОВКИ……… СПИСОК ВИКОРИСТАНИХ ЛІТЕРАТУРНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ…

碩士
中山醫學大學
營養學研究所
100
Goat milk is abundant in nutrients and contains lower lactose and allergen than cow milk. Antihypertensive effect has also been found in fermented goat milk. This study thus focused on the regulative effect on human blood pressure from the intake of fermented goat milk. A total of 50 recruited participants joined the clinical trial. All participants were pre-hypertensive patients with no history of taking anti-hypertensive medications. The analytical method utilized was a randomized, placebo-controlled and double blind study design. Each group ingested 6 tablets of fermented goat milk or placebo per day during 8 weeks of administration period. Then followed by 2 weeks of follow-up period post administration, and neither tablets was given to either groups. Blood pressure, anthropometric measurement, serum lipid, fasting blood sugar were measured every 2 weeks. In addition to understanding the mechanism of blood pressure, levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensin I, angiotensin II and aldosterone were measured at the first and eighth week. In conclusion, the analytical result strongly suggests that blood pressure, angiotensin II and aldosterone were significantly decreased after 8 weeks of intervention in the experimental group.

Submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the Degree in Master's in Food Science and Technology, Durban University of Technology, 2017.
Pigeon pea (Cajanus Cajan) is consumed in many parts of Africa as a source of protein and carbohydrate. It is underutilised and mainly grown for subsistence. Researching on pigeon pea may enhance value addition and increase its utilization. In this study, a non-dairy probiotic yoghurt was prepared from pigeon pea milk. Yoghurt samples were prepared, using 100% pigeon pea milk, pigeon pea/soy milk in the ratio 50:50 and 100% soy bean milk. The yoghurts were inoculated with yoghurt starter cultures and divided into two equal parts. One part inoculated with Propionibacterium freudenreichii was referred to as probiotic yoghurt, while the other part served as the control. The nutritional, sensory and some functional properties of the yoghurt were determined. The microbiological quality of yoghurt samples stored at 4, 10 and 21°C, respectively, for 4 weeks, were monitored and analysed for aerobic spores’ formers, E. coli, total plate counts, mould and Propionibacterium freudenreichii weekly. The protein contents of the yoghurt samples varied from 4.54-5.85% for 100% soymilk and 100% pigeon pea yoghurt respectively. The probiotic yoghurt showed slightly lower protein content than pigeon pea yoghurt alone. All the yoghurt samples had considerably high total solids (16.04-17.41%) and were fairly good sources of amino acids. Essential amino acids in the yoghurt samples were comparable to the FAO/WHO (2007) recommended amino acid requirement for adults. Anti-nutritional factors of yoghurt samples were significantly lower (P≤0.05) than their milk counterparts, which may be attributed to the fermentation process. Probiotic yoghurt samples showed higher firmness than non-probiotic samples. Total plate counts (log 7.01- 7.46 CFU/ml) samples stored for 2 weeks at 4° C were similar. Predominant organisms were LAB and Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Storage temperature of yoghurt samples had an influence on the total plate count and LAB. Total plate count and LAB significant increased approximately by log 2 CFU/ml for the first two weeks of storage. However, moulds and E. coli were not detected in all samples. Beyond 2 weeks of storage, there was significant decline in total plate counts and LAB, while mould grew and increased. Aerobic spore formers and moulds were observed in the control yoghurt. However, E. coli was not found in all yoghurt samples throughout storage period. The pH of the milk in which yoghurt mixtures were formulated, ranged from pH 7 to 6.8 for pigeon pea and soymilk declined significantly as a result of acidification. Decline in pH at 4, 10 and 21°C was significant (p≤0.05) with the rate higher at 21, 10 than 4° C. Decline in pH resulted in increased TTA values over storage temperatures and periods. Samples stored at 21°C and 10°C had significantly higher TTA values than samples stored at 4° C. The colour values evaluated were recorded as L*, b*, a* and ∆E* during 4 weeks storage at 4, 10 and 21° C. Significantly high values (p≤0.05) were recorded for L* yoghurt samples with soymilk. The colour scale defines positive (red) and negative (green) for a* and b* positive (yellow) and negative (blue). All a* values both positive and negative were less than 3. There was no negative value recorded for b*. Colour difference ∆E* values trends increased as storage time and temperature increased. There were significant (p≤0.05) differences between samples stored at same and different storage temperatures and periods. Water holding capacity was significantly different (p≤0.05) in all the yoghurt samples stored at 4, 10 and 21°C for 4 weeks. Formulation with 100% soymilk recorded higher values. Soy yoghurt and probiotic yoghurts (100 %) showed higher water holding capacity compared to pigeon pea yoghurt and pigeon pea/soymilk yoghurt. The addition of Propionibacterium freudenreichii did not significantly affect sensory properties of the yoghurts. Acceptable yoghurt was produced from pigeon pea with comparable quality to soy which serves as control. Proximate composition was comparable to previous reports. Microbial quality and profile of all the yoghurt samples were similar. The absence of pathogenic bacteria in all the yoghurt samples confirm their safety. Soy yoghurt was most acceptable amongst the yoghurt samples but all the samples had comparable ratings, and these ratings are within commercially acceptable range (4 to 9) for yoghurt. Storage at 4oC should be the most acceptable, as storage at 21oC encourage proliferation of contaminant
M

碩士
實踐大學
食品營養研究所
92
Rice is the most important farm product in Asia and Taiwan. It is also the staff of life. According to the statistic data calculate by Council of Agriculture in Taiwan. Taiwan produces 1.53 million tons of brown rice per year. The aim of this study was adopt the Taiwan local rice to develop a kind of function food. In the brown rice germination and Somogi study. We choice Taikeng 2 (TK2) as the species which has the highest germination ability and fermentable sugar content. Then we abrasive the germination brown rice to get the 16% rice milk. It can have 3.8% fermented sugar and 225.6cp torque value. Next study we add Aspergillus oryzae fermented koji rice into the rice milk. The fermentable sugar is between 3.8~11.2%. Use 5~30% germination brown rice incubated with seven strains of mix lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, Streptcoccus thermophilus etc.). Use the same subject to produce Monascus pilosus 31527 rice milk. This product which have the pH value between 3.56~3.7 and titratable acid between 3.65~4.57% . .Concentrate and extract the final product by methanol and acetone. Then get the brown rice (B), germination brown rice (GB), Aspergillus oryzae fermented germination brown rice (GBA), Monascus pilosus 31527 fermented germination brown rice (GBM) and lactic acid bacteria fermented Monascus pilosus 31527 fermented germination brown rice (GBML) concentrates. Bring it to treat the colorectal cell line Caco-2 and evaluate the ability to inhibit telomerase. The results showed that GBML has the strongest inhibition ability. As the GBML concentration up to 60μl/ml. The inhibition of the telomerase activity was up to 29.5%. In terms of SDS-page and western blotting, GBML have the inhibition ability to c-Myc and Bcl-2 in Caco-2. It also have the ability to increase Bax protein content in cell line. But the p21 and p27 is too weak to detect by quantification machine. In summary, the GBML can inhibit Caco-2 growth by decrease the c-Myc and Bcl-2 protein and increase Bax protein expression. But the treatment have no effect to p21 and p27 protein.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
生化科技學系
103
Hypertension and cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of death of compatriots. Once patients suffer from hypertension, they need long-term monitoring of blood pressure and actively improve the living habits. Even more, take medication to control blood pressure. Antihypertensive drugs usually have side effects, improper use of antihypertensive medications often cause irreparable harm. The application of Monascus species in food, medicine, and industry dates back over a thousand years. Monascus-fermented products containing antihypertensive substance γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, can cause blood vessels to dilate. Oral administration of red mold dioscorea fermented by Monascus purpureus NTU 568 to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) for eight weeks has been shown to significantly reduce systolic blood pressure 26 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure 22 mmHg (p<0.05) and will not have liver and kidney damage. In this study, a double-blind placebo-controlled model was undertaken. Patients with mild to moderate hypertension were randomly assigned to placebo and treatment groups. Treatment group was given red mold dioscorea (fermented by M. purpureus NTU 568) for 8 weeks to observe the effect of regulating blood pressure in human clinical trials. The results showed that systolic blood pressure of 4 subjects decreased greater than or equal to 10 mmHg in 11 subjects of treatment group. Systolic blood pressure decreased from 141.6 ± 12.0 to 133.9 ± 14.4 mmHg, the average dropped 7.7 mmHg. Diastolic blood pressure decreased from 91.7 ± 8.1 to 84.8 ± 7.4 mmHg, the average dropped 6.9 mmHg. Diastolic blood pressure of 5 subjects decreased greater than or equal to 10 mmHg in 11 subjects of treatment group. The result showed a significant difference (p<0.05), although there was no significant difference between the placebo and treatment groups. Red mold dioscorea did not cause electrolyte imbalance and damage between liver, kidney and muscle tissue of subjects. The study also found that red mold dioscorea treatment could effectively reduce serum triglycerides and total cholesterol, increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels to achieve cardiovascular health.