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Journal articles on the topic 'Fermons'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Khondhodjayeva, Nondira, and Nurmamat Rajabov. "ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PHEROMONES." JOURNAL OF AGRO PROCESSING 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9904-2020-6-11.

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This article reveals the essence of the concept of "pheromones" and their biological significance. In the article variants of their application in agriculture for struggle against insects-pests are presented. The definition of term and classification of pheromones and their types are given: feromons of insects, feromons of fish, feromons of vertebrates, feromons of humans, fermons of plants, sexual feromons, anxiety feromons, trace feromons, epidemic feromons and their functions and significance for the representative's organism and the environment as a whole

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2

AOYAMA, HIDEAKI, and HISASHI KIKUCHI. "INTERACTING INSTANTONS FOR TeV PHYSICS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 07, no. 12 (May 10, 1992): 2741–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x9200123x.

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Multi-instanton effect in the standard electroweak model for baryon and lepton number violation is discussed. Instanton interaction is shown to play a major role in the TeV range. First, the validity of the treatment of the interaction is explicitly checked in the quantum-mechanical case. Then interactions induced by both bosons and fermons are examined in the SU(2) Yang–Mills–Higgs model. They are shown to lead to an effective theory which is manifestly unitary. This results in an estimate that the relevant cross section saturates the unitary bound at the TeV scale, indicating the possibility of detecting baryon- and lepton-number-violating phenomena.

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3

DOLOCAN, ANDREI, VOICU OCTAVIAN DOLOCAN, and VOICU DOLOCAN. "A NEW HAMILTONIAN OF INTERACTION FOR FERMIONS." Modern Physics Letters B 19, no. 13n14 (June 20, 2005): 669–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984905008700.

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Using the Lagrangian formalism we attempt to introduce a new Hamiltonian for fermions. On this basis we have evaluated the expectation values for the interaction energy between fermions via bosons. The interaction energy between two fermions via phonons becomes attractive in a degenerate fermion-gas. The interaction energy between two fermions via photons appears to be attractive in certain conditions. The self-energy of the fermion + boson system, e.g. polaron and polariton, was evaluated.

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4

Yanagisawa, Takashi. "Zero-Energy Modes, Fractional Fermion Numbers and The Index Theorem in a Vortex-Dirac Fermion System." Symmetry 12, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12030373.

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Physics of topological materials has attracted much attention from both physicists and mathematicians recently. The index and the fermion number of Dirac fermions play an important role in topological insulators and topological superconductors. A zero-energy mode exists when Dirac fermions couple to objects with soliton-like structure such as kinks, vortices, monopoles, strings, and branes. We discuss a system of Dirac fermions interacting with a vortex and a kink. This kind of systems will be realized on the surface of topological insulators where Dirac fermions exist. The fermion number is fractionalized and this is related to the presence of fermion zero-energy excitation modes. A zero-energy mode can be regarded as a Majorana fermion mode when the chemical potential vanishes. Our discussion includes the case where there is a half-flux quantum vortex associated with a kink in a magnetic field in a bilayer superconductor. A normalizable wave function of fermion zero-energy mode does not exist in the core of the half-flux quantum vortex. The index of Dirac operator and the fermion number have additional contributions when a soliton scalar field has a singularity.

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Ma, Tian-Chi, Jing-Nan Hu, Yuan Chen, Lei Shao, Xian-Ru Hu, and Jian-Bo Deng. "Coexistence of type-II and type-IV Dirac fermions in SrAgBi." Modern Physics Letters B 35, no. 11 (February 9, 2021): 2150181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984921501815.

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Relativistic massless Weyl and Dirac fermions have isotropic and linear dispersion relations to maintain Poincaré symmetry, which is the most basic symmetry in high-energy physics. The situation in condensed matter physics is less constrained; only certain subgroups of Poincaré symmetry — the 230 space groups that exist in 3D lattices — need be respected. Then, the free fermionic excitations that have no high-energy analogues could exist in solid state systems. Here, We discovered a type of nonlinear Dirac fermion without high-energy analogue in SrAgBi and named it type-IV Dirac fermion. The type-IV Dirac fermion has a nonlinear dispersion relationship and is similar to the type-II Dirac fermion, which has electron pocket and hole pocket. The effective model for the type-IV Dirac fermion is also found. It is worth pointing out that there is a type-II Dirac fermion near this new Dirac fermion. So we used two models to describe the coexistence of these two Dirac fermions. Topological surface states of these two Dirac points are also calculated. We envision that our findings will stimulate researchers to study novel physics of type-IV Dirac fermions, as well as the interplay of type-II and type-IV Dirac fermions.

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6

Kordos, Przemysław. "Patrick Leigh Fermor’s “Hellen-Romaic Dilemma”." Colloquia Humanistica, no. 1 (July 22, 2015): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/ch.2012.010.

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Patrick Leigh Fermor’s “Hellen-Romaic Dilemma”The article discusses one of the guises of the dichotomy between Hellene and Romios, a trope popular among researchers of modern Greek identity. It discusses the provenance and usage of both notions, drawing on the material presented by the English traveller and writer Patrick Leigh Fermor in his monograph Roumeli Travels in Northern Greece (1966). Fermor identified 64 opposing pairs of concepts and situations, and demonstrated the characteristics of Hellene and Romios in relation to each pair. This comparison produces the images of the logical, westernised Hellene, who reveres the accomplishments of ancient Greeks, and the spontaneous, oriental, somewhat backwards Romios, who longs for Byzantium. Although the picture Fermor paints is exaggerated (and slightly whimsical), it nevertheless helps to understand that the image of Hellene, and not that of Romios, is one in which modern Greeks believe and for which they strive.Patricka Leigh Fermora rozterki helleńsko-romejskieAutor omawia jedno z ujęć dychotomii między Hellenem a Romiosem, popularnej w badaniach nad nowogrecką tożsamością. Ukazuje proweniencję i sposób użycia obu pojęć, posługując się materiałem zaprezentowanym przez angielskiego pisarza i podróżnika, Patricka Leigh Fermora, w jego monografii Roumeli Travels in Northern Greece (wyd. 1966). Fermor wyróżnił 64 pary koncepcji i sytuacji, pokazując jak w obrębie każdej z nich funkcjonuje Hellen oraz Romios. Z porównania wyłania się obraz logicznego, zwesternizowanego Hellena, zapatrzonego w dokonania starożytnych Greków oraz spontanicznego, orientalnego, nieco zacofanego Romiosa, który tęskni za Bizancjum. Choć obraz naszkicowany przez Fermora jest przejaskrawiony (oraz nieco żartobliwy), to jednak pomaga zrozumieć, że to obraz Hellena, a nie Romiosa, jest tym, w który wierzą i do którego dążą współcześni Grecy.

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7

KHOKHLACHEV, S., and YU MAKEENKO. "ADJOINT FERMIONS INDUCE QCD." Modern Physics Letters A 07, no. 39 (December 21, 1992): 3653–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732392003086.

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We propose to induce QCD by fermions in the adjoint representation of the gauge group SU (Nc) on the lattice. We consider various types of lattice fermions: chiral, Kogut-Susskind and Wilson ones. Using the mean field method we show that a first order large-N phase transition occurs with decreasing fermion mass. We conclude, therefore, that adjoint fermions induce QCD. We draw the same conclusion for the adjoint scalar or fermion models at large number of flavors Nf when they induce a single-plaquette lattice gauge theory. We find an exact strong coupling solution for the adjoint fermion model and show that it is quite similar to that for the Kazakov-Migdal model with the quadratic potential. We discuss the possibility for the adjoint fermion model to be solvable as Nc→∞ in the weak coupling region where the Wilson loops obey normal area law.

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8

GOERBIG, M. O., P. LEDERER, and C. MORAIS SMITH. "SECOND GENERATION OF COMPOSITE FERMIONS AND THE SELF-SIMILARITY OF THE FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL EFFECT." International Journal of Modern Physics B 18, no. 27n29 (November 30, 2004): 3549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979204026998.

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A recently developed model of interacting composite fermions, is used to investigate different composite-fermion phases. Their interaction potential allows for the formation of both solid and new quantum-liquid phases, which are interpreted in terms of second-generation composite fermions and which may be responsible for the fractional quantum Hall states observed at unusual filling factors, such as ν=4/11. Projection of the composite-fermion dynamics to a single level, involved in the derivation of the Hamiltonian of interacting composite fermions, reveals the underlying self-similarity of the model.

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9

ABE, HIROYUKI, HIRONORI MIGUCHI, and TAIZO MUTA. "DYNAMICAL FERMION MASSES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF KALUZA–KLEIN FERMIONS IN EXTRA DIMENSIONS." Modern Physics Letters A 15, no. 06 (February 28, 2000): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732300000438.

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The dynamical fermion mass generation in the four-dimensional brane is discussed in a model with five-dimensional Kaluza–Klein fermions in interaction with four-dimensional fermions. It is found that the dynamical fermion masses are generated beyond the critical radius of the compactified extra dimensional space and may be made small compared with the masses of the Kaluza–Klein modes.

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10

SCAROLA, V. W., S. Y. LEE, and J. K. JAIN. "POSSIBLE NEW PHASES OF COMPOSITE FERMIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 20n22 (August 30, 2002): 2946–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202013262.

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When the effective filling factor of composite fermions is an integer, the residual interaction between them can often be neglected because the ground state of the non-interacting model is unique and incompressible. However, at non-integer composite fermion (CF) filling factors the ground state of composite fermions is enormously degenerate if the interaction between them is neglected, and consideration of the inter composite fermion interaction is necessary for determining the true ground state. In this article, we summarize certain results regarding what new states the inter composite fermion interaction can possibly produce. More details can be found in Refs. [11] and [12].

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11

EBERT, D., V. CH ZHUKOVSKY, and A. V. TYUKOV. "DYNAMICAL FERMION MASSES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF KALUZA–KLEIN FERMIONS AND A BULK ABELIAN GAUGE FIELD." Modern Physics Letters A 25, no. 35 (November 20, 2010): 2933–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732310034249.

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The dynamical fermion mass generation on the 3-brane in the 5D spacetime is discussed in a model with bulk fermions in interaction with fermions on the branes assuming the presence of a constant Abelian gauge field A5 in the bulk. We calculate the effective potential as a function of the fermion masses and the gauge field A5. The masses can be found from the stationarity condition for the effective potential (the gap equation). We formulate the equation for the mass spectrum of the 4D-fermions. The phases with finite and vanishing fermion masses are studied and the dependence of the masses on the radius of the fifth dimension is analyzed. The influence of the A5-gauge field on the symmetry breaking is considered both when this field is a background parameter and a dynamical variable. The critical values of the A5 field, the coupling constant and the radius are examined.

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12

Jakovác, Antal, and András Patkós. "Bound states in functional renormalization group." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 27 (September 27, 2019): 1950154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19501549.

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Equivalence criteria are established for an effective Yukawa-type theory of composite fields representing two-particle fermion bound states with the original “microscopic” theory of interacting fermions based on the spectral decomposition of the 2-to-2 fermion scattering amplitude. Functional renormalization group equations of the effective theory are derived exploiting relations expressing the equivalence. The effect of truncating the spectral decomposition is investigated quantitatively on the example of the nonrelativistic bound states of two oppositely charged fermions.

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13

KHALILOV, V. R. "SCATTERING OF A SPIN-POLARIZED NEUTRAL FERMION WITH THE ANOMALOUS MAGNETIC MOMENT IN AN AHARONOV–CASHER CONFIGURATION." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 15 (May 20, 2008): 1093–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773230802690x.

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The scattering of a nonrelativistic neutral massive fermion having the anomalous magnetic moment (AMM) in an electric field of a uniformly charged long conducting thread aligned perpendicularly to the fermion motion is considered to study the so-called Aharonov–Casher (AC) effect by taking into account the particle spin. For this solution, the nonrelativistic Dirac–Pauli equation for a neutral massive fermion with AMM in (3+1) dimensions is found, which takes into account explicitly the particle spin and interaction between AMM of moving fermion and the electric field. Expressions for the scattering amplitude and the cross-section are obtained for spin-polarized massive neutral fermion scattered off the above conducting thread. We conclude that the scattering amplitude and cross-section of spin-polarized massive neutral fermions are influenced by the interaction of AMM of moving neutral fermions with the electric field as well as by the polarization of fermion beam in the initial state.

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14

Stumpf, H., Th Borne, and H. J. Kaus. "Is the Gravitational Force Elementary?" Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 48, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 1151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1993-1202.

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Abstract The gravitational force is assumed to be mediated by spin 2 gravitons which are composed of four spin 1/2 (sub-) fermions. The dynamics is governed by a nonlinear spinorfield equation with nonperturbative Pauli-Villars regularization and canonical quantization. On the quantum level the fermion dynamics is expressed by a functional equation for algebraic state functionals, and the "graviton" (functional) states are defined to be solutions of the diagonal part of this equation. The effective interaction between such graviton states and fermions is studied by means of a weak mapping between the original functional equation and an effective functional equation for gravitons and fermions. In the low energy limit this mapping produces for the effective fermion dynamics (apart from selfinteractions) a Dirac equation in anholonomic coordinates coupled to the anholonomic connections of a gravitational field, i.e. the usual phenomenological expression for a gravitational force acting on spin 1 /2 fermions.

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15

Dajka, Jerzy. "Currents in a Quantum Nanoring Controlled by Non-Classical Electromagnetic Field." Entropy 23, no. 6 (May 23, 2021): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23060652.

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Quantum ring accommodating interacting spin-less fermions threaded by magnetic flux with a non-classical component added to a static, inducing persistent current, is considered. It is investigated how current flowing in the ring becomes affected by a state of non-classical flux and how Coulomb interaction between fermions influences entanglement of quantum ring and the driving field. In particular it is shown that in an absence of decoherence and under certain conditions fermion–fermion interaction is necessary for a ring–field entanglement to occur.

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16

KIKUKAWA, YOSHIO. "CHIRAL SYMMETRY AND OPERATOR MIXING IN LATTICE SU(N) THIRRING MODEL WITH SHIFT SYMMETRY." Modern Physics Letters A 07, no. 10 (March 28, 1992): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732392003517.

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We formulate lattice SU (N) Thirring model in which two Wilson fermions describe the respective left- and right-handed components of the Dirac fermion in the continuum model. Only chirally projected half components of the Wilson fermions have four-fermion interaction. As to their non-interacting components, there exist shift symmetries discussed by Golterman and Petcher. Axial U (1) Ward-Takahashi identity is examined by weak coupling expansion. It is shown in all orders of the weak coupling expansion that the chiral limit is achieved by simply setting fermion bare mass equal to zero, and that a lattice operator has no mixing due to the Wilson masses with the operators of wrong chiral representation and of lower dimensionality.

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McKellar, Bruce H. J., T. J. Goldman, and G. J. Stephenson. "Effective masses in a dense fermion background — Applied to neutrinos, dark matter and dark energy." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 21 (August 20, 2014): 1444010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14440102.

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If fermions interact with a scalar field, and there are many fermions present the scalar field may develop an expectation value and generate an effective mass for the fermions. This can lead to the formation of fermion clusters, which could be relevant for neutrino astrophysics and for dark matter astrophysics. Because this system may exhibit negative pressure, it also leads to a model of dark energy.

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GAMBOA SARAVÍ, R. E., G. L. ROSSINI, and F. A. SCHAPOSNIK. "THE ζ FUNCTION ANSWER TO PARITY VIOLATION IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL GAUGE THEORIES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 11, no. 15 (June 20, 1996): 2643–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x96001279.

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We study parity violation in (2+1)-dimensional gauge theories coupled to massive fermions. Using the ζ function regularization approach we evaluate the ground state fermion current in an arbitrary gauge field background, showing that it gets two different contributions which violate parity invariance and induce a Chern–Simons term in the gauge field effective action. One is related to the well-known classical parity breaking produced by a fermion mass term in three dimensions; the other, already present for massless fermions, is related to peculiarities of gauge-invariant regularization in odd-dimensional spaces.

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KHVIENGIA, Z., and V. F. TOKAREV. "CIRCUMSTANCES OF FERMION FRACTIONIZATION IN HIGH DENSITY FERMI GAS." Modern Physics Letters A 07, no. 23 (July 30, 1992): 2143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732392001889.

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We consider a (3 + 1)-dimensional SU(2)-gauge theory which is known to possess the fractional fermions. These are the monopoles. We compute the fermion number of a monopole in the dense Fermi gas and find the conditions under which fermions decay into the monopoles.

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20

NARAYANA SWAMY, P. "TRANSFORMATIONS OF q-BOSON AND q-FERMION ALGEBRAS." Modern Physics Letters B 15, no. 21 (September 10, 2001): 915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984901002671.

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We investigate the algebras satisfied by q-deformed boson and fermion oscillators, in particular the transformations of the algebra from one form to another. Based on a specific algebra proposed in recent literature, we show that the algebra of deformed fermions can be transformed to that of undeformed standard fermions. Furthermore, we also show that the algebra of q-deformed fermions can be transformed to that of undeformed standard bosons.

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21

Jacak, Janusz E. "Limits of Applicability of the Composite Fermion Model." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 4267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154267.

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The popular model of composite fermions, proposed in order to rationalize FQHE, were insufficient in view of recent experimental observations in graphene monolayer and bilayer, in higher Landau levels in GaAs and in so-called enigmatic FQHE states in the lowest Landau level of GaAs. The specific FQHE hierarchy in double Hall systems of GaAs 2DES and graphene also cannot be explained in the framework of composite fermions. We identify the limits of the usability of the composite fermion model by means of topological methods, which elucidate the phenomenological assumptions in composite fermion structure and admit further development of FQHE understanding. We demonstrate how to generalize these ideas in order to explain experimentally observed FQHE phenomena, going beyond the explanation ability of the conventional composite fermion model.

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22

Jain, J. K., and R. K. Kamilla. "Composite Fermions in the Hilbert Space of the Lowest Electronic Landau Level." International Journal of Modern Physics B 11, no. 22 (September 10, 1997): 2621–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979297001301.

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Single particle basis functions for composite fermions are obtained from which many-composite fermion states confined to the lowest electronic Landau level can be constructed in the standard manner, i.e. by building Slater determinants. This representation enables a Monte Carlo study of systems containing a large number of composite fermions, yielding new quantitative and qualitative information. The ground state energy and the gaps to charged and neutral excitations are computed for a number of fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) states, earlier off-limits to a quantitative investigation. The ground state energies are estimated to be accurate to ~0.1% and the gaps at the level of a few percent. It is also shown that at Landau level fillings smaller than or equal to 1/9 the FQHE is unstable to a spontaneous creation of excitons of composite fermions. In addition, this approach provides new conceptual insight into the structure of the composite fermion wave functions, resolving in the affirmative the question of whether it is possible to motivate the composite fermion theory entirely within the lowest Landau level, without appealing to higher Landau levels.

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23

Lu, Wei. "A Clifford algebra approach to chiral symmetry breaking and fermion mass hierarchies." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 26 (September 20, 2017): 1750159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17501597.

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We propose a Clifford algebra approach to chiral symmetry breaking and fermion mass hierarchies in the context of composite Higgs bosons. Standard model fermions are represented by algebraic spinors of six-dimensional binary Clifford algebra, while ternary Clifford algebra-related flavor projection operators control allowable flavor-mixing interactions. There are three composite electroweak Higgs bosons resulted from top quark, tau neutrino, and tau lepton condensations. Each of the three condensations gives rise to masses of four different fermions. The fermion mass hierarchies within these three groups are determined by four-fermion condensations, which break two global chiral symmetries. The four-fermion condensations induce axion-like pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone bosons and can be dark matter candidates. In addition to the 125 GeV Higgs boson observed at the Large Hadron Collider, we anticipate detection of tau neutrino composite Higgs boson via the charm quark decay channel.

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NARAYANA SWAMY, P. "q-DEFORMED FERMIONS: ALGEBRA, FOCK SPACE AND THERMODYNAMICS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 18 (July 20, 2006): 2537–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206034832.

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We investigate an algebra describing q-deformed Fermion oscillators. We establish the nature of the basic numbers which follow from this algebra, study the Fock space of these generalized Fermions and determine the Jackson Derivative appropriate for these Fermions. The statistical thermodynamics of these Fermions is examined and it is demonstrated that a consistent formulation preserving its full Legendre structure is accomplished by the use of Jackson Derivatives in place of the ordinary thermodynamic derivatives. We determine the important thermodynamic functions and illustrate the thermodynamic properties of q-Fermions.

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Shiraishi, Kiyoshi. "Degenerate fermion and Wilson loops in 1 + 1 dimensions." Canadian Journal of Physics 68, no. 4-5 (April 1, 1990): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p90-056.

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We investigate the effect of finite fermion density on symmetry breaking by Wilson loops in (1 + 1) dimensions. We find the breaking and restoration of symmetry at finite density in models with SU(2) and SU(3) gauge symmetries, in the presence of the adjoint fermions. The transition can occur at a finite density of fermions, regardless of the periodic or antiperiodic boundary condition of the fermion field; this is in contrast to the finite-temperature case examined by Ho and Hosotani (IASSNS-HEP preprint 88/48) where the boundary condition of fractional twist is essential to the occurrence of the phase transition.

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FUKAZAWA, KENJI, TOMOHIRO INAGAKI, YASUHIKO KATSUKI, TAIZO MUTA, and KENSAKU OHKURA. "DYNAMICAL ORIGIN OF LOW-MASS FERMIONS IN RANDALL–SUNDRUM BACKGROUND." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 17 (July 10, 2005): 4085–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05025097.

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We investigate a dynamical mechanism to generate fermion mass in the Randall–Sundrum background. We consider four-fermion interaction models where the fermion field propagates in an extra-dimension, i.e. the bulk four-fermion interaction model. It is assumed that two types of fermions with opposite parity exist in the bulk. We show that electroweak-scale mass is dynamically generated for a specific fermion–antifermion condensation, even if all the scale parameters in the Lagrangian are set to the Planck scale.

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Chapman, Adrian, and Steven T. Flammia. "Characterization of solvable spin models via graph invariants." Quantum 4 (June 4, 2020): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-06-04-278.

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Exactly solvable models are essential in physics. For many-body spin-1/2 systems, an important class of such models consists of those that can be mapped to free fermions hopping on a graph. We provide a complete characterization of models which can be solved this way. Specifically, we reduce the problem of recognizing such spin models to the graph-theoretic problem of recognizing line graphs, which has been solved optimally. A corollary of our result is a complete set of constant-sized commutation structures that constitute the obstructions to a free-fermion solution. We find that symmetries are tightly constrained in these models. Pauli symmetries correspond to either: (i) cycles on the fermion hopping graph, (ii) the fermion parity operator, or (iii) logically encoded qubits. Clifford symmetries within one of these symmetry sectors, with three exceptions, must be symmetries of the free-fermion model itself. We demonstrate how several exact free-fermion solutions from the literature fit into our formalism and give an explicit example of a new model previously unknown to be solvable by free fermions.

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Lian, Biao, Xiao-Qi Sun, Abolhassan Vaezi, Xiao-Liang Qi, and Shou-Cheng Zhang. "Topological quantum computation based on chiral Majorana fermions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 43 (October 8, 2018): 10938–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810003115.

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The chiral Majorana fermion is a massless self-conjugate fermion which can arise as the edge state of certain 2D topological matters. It has been theoretically predicted and experimentally observed in a hybrid device of a quantum anomalous Hall insulator and a conventional superconductor. Its closely related cousin, the Majorana zero mode in the bulk of the corresponding topological matter, is known to be applicable in topological quantum computations. Here we show that the propagation of chiral Majorana fermions leads to the same unitary transformation as that in the braiding of Majorana zero modes and propose a platform to perform quantum computation with chiral Majorana fermions. A Corbino ring junction of the hybrid device can use quantum coherent chiral Majorana fermions to implement the Hadamard gate and the phase gate, and the junction conductance yields a natural readout for the qubit state.

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Bouatenin, Koffi Maïzan Jean-Paul, Kohi Alfred Kouame, N’dédé Theodore Djeni, N’guessan Ghislain Koffi, and Koffi Marcellin Dje. "Production of Attieke by the Technique of Drying of Cassava Ferment." Journal of Food Quality 2021 (March 20, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6697835.

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The long-term availability of cassava ferment and the production of attieke of healthy and consistent quality are becoming serious problems in Côte d’Ivoire. The overall objective of this work was to assess the effect of several drying techniques on the performance of the traditional cassava ferment with a view to establishing a stabilized ferment for the production of attieke in Côte d’Ivoire. To do this, three drying techniques were used, namely, oven drying, sun drying, and freeze-drying. The end of the drying process is marked by the stabilization of the humidity rate of the ferment. The results obtained during the drying process indicate that the sun-dried ferment contains more GAM (1.2 ± 0.2) × 108 CFU/g than the other dried ferments. The freeze-dried ferment has the highest load of lactic acid bacteria (3 ± 0.2) × 105 CFU/g, while Bacillus was observed in large numbers in the ferment dried at 45°C (7.1 ± 0.6) × 105 CFU/g. The 37°C dried and freeze-dried cassava ferments recorded high yeast loads of (7.6 ± 0.5) × 104 CFU/g and (7 ± 0.4) × 104 CFU/g, respectively. Moulds ((5 ± 0.2) 1 × 102 CFU/g) were only detected in the 37°C dried culture. Moreover, during the fermentation of the cassava dough with the different ferments obtained after drying, a significant acidification occurs in the dough inoculated with the freeze-dried ferment (2.9 ± 0.07%). However, the attieke produced with the freeze-dried ferment and the ferment dried at 37°C was the most appreciated by the panelists. Thus, freeze-drying and oven drying at 37°C are simple alternatives to the use of traditional ferments that can ensure their stability and the conservation of the cassava ferment over a long period of time.

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OIKONOMOU, V. K., and N. D. TRACAS. "SLAB BAG FERMIONIC CASIMIR EFFECT, CHIRAL BOUNDARIES AND VECTOR BOSON — MAJORANA FERMION PISTONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 25, no. 32 (December 30, 2010): 5935–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x10051189.

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In this paper we consider the Casimir energy and force of massless Majorana fermions and vector bosons between parallel plates. The vector bosons satisfy perfect electric conductor boundary conditions, while the Majorana fermions satisfy bag and chiral boundary conditions. We consider various piston configurations containing one vector boson and one fermion. We make use of supersymmetry, broken on the boundaries, to explain the number of fields that appear in all the studied cases. The effect of chiral boundary conditions in a fermion–boson system is investigated. Concerning the supersymmetry issue and the vanishing of the Casimir energy, we study a massive Dirac fermion–scalar boson system with bag and specific Robin type boundary conditions for which the Casimir energy vanishes. Finally, a two-scalar-boson system between parallel plates is presented in which the singularities vanish in the total Casimir energy.

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Shifman, M., and A. Yung. "Index theorem for non-supersymmetric fermions coupled to a non-Abelian string and electric charge quantization." Modern Physics Letters A 33, no. 09 (March 21, 2018): 1850053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732318500530.

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Non-Abelian strings are considered in non-supersymmetric theories with fermions in various appropriate representations of the gauge group U[Formula: see text]. We derive the electric charge quantization conditions and the index theorems counting fermion zero modes in the string background both for the left-handed and right-handed fermions. In both cases we observe a non-trivial [Formula: see text] dependence.

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32

GUENDELMAN, E. I., and A. B. KAGANOVICH. "DARK ENERGY, DARK MATTER AND FERMION FAMILIES IN THE TWO MEASURES THEORY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 19, no. 31 (December 20, 2004): 5325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x04022542.

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A field theory is proposed where the regular fermionic matter and the dark fermionic matter are different states of the same "primordial" fermion fields. In regime of the fermion densities typical for normal particle physics, each of the primordial fermions splits into three generations identified with regular fermions. In a simple model, this fermion families birth effect is accompanied with the right lepton numbers conservation laws. It is possible to fit the muon to electron mass ratio without fine tuning of the Yukawa coupling constants. When fermion energy density becomes comparable with dark energy density, the theory allows new type of states - Cosmo-Low Energy Physics (CLEP) states. Neutrinos in CLEP state can be both a good candidate for dark matter and responsible for a new type of dark energy. In the latter case the total energy density of the universe is less than it would be in the universe free of fermionic matter at all. The (quintessence) scalar field is coupled to dark matter but its coupling to regular fermionic matter appears to be extremely suppressed.

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Cotăescu, Ion I. "Propagators of the Dirac fermions on spatially flat FLRW space–times." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 05 (February 20, 2019): 1950024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19500246.

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The general formalism of the free Dirac fermions on spatially flat (1[Formula: see text]+[Formula: see text]3)-dimensional Friedmann-Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) space–times is developed in momentum representation. The mode expansions in terms of the fundamental spinors satisfying the charge conjugation and normalization conditions are used for deriving the structure of the anticommutator matrix-functions and, implicitly, of the retarded, advanced, and Feynman fermion propagators. The principal result is that the new type of integral representation we proposed recently in the de Sitter case can be applied to the Dirac fermions in any spatially flat FLRW geometry. Moreover, the Dirac equation of the left-handed massless fermions can be analytically solved finding a general spinor solution and deriving the integral representations of the neutrino propagators. It is shown that in the Minkowski flat space–time our new integral representation is up to a change of variable just like the usual Fourier representation of the fermion propagators. The form of the Feynman propagator of the massive fermions on a spatially flat FLRW space–time with a scale factor of Milne-type is also outlined.

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GUENDELMAN, E. I., and A. B. KAGANOVICH. "NEW PHYSICS AT LOW ENERGIES AND DARK MATTER-DARK ENERGY TRANSMUTATION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 06 (March 10, 2005): 1140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05024018.

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A field theory is proposed where the regular fermionic matter and the dark fermionic matter can be different states of the same "primordial" fermion fields. In regime of the fermion densities typical for normal particle physics, the primordial fermions split into three families identified with regular fermions. When fermion energy density becomes comparable with dark energy density, the theory allows transition to new type of states. The possibility of such Cosmo-Low Energy Physics (CLEP) states is demonstrated by means of solutions of the field theory equations describing FRW universe filled with homogeneous scalar field and uniformly distributed nonrelativistic neutrinos. Neutrinos in CLEP state are drawn into cosmological expansion by means of dynamically changing their own parameters. One of the features of the fermions in CLEP state is that in the late time universe their masses increase as a3/2 (a=a(t) is the scale factor). The energy density of the cold dark matter consisting of neutrinos in CLEP state scales as a sort of dark energy; this cold dark matter possesses negative pressure and for the late time universe its equation of state approaches that of the cosmological constant. The total energy density of such universe is less than it would be in the universe free of fermionic matter at all.

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35

Adler, Stephen L. "SU(8) family unification with boson–fermion balance." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 22 (August 29, 2014): 1450130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14501309.

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We formulate an SU(8) family unification model motivated by requiring that the theory should incorporate the graviton, gravitinos, and the fermions and gauge fields of the standard model, with boson–fermion balance. Gauge field SU(8) anomalies cancel between the gravitinos and spin ½ fermions. The 56 of scalars breaks SU(8) to SU(3) family × SU(5) × U(1)/Z5, with the fermion representation content needed for "flipped" SU(5) with three families, and with residual scalars in the 10 and [Formula: see text] representations that break flipped SU(5) to the standard model. Dynamical symmetry breaking can account for the generation of 5 representation scalars needed to break the electroweak group. Yukawa couplings of the 56 scalars to the fermions are forbidden by chiral and gauge symmetries, so in the first stage of SU(8) breaking fermions remain massless. In the limit of vanishing gauge coupling, there are N = 1 and N = 8 supersymmetries relating the scalars to the fermions, which restrict the form of scalar self-couplings and should improve the convergence of perturbation theory, if not making the theory finite and "calculable." In an Appendix we give an analysis of symmetry breaking by a Higgs component, such as the (1, 1)(-15) of the SU(8) 56 under SU(8) ⊃ SU(3) × SU(5) × U(1), which has nonzero U(1) generator.

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36

WANG, NA, and CHUANZHONG LI. "π-TYPE FERMIONS AND π-TYPE KP HIERARCHY." Glasgow Mathematical Journal 61, no. 03 (September 14, 2018): 601–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017089518000381.

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AbstractIn this paper, we first construct π-type Fermions. According to these, we define π-type Boson–Fermion correspondence which is a generalization of the classical Boson–Fermion correspondence. We can obtain π-type symmetric functions Sλπ from the π-type Boson–Fermion correspondence, analogously to the way we get the Schur functions Sλ from the classical Boson–Fermion correspondence (which is the same thing as the Jacobi–Trudi formula). Then as a generalization of KP hierarchy, we construct the π-type KP hierarchy and obtain its tau functions.

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TOKAREV, V. F. "CONFINEMENT AND BOUND STATES SPECTRUM OF MASSLESS FERMIONS IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL SCALAR ELECTRODYNAMICS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 08, no. 21 (August 20, 1993): 3791–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x93001545.

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We investigate through the dilute instanton gas approximation the long-distance properties of the (1+1)-dimensional electrodynamics with massless fermions and Higgs-like bosons. Generally fermions have a charge different from that of bosons and are confined. We find the “mesonic” and “baryonic” spectrum of the model. The fermions become free when their charge becomes equal to that of bosons. This first-order phase transition is investigated as well. The order parameter is found to be the fermion-antifermion condensate, which is zero in confining phase and nonzero in nonconfining phase. The effective long-distance Lagrangians in both phases are found.

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ZÁVADA, PETR. "SPIN STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS AND INTRINSIC MOTION OF THE CONSTITUENTS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, no. 08 (March 30, 2003): 1397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03014769.

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The spin structure functions of the system of quasifree fermions on mass shell are studied in a consistently covariant approach. Comparison with the basic formulas following from the quark-parton model reveals the importance of the fermion motion inside the target for the correct evaluation of the spin structure functions. In particular it is shown, that regarding the moment Γ1, both the approaches are equivalent for the static fermions, but differ by the factor 1/3 in the limit of massles fermions (m ≪ p0, in target rest frame). Some other sum rules are discussed as well.

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HSU, THEODORE C. "On the Projected Fermion Description of Anisotropic S=1/2 Antiferromagnets." International Journal of Modern Physics B 03, no. 12 (December 1989): 1997–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979289001287.

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In this paper we consider anisotropic S=1/2 antiferromagnets through a projected fermion description. The success of projected fermion methods for the isotropic system is reviewed. We present an analytical approximation to Gutzwiller approximation and illustrate it’s use by showing that it is consistent with the SU(2) symmetry of projected fermions. The anisotropic antiferromagnet is written in terms of a fermion mean field. We consider the case of Ising anisotropy and show that in the Ising limit a procedure of minimizing the post-projection energy of a fermion mean field state gives the correct Ising ground state.

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Gavrilik, A. M., and Yu A. Mishchenko. "Composite Fermions as Deformed Oscillators: Wavefunctions and Entanglement." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 64, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe64.12.1134.

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Composite structure of particles somewhat modifies their statistics, compared to the pure Bose- or Fermi-ones. The spin-statistics theorem, so, is not valid anymore. Say, п-mesons, excitons, Cooper pairs are not ideal bosons, and, likewise, baryons are not pure fermions. In our preceding papers, we studied bipartite composite boson (i.e. quasiboson) systems via a realization by deformed oscillators. Therein, the interconstituent entanglement characteristics such as entanglement entropy and purity were found in terms of the parameter of deformation. Herein, we perform an analogous study of composite Fermi-type particles, and explore them in two major cases: (i) “boson + fermion” composite fermions (or cofermions, or CFs); (ii) “deformed boson + fermion” CFs. As we show, cofermions in both cases admit only the realization by ordinary fermions. Case (i) is solved explicitly, and admissible wavefunctions are found along with entanglement measures. Case (ii) is treated within few modes both for CFs and constituents. The entanglement entropy and purity of CFs are obtained via the relevant parameters and illustrated graphically.

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Xu, Ye-Jun, Hong-Chun Yuan, Xian-Cai Wang, and Xue-Fen Xu. "New s-parametrized quasiprobability distribution for fermion system and its application on fermion-counting." Modern Physics Letters A 29, no. 05 (February 20, 2014): 1450022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732314500229.

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Based on the fermion operators' s-ordered rule, we introduce a new kind of s-ordered quasiprobability distributions [Formula: see text], which is defined by the supertrace different from the other definition introduced by Cahill and Glauber [Phys. Rev. A59, 1538 (1999)]. We further obtain the s-parametrized operator expansion formula of fermion density operator for multi-mode case. At last, we apply it to deriving new multi-mode fermion-counting formula, which would be convenient to calculate the probability of counting n fermions.

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Ambruş, Victor E., Carl Kent, and Elizabeth Winstanley. "Analysis of scalar and fermion quantum field theory on anti-de Sitter spacetime." International Journal of Modern Physics D 27, no. 11 (August 2018): 1843014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271818430149.

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We study vacuum and thermal expectation values of quantum scalar and Dirac fermion fields on anti-de Sitter (adS) spacetime. AdS spacetime is maximally symmetric and this enables expressions for the scalar and fermion vacuum Feynman Green’s functions to be derived in closed form. We employ Hadamard renormalization to find the vacuum expectation values (v.e.v.s). The thermal Feynman Green’s functions are constructed from the vacuum Feynman Green’s functions using the imaginary time periodicity/anti-periodicity property for scalars/fermions. Focusing on massless fields with either conformal or minimal coupling to the spacetime curvature (these two cases being the same for fermions) we compute the differences between the thermal expectation values and v.e.v.s. We compare the resulting energy densities, pressures and pressure deviators with the corresponding classical quantities calculated using relativistic kinetic theory.

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DUTT, RANABIR, ASIM GANGOPADHYAYA, AVINASH KHARE, and UDAY P. SUKHATME. "THERMODYNAMICS OF A FREE q-FERMION GAS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 09, no. 15 (June 20, 1994): 2687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x94001084.

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We study the thermodynamics of a q-fermion gas for complex values of q on the unit circle. Special emphasis is given to the study of the virial coefficients and the specific heat of this gas. In particular, it is shown that if any state can accommodate up to p q-fermions, then the first p virial coefficients of such a gas are the same as that of a gas of free bosons. Explicit expressions for the deviation of higher virial coefficients from the corresponding values for a Bose gas are obtained. Further, as for ordinary fermions, it is shown that the specific heat of a q-fermion gas at low temperature is proportional to T. Numerical computations show that the derivative of the specific heat as a function of T has no discontinuity.

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KHVIENGIA, Z., and V. F. TOKAREV. "FRACTIONAL FERMIONS AT LOW TEMPERATURES." Modern Physics Letters A 06, no. 05 (February 20, 1991): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732391000415.

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Fermi gas interacting with topological solitons is analyzed at low temperatures. It is shown that at high enough densities fermions become unstable and decay into the pairs of solitons with half-integer fermion number.

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45

BELYAEV, V. M., and IAN I. KOGAN. "MASSLESS FERMIONS IN KALUZA-KLEIN MODELS: SU(N) GAUGE FIELDS, ZN SYMMETRY AND STABILITY OF THE METASTABLE VACUUM." Modern Physics Letters A 07, no. 02 (January 20, 1992): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732392000057.

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Kaluza-Klein model on M4×S1 with SU (N) gauge fields and Nf fermions in fundamental representation is considered. It is noted that on one-loop level the lowest state of this theory corresponds to effective four-dimensional theory which has no massless fermions. This statement does not depend on fermion boundary conditions. The state with mass-less four-dimensional fermions is metastable. It is shown that this metastable states can be stabilized by effects of classical gravitation. The same problem of metastability of states with zero fermionic modes can appear in more realistic superstring compactification models and these effects of classical gravitation can resolve this problem of metastability.

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CREUTZ, MICHAEL. "DIRECT SIMULATIONS OF SMALL MULTI-FERMION SYSTEMS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 14, no. 08 (October 2003): 1027–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183103005169.

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I explore computer simulations of the dynamics of small multi-fermion lattice systems. The method is more general, but I concentrate on Hubbard type models where the fermions hop between a small number of connected sites. I use the natural mapping of fermion occupation numbers onto computer bits. Signs from fermion interchange are reduced to bit counting. The technique inherently requires computer resources growing exponentially with the system volume; so, it restricted to modestly small systems. Large volume results would require combining these techniques with further approximations, perhaps in a recursive renormalization group manner.

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DE SOUSA, CLAUDIO M. G., and VANDA SILVEIRA. "SLOWLY ROTATING BOSON-FERMION STAR." International Journal of Modern Physics D 10, no. 06 (December 2001): 881–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271801001360.

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Relativistic prescription is used to study the slow rotation of stars composed by self-gravitating bosons and fermions (fermions may be considered as neutrons). Previous results demand that purely boson stars are unable to display slow rotation, if one uses relativistic prescription with classical scalar fields. In contrast to this, the present work shows that a combined boson-fermion star in its ground-state can rotate. Its structure and stability are analysed under slow rotation approximations.

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HULSEBOS, A., J. SMIT, and J. C. VINK. "MULTIGRID INVERSION OF THE STAGGERED FERMION MATRIX WITH U(1) AND SU(2) GAUGE FIELDS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 03, no. 01 (February 1992): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183192000129.

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We describe a ground state decomposition multigrid method for the inversion of fermion matrices and we test it for staggered fermions coupled to U(1) and SU(2) gauge fields on a two dimensional lattice.

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Moon, Sung Pil. "Stochastic quantization and holographic Wilsonian renormalization group of free massive fermion." International Journal of Modern Physics A 33, no. 16 (June 7, 2018): 1850091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x18500914.

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We examine a suggested relation between stochastic quantization and the holographic Wilsonian renormalization group in the massive fermion case on Euclidean AdS space. The original suggestion about the general relation between the two theories is posted in arXiv:1209.2242 . In the previous researches, it is already verified that scalar fields, U(1) gauge fields, and massless fermions are consistent with the relation. In this paper, we examine the relation in the massive fermion case. Contrary to the other case, in the massive fermion case, the action needs particular boundary terms to satisfy boundary conditions. We finally confirm that the proposed suggestion is also valid in the massive fermion case.

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GIROTTI, H. O. "CANONICAL QUANTIZATION OF THE SELF-DUAL MODEL COUPLED TO FERMIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 14, no. 16 (June 30, 1999): 2495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x99001238.

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This paper is devoted to formulating the interaction-picture dynamics of the self-dual field minimally coupled to fermions. As a preliminary, we quantize the free self-dual model by means of the Dirac-bracket quantization procedure. The free self-dual model turns out to be a relativistically invariant quantum field theory whose excitations are identical to the physical (gauge-invariant) excitations of the free Maxwell–Chern–Simons theory. The interacting model is also quantized through the Dirac-bracket quantization procedure. One of the self-dual field components is found not to commute, at equal times, with the fermionic fields. Hence, the formulation of the interaction-picture dynamics demands the elimination of that component. This procedure brings, in turn, two new interactions terms, which are local in space and time while nonrenormalizable by power counting. Relativistic invariance is tested in connection with the elastic fermion–fermion scattering amplitude. We prove that all the noncovariant pieces in the interaction Hamiltonian are equivalent to the covariant minimal interaction of the self-dual field with the fermions. The high-energy behavior of the self-dual field propagator confirms that the coupled theory is nonrenormalizable. The self-dual field minimally coupled to fermions bears no resemblance to the renormalizable model defined by the Maxwell–Chern–Simons field minimally coupled to fermions.

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