Journal articles: 'Ferns Ferns Epiphytes. Ferns'

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Mehltreter, Klaus, Alejandro Flores-Palacios, and José G. García-Franco. "Host preferences of low-trunk vascular epiphytes in a cloud forest of Veracruz, Mexico." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 6 (October 19, 2005): 651–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002683.

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The diversity, abundance and frequency of vascular epiphytes on the lower trunk were compared between two host groups of a Mexican cloud forest: angiosperm trees (n = 72) and tree ferns (n = 28). The bark of the five most frequent host trees and the root mantle of the two tree ferns were analysed for their thickness, water content, water retention capacity and pH. A total of 55 epiphyte species and 910 individuals were found on the 27 host species. On hosts with a dbh range of 5–10 cm, epiphytes were significantly more diverse (4.3±0.9 species per host) and more abundant (12.5±2.2 individuals per host) on tree ferns than on angiosperm trees (1.9±0.2 species per host and 3.9±0.6 individuals per host). However, these differences were not significant for the dbh class of 10–20 cm, because epiphyte numbers increased on angiosperm trees with larger host size, but not in tree ferns. Most epiphyte species had no preference for any host group, but four species were significantly more frequent on tree ferns and two species on angiosperm trees. The higher epiphyte diversity and abundance on tree fern trunks of the smallest dbh class is attributed to their presumably greater age and to two stem characteristics, which differed significantly between host groups, the thicker root mantle and higher water retention capacity of tree ferns. These bark characteristics may favour germination and establishment of epiphytes.

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Zhang, Qiang, Jun-Wen Chen, Bao-Gui Li, and Kun-Fang Cao. "Epiphytes and hemiepiphytes have slower photosynthetic response to lightflecks than terrestrial plants: evidence from ferns and figs." Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, no. 5 (September 2009): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740900618x.

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Abstract:Photosynthetic responses of 12 species including six fern species (Neottopteris nidus, Microsorum punctatum, Pseudodrynaria coronans, Asplenium finlaysonianum, Paraleptochilus decurrens and Tectaria fauriei) and seedlings of six fig species (Ficus curtipes, F. gibbosa, F. altissima, F. auriculata, F. oligodon and F. hookeriana) in different life forms to lightfleck were investigated, to test whether epiphytes and hemiepiphytes display a slower response to lightfleck and fast induction loss after a lightfleck compared with their terrestrial counterparts, and whether ferns display a slower response to lightfleck and slower induction loss compared to figs. The measurements of functional traits and physiological parameters were determined in a screenhouse of 4% full sunlight. Epiphytic ferns and hemiepiphytic figs had thicker leaves compared with their terrestrial counterparts. Compared with figs, ferns had thicker fronds, larger stomata with a low density, and lower stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity; ferns had lower light compensation point and dark respiration rate, conferring a positive carbon gain under low diffuse light beneath the canopy. The induction time to reach 90% maximum net photosynthetic rate (T90) upon the exposure to a saturated light varied strongly among life forms. Epiphytic ferns had slower T90 than terrestrial ferns (19.9–26.3 vs 5.9–16.3 min, respectively), and hemiepiphytic figs had slower T90 than terrestrial figs (13.1–20.4 vs 5.2–7.8 min, respectively). Compared with figs, ferns showed a slower response to lightfleck. Across ferns and figs, the induction time was negatively correlated with initial stomatal conductance. No significant difference in induction loss was found between two life forms within ferns or figs, whereas ferns had a significantly slower induction loss compared with figs. These results showed that the inherent conservative water use strategy of the epiphytes and hemiepiphytes constrain their lightfleck utilization.

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Ayatusa'adah, Ayatusa'adah, and Nor Apriyani Dewi. "INVENTARISASI TUMBUHAN PAKU (PTERIDOPHYTA) DI KAWASAN KAMPUS IAIN PALANGKA RAYA SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN MATERI KLASIFIKASI TUMBUHAN." Edu Sains: Jurnal Pendidikan Sains & Matematika 5, no. 2 (March 14, 2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.23971/eds.v5i2.729.

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<p>The purpose of this research is to have an inventory on Fern-plants in the area of IAIN Palangka Raya as an alternative media to discuss or learn about the classification of plants for high school students. The method applied was qualitative research through survey activities to have an inventory on fern-plants. In collecting the data, the procedure was done by tracking the ferns growing area and collecting every kind of ferns species found in IAIN Palangka Raya. Identification of ferns species were using the key of determination. The data of the research were analyzed descriptively to get connected with the development of alternative learning media. The inventory result has been obtained eleven species of pteridophyta, one species of Blechnaceae family, two species of Pteridaceae, one species of Polypodiaceae, four species of Dryopteridaceae, two species of Polipodiacea and ome species of Woodsiaceae. Based on the nature of the ferns, eleven ferns are found. They consist of six types of terrestrial Pteridophyta, two types of Pteridophyta epiphytes and teresters, and three types of Pteridophyta epiphytes. The results of the research can be used as an alternative media for teaching and learning the topic of plant classification for high school students.</p>

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Taylor, Amanda, and Kevin Burns. "Plant composition patterns inside an endemic birds’ nest fern (Asplenium goudeyi) on Lord Howe Island: effects of fern size, fern isolation and plant dispersal abilities." Journal of Tropical Ecology 31, no. 5 (July 29, 2015): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467415000334.

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Abstract:The importance of deterministic and stochastic processes in structuring ecological communities is an enduring debate. Although this debate is nearly a century old, the extent to which communities are structured by species interactions or chance events is a central issue in ecology. We examined the assemblages of plants living inside 119 birds’ nest ferns (Asplenium goudeyi), which are endemic to Lord Howe Island. Specifically, we investigated whether patterns of species richness and community composition were influenced by fern size, fern isolation and plant dispersal abilities. Fern size and fern isolation significantly predicted plant community richness. At the community level, plant composition patterns did not deviate from randomized expectations. Individual species occurrences increased with increasing community richness, and no species exclusions were observed. Wind-dispersed taxa, which accounted for 29% of all species, were well represented in isolated ferns. Comparatively, poorer dispersers were confined to ferns nearest the forest at the base of the cliffs. We suggest that dispersal plays a key role in structuring plant communities living within birds’ nest ferns, and that species interactions are less important. Our study emphasizes the importance of epiphytes with a nest-like growth form as habitat for plants in a harsh environment.

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Schmitt, JL, and PG Windisch. "Biodiversity and spatial distribution of epiphytic ferns on Alsophila setosa Kaulf. (Cyatheaceae) caudices in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 70, no. 3 (August 2010): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842010000300008.

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The extractive exploitation of the tree fern Alsophila setosa Kaulf. alters forest formations and diminishes the availability of micro-habitat for epiphytes. A survey of epiphytic fern communities on A. setosa at 16 study sites in different forest formations in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, documented the occurrence of 31 species representing 16 genera and six families. The greatest richness of species occurred in Polypodiaceae (39%) and in the genus Asplenium L. (22%). Habitual holoepiphyte was the predominant ecological category, representing 61% of the species. Similarity analysis demonstrated heterogeneity in the composition of the epiphytic ferns at the study sites and indicated that the vegetation type is not the main factor for floristic difference. The lowest total specific richness (5) was recorded for the seasonal deciduous forest site. The majority of the sites presented similar averages of phorophyte height and epiphyte richness per caudex. In 25% of the sites the height of the host plants presented significant correlation with specific richness. Considering that the majority of the epiphytes are habitual and that some of them occur exclusively or preferentially on tree ferns, the maintenance of these host plants in the vegetation is essential for the conservation of epiphytic species.

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Sanger, Jennifer C., and James B. Kirkpatrick. "Epiphyte assemblages respond to host life-form independently of variation in microclimate in lower montane cloud forest in Panama." Journal of Tropical Ecology 30, no. 6 (September 26, 2014): 625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467414000492.

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Abstract:We investigated the effects of host tree on epiphyte diversity, controlling for microclimate. We measured the light profiles of the lower trunks of 20 individuals, each from three host groups (tree ferns, dicots, palms) occupying the understorey in a tropical montane forest in Panama. The per cent cover and species richness of vascular and non-vascular epiphytes were surveyed on the lower trunks of each understorey host. Light varied considerably between trees (5–21% total transmitted light) but mean light level did not vary between types of host. Light was not significant as a covariate with host in any model. Tree ferns had higher covers than dicots and palms of filmy ferns (15%, 0.02% and 0.2%), other ferns (7%, 0% and 0.5%) and other vascular epiphytes (16%, 3% and 3.4%), and greater species richness of vascular epiphytes (filmy ferns: 3, 0.4 and 0.5; other ferns: 2, 0.2 and 0; other vascular: 7, 2 and 2). Dicots had a higher cover of liverworts (53%) than palms (18%) and tree ferns (27%). Palms and tree ferns were the compositional extremes. We conclude that the differences in species composition and cover between the three host groups relate better to physical differences between hosts than differences in light climate.

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Sedayu, Agung, Rosa Maulivia, Hilda Shavina, Nurlaelatul Hilaliah, Muhammad Fadhil Haritsah, and Rizhal Hendi Ristanto. "PROTALIUM ASSOCIATION WITH VARIOUS EPIPHYTE GROUPS IN THREE TYPES OF HOST TREE." Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi 12, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v12i2.9523.

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AbstrakSalah satu kelompok epifit vaskular penting adalah paku-pakuan dengan fase awal pertumbuhannya disebut sebagai protalium. Tumbuhnya protalium di suatu lokasi menjadi penentu bahwa lokasi tersebut potensial ditumbuhi paku-pakuan dewasa. Asosiasi antara protalium dengan tumbuhan lainnya mungkin bermanfaat untuk menentukan potensi satu jenis inang sebagai tempat hidup dari banyak jenis tumbuhan epifit. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan studi asosiasi antara protalium dengan paku dewasa, lumut, liken dan epifit spermatofita pada tiga jenis pohon inang, yaitu Archontophoenix alexandrae, Bichofia javanica dan Dacrycarpus imbricatus. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Purposive Sampling untuk menentukan tiga jenis pohon inang dengan besar masing-masing diameter pohon (DBH) adalah 30–100 cm. Pengambilan sampel protalium dan epifit vaskular lain diambil pada masing-masing zonasi menggunakan milimeter block. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat lima kombinasi, yaitu protalium dengan paku, lumut dengan epifit spermatofita, protalium dengan epifit spermatofita, protalium dengan lumut dan paku dengan lumut. Asosiasi positif dengan nilai tertinggi adalah 23,12, dua kombinasi yang memiliki asosiasi negatif ialah liken dengan lumut dan antara epifit spermatofita dengan liken, dan tiga kombinasi yang tidak berasosiasi ialah protalium dengan liken, paku dengan liken, dan paku dengan epifit spermatofita. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa protalium berbagi karakter habitatnya dengan tiga kelompok tersebut dan tidak dengan kelompok lainnya. Penelitian ini sangat berguna untuk mengetahui jenis pohon dan karakteristik lingkungan yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan protalium.Abstract One of important epiphyte vascular groups is ferns which the beginning phase of their growth is called protalium. Protalium’s growth in one location becomes indicator that the location has a potential to be grown by mature ferns. Association between protalium and other plants may become beneficial to determine the potential of a host species as the host of many epiphytes. Therefore, research about association between protalium and mature ferns, mosses, lichens, spermatophyte epiphyte also was conducted on three species of host tree there are Archontophoenix alexandrae, Bichofia javanica and Dacrycarpus imbricatus. Purposive sampling method was used in this research to determine three types of host trees with the size of 30–100 cm for each tree diametre. Sampling of protalium and other vascular epiphytes was taken in each zonasing using milimeter block. The research showed there are five combinations, protalium with ferns, mosses with spermatophyte epiphytes, protalium with spermatophyte epiphytes, protalium with mosses and fern with mosses. Positive association with the highest value is 23.12, two combinations with negative association are lichen with mosses and spermatophyte epiphyte with lichens, three combinations that aren’t associated, protalium with lichens, ferns with lichens and ferns with spermatophyte epiphyte. It showed that protalium shares its habitat character with those three groups, not with other group. This study has valuable benefits of knowing tree species and enviromental characteristic that are suitable for protalium growth.

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Pena, Nelson Túlio Lage, Felipe Zamborlini Saiter, and Glória Maria de Farias Viégas-Aquije. "Ferns and Lycophytes from fragments of semideciduous forest in central Espírito Santo, Brazil." Rodriguésia 68, no. 5 (December 2017): 1977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201768528.

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Abstract This study presents a checklist of lycophytes and ferns from secondary semideciduous forests in São João de Petrópolis, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. We recorded 37 species (four lycophytes and 33 ferns) belonging to nine families and 17 genera. Selaginella is the only genus representing lycophytes whereas Adiantum, Anemia and Asplenium are the main representative genera for ferns. Most species are lithophytes (48.6%) or terrestrial (21.6%). Epiphytes are scarce (8.2%), and we did not record any arborescent, hemiepiphyte or scandent species. Climate seasonality, reduced size of forest fragments, and disturbance history may explain the low richness in the site. We recorded the occurrence of a regionally threatened fern species, namely, Asplenium austrobrasiliense, and revealed the first record of Asplenium otites in Espírito Santo. This demonstrates the biological relevance of semideciduous forest remnants in Espírito Santo and reinforces arguments for their effective protection.

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Xavier, Sergio Romero da Silva, Iva Carneiro Leão Barros, and Augusto César Pessôa Santiago. "Ferns and lycophytes in Brazil's semi-arid region." Rodriguésia 63, no. 2 (June 2012): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2175-78602012000200021.

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Little knowledge has been gathered on ferns and lycophytes occurring in the semi-arid region of Brazil known as the Caatinga, perhaps due to the widespread idea that a semi-arid climate would be incompatible with environmental demands of ferns and lycophytes (high humidity and shade). Ferns and lycophytes are represented in the semi-arid region of Brazil by at least 41 species, 20 genera and 11 families, distributed in the northeastern states (except Maranhão) and Minas Gerais. In this region, most of the species were recorded in moist, shaded microhabitats: cracks in rocks, ravines in shaded areas, springs, temporary lakes or areas with temporarily flooded soil. Although the majority of species recorded are widely distributed throughout Brazil, the high representation of aquatic species and low representation of epiphytes demonstrate the unique identity of the fern and lycophyte flora of the semi-arid region.

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Zarkoni, Zarkoni, Yulianty Yulianty, Bambang Irawan, and Suratman Suratman. "The Most Abundant Ferns in Utilization Block of Sumber Agung Resort Bandar Lampung Taman Hutan Raya Wan Abdul Rachman Lampung." Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Eksperimen dan Keanekaragaman Hayati 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jbekh.v6i2.34.

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Taman Hutan Raya Wan Abdul Rachman (Tahura WAR) is a protected forest area and habitat for various types of plants and animals. Tahura WAR is an area that has a high diversity of ferns, ferns are quite heterogeneous plants both in terms of habitat and way of life, ferns are one group of vascular plants that have a fairly high number of species, live in nature, some are attached to tree trunk (epiphyte) or grow on the ground. This research was carried out in the utilization block of Sumber Agung, which focused on fern species diversity, diversity, dominant species, and descriptions of types of ferns. This research was carried out by direct observation based on the existence of all types of ferns that are considered to represent the place. Based on observations in general, ferns are composed of 37 species, 28 genera, and 14 families. The highest number of ferns is Polypodiaceae with 8 species. With the Shannon-Wienner (H') diversity index of H’= 2.9. Type N. acutifolia dominates this research area with an INP value of 25.8%.

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Muñoz, Alejandro A., Paulina Chacón, Fernanda Pérez, Elizabeth S. Barnert, and Juan J. Armesto. "Diversity and host tree preferences of vascular epiphytes and vines in a temperate rainforest in southern Chile." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 4 (2003): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02070.

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Vines and epiphytes contribute importantly to the biodiversity of temperate rainforests of southern South America. However, compared with their tropical counterparts, these functional groups have received less attention. We evaluated diversity, floristic composition and relative abundance of vascular epiphytes and vines within a humid temperate forest in northern Chiloé Island, southern Chile. We assessed whether epiphyte and vine species exhibit preferences among host tree species and tested whether species richness on tree hosts differs from that expected by chance, by comparing observed frequencies of occurrence (FO) and species richness with randomly simulated frequency distributions generated under the assumption of no epiphyte preferences. Finally, we tested for associations of epiphyte and vine species with host tree size (trunk diameter at breast height). Eleven species of ferns and nine angiosperms (seven vines, one epiphytic angiosperm and one shrub) were recorded growing epiphytically in a sample of 499 trees. The most abundant species were three vines, Luzuriaga polyphylla (Hook.) Macbr., Griselinia racemosa (Phil.) Taub. and Mitraria coccinea Cav., and five species of filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae). Most epiphytes and vines (65%) showed preference for one or two tree species, with seven species being overrepresented on Podocarpus nubigena Lindl. hosts and 10 underrepresented on Drimys winteri J.R. et G.Forster. Epiphyte and vine species richness was significantly lower than expected by chance on D. winteri and higher than expected on Nothofagus nitida (Phil.) Krasser. Three epiphytic ferns showed preferences for large-sized trees, while frequency of occurrence of three common vines was independent of host tree size.

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Donald, Julian, Pete Maxfield, Don Murray, and M. D. Farnon Ellwood. "How Tropical Epiphytes at the Eden Project Contribute to Rainforest Canopy Science." Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, no. 14 (January 17, 2017): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2016.188.

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Understanding the ecological patterns and ecosystem processes of tropical rainforest canopies is becoming increasingly urgent in the face of widespread deforestation. However, accessing rainforest canopies is far from simple, and performing manipulative experiments in the canopy is particularly challenging. Botanic gardens provide an ideal ‘halfway house’ between field experiments and controlled laboratory conditions. As an ideal venue for testing equipment and refining ideas, botanic gardens also provide scientists with a direct route to public engagement, and potentially to research impact. Here we describe the ‘fernarium’, an adjustable canopy research platform for the standardisation, manipulation and detailed study of epiphytic bird’s nest ferns (Asplenium nidus) at the Eden Project in Cornwall. The fernarium provides a platform not only for the scientific study of bird’s nest ferns, but for public engagement, science communication and a wider understanding of the urgent environmental issues surrounding tropical rainforests. We include some preliminary results from an experiment in which the microbial community of a fern soil at the Eden Project was found to be similar in composition to that of a fern from lowland tropical rainforest in Malaysian Borneo. This study illustrates how preliminary experiments in an indoor rainforest can inform experimentaltechniques and procedures fundamental to the scientific study of genuine rainforest canopies.

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Larcher, L., M. R. T. Boeger, P. Soffiatti, and T. I. Da Silveira. "Leaf architecture of terrestrial and epiphytic ferns from an Araucaria forest in southern Brazil." Botany 91, no. 11 (November 2013): 768–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0114.

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Studies of angiosperms have associated the mechanical design of petioles with leaf form and the occurrence of simple and compound leaves. Petiole anatomy can respond differently, according to different leaf forms, to maintain plant architecture. The present study evaluated whether this premise applies to fern leaf architecture. Leaves of five ferns (Blechnum binervatum (Poir.) C.V. Morton & Lellinger, Ctenitis falciculata (Raddi) Ching, Megalastrum connexum (Kaulf.) A.R. Smith & R.C. Moran, Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.) de la Sota, and Serpocaulon catharinae (Langsd. & Fisch.) A.R. Sm.) from a remnant of an Araucaria Forest in southern Brazil were collected and their morphological and anatomical traits were analyzed. Results indicate that the biomechanical patterns of these terrestrial and epiphytic ferns are similar to those reported for angiosperms, except for the presence of subepidermal sclerenchyma in fern petioles. Independently of leaf form, the rigid structure of fern petioles appears to be an important adaptation to biomechanically support leaf position for maximum light interception in forest understories.

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Watts, Jacob L., Robbin C. Moran, and James E. Watkins. "Hymenasplenium volubile: documentation of its gametophytes and the first record of a hemiepiphyte in the Aspleniaceae." Annals of Botany 124, no. 5 (October 9, 2019): 829–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz124.

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Abstract Background and Aims Through careful field examination of the growth habit of the gametophytes and sporophytes of Hymenasplenium volubile across an ontogenetic series, we aim to understand better the evolution of epiphytism in this poorly understood group of ferns Methods We made field observations of H. volubile sporophytes and gametophytes, and brought specimens back to the lab for microscopic analysis. In the field, sporophytes at each ontogenetic stage were photographed to document the species’ growth habit. We used an existing phylogeny to optimize growth form of New World Hymenasplenium. Key Results Young sporophytes were at first fully epiphytic and produced one or two long feeding roots that extend to the soil where they branch profusely. The feeding roots remain in contact with the soil throughout the life of the plant. Thus, H. volubile is a hemiepiphyte. While immature, gametophytes are appressed to the tree trunk, but, as their gametangia mature, their lower margin lifts upward, imparting a shelf-like appearance to the thallus. The thallus attaches to the substrate by branched rhizoids produced along the margin of the thallus in contact with the substrate. Conclusions Hemiepiphytes are a key link in the evolution of epiphytic ferns and may act as a bridge between the forest floor and the canopy. Our finding is the first report of hemiepiphytism in Aspleniaceae, a large lineage with many epiphytic and terrestrial taxa. This work serves as an important model to understand the evolution of epiphytism in this group specifically and in ferns in general. The majority of our understanding of fern gametophyte biology is derived from laboratory studies. Our efforts represent a fundamental contribution to understanding fern gametophyte ecology in a field setting.

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Keppel, Gunnar, and Nunia T. Thomas. "Composition and structure of the cloud forest on Mt Delaco, Gau, Fiji." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 27, no. 1 (2009): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp09005.

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The composition and structure of cloud forest on Mt. Delaco (715m), Gau, Fiji Islands, is investigated using a transect following a ridge. Diameter (dbh), height, epiphyte cover and distance to the nearest neighbour were measured for each plant of 5 or more cm in dbh. A total of 42 vascular species were identified. The canopy was 3-5m tall, with Alpinia boia reaching 7m in height. The tree fern Dicksonia brackenridgei dominated the vegetation, accounting for 56% of the total basal area. Rapanea myricifolia, Hedycarya dorstenoides and Ascarina diffusa were other common species. Epiphytes were abundant and epiphyte cover for most trees was more than 50%. The most common epiphytes were Nephrolepis tuberosa and Nephrolepis saligna, Collospermum montanum, Peperomia spp., mosses and filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae) were other common species. A species of Freycinetia was the dominant climber. There was a moderately strong correlation between epiphyte richness and dbh of the host species (r = 0.59). The limited literature on cloud forest in the tropical insular Pacific suggests that while many taxa are shared, the species composition may vary considerably on different mountains.

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Jiménez-López, Derio A., Rubén Martínez-Camilo, Nayely Martínez-Meléndez, and Michael Kessler. "Diversity of epiphyte ferns along an elevational gradient in El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, southern Mexico." Plant Ecology and Evolution 153, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2020.1573.

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Background and aims – In the tropics, some studies have found that the richness of epiphytic ferns present a peak at mountain mid-elevations. However, it is not well understood how transitions from tropical to subtropical conditions affect this peak, and even less is known about beta diversity of epiphytic ferns. Thus, the objective is to understand the effect of climatic gradients on the variation of local richness of ferns and beta diversity patterns along an elevational gradient in a mountain system in southern Mexico.Methods – We sampled 32 trees, each in four elevational bands (100–2200 m). Alpha diversity patterns were analysed using linear regression models. We used the Morisita index to quantify species turnover between bands. An additive partitioning approach was used to analyse the degree to which individual trees, plots, and bands contributed to total species richness. We evaluated the influence of climatic variables on species composition via linear regression models.Key results – A total of 30 species in five families were recorded. Each family contributed in different magnitude to the elevational richness pattern, with Polypodiaceae dominating due to its richness and presence along the entire transect. Alpha diversity at the three scales (αtree, αplot, αband) increased with elevation and rainfall, and with decreasing temperature. Species turnover was high along the gradient, but was scale-dependent, with βtransect (65–75%) and βband (14%) with the greatest contributing to total diversity. Although the contribution of the individual trees was lower, it increased with elevation. Conclusions – We emphasize the importance of including different scale levels in analyses of diversity along elevational gradients. In the region, cloud forest on the mountain peaks harbours the highest diversity of epiphytic fern communities. Due to a limited extent of this mountain range, the epiphyte ferns are susceptible to the effects of climate change.

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Carmes, Amanda Angélica, Michele de Sá Dechoum, Duane Fernandes Lima, Andre Luís de Gasper, Fernando B. Matos, and Pedro Fiaschi. "Ferns and lycophytes from Lagoa do Peri Municipal Park, Santa Catarina, Brazil." Check List 16, no. 5 (October 2, 2020): 1305–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/16.5.1305.

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A checklist of ferns and lycophytes from the Lagoa do Peri Municipal Park (LPMP), an Atlantic Forest remnant in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, is presented. Collections were made from October 2015 to April 2016. Herbarium specimens were also analyzed. A total of 81 species of ferns and one lycophyte were found, belonging to 14 families and 42 genera. The most representative families were Polypodiaceae (21 spp.) and Pteridaceae (12 spp.). Among the species, 44% were terrestrial, 31% epiphytes, 29% rupicolous, and 2% hemi-epiphytes. Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaudich.) Ching, an exotic invasive species, was recorded. The number of species found here is lower than reported for similar areas, likely due to anthropogenic activities around and within the park. The constant urbanization occurring around the LPMP emphasizes the importance of the park for conservation of the Atlantic Forest and for maintaining the diversity of ferns and lycophytes.

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C.H, Kavitha, Meenu Krishnan, and Murugan K. "RESILIENCE OF FERNS: WITH REFERENCE TO DESICCATION AND REHYDRATION STRESS OFFER NEW INSIGHTS." Kongunadu Research Journal 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2017): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj209.

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Ferns are one of the oldest vascular plants in existence and they are the second most diverse group of vascular plants followed to angiosperms. To unravel fern success has focused on the eco-physiological power and stress tolerance of their sporophyte and the gametophyte generations. In this context, those insightsencompass plant water relations, as well as the tolerance to and recovery from drought or desiccation stresses in the fern life cycle are reviewed. Lack of secondary xylem in ferns is compensated by selection for efficient primary xylem composed of large, closely arranged tracheids with permeable pit membranes.Protection from drought-induced hydraulic failure appears to arise from a combination of pit membrane traits and the arrangement of vascular bundles. Features such as tracheid-based xylem and variously sized megaphylls are shared between ferns and more derived lineages, and offer an opportunity to compare convergent and divergent hydraulic strategies critical to the success of xylem-bearing plants. Similarly the synthesis and accumulation of sugar, proline and stress proteins along with the production of pool of polyphenols add strength to desiccation stress. Thus, it can possible to suggest that selection acted on the physiology in a synchronous manner that is consistent with selection for drought tolerance in the epiphytic niche, and the increasingly diverse habitats of the mid to late Cenozoic.

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Reyes-Chávez, Johan, Megan Quail, Stephanie Tarvin, Michael Kessler, and Sven P. Batke. "Nowhere to escape – Diversity and community composition of ferns and lycophytes on the highest mountain in Honduras." Journal of Tropical Ecology 37, no. 2 (March 2021): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467421000122.

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AbstractIPCC predictions for Honduras indicate that temperature will increase by up to 3–6°C and precipitation will decrease by up to 7–13% by the year 2050. To better understand how fern and lycophyte communities might be affected by climate change, we comprehensively surveyed the community compositions of ferns and lycophytes at Celaque National Park, the highest mountain in Honduras. We surveyed a total of 80 20 × 20 m2 plots along an altitudinal gradient of 1249–2844 m a.s.l., identifying all species and estimating their abundances. We recorded a total of 11,098 individuals from 160 species and 61 genera. Community composition was strongly influenced by changes in altitude, precipitation and the abundance of bryophytes (a proxy for air humidity). Of the 160 species, 63 are expected, under a RCP2.6 scenario for the year 2050, to shift their range fully or partially above the maximum altitude of the mountain. Of these, 65.1% are epiphytes. We found that species with narrow altitudinal ranges at high altitudes were more at risk. Our study indicated that conservation efforts should prioritise higher altitudinal sites, focusing particularly on preserving the vulnerable epiphytic fern species, which are likely to be at greater risk.

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Dittrich, Vinícius Antonio de Oliveira, Jorge Luiz Waechter, and Alexandre Salino. "Species richness of pteridophytes in a montane Atlantic rain forest plot of Southern Brazil." Acta Botanica Brasilica 19, no. 3 (September 2005): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062005000300013.

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A floristic survey of pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies) was carried out in a 1ha plot in the Pico do Marumbi State Park, Morretes, State of Paraná, Southern Brazil. The study area is covered with a closed ombrophilous forest (Brazilian Atlantic Forest) and lies approximately 630 m in elevation. All species and life-forms of pteridophytes growing in the plot were registered and most of them were collected for taxonomic identification. A total of 81 species, belonging to 17 families were registered. The richest were Polypodiaceae (12 species), Hymenophyllaceae (11) and Lomariopsidaceae (11). The richest genera were Asplenium (ten species), Elaphoglossum (10) and Trichomanes (six). Life-form composition was: epiphytes (49 species), terrestrials (28), lithophytes (two), epiphytes/terrestrials/lithophytes (one) and epiphytes/lithophytes (one). No hemiepiphytes were found. Terrestrials included herbaceous (22 species), arborescent (four) and climbing (two). Species richness of the plot can be considered as high when compared to other neotropical sites.

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Tsutsumi, Chie, and Masahiro Kato. "Evolution of epiphytes in Davalliaceae and related ferns." PLANT MORPHOLOGY 24, no. 1 (2012): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5685/plmorphol.24.39.

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TSUTSUMI, CHIE, and MASAHIRO KATO. "Evolution of epiphytes in Davalliaceae and related ferns." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 151, no. 4 (August 2006): 495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00535.x.

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Winkler, Manuela, Karl Hülber, Klaus Mehltreter, José García Franco, and Peter Hietz. "Herbivory in epiphytic bromeliads, orchids and ferns in a Mexican montane forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 2 (February 16, 2005): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404002081.

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Herbivory is important in tropical woody plants, but the few data available suggest that rates of herbivory are mostly low in epiphytes. We quantified herbivory at the community level in five bromeliad, three orchid and five fern species of a Mexican humid montane forest. Leaf area loss was <1.5% in bromeliads and orchids, but much higher (7–20%) in ferns. Damage was positively correlated with leaf nitrogen content but not with leaf life span. In contrast to low leaf damage, many bromeliads were infested by curculionid larvae feeding on the meristematic tissue at the ramet base, and we estimate that this accounts for 18 and 31% of ramet and shoot death of large individuals of Tillandsia punctulata and T. deppeana, respectively. Herbivory in flowers, capsules or inflorescence stalks reduced fecundity by c. 14–18% in three of the five bromeliads and by 90% in the orchid Lycaste aromatica, but had little effect on the other species. These data show that even if the leaf area consumed is indeed low in epiphytic orchids and bromeliads, the less conspicuous damage done to reproductive organs and meristematic tissue can have a strong effect on fecundity and survival.

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Vital, Daniel M., and Jefferson Prado. "Moss and liverwort epiphytes on trunks of Cyathea delgadii in a fragment of tropical rain forest, São Paulo State, Brazil." Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 27, no. 1 (August 11, 2006): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bde.27.1.7.

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This study is a survey of the bryophyte species that occur on the trunks of Cyathea delgadii Sternb. (Cyatheaceae), a native tree fern, encountered in a fragment of Atlantic forest located in the area of the „Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI)“, São Paulo State, Brazil. Specimens of bryophytes were collected from March 2001 to October 2003. We found 35 bryophyte species (12 spp. of mosses and 23 of liverworts). Ceratolejeuenea dentacornuta Steph. is presented as a new record for Brazil. A brief discussion about previous records of bryophyte species growing on trunks of tree ferns in Brazil is also presented.

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Pena, Nelson Túlio Lage, and Cecília Vieira Miranda. "Ferns and lycophytes from a forest associated with quartzite fragments in southern Espírito Santo state, Brazil." Heringeriana 14, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/heringeriana.v14i1.917912.

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This study presents a checklist of ferns and lycophytes from a forest associated with quartzitic rocky outcrops in southern Espírito Santo state, Brazil. We recorded 52 species and one hybrid (six lycophytes and 47 ferns) belonging to 15 families and 30 genera. Polypodiaceae, Blechnaceae, Cyatheaceae, and Selaginellaceae are the main representative families. Selaginella, Cyathea, Serpocaulon, and Trichomanes are the main representative genera. Most species are terrestrial (34.6%) and lithophytes (32.6%); epiphytes (14.4%) and species with more than one habit (19%) are scarce. We did not record any hemiepiphytic or scandent species. The region is subject to an intense quartzite mining activity, which poses serious threats to the local biodiversity. Morro Branco (Morro de Sal) was recently the site of new taxonomic discoveries in ferns (Oleandra quartziticola) and angiosperms (Paepalanthus capixaba), demonstrating the biological relevance of forest fragments associated with quartzitic rocky outcrops in Espírito Santo, and reinforcing the need for the effective protection of these areas.

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Tsutsumi, Chie, and Masahiro Kato. "Morphology and evolution of epiphytic Davalliaceae scales." Botany 86, no. 12 (December 2008): 1393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-098.

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The scales of most members of the Davalliaceae and related epiphytic, secondary-hemiepiphytic, and climbing ferns consist of a stalk and a shield, are dense, and are persistent on the long-creeping rhizomes. They differ from the sessile, mostly deciduous scales of the related terrestrial eupolypod ferns. The stalked scales first developed two-dimensionally and later produced the proximal part of the shield from near the base to comprise a peltate or pseudopeltate shield on a stalk. Anatomical observations showed variations in the cellular and histological features and the degree of stalk insertion into a rhizome concavity. A character-phylogenetic tree of scales suggested an evolutionary linkage between the stalked scale and the epiphytic life form in the lineage leading to Davalliaceae and Polypodiaceae. The elaborated scales of most species of the obligate-epiphytic Davalliaceae were similar to the sunken-stalked, peltate, absorbing, epiphyllous trichomes of some angiosperm epiphytes. These results suggest that the stalked scales may have significant roles such as protection against desiccation, external water storage, and absorption of water and nutrients.

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Moran, Robbin C., Susan Klimas, and Mónica Carlsen. "Low-Trunk Epiphytic Ferns on Tree Ferns Versus Angiosperms in Costa Rica1." BIOTROPICA 35, no. 1 (2003): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1646/0006-3606(2003)035[0048:lefotf]2.0.co;2.

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Moran, Robbin C., Susan Klimas, and Monica Carlsen. "Low-Trunk Epiphytic Ferns on Tree Ferns Versus Angiosperms in Costa Rica." Biotropica 35, no. 1 (March 2003): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2003.tb00261.x.

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Zhang, Jiao, Li Liu, Jiang-Ping Shu, Dong-Mei Jin, Hui Shen, Hong-Feng Chen, Rui Zhang, and Yue-Hong Yan. "Transcriptomic Evidence of Adaptive Evolution of the Epiphytic Fern Asplenium nidus." International Journal of Genomics 2019 (December 1, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1429316.

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Epiphytic ferns have been found to flourish after angiosperms dominated forest communities, and they play important roles in rainforest canopies. How do epiphytic ferns adapt to tropical rainforest canopy habitats? At present, we know little about the molecular mechanism underlying this adaptation. Asplenium nidus is a well-known epiphytic fern that is closely related to the terrestrial species Asplenium komarovii. Here, RNA-seq and comparative transcriptomic analyses were performed to explore the underlying basis of the adaptation of A. nidus to extreme environments. A total of 44.04 and 44.57 Mb clean reads were obtained from A. nidus and A. komarovii, respectively, and they were assembled into 89,741 and 77,912 unigenes. Functional annotation showed that 52,305 (58.28% of the total genes for A. nidus) and 45,938 (58.96% of the total genes for A. komarovii) unigenes were annotated in public databases. Genes involved in stress responses and photosynthesis were found to have undergone positive selection in A. nidus. Compared to A. komarovii, transcription factors related to stress response, leaf development, and root development were found to be considerably expanded in A. nidus, especially in the ANR1 subclade of MADS-box family genes which played roles in lateral root development. This study improves our understanding of the adaptation of A. nidus to epiphytic habitats by forming unique strategies.

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Mazziero, Frederico Fregolente Faracco, and Fabiana Regina Nonato. "Ferns and lycophytes from Jaú, São Paulo, Brazil." Check List 11, no. 6 (November 27, 2015): 1798. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.6.1798.

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This work presented the inventory of ferns and lycophytes of Jaú, São Paulo state. Sixty-eight species of ferns and one of lycophyte were recorded, distributed in 16 families and 32 genera. The richest families were Pteridaceae and Thelypteridaceae with 15 species each, Polypodiaceae (7spp.), Blechnaceae and Dryopteridaceae (5 spp. each). The most common guild of life form was terrestrial herbs with 57 species, followed by epiphytes (6 spp.), arborescent, aquatic and lithophytes (2 spp. each) and hemiepiphytes and scandents with one species each. The analysis of the geographical distribution showed that 46% of the species (32 spp.) occur in the Neotropics, 20 species occurs in Southern America, eight are endemic of Brazil, five pantropical and four are exotic. This study can further collaborate in the protection and preservation of the few remnants which represent probably the last areas where some species of these groups of plants occurring in the municipality.

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Haig, David. "Living together and living apart: the sexual lives of bryophytes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1706 (October 19, 2016): 20150535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0535.

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Haploid gametophytes of bryophytes spread by clonal growth but mate locally, within an area defined by the range of sperm movement. Rarity of establishment from spores or vegetative competition can result in unisexual populations unable to reproduce sexually. Females typically outcompete males, probably because females expend fewer resources than males on the production of gametes. Extreme sexual dimorphism—tiny males growing as epiphytes on much larger females—has evolved many times. Haploid selfing is common in bryophytes with bisexual gametophytes, and results in completely homozygous sporophytes. Spores from these sporophytes recapitulate the genotype of their single haploid parent. This process can be considered analogous to ‘asexual’ reproduction with ‘sexual’ reproduction occurring after rare outcrossing between haploid parents. Ferns also produce bisexual haploid gametophytes but, unlike bryophytes, haploid outcrossing predominates over haploid selfing. This difference is probably related to clonal growth and vegetative competition occurring in the haploid but not the diploid phase in bryophytes, but the reverse in ferns. Ferns are thereby subject to stronger inbreeding depression than bryophytes. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Weird sex: the underappreciated diversity of sexual reproduction’.

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Lara-Pérez, Luis Alberto, Ramón Zulueta-Rodríguez, and Antonio Andrade-Torres. "Micorriza arbuscular, Mucoromycotina y hongos septados oscuros en helechos y licófitas con distribución en México: una revisión global." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 3 (June 8, 2017): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i3.29443.

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Ferns and lycophytes are a group of vascular plants of interest to understand the evolution of mycorrhizal interactions; their preservation is of relevance for their multiple ecological relations. The record of different taxonomic groups of fungi associated with ferns and lycophytes is fragmentary, and the criteria for it identification is inconsistent, which hinders the understanding and determination of mycorrhizal status. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of the species of ferns and lycophytes with distribution in Mexico, and with information of fungal interactions. A checklist of the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Mucoromycotina and dark septate fungi (DSF) associated with ferns and lycophytes was integrated through an exhaustive global literature search. In this study, mycorrhizal species was considered by the presence of arbuscules to differentiate with hyphal, vesicular and coils colonization. The study gathered a checklist of mycorrhizal occurrences of 27 families, 61 genus and 137 species of ferns and lycophytes, which covers 13.4 % of the species, 91 % of the genus and 77 % of the families distributed in Mexico. The 78.1 % of the species showed colonization, 56.2 % by AMF, 29.9 % by DSF and 0.72 % by Mucoromycotina fungi. From the total of the species, the higher presences of colonization were in terrestrial, epiphytic, saxicolous, and aquatic plants with 76.6 %, 33.3 %, 20 %, and 6.3 %, respectively. The families of ferns and lycophytes with the higher number of species colonized were Pteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, Aspleniaceae and Dryopteridaceae. The present study showed the widespread associations of AMF and DSF in ferns and lycophytes of Mexico. It is urgently needed to include ferns and lycophytes in studies focused on endomycorhizal interactions, since only 28 species (28 %) were studied in Mexican ecosystems. The majority of studies were focused on sporophytic face (80 %). Nonetheless, to understand the role that plays the mycorrhiza in the establishment of ferns and lycophytes, it is necessary to include the gametophytic face in ecological, molecular and physiological experimental studies. This information is important to implement conservation strategies, because a considerable number of ferns and lycophytes species, depend on these mycorrhizal associations for their growth and survival.

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Schneider, Paulo Henrique, and Jairo Lizandro Schmitt. "Composition, community structure and vertical distribution of epiphytic ferns on Alsophila setosa Kaulf., in a Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Morro Reuter, RS, Brazil." Acta Botanica Brasilica 25, no. 3 (September 2011): 557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062011000300007.

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In tropical forests, tree ferns constitute an important phorophyte for the establishment and occurrence of epiphytic species. Composition, structure and vertical distribution of epiphytic ferns were studied on Alsophila setosa Kaulf., in a semideciduous seasonal forest fragment, in the city of Morro Reuter (29º32'07"S and 51º05'26"W), in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The sample consisted of 60 caudices of at least 4 m high, which were divided in 1 m intervals from the ground. The specific importance value was estimated trough the coverage value and caudex frequency at the intervals. A total of 14 species was recorded, belonging to 10 genera and five families. The highest specific richness occurred in Polypodiaceae. The rarefaction curve for the total sample did not reach an asymptote with an estimated 14.98 to 16.95 species, showing that a few species could still be recorded. The species with the highest importance value and vertical amplitude was Blechnum binervatum (Poir.) C.V. Morton & Lellinger, with a decreasing frequency from bottom to top of the caudex. Considering the predominance of habitual holoepiphytes, the removal of Alsophila setosa caudices compromises microhabitat availability for epiphytes in the forest understory.

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Amoroso, Victor B., Fulgent P. Coritico, and Peter W. Fritsch. "Actinostachys minuta, a new species of grass fern from Mindanao, Philippines." PhytoKeys 151 (June 12, 2020): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.151.53100.

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Actinostachys minuta Amoroso & Coritico (Schizaeaceae), from Mindanao, Philippines, is described herein as a new species. This species is distinguished from all other species of Actinostachys (grass ferns) by its notably short and narrow fronds, distinct triangular stipe, and bifid apex of the sorophore lamina with profuse white long hairs. This species is distinct from the other known Philippine species of Actinostachys by its diminutive epiphytic habit and a habitat restricted to the trunks of the tree fern Sphaeropteris polypoda (Baker) R.M.Tryon. A taxonomic key to the species of Philippine Schizaeaceae that incorporates the new species is provided.

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Schmid, E., F. Oberwinkler, and L. D. Gómez. "Light and electron microscopy of a host–fungus interaction in the roots of some epiphytic ferns from Costa Rica." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-107.

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The roots of 11 epiphytic fern species from the genera Elaphaglossum, Peltapteris, Hymenophyllum, Grammitis, and Lellingeria were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. All species showed a similar association with an ascomycete that traversed the root hairs and formed intracellular hyphal coils within cytoplasmic epidermal and outer cortical cells. The unbranched fungal hyphae were of a uniform diameter. They were surrounded by a flocculent matrix material and by the host plasmalemma. Cytoplasmic hyphae also occurred within degenerated host cells. The host–fungus interaction showed similarities to Ericoid mycorrhizae. Key words: ferns, mycorrhiza, ascomycete, ultrastructure, Costa Rica.

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Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, Harald Schneider, and Sabine Hennequin. "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." Comptes Rendus Biologies 332, no. 2-3 (February 2009): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.

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Winoto-Lewin, Yanti, and Jamie B. Kirkpatrick. "Species of accidental woody epiphytes vary between host trees in Tasmanian wet forests." Australian Journal of Botany 68, no. 8 (2020): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt19104.

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Little is known about accidental epiphytes in Australian temperate forests. In western Tasmania, we determined whether: (1) the occurrence and abundance of accidental epiphytes increases with moisture availability and the size of host; (2) the species of host affects the occurrence of individual taxa of accidental epiphytes; (3) moist microhabitats favour accidental epiphytes. We recorded the accidental woody epiphytes on 21 trees in each of 20 locations and measured attributes of the host and the location and attachment height of the individual epiphytes. Epiphyte occurrence, but not abundance, was associated with the basal area of host tree, January rainfall and the taxon of the host. Eucalypts, gymnosperms and tree ferns were the outstanding hosts. The rainforest tree Nothofagus cunninghamii occurred as an epiphyte on eucalypts more than expected, while Proteaceae species occurred less than expected. In contrast, there was a strong positive association between the gymnosperm Athrotaxis selaginoides as a host and Proteaceae as epiphytes, possible reflecting their joint status as palaeoendemics. Accidental epiphytes were concentrated on the west and south-west of trees and near their bases, further indicating a strong effect of moisture availability on their occurrence. Our results reinforce the importance of conserving old growth forest to maintain ecosystem complexity.

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Hartini, Sri. "KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS TUMBUHAN PAKU (PTERIDOPHYTA) DI KAWASAN HUTAN TUMBANG MANGGU, KECAMATAN SANAMAN MANTIKEI, KABUPATEN KATINGAN, KALIMANTAN TENGAH." EKOLOGIA 20, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/ekologia.v20i1.1978.

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Research on the diversity of ferns in the forests of Tumbang Manggu, Sub-district Sanaman Mantikei, Central Kalimantan, has been done. The study was conducted in March – April 2016 by using explorative methods. The results show, at least 28 species of ferns were found in the forest area, of which 16 species are terrestrial ferns and 12 species of epiphytic ferns. These species are included in 22 genera and 14 families. Huperzia and Pyrrosia are most abundant, each genus were consists of 3 species. The most rich families in term number of species are Polypodiaceae and Lycopodiaceae, with 6 species and 4 species respectively. Abundance of each species in the region was different, Blechnum orientale L., Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Underw., Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Serm., and Vittaria scolopendrina (Bory) Schkuhr ex Thwaites were found in large quantities and spread almost all over the region. Asplenium nidus L., Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm., Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. f.) Bedd., Lygodium circinatum (Burm. f.) Sw., Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw., Nephrolepis falcata (Cav.) C. Chr. and Vittaria ensiformis Sw. were found in considerable numbers. Asplenium pellucidum Lam., Athyrium bantamense Milde, Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. and Tectaria crenata Cav. were found in small quantities and only in certain places. Local communities around the region have not much utilizing the ferns yet.

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Michelon, Cássio, Frederico Fregolente Faracco Mazziero, Bianca Kalinowski Canestraro, and Mathias Erich Engels. "An illustrated guide of ferns and lycophytes from Carambeí, PR, Brazil." Rodriguésia 69, no. 2 (June 2018): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201869204.

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Abstract We present a list of species of ferns and lycophytes from Carambeí, a municipality located in Paraná state, southern Brazil. This area, locally known as “Campos Gerais”, presents an intricate mosaic of forests and savannah with several canyons and humid valleys that harbors a rich and unique vegetation in Southern Brazil. In total, we found 129 species (119 ferns and 10 lycophytes), distributed in 18 families and 59 genera, and 20% (26 spp.) of which are endemic to Brazil. The most expressive families were Polypodiaceae (19 spp.), Pteridaceae (18 spp.) and Thelypteridaceae (15 spp.). The most representative genera were Asplenium (8 spp. - 6.2%) and Amauropelta (8 spp - 6.2%). Terrestrial herbs, epiphytes and lithophytes are the most common guild of life forms, successively. The richest environments were woody forest (61% of the species) and herbaceous-shrubby (12%). Arachniodes denticulata, Phlegmariurus flexibilis and P. Heterocarpon are the second record in the “Campos Gerais” region. We also provide photographic plates with diagnostic characters for most of the species.

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Graeff, Vanessa, Ivi Galetto Mottin, Ledyane Rocha-Uriartt, Daniela Montanari Migliavacca Osório, and Jairo Lizandro Schmitt. "Assessment of a subtropical riparian forest focusing on botanical, meteorological, ecological characterization and chemical analysis of rainwater." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 13, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2140.

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Riparian forests are heterogeneous environments, in which epiphytes find ideal conditions to develop. These plants absorb the necessary nutrients for survival from the atmosphere, and their occurrence and distribution can be influenced by the quality and quantity of precipitation. The objective of this research was to perform an integrated analysis of botanical, meteorological and chemical precipitation parameters so as to compare them in fragments of the riparian forest in the lower (São Leopoldo-SL) and upper (Caraá-CA) stretches of the Rio dos Sinos Hydrographic Basin (RSHB), RS, Brazil. Rainwater was chemically analyzed, the community structure of epiphytic ferns was surveyed and the ecological characterization was evaluated through the Rapid Habitat Assessment Protocol (RHAP). The results showed that the chemical composition of rainwater is influenced by the environment of each area. In the upper stretch (CA), for instance, the main contribution is that of marine ions, while in the lower stretch (SL), the most impacting aspects are urbanization and industrialization. Similarly, the results depict a reduction of richness and a simplification of the community structure of epiphytic ferns and their environmental quality according to the RHAP categories, towards the base level of the RSHB. The integrated analysis, in which different methods were applied, proved to be an efficient tool to evaluate environmental quality. This analysis considers that a greater number of biotic and abiotic variables may be applied in different scenarios.

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OLOYEDE, Fatai Adekanye, Anthony I. ODIWE, and Ayodeji S. OLUJIYAN. "Composition and Distribution of Vascular Epiphytes in Different Areas in Obafemi Awolowo, Nigeria." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 6, no. 3 (September 22, 2014): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb639331.

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Composition and distribution of vascular epiphytes were studied in three different areas at Obafemi Awolowo University estate, Nigeria. Each plot, in the selected area, was used for identification of host and epiphytes. Trees were carefully examined. Presence, positions on the host plants and life-forms of all the epiphytes were recorded. Diameter at breast height of the hosts, bark characteristics and height were determined. The climatic data of the areas were measured to determine the relationship between them and epiphytes distributions. Result showed 41 epiphytes belonging to 14 genera and 11 families were identified. Open area had the highest number of epiphytes (22) followed by forest patches (14) then secondary forest (five). The epiphytes were not host specific except epiphytic ferns and Ficus vogelii. Diameter at breast height has effect on the epiphytes distribution and composition. The distribution of epiphytes and environmental factors were lowest in the secondary forest. Moraceae was the most dominant host family (44.8%) while Nephrolepis undulata and Nephrolepis biserrata were the most common species of epiphytes. Most epiphytes preferred sub-canopy level, few occurred in the canopy level but none at emergent level. Climatic factors, diameter at breast height and bark characteristics of the host plants are useful in determining compositions and distributions of these epiphytes.

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Turner, Edgar C., and William A. Foster. "The impact of forest conversion to oil palm on arthropod abundance and biomass in Sabah, Malaysia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, no. 1 (January 2009): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467408005658.

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Abstract:Deforestation rates in South-East Asia are among the highest of any tropical region, with expansion of oil palm being one important factor. Despite this, few studies have investigated the impact of oil palm expansion on the arthropod fauna. We report here the first study on the impact of forest conversion to oil palm on overall arthropod abundance, biomass and composition. We compared arthropod abundance and biomass, collected from epiphytic bird's nest ferns, the canopy, and leaf litter between primary forest, logged forest and oil palm plantation. Epiphytes, canopy and litter all contained a lower abundance (epiphytes: 67.2%, canopy: 2.3% and litter: 77.1% reduction) and biomass (epiphytes: 87.5%, canopy: 37.9% and litter: 72.4% reduction) of arthropods in oil palm compared with primary forest. However, not all orders of arthropods showed the same level of decline, with some groups having higher abundance and biomass in oil palm, resulting in an altered community composition in the epiphytes and canopy in oil palm compared with forest. Our results show that forest conversion to oil palm impacts detrimentally on invertebrates in all compartments of the forest ecosystem.

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Jingqi, Sun, Chen Quan, Li Hangyu, Chang Yanfen, Gong Hede, Song Liang, and Lu Huazheng. "Progress on the clonality of epiphytic ferns." Biodiversity Science 27, no. 11 (2019): 1184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17520/biods.2019120.

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OBERMULLER, FLÁVIO A., LEANDRO FREITAS, DOUGLAS C. DALY, and MARCOS SILVEIRA. "Patterns of diversity and gaps in vascular (hemi-)epiphyte flora of Southwestern Amazonia." Phytotaxa 166, no. 4 (April 30, 2014): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.166.4.2.

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Vascular epiphytes are common in tropical forests and represent a considerable part of the biodiversity in Southwestern Amazonia. The aim of this study was to determine the floristic composition, patterns of species richness, and geographical distribution and knowledge gaps (collection effort) of the epiphytic vascular flora of the Brazilian State of Acre. We analyzed the database of the Flora of Acre and found a total of 331 species and 32 families of angiosperms and ferns. Almost half of the epiphytic flora of Acre (48% of species) occurs only in Northern Brazil. Of the total species, 56% are restricted to Amazonia. The distribution of the number of collections of epiphytes is concentrated in a few locations in the state and there is a positive correlation between the number of collections of epiphytes and the general index of collection density. The low and unequal sampling effort of epiphytes across the State, the high proportion of specimens identified at best to genus, and the still steep species/sampling curve indicates that the true diversity of epiphytes in Southwestern Amazonia is expressively higher than recorded thus far. This highlights the need for efforts specifically focused on documenting under-represented taxonomic groups as well as more thorough inventory of the canopy flora in this region of Amazonia.

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Tanaka, Hiroshi O., and Takao Itioka. "Ants inhabiting myrmecophytic ferns regulate the distribution of lianas on emergent trees in a Bornean tropical rainforest." Biology Letters 7, no. 5 (April 20, 2011): 706–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0242.

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Little is known about the spatial distribution of lianas on emergent trees in tropical rainforests and the factors affecting this distribution. The present study investigated the effects of an arboreal ant species, Crematogaster difformis , which forms myrmecophytic symbioses with two epiphytic ferns, Lecanopteris sp. and Platycerium sp., on the spatial distribution of lianas associated with emergent trees. Living lianas were placed onto trunk surfaces inside and outside the territories of the ants in the canopy, to examine their ability to remove them. The number of leaves pruned by the ants was significantly higher on lianas inside than outside their territories. The spatial overlap of the distributions of lianas and the two ferns on emergent trees were then examined. The frequency of liana colonization of tree crowns was found to be significantly lower on trees with than without ferns. Under the natural conditions, C. difformis workers were observed biting and pruning the lianas. These results suggest that C. difformis regulates the distribution of lianas on emergent trees.

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Holtum, Joseph A. M., and Klaus Winter. "Degrees of crassulacean acid metabolism in tropical epiphytic and lithophytic ferns." Functional Plant Biology 26, no. 8 (1999): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp99001.

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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) was observed in three species of tropical ferns, the epiphytes Microsorium punctatum and Polypodium crassifolium and the lithophyte Platycerium veitchii. Polypodium crassifolium and P. veitchii exhibited characteristics of weak CAM. Although no net nocturnal CO2 uptake was observed, the presence of CAM was inferred from nocturnal increases in titratable acidity of 4.7 and 4.1 µequiv (g fr wt)–1 respectively, a reduction in the rates of net CO2 evolution during the first half of the dark period, and the presence of a CAM-like decrease in net CO2 uptake during the early light period. In M. punctatum net CO2 uptake during the first half of the dark period was accompanied by an increase in titratable acidity of 39.2 µequiv (g fr wt)–1 and a pronounced reduction in net CO2 uptake during the early light period. When water was withheld from P. crassifolium and M. punctatum, net CO2 uptake during the light was reduced markedly but there was no change in the extent or patterns of CO2 exhange in the dark. As a consequence, the proportion of carbon gained due to CO2 fixation in the dark increased from 2.8 and 10% to 63.5 and 49.3%, respectively (100% being net CO2 uptake during the light plus the estimated CO2 uptake during the dark). After 9 days without added water, dark CO2 uptake was responsible for the maintenance of a net 24 h carbon gain in P. crassifolium. Platycerium veitchii, P. crassifolium and M. punctatum exhibited carbon isotope ratios of between –25.9 and –22.6‰ indicating that carbon isotope ratios may not, by themselves, be sufficient for the identification of weak CAM. We suggest that CAM may be more prevalent in tropical epiphytic and lithophytic ferns than currently envisaged.

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Kreier, Hans-Peter, Xian-Chun Zhang, Heiko Muth, and Harald Schneider. "The microsoroid ferns: Inferring the relationships of a highly diverse lineage of Paleotropical epiphytic ferns (Polypodiaceae, Polypodiopsida)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48, no. 3 (September 2008): 1155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.001.

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Turner, Edgar C., Jake L. Snaddon, Henry R. Johnson, and William A. Foster. "The impact of bird's nest ferns on stemflow nutrient concentration in a primary rain forest, Sabah, Malaysia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 6 (October 29, 2007): 721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740700452x.

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Bird's nest ferns (Asplenium nidus complex) (Yatabe & Murakami 2003) are common epiphytes of the Old World tropics and house a high abundance of arthropods (Ellwood & Foster 2004). Through interception and retention of leaf litter (Paoletti et al. 1991, Piggott 1996, Richardson 1999), epiphytes interrupt litterfall dynamics (Clark et al. 1998, Nadkarni & Matelson 1991) and delay the return of nutrients to the forest floor (Nadkarni 1984). Precipitation percolating through the canopy as throughfall is enriched as nutrients are leached from plant surfaces (Levia & Frost 2006). Water flowing down the trunk of trees as stemflow is further enriched from prolonged contact and accumulated nutrient deposits on the trunk (Levia & Frost 2003, Liu et al. 2002). Epiphytes can alter stemflow nutrient concentrations by slowing water percolation and by nutrient uptake and release (Awasthi et al. 1995, Strigel et al. 1994).

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Schneider, Edward L., and Sherwin Carlquist. "SEM Studies on Vessels in Ferns. XV. Selected Rosette Epiphytes (Aspleniaceae, Elaphoglossaceae, Vittariaceae)." International Journal of Plant Sciences 160, no. 5 (September 1999): 1013–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/314184.

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ROBERTS, NINA R., PATRICK J. DALTON, and GREGORY J. JORDAN. "Epiphytic ferns and bryophytes of Tasmanian tree-ferns: A comparison of diversity and composition between two host species." Austral Ecology 30, no. 2 (April 2005): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01440.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ferns Ferns Epiphytes. Ferns'

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