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Journal articles on the topic 'Ferric pyrophosphate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Mallaci Bocchio, R., M. Lo Monaco, G. Natoli, S. Scibetta, and S. Corrao. "A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study to Compare the Efficacy of Different Iron Formulations: Sucrosomal Ferric Pyrophosphate, Micronized Microencapsulated Ferric Pyrophosphate, and Intravenous Ferric Gluconate." Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research 20, no. 4 (2022): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37290/ctnr2641-452x.20:685-690.

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Despite their gastrointestinal side effects, oral iron supplements are the first-line therapy in iron deficiency anemia. This study aims to compare different iron formulations in anemic outpatients. One-hundred and six outpatients with sideropenic microcytic hypochromic anemia (Hb < 12 g/dL for women, Hb < 13 g/dL for men) were enrolled and divided into two groups (Hb > 10 g/dL and Hb < 10 g/dL). One group was randomized (1:1) to receive sucrosomal ferric pyrophosphate or micronized microencapsulated ferric pyrophosphate, while the other group was randomized (1:1:1) to receive sucr

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2

Fidler, Meredith C., Thomas Walczyk, Lena Davidsson, et al. "A micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate with high relative bioavailability in man." British Journal of Nutrition 91, no. 1 (2004): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041018.

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Ferric pyrophosphate is a water-insoluble Fe compound used to fortify infant cereals and chocolate-drink powders as it causes no organoleptic changes to the food vehicle. However, it is only of low absorption in man. Recently, an innovative ferric pyrophosphate has been developed (Sunactive Fe™) based on small-particle-size ferric pyrophosphate (average size 0·3 μm) mixed with emulsifiers, so that it remains in suspension in liquid products. The aim of the present studies was to compare Fe absorption of micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate (Sunactive Fe™) with that of ferrous sulfate i

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3

Fidler, Davidsson, Zeder, Walczyk, Marti, and Hurrell. "Effect of Ascorbic Acid and Particle Size on Iron Absorption from Ferric Pyrophosphate in Adult Women." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 74, no. 4 (2004): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.74.4.294.

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The effects of added ascorbic acid and particle size on iron absorption from ferric pyrophosphate were evaluated in adult women (9–10 women/study) based on erythrocyte incorporation of iron stable isotopes (57Fe or 58Fe) 14 days after administration. Three separate studies were made with test meals of iron-fortified infant cereal (5 mg iron/meal) and the results are presented as geometric means and relative bioavailability values (RBV, FeSO4 = 100%). The results of study 1 showed that iron absorption was significantly lower from ferric pyrophosphate (mean particle size 8.5 mum) than from FeSO4

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4

Tarczykowska, Agata, Niklas Engström, Darja Dobermann, Jonathan Powell, and Nathalie Scheers. "Differential Effects of Iron Chelates vs. Iron Salts on Induction of Pro-Oncogenic Amphiregulin and Pro-Inflammatory COX-2 in Human Intestinal Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 6 (2023): 5507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065507.

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We previously showed that two iron compounds that are orally ingested by humans, namely ferric EDTA and ferric citrate, can induce an oncogenic growth factor (amphiregulin) in human intestinal epithelial adenocarcinoma cell lines. Here, we further screened these iron compounds, plus four other iron chelates and six iron salts (i.e., 12 oral iron compounds in total), for their effects on biomarkers of cancer and inflammation. Ferric pyrophosphate and ferric EDTA were the main inducers of amphiregulin and its receptor monomer, IGFr1. Moreover, at the maximum iron concentrations investigated (500

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5

Sakaguchi, Rao, Nakata, Nanbu, and Juneja. "Iron Absorption and Bioavailability in Rats of Micronized Dispersible Ferric Pyrophosphate." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 74, no. 1 (2004): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.74.1.3.

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Unlike commercial ferric pyrophosphate, micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate (MDFP: SunActive FeTM) does not precipitate and is completely dispersible in liquid form. MDFP shows a sharp particle size distribution at a nanometer level, which is several times smaller than that of commercial ferric pyrophosphate. The bioavailability of MDFP was compared to ferric pyrophosphate, sodium ferrous citrate, and ferrous sulfate by three bioavailability tests in rats; namely the serum iron concentration curve, the hemoglobin regeneration efficiency, and Association of Official Analytical Chemists'

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6

Divya, Sri Keerthika B. Priyanka B. P. Harith Mahesh Gomasa Dr. Swathi Boddupally*. "Study On Efficacy and Compliance of Oral Supplements with Ferric Pyrophosphate and Ferrous Ascorbate in Iron Deficiency Anaemia During Pregnancy." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 5 (2025): 1080–86. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15354355.

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Background: Iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy is a nutritional disorder characterized by insufficient iron levels, leading to reduced haemoglobin production. This condition poses significant risks to both maternal and fatal health including increased chances of preterm birth, low birth, weight and maternal morbidity. It often results from inadequate dietary intake, poor iron absorption, or increased iron requirements during pregnancy. Early diagnosis and appropriate management through iron supplementation and dietary adjustments are crucial to mitigate adverse outcomes and promote healthy p

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7

Tsuchita, Hiroshi, Atsuko Kobayashi, Tadashi Kojima, et al. "Bioavailability of iron from ferric pyrophosphate." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 39, no. 2 (1991): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00002a020.

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8

Pratt, Raymond, Garry J. Handelman, Thomas E. Edwards, and Ajay Gupta. "Ferric pyrophosphate citrate: interactions with transferrin." BioMetals 31, no. 6 (2018): 1081–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10534-018-0142-2.

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9

Gupta, Ajay, Raymond Pratt, and Bhoopesh Mishra. "Physicochemical characterization of ferric pyrophosphate citrate." BioMetals 31, no. 6 (2018): 1091–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10534-018-0151-1.

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10

Cercamondi, Colin I., Guus S. M. J. E. Duchateau, Rajwinder K. Harika, et al. "Sodium pyrophosphate enhances iron bioavailability from bouillon cubes fortified with ferric pyrophosphate." British Journal of Nutrition 116, no. 3 (2016): 496–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516002191.

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AbstractFe fortification of centrally manufactured and frequently consumed condiments such as bouillon cubes could help prevent Fe deficiency in developing countries. However, Fe compounds that do not cause sensory changes in the fortified product, such as ferric pyrophosphate (FePP), exhibit low absorption in humans. Tetra sodium pyrophosphate (NaPP) can form soluble complexes with Fe, which could increase Fe bioavailability. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate Fe bioavailability from bouillon cubes fortified with either FePP only, FePP+NaPP, ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) only, or

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11

He, Qiang, and Robert A. Sanford. "Characterization of Fe(III) Reduction by Chlororespiring Anaeromxyobacter dehalogenans." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 5 (2003): 2712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.5.2712-2718.2003.

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ABSTRACT Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans strain 2CP-C has been shown to grow by coupling the oxidation of acetate to the reduction of ortho-substituted halophenols, oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, or fumarate. In this study, strain 2CP-C was also found to grow by coupling Fe(III) reduction to the oxidation of acetate, making it one of the few isolates capable of growth by both metal reduction and chlororespiration. Doubling times for growth of 9.2 and 10.2 h were determined for Fe(III) and 2-chlorophenol reduction, respectively. These were determined by using the rate of [14C]acetate uptake into bioma

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12

Fell, Lisa H., Danilo Fliser, and Gunnar H. Heine. "Ferric pyrophosphate: good things come to those who wait?" Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 30, no. 12 (2015): 1942–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfv287.

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13

Briguglio, Matteo, Silvana Hrelia, Marco Malaguti, et al. "Oral Supplementation with Sucrosomial Ferric Pyrophosphate Plus L-Ascorbic Acid to Ameliorate the Martial Status: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Nutrients 12, no. 2 (2020): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020386.

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Altered martial indices before orthopedic surgery are associated with higher rates of complications and greatly affect the patient’s functional ability. Oral supplements can optimize the preoperative martial status, with clinical efficacy and the patient’s tolerability being highly dependent on the pharmaceutical formula. Patients undergoing elective hip/knee arthroplasty were randomized to be supplemented with a 30-day oral therapy of sucrosomial ferric pyrophosphate plus L-ascorbic acid. The tolerability was 2.7% among treated patients. Adjustments for confounding factors, such as iron absor

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14

Hurrell, Richard F., Manju B. Reddy, Sandra A. Dassenko, James D. Cook, and David Shepherd. "Ferrous fumarate fortification of a chocolate drink powder." British Journal of Nutrition 65, no. 2 (1991): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19910086.

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An evaluation was made into the usefulness of ferrous fumarate as an iron fortificant for an experimental chocolate drink powder targetted to children and adolescents. Organoleptically ferrous fumarate was acceptable when the chocolate drink powder was reconstituted in milk or water that was heated to < 80°. Unacceptable colour changes occurred, however, when boiling milk or water were used. In human Fe absorption studies when the Fe compounds were added to the chocolate drink immediately before consumption, ferrous fumarate was 3.31 % absorbed compared with 2.82% for ferrous sulphate and 2

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15

Micheletto, Marta, Elisa Gaio, Erik Tedesco, et al. "Intestinal Absorption Study of a Granular Form of Ferric Pyrophosphate." Metabolites 12, no. 5 (2022): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12050463.

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Iron deficiency is one of the most prevalent nutritional disorders worldwide. The standard treatment involves iron supplementation, but this task is challenging because of poor solubility and organoleptic issues. Moreover, the need to increase iron bioavailability represents a challenge for treating iron-related disorders. In this study, gastroresistance and iron intestinal absorption of an innovative granular formulation composed of ferric pyrophosphate, modified starch and phospholipids branded as Ferro Fosfosoma® was investigated. Gastroresistant properties were studied using standard proto

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16

Tian, Tian, Elena Blanco, Stoyan K. Smoukov, Orlin D. Velev, and Krassimir P. Velikov. "Dissolution behaviour of ferric pyrophosphate and its mixtures with soluble pyrophosphates: Potential strategy for increasing iron bioavailability." Food Chemistry 208 (October 2016): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.078.

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17

MB, Reddy. "Rapid and Reliable Method for Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Iron Fortificants Used for Flour Fortification." Food Science & Nutrition Technology 5, no. 6 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/fsnt-16000235.

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Food fortification with iron has potential to reduce anemia if the manufacturers comply with fortification standards using highly bioavailable and required quantities of iron. Our objective was to develop a quick and simple method to identify and quantify iron compounds commonly used for flour fortification to help agencies monitor fortification programs. Wheat and corn flours were fortified with 40-60 mg Fe/kg using ferric pyrophosphate, ferrous sulfate, ferrous citrate, ferrous fumarate, sodium ferric EDTA, and electrolytic iron. Using potassium thiocyanate with hydrochloric acid and hydroge

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18

Albright, Tyler, Akram Al-Makki, Rabih Kalakeche, and Brian Shepler. "A Review of Ferric Pyrophosphate Citrate (Triferic) Use in Hemodialysis Patients." Clinical Therapeutics 38, no. 10 (2016): 2318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.08.012.

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19

Nie, Shibin, Lei Song, Chenlu Bao, et al. "Synergistic effects of ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) in intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 22, no. 6 (2009): 870–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1590.

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20

Hackl, Laura, Colin I. Cercamondi, Christophe Zeder, et al. "Cofortification of ferric pyrophosphate and citric acid/trisodium citrate into extruded rice grains doubles iron bioavailability through in situ generation of soluble ferric pyrophosphate citrate complexes." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 103, no. 5 (2016): 1252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.128173.

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21

Navas-Carretero, S., A. M. Pérez-Granados, B. Sarriá, S. Schoppen, and M. P. Vaquero. "Iron Bioavailability from Pate Enriched with Encapsulated Ferric Pyrophosphate or Ferrous Gluconate in Rats." Food Science and Technology International 13, no. 2 (2007): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013207077931.

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Fortifying food with iron has been widely studied as a strategy to prevent iron deficiency anaemia. This work comparatively assessed the bioavailability of two forms of iron, ferrous gluconate or ferric pyrophosphate encapsulated in liposomes (lipofer®), when used as fortificants in meat pate. Three groups of growing rats consumed during 28 days either a control diet (AIN-93G), or two diets prepared with enriched pate as the unique source of iron and fat. Body weight and diet intake were measured weekly, and during the last week faeces were collected. On day 28 animals were sacrificed, livers

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22

Shetty, A., J. V. Hawkins, and A. Gupta. "Peritoneal Dialysis Using Soluble Ferric Pyrophosphate as an Iron Supplement in Rabbits." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 37, no. 1 (2017): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00045.

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23

Dellafera, Louis, Shan Wang, Lameesa Dhanani, Paula Dutka, Brian Malone, and Naveed Masani. "1100: Institutional Usage of Ferric Pyrophosphate Citrate in Reducing Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents." Critical Care Medicine 49, no. 1 (2020): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000730288.91343.6b.

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24

Shah, Hitesh H., Azzour D. Hazzan, and Steven Fishbane. "Ferric Pyrophosphate Citrate: A Novel Iron Replacement Agent in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis." Seminars in Nephrology 36, no. 2 (2016): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2016.02.007.

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25

Fishbane, Steven, and Hitesh H. Shah. "Ferric pyrophosphate citrate as an iron replacement agent for patients receiving hemodialysis." Hemodialysis International 21 (April 2017): S104—S109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12554.

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26

Shen, Bolei, Maowen Xu, Yubin Niu, et al. "Sodium-Rich Ferric Pyrophosphate Cathode for Stationary Room-Temperature Sodium-Ion Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 1 (2017): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b13516.

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27

Marbury, Thomas, Fred Heuveln, Eric Horst, and Raymond D. Pratt. "Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Intravenous Ferric Pyrophosphate Citrate: Equivalence to Administration via Dialysate." Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 62, no. 5 (2022): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1997.

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28

Gupta, Ajay, Neeta B. Amin, Anatole Besarab, et al. "Dialysate iron therapy: Infusion of soluble ferric pyrophosphate via the dialysate during hemodialysis." Kidney International 55, no. 5 (1999): 1891–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00436.x.

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29

Zhu, Le, Dennis Miller, Deanna Nelson, and Raymond Glahn. "Soluble ferric pyrophosphate: A novel iron source for individuals with high iron needs." FASEB Journal 22, S2 (2008): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.22.2_supplement.678.

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30

Navas-Carretero, Santiago, Ana M. Pérez-Granados, Beatriz Sarriá, and M. Pilar Vaquero. "Iron absorption from meat pate fortified with ferric pyrophosphate in iron-deficient women." Nutrition 25, no. 1 (2009): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2008.07.002.

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31

Li, Wentao, Ji Zhi Zhou, Jia Zhang, Jun Zhao, Yunfeng Xu, and Guangren Qian. "pH-Dependent improvement of pyrophosphate removal on amorphous ferric hydroxide by incorporating Ca2+." Chemical Engineering Journal 225 (June 2013): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.04.043.

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32

Wegmüller, Rita, Michael B. Zimmermann, Diego Moretti, Myrtha Arnold, Wolfgang Langhans, and Richard F. Hurrell. "Particle Size Reduction and Encapsulation Affect the Bioavailability of Ferric Pyrophosphate in Rats." Journal of Nutrition 134, no. 12 (2004): 3301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.12.3301.

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33

Roe, Mark A., Rachel Collings, Jurian Hoogewerff, and Susan J. Fairweather-Tait. "Relative bioavailability of micronized, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate added to an apple juice drink." European Journal of Nutrition 48, no. 2 (2009): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-008-0770-3.

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34

Hu, Shuang, Yuan Hu, Lei Song, and Hongdian Lu. "The potential of ferric pyrophosphate for influencing the thermal degradation of cotton fabrics." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 109, no. 1 (2011): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-011-1732-1.

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35

Lee, Kuo-Hua, Yang Ho, and Der-Cherng Tarng. "Iron Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease: Days of Future Past." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (2021): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031008.

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Anemia affects millions of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and prompt iron supplementation can lead to reductions in the required dose of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, thereby reducing medical costs. Oral and intravenous (IV) traditional iron preparations are considered far from ideal, primarily due to gastrointestinal intolerability and the potential risk of infusion reactions, respectively. Fortunately, the emergence of novel iron replacement therapies has engendered a paradigm shift in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in patients with CKD. For example, oral ferric cit

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36

Hurrell, Richard F., Manju B. Reddy, Joseph Burri, and James D. Cook. "An evaluation of EDTA compounds for iron fortification of cereal-based foods." British Journal of Nutrition 84, no. 6 (2000): 903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500002531.

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Fe absorption was measured in adult human subjects consuming different cereal foods fortified with radiolabelled FeSO4, ferrous fumarate or NaFeEDTA, or with radiolabelled FeSO4or ferric pyrophosphate in combination with different concentrations of Na2EDTA. Mean Fe absorption from wheat, wheat–soyabean and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) infant cereals fortified with FeSO4or ferrous fumarate ranged from 0·6 to 2·2 %. For each infant cereal, mean Fe absorption from ferrous fumarate was similar to that from FeSO4(absorption ratio 0·91–1·28). Mean Fe absorption from FeSO4-fortified bread rolls was 1·

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37

Pratt, Raymond D., Dorine W. Swinkels, T. Alp Ikizler, and Ajay Gupta. "Pharmacokinetics of Ferric Pyrophosphate Citrate, a Novel Iron Salt, Administered Intravenously to Healthy Volunteers." Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 57, no. 3 (2016): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcph.819.

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38

Pratt, Raymond D. "Ferric Pyrophosphate Citrate Injection: No Clinical Drug Interaction with Unfractionated Heparin in Hemodialysis Patients." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 31, no. 10S (2020): B6—B7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.20203110s1b6b.

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39

Pyo, Euisun, Becky L. Tsang, and Megan E. Parker. "Rice as a vehicle for micronutrient fortification: a systematic review of micronutrient retention, organoleptic properties, and consumer acceptability." Nutrition Reviews 80, no. 5 (2022): 1062–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuab107.

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Abstract Context Previous reviews have focused on evaluating the efficacy and effectiveness of rice fortification, despite the need to also understand the outcomes of micronutrient retention, organoleptic properties, and acceptability to inform nutrition programs. Objective This systematic review aims to consolidate existing evidence on micronutrient retention, organoleptic properties, and acceptability of fortified rice. Data Sources Eligible articles were identified from 22 electronic databases and personal referrals and reviews. Study Selection Studies on rice fortified via extrusion or coa

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40

Davidsson, Lena, Peter Kastenmayer, Hanna Szajewska, Richard F. Hurrell, and Denis Barclay. "Iron bioavailability in infants from an infant cereal fortified with ferric pyrophosphate or ferrous fumarate." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, no. 6 (2000): 1597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1597.

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41

Moretti, Diego, Michael B. Zimmermann, Rita Wegmüller, Thomas Walczyk, Christophe Zeder, and Richard F. Hurrell. "Iron status and food matrix strongly affect the relative bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate in humans." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83, no. 3 (2006): 632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.83.3.632.

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42

Xu, Yunfeng, Hui Hong, Fei Yang, et al. "Removal behaviors and mechanisms of orthophosphate and pyrophosphate by calcined dolomite with ferric chloride assistance." Chemosphere 235 (November 2019): 1015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.018.

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43

Lobo, Alexandre Rodrigues, Maria Lucia Cocato, Primavera Borelli, et al. "Iron bioavailability from ferric pyrophosphate in rats fed with fructan-containing yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) flour." Food Chemistry 126, no. 3 (2011): 885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.067.

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44

Wang, Jiaqi, Cheng Song, Lixin Huo, Xingzu Wang, Hong Liu, and Xiaomei Zhang. "Nitrogen removal performance and thermodynamic mechanisms of Feammox mediated by ferric pyrophosphate at various pHs." Journal of Water Process Engineering 58 (February 2024): 104864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.104864.

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45

DOBBIN, Paul S., Julea N. BUTT, Anne K. POWELL, Graeme A. REID, and David J. RICHARDSON. "Characterization of a flavocytochrome that is induced during the anaerobic respiration of Fe3+ by Shewanella frigidimarina NCIMB400." Biochemical Journal 342, no. 2 (1999): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3420439.

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A 63.9 kDa periplasmic tetrahaem flavocytochrome c3, designated Ifc3, was found to be expressed in Shewanellafrigidimarina NCIMB400 grown anaerobically with ferric citrate or ferric pyrophosphate as the sole terminal electron acceptor, but not in anaerobic cultures of the bacterium with other respiratory substrates. Ifc3 was purified to homogeneity and revealed by biochemical, spectroscopic and primary structure analyses to contain four low-spin bis-His-ligated c3-haems, with midpoint reduction potentials of -73, -141, -174 and -259 mV. A low-potential flavin was present in the form of non-cov

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46

Macdougall, Iain C. "Iron Supplementation: What's New?" Blood 130, Suppl_1 (2017): SCI—43—SCI—43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v130.suppl_1.sci-43.sci-43.

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Abstract Supplemental orally-administered iron has been available for centuries, but parenteral administration of iron as a therapeutic agent dates from the 1930s. The original agents were iron salts, and their administration to man was associated with severe and unacceptable side-effects even with doses of 4-8 mg. The modern-day practice of IV iron supplementation was transformed in the 1940s with the introduction of iron incorporated into a carbohydrate shell, to allow slow release in the circulation and rapid binding to plasma transferrin. The older iron-carbohydrate complexes included iron

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47

EVANS, L. J., and W. G. WILSON. "EXTRACTABLE Fe, Al, Si AND C IN B HORIZONS OF PODZOLIC AND BRUNISOLIC SOILS FROM ONTARIO." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 65, no. 3 (1985): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss85-052.

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To investigate the content of amorphous forms of Fe, Al and Si in podzolic soils, the B horizons from 54 Humo-Ferric Podzols and 24 Eluviated Dystric Brunisols were sampled in northern Ontario. Dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) Fed and Ald, acid NH4-oxalate Feo, Alo and Sio, Na-pyrophosphate Fep, Alp and Cp and NaOH-tetraborate Fet and Alt were determined on all samples. Feo/Fed ratios averaged 0.87 and suggested that most of the extractable Fe was amorphous. Inorganically bound Fe and Al in pyrophosphate extracts were estimated by addition of NH4OH to the extracts. The amount of inorganica

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48

Pratt, Raymond D., Sarah Grimberg, Joshua J. Zaritsky, and Bradley A. Warady. "Pharmacokinetics of ferric pyrophosphate citrate administered via dialysate and intravenously to pediatric patients on chronic hemodialysis." Pediatric Nephrology 33, no. 11 (2018): 2151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-4014-3.

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Zimmermann, Michael B., Rita Wegmueller, Christophe Zeder, et al. "Dual fortification of salt with iodine and micronized ferric pyrophosphate: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80, no. 4 (2004): 952–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.4.952.

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Eilander, Ans, Olumakaiye M. Funke, Diego Moretti, et al. "High Bioavailability from Ferric Pyrophosphate-Fortified Bouillon Cubes in Meals is Not Increased by Sodium Pyrophosphate: a Stable Iron Isotope Study in Young Nigerian Women." Journal of Nutrition 149, no. 5 (2019): 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz003.

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Abstract:

ABSTRACT Background It is challenging to find an iron compound that combines good bioavailability with minimal sensory changes when added to seasonings or condiments. Ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) is currently used to fortify bouillon cubes, but its bioavailability is generally low. Previously, the addition of a stabilizer, sodium pyrophosphate (NaPP), improved iron bioavailability from a bouillon drink. Objective We assessed whether there is a dose-response effect of added NaPP on iron bioavailability from local meals prepared with intrinsically labeled FePP-fortified bouillon cubes in young Ni

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