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Journal articles on the topic 'Ferric sulphate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Drewnoski, Mary E., Perry Doane, and Stephanie L. Hansen. "Ferric citrate decreases ruminal hydrogen sulphide concentrations in feedlot cattle fed diets high in sulphate." British Journal of Nutrition 111, no. 2 (July 23, 2013): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513002304.

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Dissimilatory reduction of sulphate by sulphate-reducing bacteria in the rumen produces sulphide, which can lead to a build-up of the toxic gas hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in the rumen when increased concentrations of sulphate are consumed by ruminants. We hypothesised that adding ferric Fe would competitively inhibit ruminal sulphate reduction. The effects of five concentrations and two sources (ferric citrate or ferric ammonium citrate) of ferric Fe were examinedin vitro(n6 per treatment). Rumen fluid was collected from a steer that was adapted to a high-concentrate, high-sulphate diet (0·51 % S). The addition of either source of ferric Fe decreased (P< 0·01) H2S concentrations without affecting gas production (P= 0·38), fluid pH (P= 0·80) orin vitroDM digestibility (P= 0·38) after a 24 h incubation. Anin vivoexperiment was conducted using eight ruminally fistulated steers (543 (sem12) kg) in a replicated Latin square with four periods and four treatments. The treatments included a high-concentrate, high-sulphate control diet (0·46 % S) or the control diet plus ferric ammonium citrate at concentrations of 200, 300 or 400 mg Fe/kg diet DM. The inclusion of ferric Fe did not affect DM intake (P= 0·21). There was a linear (P< 0·01) decrease in the concentration of ruminal H2S as the addition of ferric Fe concentrations increased. Ferric citrate appears to be an effective way to decrease ruminal H2S concentrations, which could allow producers to safely increase the inclusion of ethanol co-products.

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2

Yaacob, Syahrul Syazwan, A. Sabri, and A. Yuzir. "Sulphate Reduction Control to Enhance Methane Composition in Anaerobic Digester." Applied Mechanics and Materials 735 (February 2015): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.735.205.

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The aim of this research is to investigate addition of iron (ferric chloride) to control of sulphate reduction in order to enhance the methane production under laboratory scale. The bioreactor Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) undergoes continuous operation under anaerobic condition treating synthetic sulphate enriched wastewater. The wastewater used as influent wastewater with a total COD 8000 mg.L-1. The experiment was conducted for about 64 days and was operated at constant OLR of 2.0(±0.1) kgCOD.m-3.d-1 by maintaining a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 days. The UASB then were feed with sulphate and give the COD/SO4 ratio 5.3, 2.5 and 1.5. Then amount of ferric chloride at 10.4, 22.2 and 44.5 mM was introduce just after methane producing bacteria (MPB) were completely inhibited by sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) due to decreasing of methane composition (CH4) and high level production of hydrogen sulphide (H2S). The obtained results showed that the FeCl3 negatively impacted the anaerobic digestion process since with each of COD/SO42- ratio, and the amount addition of ferric chloride to feed regime, gives promotion on methane production, with 67, 70 and 69% after approximately 10 to 15 days operating at critical conditions.

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3

Närvänen, Aaro, Håkan Jansson, and Markku Yli-Halla. "Treatment of wastewater from milk rooms with ferric sulphate." River Systems 13, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2002): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/lr/13/2002/333.

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4

Hendrich, Suzanne, Maohong Fan, Shih wu Sung, Robert C. Brown, Semakaleng Lebepe Mazur, Ronald Myers, and Gary Osweiler. "Toxicity evaluation of polymeric ferric sulphate." International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management 1, no. 4 (2001): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetm.2001.000775.

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5

Hussein, Tamara Kawther, and Nidaa Adil Jasim. "Removal of Reactive Green 12 Dye and COD from Simulated Wastewater Using Different Coagulants." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 26, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2019.26.2.002.

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The ability of using each of the following: aluminum sulphate (Al2(SO4)3.16H2O), ferric chloride (FeCl3), and ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) as chemical coagulants was investigated for removing of reactive green 12 (RG 12) dye and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from simulated wastewater. Best pH , coagulants dosages, and initial concentrations were obtained by jar test. The maximum efficiency for removing RG-12 and COD recorded by ferric chloride were 98% and 88 %, by alum were 95% and 88%, and by ferrous sulphate were 70% and 50%. All these results obtained at the best pH 6, dosage 100 mg/l and initial concentrations for RG-12 and COD 50 mg/l and 600 mg/l respectively. The maximum volume of sludge was for alum coagulant 14 ml/l, 12 ml/l for ferric chloride and 0.5 ml/l for ferrous sulphate. The study improved that it is possible to use each of aluminum sulphate, ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate as an economical coagulant to treat the wastewater which it is polluted with RG 12 dye and COD.

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6

Bernard, Kameni Ngounou M., Ndi K. Sylvere, Kofa G. Patrice, and Kayem G. Joseph. "Coagulation and Sedimentation of Concentrated Laterite Suspensions: Comparison of Hydrolyzing Salts in Presence of Grewia spp. Biopolymer." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (February 7, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1431694.

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Coagulation and sedimentation performances of aluminum sulphate and ferric chloride were comparatively investigated in presence of Grewia spp. biopolymer for the treatment of concentrated laterite suspensions. Jar tests experiments were carried out at different laterite suspension concentrations (10, 20, and 30 g/L) and pH values (5 and 7). The performances of these coagulants were assessed in terms of interfacial settling velocities and sediment concentration factors. Results showed that after addition of Grewia spp. biopolymer, sedimentation velocities were greater when ferric chloride and aluminum sulphate were used alone. When hydrolyzing salts were used alone, the highest settling velocities were obtained with 10 g/L of laterite suspension at pH 5 and settling speeds were 0.22 and 0.28 cm/min for aluminum sulphate and ferric chloride, correspondingly. Addition of Grewia spp. biopolymer led to an increase of settling velocities to 0.56 and 0.57 cm/min, respectively. The sediment concentration factor was also found to be high when Grewia spp. was added. With 30 g/L of laterite suspension, sediment concentration factors at pH 5 were 1.47 and 2.12 for aluminum sulphate and ferric chloride separately. Addition of Grewia spp. biopolymer with aluminum sulphate and ferric chloride produced more compact sludge with sediment concentration factors of 4 and 3.13, respectively. Flocs structures could successfully explain the obtained results.

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7

T, Sumabala, and Munilakshmi N. "Decolourization of Reactive Dye by using Novel Adsorbent." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 10, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.f5527.0510121.

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The color of dye aqueous solution which cannot be removed by coagulation was selected to decolourize it through adsorption process by using novel adsorbents namely Flocs of Ferric Sulphate, Aluminium sulphate and Manganese sulphate. In order to know efficacy of adsorbents, batch sorption studies and equilibrium studies were conducted. Good color removal was achieved with Ferric sulphate at pH::4 and Manganese Sulphate at pH::10, which will be applicable to reduce the industrial dye effluent pollution. Equilibrium data applied to Langmuir Isotherm, was best fitted, stating monolayer formation and kinetic data applied to pseudo second order equation, was well fitted, stating that chemisorption is the rate limiting step.

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8

Harini, N. S., and Dr Deepa. "Chemistry of Ferric Sulphate in Pulpotomy – Monograph." IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 16, no. 05 (May 2017): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0853-1605057072.

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9

Dave, Shailesh R., T. J. Shah, and D. R. Tipre. "Development of an Extremophilic Iron Oxidizing Consortium and a Fixed Film Bioreactor for Generation of Ferric Lixivient." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.501.

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Acidophilic iron-oxidizing microorganisms are important for both, the environment and for biotechnological applications. Biogeneration of ferric from ferrous iron was studied using an iron-oxidizing consortium developed during polymetallic concentrate bioleaching. A promising iron oxidizing consortium was developed by adaptation and selection, which resulted in bacterial iron oxidation activity under the extreme conditions of 250 g/L ferrous sulphate as initial substrate and 500 g/L ferric sulphate. The development of iron oxidizers improved the iron oxidation rate from 0.019 to as high as 0.6 g/L/h in the shake flask studies with 25 % initial ferrous sulphate in the medium. The consortium showed dominance of Leptospirillum ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. A fixed film bioreactor was further developed to improve rates of iron oxidation. The developed fixed film bioreactor operated successfully for 200 batches without external addition of inoculum with the highest iron oxidation rate of 1.89 g/L/h. The biological ferric iron generation process provides continuous leaching agent in the form of ferric sulphate, which would be a promising eco-friendly biotechnological process for the indirect extraction of precious metals from sulphidic mineral concentrates.

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10

Massacci, P., M. Recinella, and L. Piga. "Factorial experiments for selective leaching of zinc sulphide in ferric sulphate media." International Journal of Mineral Processing 53, no. 4 (May 1998): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-7516(98)00002-7.

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11

Souza, A. D., P. S. Pina, V. A. Leão, C. A. Silva, and P. F. Siqueira. "The leaching kinetics of a zinc sulphide concentrate in acid ferric sulphate." Hydrometallurgy 89, no. 1-2 (September 2007): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2007.05.008.

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12

Ito, A., K. Takahashi, J. Aizawa, and T. Umita. "Enhanced heavy metals removal without phosphorus loss from anaerobically digested sewage sludge." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 1 (July 1, 2008): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.642.

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Heavy metals removal without phosphorus loss from anaerobically digested sewage sludge was investigated by conducting batch experiments using hydrogen peroxide and/or iron sulphate under acidified conditions at pH 3. The addition of hydrogen peroxide to the sludge improved the elution efficiencies of As, Cd, Cu and Zn with phosphorus loss from the sludge. The optimum initial concentrations of hydrogen peroxide were. Respectively. 0.1% for As, Cd, Mn and Zn and 0.5% for Cu and Ni. The combined process of 0.1% hydrogen peroxide and 1 g Fe/L ferric sulphate enhanced the initial elution rate of Cu and Cr compared to the addition of either ferric sulphate or hydrogen peroxide, indicating that oxidants stronger than hydrogen peroxide were produced in the sludge. Furthermore, the combined process immobilised phosphorus in the sludge due to co-precipitation with ferric hydroxide or precipitation as ferric phosphate. It was concluded that there is a possibility that the combined process could remove heavy metals effectively without phosphorus loss from anaerobically digested sewage sludge.

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13

Kinnunen, P. H. M., S. Heimala, M. L. Riekkola-Vanhanen, and J. A. Puhakka. "Chalcopyrite concentrate leaching with biologically produced ferric sulphate." Bioresource Technology 97, no. 14 (September 2006): 1727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.07.016.

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14

Grigoropoulou, H., and C. Philippopoulos. "Homogeneous oxidation of phenols in aqueous solution with hydrogen peroxide and ferric ions." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (July 1, 1997): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0506.

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The chemical oxidation of phenol and chlorophenols with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of soluble iron can be economically attractive at low oxidant consumption, leading then to intermediates that are more easily biodegradable. The homogeneous oxidation of phenol and chlorophenols in aqueous solutions with hydrogen peroxide is studied at oxidant : phenol ratio of about 4:1 and 16:1 (mol/mol) at various catalyst concentrations, at ambient temperature without pH control. Ferric chloride, ferric and ferrous sulphate and ferrous ammonium sulphate are used as oxidation catalysts. Ferric salts induce higher oxidation rates than ferrous ones and the nature of the anions present does not affect reaction rate. 4-Chlorophenol is found to be most resistant to oxidation and 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol is not attacked by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of ferric ions at the experimental conditions studied.

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15

Swarts, R. J., and J. J. Schoeman. "An investigation into a treatment strategy for the Berg River water at the Voëlvlei water treatment plant." Water Supply 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.118.

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The main aim of this study was to determine a treatment strategy for the Berg River water at the Voëlvlei water treatment plant (WTP). Jar tests were conducted using ferric and aluminium sulphate as coagulants to determine the optimum treatment parameters of the Berg River water and the Voëlvlei WTP raw water. The results for the Voëlvlei WTP raw water and the Berg River water with ferric sulphate as the coagulant showed an optimum Fe3+ dosage of 3.0–4.0 mg/L and 4.0–6.0 mg/L, respectively, with an optimum coagulation pH range of 6.6–9.5 and 5.0–10.0, respectively. The results with aluminium sulphate as the coagulant showed an optimum Al3+ dosage of 2.5–3.0 mg/L and 4.0–5.0 mg/L, respectively, with an optimum coagulation pH of 6.0–7.0 and 6.0, respectively. This study concluded that the Berg River water cannot be effectively treated at the Voëlvlei WTP using the plants treatment parameters, even if it is blended with the Voëlvlei WTP raw water. The best treatment strategy for the Berg River water would be pre-treatment using either ferric sulphate or the MIEX® resin on its own, or in conjunction with one another.

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16

Jiang, J.-Q., and N. J. D. Graham. "Observations of the comparative hydrolysis/precipitation behaviour of polyferric sulphate and ferric sulphate." Water Research 32, no. 3 (March 1998): 930–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(97)83364-7.

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17

Stephenson, R. J., R. M. R. Branion, and K. L. Pinder. "Anaerobic 35°C and 55°C Treatment of a BCTMP/TMP Effluent: Sulphur Management Strategies." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1994): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0736.

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Pulp manufacture uses sulphur in a variety of forms and these sulphur compounds ultimately end up in the effluent. Under anaerobic conditions, sulphite and sulphate are reduced to sulphide, presenting problems of toxicity, odour, corrosion, and reduced methane yields and treatment efficiencies. The fate of these inorganic sulphur compounds in a bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulp/thermomechanical pulp (BCTMP/TMP) effluent mixture was examined in two phase anaerobic reactors at 35°C and 55°C. The following sulphur management strategies were investigated: 1) controlling the pH of the acidogenic reactor, 2) inhibiting the sulphur reducing bacteria via molybdenum addition to the feed tank, and 3) stripping the hydrogen sulphide dissolved in the methane phase reactor liquor by recycling hydrogen sulphide-free off gas. The laboratory scale experimental apparatus consisted of upflow anaerobic sludge bed pre-treatment or acidogenic reactors followed by hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge bed/fixed film methanogenic reactors. At 35°C, controlling the pH of the acidogenic reactors with sodium carbonate from 5.5 (uncontrolled) to 8.0 in order to shift the formed sulphide species to the less toxic ionic form appeared to be ineffective in promoting wastewater treatment efficiency. Molybdenum addition to the wastewater at levels from 0.1 to 1.0 mM was effective at 1.0 mM in retarding sulphate reduction or sulphide formation. Hydrogen sulphide stripping, using ferric chloride scrubbed and recycled off gas, appeared to be the most effective means of sulphur management for this type of wastewater under these conditions. Tbermophilic 55°C anaerobic treatment was also studied using the same effluent, inocula and sulphur management strategies. Overall, both the treatment efficiency and the sulphate reduction were lower for the thermophilic runs compared to the mesophilic runs. Raising the acidogenic phase reactor pH from 7.0 to 7.5 to 8.0 appeared to have no significant effect on organic carbon removal efficiency or on sulphate reduction. Molybdenum inhibition of sulphur reduction was not as marked as for the 1.0 mM level at 35°C, perhaps due to the already low baseline sulphate reduction efficiency at 55°C. Stripping hydrogen sulphide from the reactor liquor helped to promote the treatment efficiency and lowered the sulphide and sulphate levels. Similar to the 35°C study, sulphide removal by gas stripping appeared to be the most effective means of sulphur management

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18

Santiago, Palacios. "Ferrous versus Ferric Oral Iron Formulations for the Treatment of Iron Deficiency: A Clinical Overview." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/846824.

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Iron deficiency anaemia represents a major public health problem, particularly in infants, young children, pregnant women, and females with heavy menses. Oral iron supplementation is a cheap, safe, and effective means of increasing haemoglobin levels and restoring iron stores to prevent and correct iron deficiency. Many preparations are available, varying widely in dosage, formulation (quick or prolonged release), and chemical state (ferrous or ferric form). The debate over the advantages of ferrous versus ferric formulations is ongoing. In this literature review, the tolerability and efficacy of ferrous versus ferric iron formulations are evaluated. We focused on studies comparing ferrous sulphate preparations with ferric iron polymaltose complex preparations, the two predominant forms of iron used. Current data show that slow-release ferrous sulphate preparations remain the established and standard treatment of iron deficiency, irrespective of the indication, given their good bioavailability, efficacy, and acceptable tolerability demonstrated in several large clinical studies.

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19

Buttinelli, D., R. Lavecchia, F. Pochetti, A. Geveci, N. Guresin, and Y. Topkaya. "Leaching by ferric sulphate of raw and concentrated copper-zinc complex sulphide ores." International Journal of Mineral Processing 36, no. 3-4 (October 1992): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-7516(92)90047-z.

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20

Sheela, S. Margrat, J. Rosaline Vimala, M. Stella Bharathy, A. Agila, S. Sharmila, and A. Leela Devaki. "Psuderanthimum reticulatum: A New Green Source for Dyeing of Cotton Fabric." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 10 (2020): 2583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22814.

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In the present work, cotton fabrics were dyed using the acidified aqueous extract of Psuderanthimum reticulatum leaves with different mordants such as ferrous sulphate, stannous chloride, copper sulphate, potash alum and ferric alum by premordanting technique and various shades were obtained. The washing, perspiration and light fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were carried out by standard methods, ISO 105-C06 A2S-2010, ISO 105 E04-2013 and ISO 105 B02 Methods 3:2014, respectively. Cotton fabrics dyed with copper sulphate and ferric alum showed excellent to very good properties towards the entire fastness tests studied. The bioactive colourant present in the aqueous extract of Psuderanthimum reticulatum responsible for dyeing is anthocyanin pigment and it was identified by chemical test, UV & FTIR spectral and HPLC analysis.

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21

Yokoi, Katsuhiko, Aki Konomi, and Miki Otagi. "Iron bioavailability of cocoa powder as determined by the Hb regeneration efficiency method." British Journal of Nutrition 102, no. 2 (December 23, 2008): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508149182.

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Fe deficiency is a public-health problem worldwide, and effective measures for preventing Fe deficiency are needed. The aim of the present study was to determine the bioavailability of Fe in cocoa using the Hb regeneration efficiency (HRE) method. Thirty-five F344/N male weanling rats were fed a low-Fe diet for 4 weeks to deplete body Fe stores. Then, four groups of seven animals each were repleted for 20 d using a modified AIN-93G diet fortified with ferrous sulphate, ferric citrate or two brands of cocoa powder to provide a total dietary Fe concentration of 20 mg/kg. As a negative control, seven rats were maintained on the low-Fe diet. The HRE were 0·733, 0·350, 0·357 and 0·336 for ferrous sulphate, ferric citrate and the two brands of cocoa powder, respectively. The relative biological values (RBV), defined as the ratio of the sample HRE to that of ferrous sulphate, were 0·478, 0·488 and 0·459 for ferric citrate and the two brands of cocoa powder, respectively. The Fe bioavailability of cocoa was significantly less than that of ferrous sulphate and was similar to that of ferric citrate. The difference in Fe bioavailability between the two brands of cocoa powder was negligible. When the negative control was used to correct the data, estimates of the RBV derived from Hb gain were similar to those derived from the HRE. These results suggest that cocoa is a significant source of moderately bioavailable Fe.

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22

Mchibwa, K. A., Sehliselo Ndlovu, and S. Iyuke. "Precipitation of Iron Oxyhydroxides and Basic Sulphates from Bioleach Liquors Generated by Thermophilic Micro-Organisms." Advanced Materials Research 71-73 (May 2009): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.71-73.453.

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Thermophilic micro-organisms are known to oxidise pyrite and other iron sulphide minerals resulting in the production of acidic ferric sulphate solutions. In this study, the leach liquors generated from such bacterial oxidation were aged through a forced hydrolysis process to yield various iron oxyhydroxides and sulphates. The forced hydrolysis was carried out under a pH range of 1.9 to 9.0. Upon completion of aging, the precipitates generated were characterised using powder X-Ray diffractrometry. The XRD analyses revealed a production of a variety of iron oxyhydroxides and basic iron sulphates. The nature of these precipitates was influenced by the pH conditions used during aging. Jarosite compounds were precipitated under acidic conditions, whilst aging under more basic conditions led to the precipitation of iron oxyhydroxides. These findings may find application in forecasting the phase boundary conditions for Fe(III) precipitation in biogeochemical processes and provide an insight into the tackling of problems associated with the treatment and management of acid mine drainage.

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23

Shams, Mahmoud, Mehdi Qasemi, Mojtaba Afsharnia, and Amir Hossein Mahvi. "Sulphate removal from aqueous solutions by granular ferric hydroxide." Desalination and Water Treatment 57, no. 50 (January 13, 2016): 23800–23807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1135479.

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24

Menezes, J. C. C. C., A. V. Colling, R. A. S. Silva, Rafael Hoppen Dos Santos, and I. A. H. Scheneider. "Ferric Sulphate Coagulant Obtained by Leaching from Coal Tailings." Mine Water and the Environment 36, no. 3 (April 29, 2017): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10230-017-0453-5.

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25

García-Balboa, Camino, Dina Cautivo, M. L. Blázquez, F. González, J. A. Muñoz, and A. Ballester. "Successive Ferric and Sulphate Reduction using Dissimilatory Bacterial Cultures." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 207, no. 1-4 (July 8, 2009): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0130-9.

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26

Mulopo, Jean, and L. Schaefer. "Biological regeneration of ferric (Fe3+) solution during desulphurisation of gaseous streams: effect of nutrients and support material." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 11 (March 30, 2015): 1672–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.144.

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This paper evaluates the biological regeneration of ferric Fe3+ solution during desulphurisation of gaseous streams. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is absorbed into aqueous ferric sulphate solution and oxidised to elemental sulphur, while ferric ions Fe3+ are reduced to ferrous ions Fe2+. During the industrial regeneration of Fe3+, nutrients and trace minerals usually provided in a laboratory setup are not present and this depletion of nutrients may have a negative impact on the bacteria responsible for ferrous iron oxidation and may probably affect the oxidation rate. In this study, the effect of nutrients and trace minerals on ferrous iron oxidation have been investigated and the results showed that the presence of nutrients and trace minerals affects the efficiency of bacterial Fe2+oxidation. The scanning electron microscopy analysis of the geotextile support material was also conducted and the results showed that the iron precipitate deposits appear to play a direct role on the bacterial biofilm formation.

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27

Maree, J. P., G. Hulse, D. Dods, and C. E. Schutte. "Pilot Plant Studies on Biological Sulphate Removal from Industrial Effluent." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 7-9 (April 1, 1991): 1293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0581.

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Sulphate-rich industrial effluents present a serious environmental pollution problem. A biological sulphate removal process has been developed for the treatment of such effluents. In this process, sulphate is converted to hydrogen sulphide in the anaerobic stage when an energy source, such as molasses, sugar or producer gas is added. The hydrogen sulphide is stripped off in a stripping stage, with a carrier gas such as nitrogen. The gas is recycled through a ferric solution where it is oxidized to elemental sulphur. In a subsequent aerobic stage, degradation of organic carbon residuals and calcium carbonate crystallization are achieved simultaneously. In this study the anaerobic stage of the process was evaluated on pilot scale. After the inoculation period, sulphate was removed continuously for a period of 100 days from 2200 mg/l to below 200 mg/l. For the first part of the study acetic acid served as energy source as the sugar content of molasses was allowed to ferment. Thereafter fresh molasses was supplied as energy source and the bacterial culture had to adapt to utilize sugar in molasses as energy source. A volatile suspended solids (VSS) concentration of 27 g/l was present in the packing material of the anaerobic reactor. With this VSS-value, a hydraulic retention time of 12 hours was needed for sulphate removal.

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28

Tuovinen, Olli H., Pauliina Nurmi, and Lasse Ahonen. "Thermodynamic Modelling of Phosphate and Chloride Effects on Solid and Solution Phase Ferric Iron Speciation." Advanced Materials Research 71-73 (May 2009): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.71-73.445.

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The purpose of this study was to model, based on thermodynamic equilibrium constants, the effects of chloride and phosphate ion on the speciation of ferric iron in solution and on Fe(III)-precipitates. The thermodynamic modelling was based on the geochemical modelling code PHREEQC and the thermodynamic database WATEQ4F. Increasing phosphate levels (g per L range) increase the complexation of ferric ion with phosphate (FeH2PO42+) with a parallel decrease in ferric sulphate complex (FeSO4+) and release of sulphate as SO42- in solution. Chloride ion at comparable levels and under otherwise similar conditions had negligible effects on the speciation of soluble iron species. In the solid phase analysis, jarosite and goethite species declined with increasing phosphate levels, whereas chloride did not affect the relative proportions of secondary Fe(III) minerals in the solid phase. Saturation index values for jarosites and goethite were dependent on the temperature with the range of phosphate levels (0–20 g/L) examine in this study.

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29

Fernandes, B. S., F. A. Chinalia, A. Sarti, A. J. Silva, E. Foresti, and M. Zaiat. "Influence of the addition of sulphate and ferric ions in a methanogenic anaerobic packed-bed reactor treating gasoline-contaminated water." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 2 (July 1, 2006): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.496.

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Benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) are relatively soluble aromatic compounds of gasoline. Gasoline storage tank leakages generally lead to an extensive contamination of groundwater. In the natural environment for instance, these compounds might be biodegraded under a variety of reducing potentials. The objective of this work was to examine the influence of the addition of sulphate and Fe(OH)3 in a methanogenic horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized-biomass reactor treating gasoline-contaminated water. Three different conditions were evaluated: methanogenic, sulphidogenic and sulphidogenic with the addition of ferric ions. Methanogenic condition showed the higher BTX degradation rates and the addition of sulphate negatively affected BTX removal rates with the production of H2S. However, the addition of ferric ions resulted in the precipitation of sulphur, improving BTX degradation by the consortium. Metanosphaera sp., Methanosarcina barkeri and Methanosaeta concilii were identified in the consortium by means of 16S and directly related to the addition of ferric ions.

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30

Sica, Pietro, Renan Carvalho, Hélder Beltrame, and Antonio Sampaio Baptista. "Assessment of the Effects of Sugarcane Straw Addition to the Flocculation/Coagulation Process on Vinasse Concentration." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2020-0021.

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AbstractVinasse is the main by-product of ethanol production. In 2005, its application was regulated in the state of Sao Paulo, so if it is to be applied to the fields, its volume must meet the established concentration regulations. Straw contains one-third of sugarcane calorific value and can be used for cogeneration. For these purposes, the project objective was to assess the effects of straw on the concentration of vinasse solids through physical and chemical processes, so its concentrated form could be used as biomass for cogeneration. For that, different concentrations of straw, ferric sulphate, and ferric chloride were used. Turbidity reduction was the parameter analysed. Both reagents were effective in reducing the turbidity. The 200 ppm of ferric chloride and 0.25% straw content reduced the turbidity by 55.02% and 400 ppm of ferric sulphate and 0.25% of straw reduced it by 57.96%. The addition of straw showed no significant effect in terms of the turbidity reduction, however, both best treatments had 0.25% straw content addition in it. Straw can be used to concentrate vinasse, contributing to the efficiency of the process and increasing the energy potential of the concentrated solids.

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31

Hassan, R. S., R. M. Hassan, and L. C. P. OH. "Effect of sulphate and ferric ions on metal corrosion inin‐vitrofermentation by sulphate‐reducing bacteria." Biofouling 2, no. 2 (August 1990): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927019009378136.

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32

SASAKI, Kin-ichi, Kenji OOTUKA, and Kazuteru TOZAWA. "Hydrometallurgical studies on hydrolysis of ferric sulphate solutions at elevated temperatures (4th Report). The Effect of Addition of Sodium Sulphate on Hydrolysis of Ferric Sulphate Solutions at Elevated Temperatures." Shigen-to-Sozai 110, no. 14 (1994): 1107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.110.1107.

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33

SASAKI, Kin-ichi, Kenji OOTSUKA, and Kazuteru TOZAWA. "Hydrometallurgical studies on hydrolysis of ferric sulphate solutions at elevated temperatures. (3rd Report). The Effect of Addition of Magnesium Sulphate on Hydrolysis of Ferric Sulphate Solutions at Elevated Temperatures." Shigen-to-Sozai 110, no. 8 (1994): 643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.110.643.

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34

Joe, Seong Jin, Masatoshi Sakoda, Tadashi Chida, Yoshiharu Kida, Hidekatsu Nakamura, and Muneyuki Tamura. "Searching for Useful Bacteria on Chalcopyrite Leaching from Japanese Abandoned Mines." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.557.

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Bioleaching studies have been conducted to obtain bacteria having a high ability to dissolve copper from chalcopyrite. For these studies, samples of mine drainage water which contain high concentrations of copper or iron ions in several abandoned mines in Japan were used to inoculate enrichment cultures on 0.16 M ferrous iron in the absence of chalcopyrite concentrate. Afterwards, these were accumulated and supplied to shaking-flask bioleaching tests on chalcopyrite concentrate. Copper dissolution rates were measured in chalcopyrite leaching experiments and compared with those using cell-free ferrous/ferric media. The copper dissolution rate in ferrous sulphate medium was higher than that in ferric sulphate medium. Moreover, tests in the presence of bacteria showed even an higher copper dissolution rate.

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35

Sulistyo, Hary, Wahyudi Budi Sediawan, Sarto Sarto, Yusuf Yusuf, and Ronald Nainggolan. "Water Treatment by Coagulation-Flocculation Using Ferric Sulphate as Coagulant." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 12, no. 1 (August 6, 2012): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.49754.

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Coagulation and flocculation are two essential processes in water treatment. Their improvement on effectiveness and efficiency will give a significant influence for the overall process. The coagulation and flocculation processes involve a coagulant subsequently used to form flocks that can sink precipitate easily. In this research, the sample taken from Sermo Reservoir located in Kulon Progo Regency. The water was containing 320 ppm of colloid and suspended solids. Here, using a magnetic mixer stirrer, 500ml of raw water was mixed with a certain dosage of ferric sulfate in that used as the coagulant at a certain pH in a beaker glass through a high-speed mixing (240 rpm) for five minutes and low-speed mixing (60 ppm) for 10 minutes, respectively. Subsequently, the absorption was measured using UV/Visible. The result then shows 100 ppm for the optimum dosage of ferric sulfate and 9 for the optimum pH. The results indicate that a higher precipitation constant (kd) has resulted in a higher flock diameter. The correlation between the precipitation constant (kd) and the Reynolds number can be expressed as the following equation, kd = 51.98 Re0.3735 with an average relative error of 9.8%.

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36

Yazici, E. Y., and H. Deveci. "Ferric sulphate leaching of metals from waste printed circuit boards." International Journal of Mineral Processing 133 (December 2014): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2014.09.015.

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37

Smalley, N., and G. Dams. "Operation of the Las Cruces ferric sulphate leach pilot plant." Minerals Engineering 13, no. 6 (June 2000): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-6875(00)00043-1.

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38

Dutrizac, J. E. "Elemental Sulphur Formation During the Ferric Sulphate Leaching of Chalcopyrite." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 28, no. 4 (October 1989): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.1989.28.4.337.

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39

Morrison, R. M. "The dissolution of silver in ferric sulphate-sulphuric acid media." Hydrometallurgy 22, no. 1-2 (June 1989): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-386x(89)90042-x.

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40

Hartman, Miloslav, Václav Veselý, and Karel Jakubec. "Thermal decomposition and chemism of hydronium jarosite." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 4 (1987): 939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19870939.

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A study is reported of the controlled decompositions and chemism of the technological hydronium jarosite. Chemical and spectroscopic methods were employed to determine the amounts of impurities present in jarosite. Thermogravimetric data were amassed both in the increasing and constant temperature mode. Proposed kinetic equations of Arrhenius type were tested against the results of constant temperature experiments. Differences are explored in the course of the decomposition of hydronium jarosite and that of pure ferric sulphate enneahydrate. In addition, the effects of temperature and reaction time were investigated on the amount of sulphates remaining in the calcined particles.

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41

Cuttler, A. H., V. Man, T. E. Cranshaw, and G. Longworth. "A Mössbauer study of green rust precipitates: I. Preparations from sulphate solutions." Clay Minerals 25, no. 3 (September 1990): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1990.025.3.05.

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AbstractThe preparation of green rusts from sulphate solutions and representative Mössbauer spectra are described. As the samples oxidized readily, attention focused on the Mössbauer parameters at liquid nitrogen and helium temperatures. The spectra recorded at 77 K could be fitted satisfactorily with one ferrous iron quadrupole doublet with a separation of 2·93 mms−1 and one ferric iron quadrupole doublet with a separation of 0·45 mms−1. In some spectra a ferric iron magnetic hyperfine of strength 49·2 T was also apparent. At 4·2 K, the ferrous iron exhibited a hyperfine splitting with a field of 12·4 T whilst the ferric iron exhibited a hyperfine splitting with a field of strength 50·4 T. The ratio of ferrous to ferric ions was 2·25 ± 0·25 at 77 K and at 4·2 K, and ∼1·6 with a large variation at room temperature. The liquid helium spectra did not always give a good chi-squared fit, the main reason being attributed to relaxation. The line-width of the ferrous iron site at 77 K is slightly larger than that for iron metal and could be explained by a variation in the number of near Fe3+ neighbours at different Fe2+ sites, consistent with the assumption that the ferrous iron site is in the hydroxide sheet. The effect of different numbers of Fe2+ and Fe3+ neighbours probably contributed to the increase in line-widths at 4·2 K compared with those at 77 K. The ferrous iron doublet is marginally different to those of chloride and hydroxy-carbonate green rusts and the aluminium analogues.

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42

SASAKI, Kin–ichi, Shun–ichi OCHI, and Mitsuru WATANABE. "Hydrolysis Reaction of Aluminium Sulphate Solutions and Effect of Addition of Aluminium Sulphate on Hydrolysis Reaction of Ferric Sulphate Solutions at Elevated Temperatures. Hydrometallurgical studies on hydrolysis reaction of ferric sulphate solutions at elevated temperatures. (5th Report)." Shigen-to-Sozai 115, no. 10 (1999): 763–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.115.763.

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43

Jiang, Jia-Qian, and Nigel J. D. Graham. "Preliminary evaluation of the performance of new pre-polymerised inorganic coagulants for lowland surface water treatment." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0120.

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This paper is concerned with the performance of relatively new kinds of pre-polymerised inorganic coagulants, poly-alumino-iron-sulphate (PAFS) and polyferric sulphate (PFS). Laboratory experiments were undertaken to evaluate the PAFS and PFS, in comparison with conventional coagulants such as ferric sulphate (FS) and aluminium sulphate (AS), for the coagulation of algal-type model waters and a lowland surface water containing algae and natural organic matter (NOM). Experimental results demonstrated that under the conditions studied, the performance of pre-polymerised coagulants were consistently superior to conventional coagulants (i.e., FS and AS). This is attributed to the presence of a range of pre-formed polymerised species. The coagulation mechanism of PAFS and PFS has been discussed in the paper.

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44

Decarreau, A., and D. Bonnin. "Synthesis and crystallogenesis at low temperature of Fe(III)-smectites by evolution of coprecipitated gels: experiments in partially reducing conditions." Clay Minerals 21, no. 5 (December 1986): 861–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1986.021.5.02.

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AbstractSyntheses of ferric smectites were performed at low temperature (75° C by aging coprecipitated gels of silica and Fe2+-sulphate under initially reducing then oxidizing conditions. Under strictly reducing conditions only nuclei of a trioctahedral ferrous stevensite were observed and crystal growth did not take place. When a spontaneous oxidization, in contact with air, was effected, the ferrous smectite nuclei transformed rapidly into a ferric, nontronite-like, smectite. Crystallogenesis of the ferric smectite was studied by XRD, IR, DTA, Mössbauer and EPR spectroscopies. The end-synthesis smectite contained only Fe3+ions, all located in the octahedral sheet. This clay was mixed with a cryptocrystalline iron oxide phase containing one-third of the iron atoms and undetectable by XRD.

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45

Crundwell, F. K. "Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidative dissolution of a zinc sulphide concentrate in ferric sulphate solutions." Hydrometallurgy 19, no. 2 (December 1987): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-386x(87)90007-7.

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46

Abiraamasri, BL, and Deepa Gurunathan. "Comparison of ferric sulphate and calcium hydroxide as a pulpotomy agent." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 11, no. 5 (2018): 1881. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00349.9.

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47

Al-Harahsheh, M., S. Kingman, and S. Bradshaw. "Scale up possibilities for microwave leaching of chalcopyrite in ferric sulphate." International Journal of Mineral Processing 80, no. 2-4 (September 2006): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2006.04.003.

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48

Airoldi, Claudio, and Daniel S. Prandini. "Crystalline lamellar ferric acid sulphate – intercalation of n-alkylmonoamines and thermochemistry." Thermochimica Acta 328, no. 1-2 (March 1999): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6031(98)00620-0.

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CASAS, J. M., G. CRISÓSTOMO, and L. CIFUENTES. "DISSOLUTION OF METALLIC COPPER IN AQUEOUS SULPHURIC ACID - FERRIC SULPHATE SOLUTIONS." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 45, no. 3 (January 2006): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.2006.45.3.243.

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50

Dutrizac, J. E. "Dissolution of Low Iron Sphalerite in Ferric Sulphate-Sulphuric Acid Media." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 49, no. 1 (January 2010): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.2010.49.1.9.

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