Journal articles: 'Ferritic steel. Welding'

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Kazakov, A. A., O. V. Fomina, A. I. Zhitinev, and P. V. Melnikov. "Basic physical and chemical concepts for controlling δ-ferrite content when welding with austenite-ferrite materials." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 4(96) (January 8, 2019): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2018-96-4-42-52.

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The paper shows the influence of steel chemical composition on δ-ferrite behavior throughout the entire range of temperature considering welding consumables. Materials for joints are manufactured of the 10Kh19N11M4F, currently used for welding high-strength low-alloy steels. This steel prospects for welding high-nitrogen corrosion-resistant steels saving their non-magnetism, including the zone of welded joint, were analyzed on the basis of these studies. Using thermodynamic modeling, critical parameters were found that determine the behavior of δ-ferrite during solidification and subsequent cooling of solid steel. The most important parameters are the depth of the σ-ferritic transformation and the maximum equilibrium temperature of austenitization, which were used to interpret the experimental data obtained during hot physical modeling of welding. The areas of promising compositions of materials for welding of low-alloyed high-strength and high-nitrogen corrosion-resistant steels without hot cracks and providing, if necessary, the non-magnetic seam were found and depicted on a fragment of an improved Scheffler – Speidel diagram.

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Campbell, R. D. "Ferritic Stainless Steel Welding Metallurgy." Key Engineering Materials 69-70 (January 1992): 167–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.69-70.167.

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Safari, Mehdi, Hossein Mostaan, and Abdoreza Ghaderi. "Dissimilar resistance spot welding of AISI 304 to AISI 409 stainless steels: mechanical properties and microstructural evolutions." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 6 (2018): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018057.

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In this work, dissimilar resistance spot welding of austenitic stainless steel sheet (304 grade) and ferritic stainless steel sheet (409 grade) is studied experimentally. For this purpose, the effects of process parameters such as welding current, welding time and electrode force on tensile-shear strength of resistance spot welded joints are investigated with response surface methodology (RSM). Also, microstructural evolutions during resistance spot welding process of AISI 409 and AISI 304 stainless steels are evaluated by optical microscopy. It is concluded from results that the tensile-shear strength of spot welds is increased with increasing the welding current, welding time and electrode force. It is shown that widmanstatten ferrites have been grown in the weld metal of dissimilar resistance spot welds of AISI 304 and AISI 409 stainless steels.

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Varbai, Balázs, Ferenc Tolnai, and Kornél Májlinger. "Effects of TIG Reheating on Duplex Stainless Steel Weld Microstructure." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 4, no. 1 (March 3, 2019): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2019.1.37.

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Duplex stainless steels (DSS) gaining their excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance due to their austenitic-ferritic microstructure, ideally in the same amount. However, to keep this ideal phase ratio during arc welding is very difficult. Generally, the arc welding processes will result in more ferritic microstructure in the weld metal and in the heat affected zone, due to the rapid cooling. The ferritic microstructure can cause chromiumnitride precipitation, because the nitrogen solubility in ferrite phase is very low below 700 °C. These chromiumnitride precipitations can cause loss of corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. However, during subsequent reheating, the chromium-nitrides can dissolve and act as a secondary austenite nucleation site in the ferritic microstructure. In our research we welded DSS specimen autogenously, with tungsten inert gas welding using pure argon and 94 % argon + 6 % nitrogen as shielding gasses. In the first case the sub-sequent solid-state reheating caused 20 % increase in the austenite fraction of the weld metal but with the use of mixed shielding gas only 5 % increase.

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Akbari Mousavi, Seyed Ali Asghar, and A. Garehdaghi. "Investigations on the Microstructure and the Fracture Surface of Pulsed Nd: YAG Laser Welding of AISI 304 Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.418.

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The paper presents pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding of the 304 stainless steels. The welding tests were carried out with various operational parameters. The effects of laser welding variables on the geometry, microstructure and solidification of the weld are considered. The austenitic or ferritic solidification is produced in the 304 austenitic stainless steel depended upon the cooling rate and its chemical compositions. The possiblity of austenitic solidification compared with the ferritic solidification decreases with the chromium to nickel equivalent ratio and that increases with cooling rates. Moreover, more δ ferrite is obtained if the cooling rate is increased or the higher power laser is used. The surface of fracture samples was considered and the reason for failure was investigated. The study shows that the fracture is in ductile type.

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Sundaresan, S. "Metallurgy of Welding Stainless Steels." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 274–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.274.

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Based primarily on microstructure, five stainless steel types are recognized: ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, duplex and precipitation-hardening. The major problem in ferritic stainless steels is the tendency to embrittlement, aggravated by various causes. During welding, control of heat input is essential and, in some cases, also a postweld heat treatment. The austenitic type is the easiest to weld, but two important issues are involved in the welding of these steels: hot cracking and formation of chromium carbide and other secondary phases on thermal exposure. The nature of the problems and remedial measures are discussed from a metallurgical perspective. Duplex stainless steels contain approximately equal proportions of austenite and ferrite. The article discusses the upset in phase balance during welding both in the weld metal and heat-affected zone and the formation of embrittling secondary phases during any thermal treatment. Martensitic stainless steels are susceptible to hydrogen-induced cracking. Welding thus involves many precautions to prevent it through proper preheat selection, postweld heat treatment, etc. In the welding of precipitation-hardening stainless steels, it is usually necessary to develop in the weld metal strength levels matching those of the base metal. This is achieved by applying a postweld heat treatment appropriate to each type of alloy.

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Kuzmikova, Lenka, Huijun Li, John Norrish, Zengxi Pan, and Nathan Larkin. "Development of safe optimized welding procedures for high strength Q&T steel welded with austenitic consumables." Soldagem & Inspeção 18, no. 2 (June 2013): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-92242013000200010.

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High strength quenched and tempered (Q&T) steels offer obvious economic benefits originating from their advantageous strength to price and weight ratios. These steels are usually welded using ferritic consumables and for this combination the risk of hydrogen assisted cold cracking (HACC) is high. The use of austenitic stainless steel (ASS) consumables has great potential to significantly improve this issue. Yet, there are no guidelines for determination of safe level of preheat for welding ferritic steels with ASS consumables. For this reason manufacturers adopt this parameter from procedures developed for conventional ferritic consumables thus significantly limiting the benefits ASS consumables are capable to deliver. Productivity could be further enhanced by identifying the upper interpass temperature threshold, thus reducing the stand-off times. Aim of this work is to develop safe highly optimised procedures for welding of high strength Q&T steel with ASS consumable.

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Penha, R. N., L. B. Silva, C. S. P. Mendonça, T. C. Moreira, and M. L. N. M. Melo. "Effect of ageing time on microstructure and mechanical properties of SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 1, no. 91 (May 1, 2018): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1382.

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Purpose: SAF 2205 duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are materials characterized by a favourable combination of the properties of ferritic and austenitic stainless steels. This type of stainless steel presents good weldability, corrosion resistance especially for stress corrosion cracking (SCC). However, this steel presents an unavoidable disadvantage that is its potential microstructural instability. Although duplex stainless steels design idea is to present two main types of microstructure, other phases and carbides or nitrides can precipitate. In the case of DSS SAF 2205, in addition to austenitic and ferritic microstructure, during heat treatment processing, welding or use may occur precipitation of undesirable intermetallic phases such as chi, Widmanstätten austenite, sigma besides carbides and nitrides. The precipitation of s-phase is associated with effects that cause both reduction of toughness and decreases the corrosion resistance on austenitic, ferritic and duplex stainless steels. Design/methodology/approach: This study evaluated the aging treatment effect on hardness, impact toughness and ferrite content of a SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel. Samples were solubilized at 1150°C, quenched in water and aged at 850°C during 1, 5, 10, 30, 60 or 180 minutes. After aging, cooling was to room temperature in air. Findings: Aging time promoted s-phase precipitation and hardness increase. Hardness and ferrite volume measurements, microscopy and the prediction of sigma phase bases the discussion. Impact toughness decreased with time aging and intermetallic phase precipitation. Research limitations/implications: As future work could be performed some corrosion test, vary the cooling rate after aging, and using other techniques to identify phases. Focus the research at lower aging times to try the describe Cr partitioning process to form sigma phase. Practical implications: High aging time should be avoided for SAF 2205 DSS. Originality/value: Usually sigma-phase precipitation on DDS is correlated to welding process. This paper correlates it to aging heat treatment.

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Chowdhury, Sandip Ghosh, B. Mahato, Hezio Rosa da Silva, Gustavo Gonçalves Lourenço, and Dagoberto Brandão Santos. "Evolution of Texture in Ultra-Fine Grained Ferrite through Warm-Rolling and Intercritical Annealing." Materials Science Forum 584-586 (June 2008): 610–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.584-586.610.

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The ferrite grain size refining is the unique mechanism for increasing both mechanical strength and formability of steels. Steel with an ultra-fine ferrite grained structure must show a good relation between mechanical strength, ductility and toughness, while the low carbon content enhances good welding characteristics. The objective of this work is to investigate the influence of warm rolling on the evolution of texture in a microalloyed low carbon-manganese (0.11%C, 1.41%Mn, 0.028%Nb and 0.012%Ti) steel with ultra-fine grains produced through out quenching, warm rolling, followed by sub and intercritical annealing. The evolution of restoration process - recovery and recrystallization - was followed by optical and scanning microscopy. After subcritical annealing, the microstructure was formed by spheroidal iron carbides and a ferritic recovered matrix. Otherwise, after intercritical annealing, the microstructure was composed mainly by ultrafine grain polygonal ferrite, MA (martensite-austenite) constituent and carbides. The mechanical behaviour of the steel was evaluated using tensile tests. The mechanical properties have been correlated with the evolution of texture in the ultra-fine grained ferrites.

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Raj Kumar, R., and Surendra Patle. "Development of Heat Treatment Parameters to Enhance HAZ Impact Toughness of SS 430 Material." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.214.

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Pressure Housing, used in the Grid Mechanisms Motor, is manufactured from ferritic stainless steel, SS430 bar of 120mm diameter. The application demands an alternative non-magnetic and magnetic material (austenitic and ferritic) on the outside. This is manufactured by making longitudinal machined slots on the outside surface of SS430 bar which is ferritic and magnetic and the machined slots are filled up by depositing SS347 which is an austenitic and non-magnetic stainless steel material. In order to weld SS430 # SS430 with SS347, welding procedure was to be qualified as per ASME Sec IX with additional requirements of impact specimens from weld and HAZ at temperature +20°C, microstructure examination and intergranular corrosion test as per ASTM A763 Pr.Z. It was the first time, SS430 # SS430 welding procedure qualification with SS347 was to be carried out as no earlier cases required this qualification. SS430 ferritic stainless steel bar exhibits stringers of ferrite and martensite and in cases of stingers of two phase structures like duplex stainless steel, it has been reported that the transverse impact properties drops to half to two-third the longitudinal values. In the welded coupon, the impact property on the HAZ was located in the transverse direction and extremely difficult to meet the requirements. Welding qualification with impact requirement in transverse direction in HAZ was a challenging task and this paper addresses the issues encountered and the work carried out in literature study on the metallurgy, heat treatment and experimental trials to meet the specification requirement.

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Hu, Shan Shan, Bi Tao Yang, Bo Dong Zeng, Dong Rui Zheng, and Zi Li Yang. "Experimental Study of Laser Welding Process and Properties of 2205 Duplex Stainless Sheet Steels." Materials Science Forum 861 (July 2016): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.861.141.

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2205 duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless steel has a good weldability and an excellent corrosion resistance. The good weldability is achieved when in close to 50-50 ferrite-austenite ratio. In this study, the welding process and properties were investigated by pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding. Tensile test, surface microhardness test, surface topography and microstructures of 2205 duplex stainless steel welds were performed under different welding speeds, input currents, pulse widths, frequencies and defocus distance. The relationship among them was revealed and the optimal welding parameters were obtained. The results showed in the condition of I = 160 A, T = 5 ms, f = 25 Hz, V = 500 mm/min and Z =-1 mm, the amount of ferrite and austenite in welds was roughly same, overlap rate of solder joints was above 78% and the weldability was good.

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Mori, Hiroaki, Hiroyuki Ogiwara, Kazuyoshi Saida, Hisashi Serizawa, Takanori Hirose, and Hiroyasu Tanigawa. "Laser Beam Welding for Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic Steel F82H." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 2771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.2771.

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A fusion reactor is expected as one of the new electric power sources in next generation. Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel F82H is planned to be used as a structural material for the blanket modules set on the inner wall of the reactor. However, especially in the case of laser beam welding (LBW), the weldability of the steel was not completely clarified. On the other hand, although post weld heat treatment (PWHT) should be conducted for the welds of the steel in accordance with general standards for chrome steels, the heat treatment conditions were uncertain. Therefore, adaptability of LBW as a joining method for the steel and the applicable PWHT conditions for the welded joints were investigated in this study. The effect of LBW conditions on weld penetration behavior were ascertained by observation of cross sections in the welds. The adequate PWHT conditions were confirmed in consideration of both hardness distributions measured in welds and ductile-brittle transition temperatures (DBTT) evaluated using Charpy impact test. Full penetration without weld defects such as hot cracking, porosity etc. was obtained for plates with the thickness of 4mm of the steel by control welding conditions. That means laser beam is one of useful welding heat sources to realize sound weld joints of the steel. In addition, due to select appropriate PWHT conditions, the hardness in welds was suppressed to the level of base metal and the toughness in the welded joints was improved to a practical level without the damage to base metal.

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Guo, Dong Hua, De Wen Ma, Zhi Yong Zhang, and Xue Feng Ma. "Application Key Technologies of Ferritic Stainless Steel for Traffic Sign Substrate Plate." Advanced Materials Research 510 (April 2012): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.510.227.

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This paper explains the economy and mechanical properties of the ferritic stainless steel used as the materials of the traffic sign substrate plate, analyzes the relationship between the density of the ferritic stainless steel and the thickness of the substrate plate, proposes a method to determine the quality of the welding, and describes the corrosion mechanism and processing performance of the ferritic stainless steel substrate plate while proposing the related improving ways. The results showed that: by reducing the thickness, ensuring the overall load, adopting the tempering control to reduce the contents of the C, N and other impurities, adding the alloy elements such as the Cr, Mo, Ti, Nb to lower the corrosion, and reducing the C, N, S, P, O and other impurity elements to improve the welding performance, the ferritic stainless steel can be a good material for the traffic sign substrate plate.

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Montero, Filgueira, García-Diez, Mier, and Camba. "The Wear Responses of the Welded Joints of ASTM A335 Gr. P11 Steels Affected by Accelerated Flow Corrosion." Materials 12, no. 21 (November 4, 2019): 3630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213630.

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This study shows the effects of wear on welded joints of ASTM A355 Gr. P11 “Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High Temperature Service” steels subjected to the welding procedures established by codes B31.1 and ASME III. The standard welding procedure establishes the following steps: a preheating process, welding and post-weld heat treatment. This generates a wear behavior that depends on the thermal cycles to which the different areas of the joint are subjected. The objective of this article was the study of the behavior against the flow-accelerated corrosion of the welded joints of a low alloy steel. There is the possibility of establishing welding procedures other than those established, while maintaining the safety ranges, depending on the field of application for the steel.

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Han, Rui Feng, Sheng Sun Hu, Jun Qi Shen, Jian Han, and Hai Gang Xu. "Effect of Different Welding Parameters on the Microstructure of 21% Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 452-453 (January 2012): 1446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.452-453.1446.

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Ferritic stainless steel is an economical stainless steel which doesn’t contain nickel or a little nickel. It has the broad prospects of application. By using 21% Cr ferritic stainless steel as test material, the paper analyses the microstructure of the joint. The different welding parameters have the different effect on the depth, the solidification form and the microstructure.

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Lin, Shao Pin, Ge Ping Yu, J. Y. Huang, H. J. Chen, R. C. Kuo, E. Wen Huang, and Jia Hong Huang. "The Effect of Shielded Metal Arc and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Methods on 308L Stainless Steel Weldments." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 2753–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.2753.

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Shielded metal arc (SMA) and gas tungsten arc (GTA) weldments were investigated to study the welding effects on the mechanical behavior of 308L austenitic stainless steel weldments, respectively. Both SMA and GTA weldments showed dendritic microstructure. The observed austenitic stainless steel welds solidified to give primary ferrite and secondary austenite as the ferritic-austenitic solidification mode (FA-mode) solidification. However, the lower heat input with larger Cr-versus-Ni ratio in SMA weld process led to lathy ferrite morphology and more residual ferrite in the SMA welds, while vermicular ferrite morphology was shown in GTA weldments. The yield strength of the welds significantly increased with decreasing elongation, which was mainly due to the dual phase strengthening effect after rapid solidification during welding

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Sirén, Mika, Pekka Pohjanne, Veli Kujanpää, Justus Hirn, Jyrki Romu, and Hannu Pekka Heikkinen. "Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Welded Joints in New Generation Ferritic and Duplex Stainless Steels." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 1003–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.1003.

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This study covers the very preliminary results of welding and characterisation of one novel duplex and two ferritic stainless steel grades. The so-called ”lean duplex” grade EN 1.4162 (UNS S32101) has 21.5% Cr-5% Mn-1.5% Ni-N, the ferritic EN 1.4509 (UNS S43940, AISI 441) 17% Cr, and the other, improved 21% Cr ferritic grade that fulfills also UNS S44330 standard requirements, but has no standard EN designation yet. Both ferritic stainless steels have low (< 0.02%) carbon content and double (Nb+Ti) stabilisation. The materials were used as 1.5 and 2 mm sheets, hence laser and resistance spot welding were selected for welding experiments. The joints were subjected to mechanical testing and critical pitting temperature (CPT) corrosion tests, which were performed on both the base materials and welds. The mechanical tests of the welds did not reveal any significant softening effect due to welding operations. Comprehensive CPT data were achieved for base materials and their welds using two different polarisation potentials, and the new 21% Cr ferritic grade shows a great promise in both as-received and welded conditions. This paper was written as part of the Finnish Metals and Engineering Competence Cluster (FIMECC)’s Demanding Applications (DEMAPP) program.

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Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. "Design of Creep-Resistant Ferritic-Steel Welding Alloys." Indian Welding Journal 36, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22486/iwj.v36i4.178775.

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Joseph, G. Britto. "Combined welding of Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless steel." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 5, no. 4 (2013): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-0544447.

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Köse, Ceyhun, and Ceyhun Topal. "Laser welding of AISI 410S ferritic stainless steel." Materials Research Express 6, no. 8 (June 12, 2019): 0865g4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab26c0.

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Lalik, Stanisław, and Grzegorz Niewielski. "Welding of Steel with High Manganese and Aluminum Content." Solid State Phenomena 212 (December 2013): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.212.95.

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The paper presents results of tests of mechanical properties, hardness measurements, macro-and microstructures of welded joints austenitic and austenitic-ferritic steel with high manganese and aluminium content meant for automotive industry. Tests were conducted on flat sheets made of steel X20MnAl18-3 and X55MnAl25-5. Tested welded joints were ruptured in tensile strength test in all cases inside the weld which is connected with lower resistance to stretching of welded joints in comparison with resistance of joined steels. Resistance to stretching of tested samples, regardless of the method of welding, is on a similar level.

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Ranjbarnodeha, E., S. Weissb, S. Hankeb, and A. Fischerb. "EBSD characterization of the effect of welding parameters on HAZ of AISI409." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 48, no. 1 (2012): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb110718015r.

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One of the main problems during the welding of ferritic stainless steels is severe grain growth in the heat affected zone (HAZ). In the present study, microstructural characteristics of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded AISI409 ferritic stainless steel were investigated. The effect of the welding parameters on grain size? local misorientation and low angle grain boundaries was studied. It was found that the base metal was partly in recrystallization state. Complete recrystallization followed by severe grain growth occurs after joining process due to welding heating cycle. A decrease in the number of low angle grain boundaries in HAZ was observed. Nevertheless, the welding plastic strain increases the density of local misorientation and low angle grain boundaries. This investigation shows that the final state of strain is the result of the competition between welding plastic strains and stress relieving from recrystallization but the decisive factor in determining the grain size in HAZ is heat input.

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Hussein, Adhraa, and Ahmed Al-Joubori. "Welding of ferritic stainless steel plate using austenitic stainless steel electrode." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (March 21, 2020): 012083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/745/1/012083.

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Agustriyana, Lisa, Sarjiyana Sarjiyana, and Suyanta Suyanta. "PENGARUH PENGELASAN GTAW PADA LOGAM BIMETAL PLAT BAJA KARBON RENDAH DAN STAINLESS STEEL TERHADAP SIFAT MEKANIK SAMBUNGAN LAS." INFO-TEKNIK 20, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/infotek.v20i2.7712.

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Stainless steel material (stainless steel) is used in the home industry and the military industry, and also in the nuclear industry. Steel material is divided into five types, namely austenite, ferrite, martensite, duplex and precipitation hardening. Ferritic stainless steel is an attractive alternative in vehicle production because of its corrosion resistance. Different metals have different characteristics from one another, so the welding process of dissimilar metals requires certain techniques. The purpose of this study is to determine the tensile strength of welds in bimetallic welding between low carbon steel plates and stainless-steel plates and to know the hardness of welds in bimetal welding between low carbon steel plates and stainless-steel plates using GTAW welding. The research method used: this research is part of the testing of technical materials conducted by the destructive test method with the category of science and technology development in the field of Mechanical Engineering. There is a trend of increasing tensile strength, yield strength and hardness of bimetallic welding of low carbon steel plates and stainless-steel plates using GTAW welding, that the greater the welding amperes will increase tensile strength, yield strength and hardness. The highest tensile strength was 41.18 Kg / mm2 and the highest yield strength was 41.16 Kgf / mm2 at 60 amperes and the highest hardness was 571.01 BHN at 55 amperes with the corresponding amperage range from the usage table 45 - 65 amperes. In the HAZ area when compared to the parent material, the HAZ area hardness is higher than the parent material and lower than the weld filler.

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Ranjbarnodeh, E., S. Serajzadeh, A. H. Kokabi, and A. Fischer. "Grain size distribution after similar and dissimilar gas tungsten arc welding of a ferritic stainless steel." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 51, no. 1 (2015): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb120521001r.

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In this study, gas tungsten arc welding of ferritic stainless steel and grain size distribution in heat affected zone of the welded samples were investigated. Both similar and dissimilar arc welding operations were considered where in dissimilar welding joining of stainless steel to mild steel was examined. In the first stage, a three-dimensional model was developed to evaluate temperature field during and after arc welding while the model was performed using finite element software, ANSYS. Then, the effects of welding heat input and dissimilarity of the joint on the weld pool shape and grain growth in HAZ of stainless steel was investigated by means of model predictions and experimental observations. The results show that the similar joint produces wider HAZ and considerably larger grain size structure while in the dissimilar welds, the low carbon part acts as an effective heat sink and prevents the grain growth in the stainless steel side as well reduces the welding maximum temperature.

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Evin, Emil, Miroslav Tomáš, and Marek Výrostek. "Laser-Beam Welding Impact on the Deformation Properties of Stainless Steels When Used for Automotive Applications." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ama-2016-0028.

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Abstract Materials other than standard and advanced high strength steels are remarkable for the thin-walled structures of the car-body in recent years in order to safety enhancement, weight and emission reduction, corrosion resistance improvement. Thus, there are presented in the paper the deformation properties of laser welded austenitic AISI 304 and ferritic AISI 430 stainless steels compared to these one measured for the high strength low alloyed steel H220PD. The properties were researched by tensile test and 3-point bending test with fixed ends on specimens made of basic material and laser welded one. The specimens were welded by solid state fiber laser YLS-5000 in longitudinal direction (the load direction). The deformation properties such as strength, stiffness and deformation work were evaluated and compared. The strength and stiffness were calculated from tensile test results and the deformation work was calculated from both, tensile test and 3-point bending test results. There has been found only minor effect of laser welding to the deformation properties for high strength low alloyed steel H220PD and austenitic stainless steel AISI 304. Otherwise, the laser welding strongly influenced the deformation work of the ferritic stainless steel AISI 430 as well as the elongation at tensile test.

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Doomra, Akash, Sandeep Singh Sandhu, and Beant Singh. "Effect of post weld heat treatment on metallurgical and mechanical properties of electron beam welded AISI 409 ferritic steel." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 26, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/545.

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The applicability of ferritic stainless steel is restricted due to its low weldability, and this can be attributed to the severe grain growth in the weld zone during the solidification of the weld pool and formation of fully ferritic structure. This study aims to investigate the weldability of 18 mm thick AISI 409 ferritic stainless steel plates using an electron beam welding process without the use of filler metal. The joints were investigated for metallography characterization (microstructure, macrostructure, and microhardness) and mechanical behavior (tensile strength and impact toughness) in as-welded condition and after post-weld heat treatment at 550 ºC for 75 minutes. The weld zone exhibited large columnar grains in the direction perpendicular to the weld centerline and got refined after post-weld heat treatment. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and microhardness of the weld zone were found higher than the base metal. The impact toughness of weld zone was found to be reduced by 45%, but the post-weld heat treatment improved the toughness by 40%. Results revealed that the electron beam welding process could be successfully employed for welding of AISI 409 ferritic stainless steel, which will increase its application range that requires thicker section of welded plates. Post-weld heat treatment was found to be advantageous for improving the microstructure and mechanical properties.

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Amuda, M. O. H., and S. Mridha. "Grain Refinement in Ferritic Stainless Steel Welds: The Journey so Far." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 1165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.1165.

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The ferritic stainless steel is a low cost alternative to the most often adopted austenitic stainless steel due to its higher strength, better ductility and superior corrosion resistance in caustic and chloride environments. However, the application of ferritic steel is limited because of poor ductility and notch impact toughness of its weld section with differential grain structures. Several techniques have been explored to control the grain features of the weld to minimize these problems. In the present effort, a review of these options in relation to the degree of grain refinement in ferritic stainless steel weld is conducted in order to have a better understanding about the grain refining phenomenon in the weld microstructure. So far, the most effective technique is found to be the pulse AC TIG welding which can produce weld with mechanical properties equivalent to 65% to those of the base metal. The refinement in this process occurred through dendrite fragmentation and grain detachment in the weld pool producing small-grained microstructures with a large fraction of equiaxed grains. However, in friction welding process where heat input and heat transfer are effectively controlled, the strength can be as high as 95% of the parent metal. This suggests that the total energy input for welding and heat transfer phenomenon mainly control the development of microstructural feature in the weld pool and hence the strength.

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Sivaraman, Krishnan, and Dileep Kulkarni. "Welding of Stainless Steel - A Heavy Engineering Perspective." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.380.

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Stainless steels are engineering materials capable of meeting a wide range of design criteria. They exhibit excellent corrosion resistance, strength at elevated temperature, toughness at cryogenic temperature and fabrication characteristics, and they are selected for a broad range of consumer, commercial, and industrial applications. In the fabrication of stainless steel products, components, or equipment, manufacturers employ welding as the principal joining method. Stainless steels possess good weldability and a welded joint can provide optimum corrosion resistance, strength, and fabrication economy provided reasonable care is exercised during welding. L&T's Heavy Engineering (HE) has established a reputation for quality products in the global market with its strong engineering capabilities and state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities. It manufactures and supplies various critical equipments like reactors, vessels, heat exchangers and inter-connecting piping to Fertilizer, Refinery, Petrochemical, Chemical, Oil & Gas, Power, Nuclear and allied Strategic sectors. The wide spectrum of equipments mentioned involves fabrication of various grades of Stainless Steel (SS)like Austenitic, Ferritic, Martensitic, Duplex, Super Duplex etc. This paper discusses some of the high productivity welding processes and the techniques being used in manufacturing Stainless Steel vessels at Larsen & Toubro’s Heavy Engineering such as: Narrow groove welding of high thickness SS joints by Submerged Arc Welding(SAW), High deposition SS weld surfacing using Electro Slag Strip Cladding (ESSC), Hotwire GTAW for joining & surfacing of SS, SS Liner welding by GTAW for critical Urea Service applications, Automatic Tube to Tube sheet Welding etc.

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Luciano de Azevedo, Alessandra Gois, Valtair Antonio Ferraresi, and Jesualdo Pereira Farias. "Ferritic stainless steel welding with the A-TIG process." Welding International 24, no. 8 (August 2010): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507110903568794.

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Brandao, W. S., V. T. L. Bueno, P. V. Marques, and P. J. Modenesi. "Avoiding problems when welding AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel." Welding International 6, no. 9 (January 1992): 713–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507119209548271.

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Hamelin, Cory J., Ondrej Muránsky, and Lyndon Edwards. "The Influence of Austenite Grain Size during Welding Simulations of Ferritic Steels." Advanced Materials Research 996 (August 2014): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.996.512.

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In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the simulation of ferritic steel welding processes. The successful validation of a single-pass autogenous TIG beam weld in SA508 Gr.3 Cl.1 steel has identified key simulation variables required for the accurate prediction of post-weld residual stress in ferritic weldments. The present work outlines a sensitivity study performed to examine the influence of austenite grain growth on predicted solid-state phase transformation kinetics and consequently, residual stress predictions.

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Balakrishnan, M., V. Balasubramanian, and G. Madhusudhan Reddy. "Microstructural Analysis on Ballistic Tested Armour Steel Joints Fabricated Using Low Hydrogen Ferritic Consumables for Capping Pass." Key Engineering Materials 812 (July 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.812.1.

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Post impact microstructural characteristics of 7.62 armour pearcing incendiary bullet was studied on AISI 4340 multilayerd welded joints. The potential application of AISI 4340 steel is found in the construction of combat vehicles using welding process. The welded joints are expected to offer better ballistic resistance like unwelded parent metals in combat vehicles. The traditionally used austenitic stainless steel welding consumables and the transformation effects of the welding process result in inferior ballistic performance of AISI 4340 steel welded joints. Published information revealed that a few attempts were made to successfully resist the bullets at multi layered weld metals by depositing a hard-facing interlayer between traditionally used austenitic stainless steel filler metals and a austenitic stainless steel buttering layer in between the parent metal and the hard – facing interlayer. This paper reports the pre-impact and post-impact microstructural characteristics of multi layered sandwiched joints made of a austenitic stainless steel root, a chromium carbide hard – facing middle layer and a low hydrogen ferritic capping front layer. The effect of the low hydrogen ferritic front layer on the ballistic performance after impact is studied in detail.

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Bhandari, Deepak, Rahul Chhibber, Navneet Arora, and Rajeev Mehta. "Investigations on Design and Formulation of Buttering Layer Electrode Coatings for Bimetallic Welds." Materials Science Forum 880 (November 2016): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.880.37.

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The bimetallic welds (BMWs) between ferritic low alloy steels and austenitic stainless steel are used widely in steam generators of the power plants. The adoption of these welds in wide industrial applications provides feasible solutions for the flexible design of the products by using each material efficiently and economically. The present paper is an effort towards studying the development of austenitic stainless steel buttering filler material for bimetallic weld joint. The work aims at the design and development of buttering layer electrode coatings for shielded metal arc welding process using extreme vertices design methodology suggested by McLean and Anderson to study the effect of electrode coating ingredients on the buttering layer metal composition and delta ferrite content to prevent solidification cracking.

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Jan, Vít, Jan Čupera, Pavel Sohaj, and Petr Havlik. "Microstructure Evaluation of Heterogeneous Electron Beam Weld between Stabilised Austenitic and ODS Ferritic Steel." Materials Science Forum 891 (March 2017): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.891.185.

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The weldability of advanced heat resistant ODS metallic materials in combination with conventional materials is a prior requirement for their wider use in energy production. The microstructure of ODS steels is composed of alpha iron based matrix with dispersed oxide particles. Due to heating during conventional welding, the microstructure and properties of the resulting weld joints are affected and the joints often become the weakest point of the structure. The electron beam welding with its reduced heat affected zone size may be an answer in this. The presented article is focused on thorough metallographic evaluation of the structure of heterogeneous electron beam welds which combine stabilized austenitic stainless steel with the MA956 ferritic ODS steel. EB welded joints were evaluated by light and analytical electron microscopy including EDS and phase EBSD analyses in the as-welded state and after post-weld heat treatment. Mechanical properties of the weld were evaluated from the results of micro hardness profiles. Achieving an appropriate structure of such welds and correct welding parameters are crucial aspects for future successful application of similar joints in energy industry

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Manideep, D., and K. Balachanda. "Welding Parameters-Metallurgical Properties Correlation of Friction Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel and Ferritic Stainless Steel." Journal of Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 1, 2012): 1013–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2012.1013.1019.

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Zhang, Yong, Jiefeng Wu, Zhihong Liu, Songlin Liu, Mingzhun Lei, Muhammad Atif, Zhenfei Liu, and Jianguo Ma. "Effect of Pre-Heating and Post-Heating on Electron Beam Welding of Reduced Activation Ferrite/Martensite Steel." Journal of Nuclear Engineering 2, no. 3 (June 23, 2021): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jne2030021.

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Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels are considered the main candidate material for the water-cooled ceramic breeder (WCCB) in a fusion reactor. High-energy density welding approaches, such as electron beam welding (EBW) and laser beam welding (LBW), are frequently utilized in the welding of RAFM steels. During the welding process, cracks and other defects are prone to appear. In this paper, EBW was selected for the welding of RAFM steels. Those with and without pre-heat and post-heat treatment by electron beams are studied by finite element simulation and trials. The results show that the experimental results are consistent with the simulation. In particular, in the case of similar deformation, the residual stress after electron beam heat treatment is far less than that without heat treatment. Without heat treatment, the residual stress near the weld is more than 400 MPa, while the residual stress after heat treatment is about 350 MPa. As the reduction of residual stress is essential to prevent the occurrence of cracks and other defects after welding, pre-heat and post-heat treatment by the electron beam is deemed as an effective way to greatly improve the welding quality in RAFM steel welding.

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Madhusudhan Reddy, G., and Adula Rajasekhar. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 16Cr-2Ni Stainless Steel Fusion and Solid State Welds-Influence of Post Weld Treatments." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.289.

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Many critical applications in chemical equipment, aircraft and ordinance demand a material of construction with high strength and good corrosion resistance. Frequently the strength requirement exceeds that obtainable with austenitic or ferritic stainless steel and it is necessary to use one of the martensitic stainless steels. Since martensitic stainless steels are structural materials, weldability has been an important consideration in their development. AISI 431 is one of the most potentially attractive steels in this class used extensively for parts requiring a combination of high tensile strength, good toughness and corrosion resistance. Although this material has been used for many years, little information is available on the welding behavior of these steels. Further, data on electron beam (EB) welding and solid state welding process like friction welding are scarce. The lack of knowledge constitutes a potential drawback to the more widespread use of these steels. Hence, a study has been taken up to develop an understanding on the electron beam welding and friction welding aspects of martensitic stainless steel type AISI 431. Various kinds of post weld heat treatments (PWHT) were investigated to determine their influence on microstructure and mechanical properties. Weld center in EB welding resulted a cast structure consists of dendritic structure with ferrite network in a matrix of un-tempered martensite. In friction welding, the weld center exhibited thermo-mechanical effected structure consists of fine intragranular acicular martensite in equiaxed prior austenite grains. In both the welding processes, post weld tempering treatment resulted in coarsening of the martensite which increases with increase in tempering temperature. In the as-weld condition, welds exhibited high strength and hardness and poor impact toughness. Increase in impact toughness and decrease in strength and hardness is observed with an increase in tempering temperature. The hardness of EB welds increased with increase in the austenitizing temperature up to 1100 °C and a marginal decrease thereafter was observed. Double austenitization after double tempering resulted in optical mechanical properties i.e., strength, hardness and toughness.

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Jaber, H. L., M. Pouranvari, S. P. H. Marashi, M. Alizadeh-Sh, R. K. Salim, and F. A. Hashim. "Dissimilar spot welding of dual phase steel/ferritic stainless steel: phase transformations." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 19, no. 7 (June 26, 2014): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1362171814y.0000000226.

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40

Oladele, Isiaka Oluwole, Davies Babatunde Alonge, Timothy Olakunle Betiku, Emmanuel Ohiomomo Igbafen, and Benjamin Omotayo Adewuyi. "Performance Evaluation of the Effects of Post Weld Heat Treatment on the Microstructure, Mechanical and Corrosion Potentials of Low Carbon Steel." Advanced Technologies & Materials 44, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/atm-2019-1-007.

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The effect of Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) on the microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of low carbon steel have been investigated. The welding process was conducted on butt joint using Manual Metal Arc Welding (MMAW) techniques at a welding voltage of 23 V and welding current of 110 A with the use of E6013 and 3.2 mm diameter as filler material. Heat treatment through full annealing was carried out on the welded low carbon steel. The mechanical properties (hardness, impact toughness and tensile properties) of the AW and PWHT samples were determined. The microstructure of the AW and PWHT samples was characterized by means of an optical microscopy. Corrosion behavior of the sample was studied in3.5 wt.% NaCl environment using potentiodynamic polarization method. The results showed that the AW samples has good combination of mechanical and corrosion properties. The microstructure revealed fine grains of pearlite randomly dispersed in the ferrite for the AW base metal (BM) sample while agglomerated and fine particle of epsilon carbide or cementite randomly dispersed on the ferritic phase of the heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM), of the AW, respectively. The PWHT samples shows that the annealing process allow diffusion and growth of the fine grains into partial coarse grains of ferrite and pearlite which did not encourage improvement of the properties. Therefore, it was concluded that the welding parameters put in place during welding of the low carbon steel are optimum for quality weld.

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41

Inui, Keigo. "Welding. Development of the Ferritic Stainless Steel Welding Wire for Automotive Exhaust Systems." DENKI-SEIKO[ELECTRIC FURNACE STEEL] 72, no. 3 (2001): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4262/denkiseiko.72.155.

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42

Balasubramanian, V., A. K. Lakshminarayanan, and S. Malarvizhi. "Effect of Welding Processes on Fatigue Behaviour of AISI 409M Grade Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 391–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.391.

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The present investigation is aimed at to study the effect of four welding processes namely friction stir welding, gas tungsten arc welding, laser beam welding and electron beam welding on fatigue behavior of the ferritic stainless steel conforming to AISI 409M grade. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness were used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. The fatigue life and fatigue crack growth behavior were evaluated using hourglass and centre cracked tension (CCT) specimens respectively. A 100 kN servo hydraulic controlled fatigue testing machine was used under constant amplitude uniaxial tensile load with stress ratio of 0.1 and frequency of 15 Hz. Fatigue properties are correlated with the tensile, impact toughness, micro hardness, microstructure, fracture surface morphology and residual stress of the welded joints. It is found that the joint fabricated by friction stir welding process showed superior fatigue life and fatigue crack growth resistance compared to other joints. This is mainly due to the synergetic effect of dual phase ferritic-martensitic microstructure, superior tensile properties and favorable residual stress, which inhibit the growth of cracks compared to other joints.

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43

Sharma, Varun, AS Shahi, and Subodh Kumar. "Influence of different filler weld wire chemistries on metallurgical and mechanical behavior of ultrahigh strength steel welded joints." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 11 (April 25, 2019): 2280–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420719844798.

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Three different filler combinations comprising of ferritic, austenitic, and (ferritic + austenitic) were used to fabricate butt welded joints on 15 mm thick ultrahigh strength steel using hybrid arc welding processes. Owing to different weld metal compositions, a significant variation in metallurgical properties of these welds was observed, which consequently affected their mechanical properties in terms of tensile and impact toughness. Acicular ferrite with relatively soft zones formed in the ferritic weld metal imparted better impact toughness and ductility, whereas the joints welded using austenitic filler wire due to formation of hard martensitic structure showed high hardness across all their zones which resulted into higher tensile strength but poor ductility and impact toughness. SEM fractographs facilitated studying of shear lip formation and percentage shear area, and could be correlated with the ductility and impact toughness of the welded joints to a reasonable extent. Among all the welds, ferritic filler showed relatively less joint efficiency as well as ultimate tensile strength, but could be considered as a better choice over the austenitic as well their combination (ferritic + austenitic), as it performed better in terms of tensile ductility as well as impact toughness.

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44

Aggarwal, Hamender Kumar, Rahul Chhibber, Navneet Arora, and Rajeev Mehta. "Analysis of Mechanical Behaviour of Heat Affected Zone on Ferritic Side of Bimetallic Welds under Thermal Fatigue Conditions." Materials Science Forum 880 (November 2016): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.880.41.

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In this paper the effect of thermal fatigue on mechanical behaviour of the heat affected zone on ferritic side of bimetallic weld was investigated. The bimetallic weld coupons between ferritic steel SA516 Grade 70 and stainless steel 304L were fabricated using TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding process. In this investigation, an experimental test rig was developed and used to simulate the thermal fatigue conditions at laboratory scale. The thermal fatigue factors selected were heating time, notch radius and number of cycles.

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Onsekiz, Murat, and Yahya Altunpak. "Effect of Electrode Materials Type on Resistance Spot Welding of AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 31 (July 2017): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.31.53.

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In this study, AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel sheet with 0.6 mm thickness was joined by resistance spot welding using different electrode materials. The effects of electrode materials and welding parameters on the mechanical properties of welded samples are defined in terms of peak load. The hardness and tensile shear load bearing capacity of welded joint was determined and the microstructure of welded samples was also evaluated. The most suitable welding parameters for each electrode material were determined.

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Negi, B. S. "Case Studies on Field Repairs of Stainless Steel Components in Refinery." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.375.

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Stainless steels (SS) possess excellent corrosion, creep and high temperature oxidation resistance and are invariably used in refinery for construction of heater tubes, tube supports, Heat exchanger bundles, piping and internal lining of pressure vessels. Ferritic stainless steel type 405 is used for column strip-lining, martensitic stainless steel type 410 is used for column trays and heater tubes and austenitic stainless steel family is used very extensively for lining, piping, heat exchanger, heater tubes and tube supports. On-stream and turnaround condition monitoring of plant and equipment are carried out for health assessment and mitigation of premature failure. However, catastrophic failures of stainless steel due to stress corrosion cracking, thermal fatigue and stress relaxation cracking are encountered in addition to bulging and cracking of strip-lining. Field repairs of these components are required to be done. Stainless steels are difficult to weld due to low thermal conductivity, higher coefficient of thermal expansion, fissuring and solidification cracking problem during welding. Lower heat input and fast cooling facilitate the welding process. Welding of service exposed stainless steels is more challenging, as it has already undergone metallurgical degradation. Welding of stainless steels is carried out using TIG and SMAW process with matching electrode after establishing the welding specification procedures and welders qualification. Field repairs of stainless steels components are also attempted with original procedures and in case of difficulties, a buttering layer of inconel (ERNiCr3) or ER 309Mo is provided on the welding surface before using matching electrodes. Quality assurance of weld joint is ensured by stage-wise inspection and non-destructive testing. Dye penetrant test of root run and radiographic examination of final weld joint are most common. Post weld heat treatment is done as per code requirement. This Paper highlights three case studies on field repairs of stainless steel components in refinery. 1. Welding procedure followed for repair of bulged and cracked SS 316 strip-lining and cladding on carbon steel backing material. It is a dissimilar welding of SS 316L with degraded carbon steel. 2. Field welding of SS 347 Piping components, which has undergone thermal relaxation cracking at fillet joints. 3. Welding repair of SS 310 cast heater tube support conforming to A 297 Gr HK 40. The Paper also presents brief failure analysis with reasons and remedies.

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Subrammanian, A., D. B. Jabaraj, and V. K. Bupesh Raja. "Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Resistance Spot Welded Dissimilar Joints Between Ferritic Stainless Steel and Weathering Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 770–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.770.

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Resistance spot welding is widely used in automobile and rail car manufacturing industries. In this research work, resistance spot welded dissimilar joints of ferritic stainless steel and weathering steel sheets is investigated for mechanical and metallurgical properties. Ferritic stainless steel AISI 409M and weathering steel corten A (ASTM A 242) of 2mm thickness were used in this work. Spot welding was done at different current values, keeping other parameters such as electrode force, electrode tip diameter and weld time as constant. Test specimens were subjected to tensile shear test and micro hardness test to assess the mechanical properties of the weld joints. The influence of welding current on nugget growth, fusion zone hardness, peak load, and failure energy and failure mode during tensile shear test, was investigated at various current ratings. The results showed that, with increasing value of current, peak load increased correspondingly. Nugget shape was found to be near symmetrical. Nugget diameter was found to be increasing with increase in current, in expulsion free welds. Interfacial mode of failure was noticed at low current values, whereas, at higher current values, pull out mode of failure was observed. Presence of martensite was observed in the fusion zone. Micro hardness values at fusion zone were found to be more than that of both heat affected zones and base metals.

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FERRO, PAOLO, Alberto Fabrizi, Franco Bonollo, and Jan-Olof Nilsson. "CHARACTERIZATION OF CHROMIUM NITRIDE PRECIPITATION IN THE HEAT AFFECTED ZONE OF THE SUPERDUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL UNS S32750: AN EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.27.2.902.

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It is well known that pitting corrosion resistance of duplex and superduplex stainless steels strongly depends on microstructural characteristics such as ferrite/austenite proportion, presence of intermetallic phases and elemental partitioning between the austenite and ferrite phases. In particular, during the welding operation, very fine chromium nitrides may precipitate within ferrite grains of the heat affected zone drastically reducing the corrosion resistance of welded joints of duplex and super duplex stainless steels. However, due to their small size and low distribution, analyzing the chemical composition and crystallography of chromium nitrides is quite difficult and only a restricted number of advanced techniques of investigation may discriminate their signal from the surrounding matrix. This work is aimed at supporting the microstructural characterization of a welded joint of a superduplex stainless steel by means of a field-emission gun scanning electron microscope. Sub-micron chromium nitride precipitates, identified within the ferritic grains of the heat affected zone, are recognized to be the main reason for the reduced pitting corrosion resistance of the analyzed welded joints. The results are supported by a multi-pass welding process numerical simulation aimed at estimating the cooling rates promoting chromium nitride precipitation in the heat affected zone.

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Ma, Li, Shengsun Hu, Bao Hu, Junqi Shen, and Yonghui Wang. "Activating flux design for laser welding of ferritic stainless steel." Transactions of Tianjin University 20, no. 6 (December 2014): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12209-014-2243-5.

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Reyes-Calderón, F., R. Vences-Hernández, J. A. Salazar-Torres, H. J. Vergara-Hernández, I. Aguilera-Navarrete, and V. Pérez-González. "Parameter Optimization: Force (F), Time (T) and Current Intensity (I), in the RSW Welding Process of DP-290 Steel Plates Using the Taguchi Method." Soldagem & Inspeção 23, no. 2 (June 2018): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/si2302.04.

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Abstract Automotive industries are trying to use new light materials for structural parts of vehicles. However, the steels are being the best manufacturing material option in the automotive industry. One of the advanced steels commonly used due to the high mechanical properties is the Dual Phase Steel (Ferritic-Martensitic). Therefore, the welding process is still very important and a matter of improvement. The present work shows the design of an experimental matrix using the Taguchi method with the optimal parameters to apply in the spot welding process (RSW) of a DP-290 steel; the metallographic characterization, the microhardness and the Peel tests were also carried out in each specimen. The results determined that the lower intensity of current and a medium pressure for a longer time the better resistance to tearing, due to the microstructural changes in the specimens.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ferritic steel. Welding'

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