Academic literature on the topic 'Ferroelectric domain structure'

Abstract Domain walls (DWs) in ferroelectrics are atomically sharp and can be created, erased, and reconfigured within the same physical volume of ferroelectric matrix by external electric fields. They possess a myriad of novel properties and functionalities that are absent in the bulk of the domains, and thus could become an essential element in next-generation nanodevices based on ferroelectrics. The knowledge about the structure and properties of ferroelectric DWs not only advances the fundamental understanding of ferroelectrics, but also provides guidance for the design of ferroelectric-based devices. In this article, we provide a review of structures and properties of DWs in one of the most widely studied ferroelectric systems, BiFeO3 thin films. We correlate their conductivity and photovoltaic properties to the atomic-scale structure and dynamic behaviors of DWs.

Wetting of the ferroelectric domain walls is studied in external magnetic fields and for composition changes in (Ba,Sr)TiO 3. We discuss the sensibility of the domain structure to concentration of alloying element in perovskite ferroelectrics. A considerable magnetic-field and concentration-induced variation of the ferroelectric domain size and the paraelectric layer width is demonstrated. The concentration-temperature "phase diagram," showing the range of the wetting existence, is calculated.

Studies of the structure-property relations of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) modified with lower valent substitutions on the A- and B-sites have been performed as a function of substituent concentration. These investigations have yielded common changes induced by these substitutions on ferroelectric phases. The commonalties are the presence of fine domains and polarization pinning effects. Differences in domain morphologies were observed between the rhombohedral and tetragonal ferroelectric phases. Rhombohedral ferroelectrics were found to exhibit “wavy” domain patterns with increasing dopant concentrations, whereas a lenticular domain shape was preserved as the domain size was decreased for tetragonal ferroelectrics. These differences were explained in terms of different pinning mechanisms based on the differences in local elastic strain accommodations. Investigations of high Zr-content PZT have revealed that the ferroelectric rhombohedral phase becomes stabilized over the antiferroelectric orthorhombic with increasing concentrations of lower valent modifications. This change was explained in terms of the enhanced coupling between oxygen octahedra due to the bonding of oxygen-vacancy dipoles.

ABSTRACTThe multiferroic material YbMnO3 has been reported to exhibit both ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic orders in the ground state. Of these two orders, the ferroelectric order is associated with the P63/mmc-to-P63cm structural transition, which occurs around 1270 K. The interesting feature of the ferroelectric state is that a cloverleaf domain structure with a pseudo-six-fold symmetry is observed in transmission electron microscopy images with the beam incidence parallel to the hexagonal axis. To understand the origin of the formation of the cloverleaf domain structure, we have examined the crystallographic features of the ferroelectric state in YbMnO3 by transmission electron microscopy. In this study, particularly, we adopted the experimental condition that electron beam incidences are perpendicular to the hexagonal axis. It was, as a result, found that there existed various ferroelectric domain structures including the cloverleaf domain structure under the present condition. The notable feature of domain structures found in this study is that each domain structure basically consists of six domains, whose domain boundaries are terminated at one point. Because this feature makes us reminiscent of a discommensurate structure in an incommensurate state, we took high-resolution electron micrographs of areas including domain boundaries. Their analysis indicated that a domain boundary could be identified as a discommensuration with a phase slip of π/3. It is thus understood that the cloverleaf domain structure should be one of domain morphologies for a discommensurate structure, which is related to the break of the translational symmetry.

The influence of magnetoelectric interactions on the magnetic structure, flexomagnetoelectric polarization and magnetization in thin multiferroics film has been investigated. The correlation between antiferromagnetic domain structure and ferroelectric domain pattern has been revealed. It has been shown the asymmetry of the antiferromagnetic vector distribution over multiferroics film in the case of 1090 and 710 ferroelectric domain walls. The direction of spins rotation in magnetic domain walls is determined by the type of ferroelectric domains and the antiferromagnetic vector in the centre of ferroelectric domain. The peculiarities of the micromagnetic distribution are reflected in the behavior of polarization and magnetization, which appears to be different for 1800, 1090 and 710 ferroelectric domains.

Ba2CuWO6 (BCW) was first synthesized in the mid 1960s, and it was predicted to be a ferroelectric material with a very high Curie temperature of 1200 °C [N. Venevtsev and A.G. Kapyshev: New ferroelectrics. Proc. Int. Meet. Ferroelectr.1, 261 (1966)]. Since then, crystallographic studies were performed on the compound with the result that its crystal structure is centrosymmetric. Thus for principal reason, BCW cannot be ferroelectric. That obvious contradiction was examined in this study. Disk-shaped ceramic samples of BCW and Ba2Cu0.5Zn0.5WO6 (BCZW) were prepared. Because of the low electrical resistivity of the ceramics, it was not possible to perform a typical polariszation hysteresis loop for characterization of ferroelectric properties. Scanning electron microscopy investigations strongly suggest that the reason for the conductivity is found in the impurities/precipitations within the microstructure of the samples. With atomic force microscopy (AFM) in piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) mode, it is possible to characterize local piezoelectricity by imaging the ferroelectric domains. Neither BCW nor BCZW showed any domain structure. Nevertheless, when local electric fields were applied to the surfaces of the ceramics topographic displacements, imaged with AFM, and surface charges, imaged with Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM) and PFM, were measured and remained stable on the surface for the time of the experiment. Therefore BCW and BCZW are considered to be electrets and possibly relaxor ferroelectrics.

Ferroelectric materials are used in actuators or sensors because of their non-volatile macroscopic electric polarization. GeTe is the simplest known diatomic ferroelectric endowed with exceedingly complex physics related to its crystalline, amorphous, thermoelectric, and—fairly recently discovered—topological properties, making the material potentially interesting for spintronics applications. Typically, ferroelectric materials possess random oriented domains that need poling to achieve macroscopic polarization. By using X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy complemented with anomalous diffraction and piezo-response force microscopy, we investigated the bulk ferroelectric structure of GeTe crystals and thin films. Both feature multi-domain structures in the form of oblique domains for films and domain colonies inside crystals. Despite these multi-domain structures which are expected to randomize the polarization direction, our experimental results show that at room temperature there is a preferential ferroelectric order remarkably consistent with theoretical predictions from ideal GeTe crystals. This robust self-poled state has high piezoelectricity and additional poling reveals persistent memory effects.

The fabrication of stable, tailored domain patterns in ferroelectric crystals has wide applications in optical and electronic industries. All-optical ferroelectric poling by pulse laser irradiation has been developed recently. In this work, we studied the creation of the domain structures in MgO-doped lithium tantalate by focused irradiation with a femtosecond near-infrared laser. Cherenkov-type second harmonic generation microscopy was used for domain imaging of the bulk. We have revealed the creation of enveloped domains around the induced microtracks under the action of the depolarization field. The domain growth is due to a pyroelectric field caused by a nonuniform temperature change. The domains in the bulk were revealed to have a three-ray star-shaped cross-section. It was shown that an increase in the field excess above the threshold leads to consequential changes in domain shape from a three-ray star to a triangular and a circular shape. The appearance of comb-like domains as a result of linear scanning was demonstrated. All effects were considered in terms of a kinetic approach, taking into account the domain wall motion by step generation and kink motion driven by excess of the local field over the threshold. The obtained knowledge is useful for the all-optical methods of domain engineering in ferroelectrics.

With the development of national railways and railways as one of the important channels for heavy-haul transportation, the construction of heavy-haul railways must be a rapid development, which makes it inevitable that the heavy-duty situation of small-distance interchange tunnels will appear. Nanomaterials refer to materials that have at least one dimension in the three-dimensional space in the nanoscale range (1 nm∼100 nm) or are composed of them as basic units. Ferroelectric domain polarization refers to the existence of electric domains in ferroelectrics, electric domains refer to small regions with the same spontaneous polarization direction, and the boundaries between electric domains and electric domains are called domain walls. It is also urgent to study the dynamic structure of the surrounding rocks of heavy-duty railways. This article aims to study the use of nanomaterial and ferroelectric domain technology to improve the overall strength, wear resistance, toughness, and other properties of steel to ensure the safety of the surrounding rock dynamic structure of the heavy-duty railway in the small clearance intersecting tunnel. Moreover, on this basis, this article proposes the method of spraying steel with nanomaterials and the use of ferroelectric domain polarization technology. The strength and wear resistance of steel can be improved under different nanomaterial content and the degree of ferroelectric domain polarization. Sustainability and toughness have been improved, respectively. After the wear resistance experiment and analysis, the experimental results of this article show that the impact resistance of the steel increased by 18.75%. When 0.012% of CeO2 is added, the impact toughness of the steel is increased to the maximum of 3.4 J, an increase of 16.31%, and a 37% increase in wear resistance. Under the premise of ensuring the demand for heavy-duty transportation, the safety performance and sustainability of transportation are greatly improved.

Understanding mesoscale ferroelectric domain structures and their switching behavior under external fields is critical to applications of ferroelectrics. The phase-field method has been established as a powerful tool for probing, predicting, and designing the formation of domain structures under different electromechanical boundary conditions and their switching behavior under electric and/or mechanical stimuli. Here we review the basic framework of the phase-field model of ferroelectrics and its applications to simulating domain formation in bulk crystals, thin films, superlattices, and nanostructured ferroelectrics and to understanding macroscopic and local domain switching under electrical and/or mechanical fields. We discuss the possibility of utilizing the structure-property relationship learned from phase-field simulations to design high-performance relaxor piezoelectrics and electrically tunable thermal conductivity. The review ends with a summary of and an outlook on the potential new applications of the phase-field method of ferroelectrics.

The aim of this doctoral research is to understand domain evolution processes in ferroelectrics using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and Monte Carlo simulation. The results provide improved knowledge of domain evolution processes, and systematic experimental methods for research on domain evolution. There has been extensive previous research on domain evolution in ferroelectrics, but the research was mainly constrained to simple domain patterns. However, ferroelectric domains tend to form complex patterns that generate low-energy domain configurations. In this research, several methods such as statistical analysis of PFM data, ex situ/in situ PFM observation under electrical/mechanical loading and combining PFM with electron backscatter diffraction are employed to study domain evolution processes in complex domain patterns. The results show that domain switching almost always takes place by the evolution of pre-existing domain patterns, rather than direct flipping of polarization. Also the net effect of domain evolution processes follows a primary principle that positive work is done by external loads. But this principle is not always followed for microscopic switching processes. Multiple types of domain switching occur simultaneously, and occasionally an overwriting process involves unfavourable as well as favourable domain switching. Domain switching is significantly constrained by the pre-existing domain patterns. Meanwhile, angle-resolved PFM is developed for the systematic interpretation of PFM signal. Using lateral PFM images taken from multiple sample orientations, angle-resolved PFM maps are generated based on the angle of phase reversal in the PFM signal. The resulting maps reliably show complex domain patterns which may not appear in vertical and lateral PFM images. A model of domain evolution is developed using Monte Carlo simulation. Polarization switching by electric field and mechanical stress in the model is shown to take place via the motion of domain walls between pre-existing domains. Typical domain broadening processes are reproduced through this simulation.

Piezoelectric materials find applications in multitude of devices such as sensors, actuators and energy harvesters. However, most of these piezoelectric materials utilize lead-based systems which are becoming serious problem owing to the restrictions imposed by regulatory agencies across the globe. In the functional ceramics community, currently there is no problem more important than to find a replacement for lead-based piezoelectrics used for actuators. The electromechanical properties required for actuators (high piezoelectric constant, high coupling factor, low loss, and high transition temperatures) for known lead-free compositions are, however, far inferior to those of lead-based systems. There are three lines of research for addressing this fundamental problem "C (i) search for new systems through a combination of theory-based prediction followed by experimental effort (doping, solid solutions having a morphotropic (M) or polymorphic (P) phase boundary (PB), (iii) stabilization of metastable phases or finding the high temperature triclinic systems, and (iii) improving the properties of known compositions through microstructure optimization, domain engineering and multilayering. All these approaches are challenging and require innovation to make a significant impact on the current state-of-the-art. In this thesis, the later line of research was focused which is promising for near future applications, as it builds upon the known material systems with high depoling temperatures that have demonstrated the potential to be practical.<br /> <br />In the first chapter, a novel method for the synthesis of lead-free (1-x)(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3 "C xBaTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics was investigated. Initially, multiple compositions around morphotrpic phase boundary (MPB) were synthesized to identify the optimum composition 0.93Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-0.07BaTiO3 (NBT-BT) for electromechanical effect. The new synthesis method starts with the synthesis of Na2Ti6O13 (NTO) whiskers which are then transformed into lead-free NBT-BT ceramics. Synthesis of NTO whiskers was performed using molten salt synthesis (MSS) method. Tape casting method was used to align the whiskers in base matrix powder and subjected to various processing temperatures to elucidate the microstructure and texture evolution. For this, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis were used as principal tools. The sintering process can be understood by dividing it into three stages, namely (i) transformation of monoclinic whiskers in to NBT-BT perovskite phase through topochemical reaction (<800oC), (ii) localized sintering confined on single whisker (800-1050oC), and (iii) liquid phase sintering as densification and grain growth occurs in the whole matrix (>1050oC). The concentric growth ledges observed on grain surfaces were found to be preferably confined on the corners of cubical grains indicating <111> growth direction. The Lotgering factor (f100) for the sintered matrix was found to decrease with increase in sintering temperature. The longitudinal piezoelectric constant (d33) of samples sintered for 20h at 1175oC, 1200oC and 1225oC was measured to be ~153 pC/N, ~216 pC/N and ~180 pC/N, respectively.<br />Next, a novel method was developed for the synthesis of nanostructured lead-free ferroelectric NBT-BT whiskers with high aspect ratio using NTO as a host structure. High energy x-ray diffraction coupled with atomic pair distribution function (PDF) and Raman scattering analyses were used to confirm the average structure of lead-free NBT-BT whiskers as rhombohedral, i.e. a ferroelectricity enabling type. The HRTEM analysis revealed local monoclinic-type structural distortions indicating a modulated structure at the nanoscale in the MPB composition of lead-free NBT-BT whiskers. The structural rearrangement during the synthesis of lead-free NBT-BT whiskers was found to occur via translation of edge shared octahedra of NTO into a corner sharing coordination. The high temperature morphological changes depicting disintegration of isolated whiskers into individual grains due to higher grain boundary energy have been found to occur in a close analogy with Rayleigh-type instability.<br />In lead-based ABO3 compounds, with B-site disorder, the origin of enhancement of piezoelectric properties near MPB has been associated with the presence of an intermediate monoclinic/orthorhombic state that bridges the adjacent ferroelectric rhombohedral and tetragonal phases. However, the origin of high piezoelectric response in lead-free ABO3 compounds with A-site disorder has not been conclusively established. In this thesis, a microscopic model derived from comparative analyses of HR-TEM and neutron diffraction was developed that explains the origin of high piezoelectric response in lead "C free MPB compositions of NBT-BT. Direct observation of nanotwins with monoclinic symmetry confirmed the presence of an intermediate bridging phase that facilitates a pathway for polarization reorientation. Monoclinic distortions of an average rhombohedral phase were attributed to localized displacements of atoms along the non-polar directions. These results provide new insight towards design of high performance lead "C free piezoelectric materials.<br />Microstructure and domain structure play dominant role towards controlling the magnitude of piezoelectric coefficient and hysteretic losses in perovskites. Brick-wall like microstructure with large grain size and small domain size can provide significant enhancement in the magnitude of piezoelectric coefficient. A synthesis technique for lead-free piezoelectric NBT-BT system that can provide [001]pc/[012]Rh grain oriented ceramics with large grain size and an electrical poling technique that results in smaller domain size will have significant impact on the electromechanical response. In this research, a synthesis technique was developed and the processing variables that play deterministic role in achieving the large grain brick-wall like microstructure were expplained. Interfaces in the microstructure were found to be coherent at the atomic scale facilitating the domain wall motion with applied electric field. The piezoelectric response was found to increase monotonously with the incease in the degree of texturing and optimized microstructure was found to provide 200% enhancement in the magnitude of piezoelectric coefficient as compared to its random form. <br />In order to understand mechanim of enhanced piezoelectric response in textured NBT-BT, in-situ neutron diffraction experiments revealed that characteristically different structural responses are induced in textured and randomly-oriented NBT-BT ceramics upon application of electric fields (E), which are likely related to the varying coherence lengths of polar nano regions and internal stresses induced by domain switching.<br />In conjunction to focus on NBT-BT, new lead-free piezoelectric materials with enhanced piezoelectric response were synthesized. This study provides fundamental understanding of the enhanced piezoelectric instability in lead-free piezoelectric (1-x) BaTiO3-xA(Cu1/3Nb2/3)O3 (A: Sr, Ba and Ca and x = 0.0-0.03) solid solutions. These compositions were found to exhibit large d33 of ~330 pC/N and electromechanical planar coupling constant (kp)~ 46% at room temperature. The piezoelectric instability in these compositions was found to increase with x despite monotonous decrease in the long range polar ordering. High energy X-ray diffraction coupled with PDFs indicated increase in local polarization. Raman scattering analysis revealed that substitutions on A and B-site both substantially perturbed the local octahedral dynamics and resulted in localized nano polar regions with lower symmetry. These localized polar distortions were found to persist much above the Curie temperature (Tc). Polarization "C electric field (P-E) hysteresis loop analysis indicated presence of the internal bias that was found to be correlated with the formation of polar defects. This defect structure was found to modulate the domain structure resulting in nano domains and broad domain walls with higher mobility as revealed through analysis from HR-TEM and piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). The presence of nano domains and local structural distortions smears the Curie peak resulting in diffuse order-disorder type phase transitions. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) investigations revealed that substitution of Cu2+ takes place on octahedral sites that are distorted due to Jahn-Teller effect. The A-sites were distorted by substitution of Sr and Ca on Ba-site possessing different ionic radii and electronegativity. The effect of these distortions on the variations in physical property was modeled and analyzed within the context of nanodomains and phase transitions. <br />As an application, the solid solution with nominal composition of (1-x)BaTiO3-xBa(Cu1/3Nb2/3)O3 (BCN) (x = 0, 0.025) was synthesized by conventional mixed oxide route, followed by compositional modification with varying concentration of Sn, as given by the formulation: 0.975 BaTi1-ySnyO3 "C 0.025 Ba(Cu1/3Nb2/3)O3 (y = 0.05, 0.06, 0.075, 0.1). Room temperature XRD patterns showed decrease in tetragonality of BT after modifying with BCN (BT-BCN). Modifications with Sn lead to further decrement in tetragonality and the room temperature structure became cubic at 6.0 at% doping level. The decrement in tetragonality was accompanied by lowering of Tc.  BT-BCN doped with 6 and 7.5 at% Sn were found to exhibit diffuse phase transition accompanied by high dielectric constant "Ý 7000, low loss tangent "Ü 1% and grain size in the submicron regime ("Ü 1 "Ìm). These compositions were found to be promising for Y5V type multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). <br />Lastly, the dielectric and ferroelectric responses of compositionally graded bilayer and trilayer composites consisting of BT and 0.975BaTiO3-0.025Ba(Cu1/3Nb2/3)O3 (BT-BCN) were investigated. Two types of graded bilayer samples were synthesized, one with same thickness of BT and BT-BCN while other with different layer thicknesses. The graded trilayer sample consisted of BT layer sandwiched between two BT-BCN layers of equal thickness. SEM and TEM images showed a sharp interface with needle-shape domains across the interface. The domain size on BT-side was found to be larger than that on BT-BCN-side. The temperature dependence of dielectric response for all composite systems was found to exhibit shifting of characteristic Curie peak compared to constituent material which was associated to coupling between layers. Moreover, the differences in grain size, tetragonality, domain mobility of each layer was found to perturb the electrical response of composite. The polarization mismatch between uncoupled BT and BT-BCN established internal electric field in composite specimen and defined new polarization states in each layer by perturbing free energy functional of the composite specimen. Dynamic hysteresis behaviors and power-law scaling relations of all specimens were determined from P"CE field hysteresis loop measurements as a function of frequency. All systems were found to exhibit similar dynamic scaling relationships. Hysteresis area <A>, Pr and EC decreased with increasing frequency due to delayed response, but increased with increasing applied electric field due to enhancement of driving force. Trilayer system was found to exhibit strong internal-bias field and double hysteresis behavior. The coupling effect resulting due to polarization mismatch between layers had substantial influence on the dynamic hysteresis behavior and power-law scaling relations.<br /><br>Ph. D.

Etude des domaines ferroelectriques par observation optique, puis attaque chimique. Les cristaux n'ayant subis aucune preparation destructrice, sont observes par microscopie electronique a balayage. L'evolution de la structure en domaines ferroelectriques en fonction de la temperature est suivie en temps reel. La visualisation des domaines ferroelectriques est confirmee par decoration avec agcl

This work is focused on the study of perovskite ferroelectric materials group and monitoring changes their dielectric parameters in temperature and frequency dependence Is described scrystallographic systems of barium titanate and their influence on material properties. The measured values are mathematically interpreted using the Curie – Weiss law and discussed about the influence of strontium titanite on important dielectric parameters.

The ferroelectric domains of thin-film lithium niobate are structured for multi-wavelength nonlinear optical frequency conversion. We target frequency-multiplexed photon-pair generation, in which we show conditions for five pair sources (purity &gt; 90%) in a single waveguide.

The microstructure of a ferroelectric single crystal is significantly affected by applied loads. Domains evolve through equilibrium states, following a route that minimizes the overall energy. The herringbone pattern is one of the most widely observed domain structures in ferroelectric crystals. In this work, the evolution of four types of herringbone pattern in the tetragonal crystal system is studied by using a variational method. These four herringbone patterns are periodic rank-2 laminates which satisfy compatibility across every domain wall. The unit cell of periodic structure dictates a set of domain walls whose positions may vary while maintaining the same topology. The model allows for a crystal with one type of herringbone domain pattern to switch to another pattern through “pivot states”. In this study, a domain evolution map showing all paths between the four types of rank-2 herringbone pattern and their pivot states is developed. Hysteresis loops such as those observed in ferroelectric single crystals subjected to variety of loads are reproduced.

In this study we adopted a recently developed continuum mechanics-based non-equilibrium thermodynamics framework to investigate domain wall evolutions and interactions within ferroelectric materials. Furthermore, based on such framework, a finite element computing program is implemented to investigate the domain patterns of polarization within low dimensional ferroelectric nanostructures. It is observed from the computational results that the distribution of polarization in low-dimensional ferroelectric nanostructures appears to form vortex structures under open-circuit boundary conditions. The domain characterizations and the minimum geometric limits for existence of such single-vortex structure in ferroelectric nanodots and nanodisks have been numerically evaluated. The effect of intrinsic surface stress has been considered during the analysis.

Ferroelectric materials exhibit strong electromechanical behavior which has led to the production of a wide variety of adaptive structures and intelligent systems, ranging from structural health monitoring sensors, energy harvesting circuits, and flow control actuators. Given the large number of applications, accurate prediction of ferroelectric materials constitutive behavior is critical. This presents many challenges, including the need to predict behavior from electronic structures up to macroscropic continuum. Many of the structure-property relations in these materials can be accurately calculated using density functional theory (DFT). However, DFT is not necessarily conducive to the large scale computations required to solve these problems on a continuum scale. Introducing a phase field polarization order parameter is an alternative approach, which provides a means to simulate the length scale gap between nano- and microscale domain structure evolution. The introduction of the phase field approximation results in uncertainty. Bayesian statistical analysis is an ideal tool for quantifying the uncertainty associated with the continuum phase field model parameters. Analyses of monodomain structures allows for identification of Landau energy and electrostrictive stress parameters. Identifying the exchange parameters, which are proportional to the polarization gradients, requires consideration of polydomain structures. This is a nontrivial problem as domain wall structures are fully coupled between the Landau energy, electrostrictive, and exchange parameters. Accurately quantifying the uncertainty in the phase field parameters will provide insight into the nonlinear constitutive behavior.

Local domain structures in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) ferroelectric thin films have been investigated using linear finite element analysis to qualitatively assess the effect of crystal structure, domain wall orientation and mechanical constraints from electrodes on local polarization switching behavior. The finite element model was used to illustrate that the evolution of residual stress during polarization reorientation may play an important role in the backswitching behavior which has been observed experimentally in (111)-orientated PZT films. The domain size and orientation used in the finite element model utilizes domain sizes determined from piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) measurements given in the literature together with domain wall orientation from strain and charge compatibility in the (111) orientation. During polarization switching, domains with polarization components aligned anti-parallel to the applied field are expected to switch 90° to partially align with the applied field. 180° switching is not expected to occur in the (111) oriented film. The 90° switching induces residual stress that is computed using the finite element model. It is illustrated that thicker top electrodes increase the residual stress in the ferroelectric layer which may play an important role in polarization retention behavior in ferroelectric capacitors.