Academic literature on the topic 'Fertile salts'

The Romandie lay at the intersection of international trade routes from Italy over the alpine passes (controlled by Savoy) and north-westwards over the Jura mountains into the Franche-Comté and onwards to France and the Low Countries, though the pre-eminence of the Genevan fairs was challenged by Lyon. Western Switzerland was heavily reliant upon grain from Alsace and above all salt from the brine pits of the Franche-Comté (essential in cattle-rearing, dairying and cheese-making). The Vaud, on the northern littoral of Lake Geneva was agriculturally fertile (especially viticulture, while Lakes

This chapter examines the roles played by Thomas A. Dorsey, Roberta Martin, Theodore R.Frye, Kenneth Morris, and Sallie Martin in transforming Bronzeville into the “fertile crescent” of gospel sheet music publishing, sales, and distribution for the entire nation during the period 1945–1960. As gospel music became more accepted in the church, the demand for new songs and arrangements increased. If the gospelization of spirituals and hymns represented the 1930s, the 1940s represented a renaissance of more sophisticated gospel songwriting. The new gospel songs were prayers and sermonettes set to

City residents expect pressurized water to flow from kitchen, bath, and laundry room taps. Access to clean water is a contemporary human necessity, but is it a human right? City water is not free—creating and maintaining urban water systems is a complex engineering process that requires political power; land and labour are necessary to obtain and store water, operate pumping stations, maintain plants for filtration and wastewater treatment, and build out the subsurface pipe network. After initial construction costs have been paid, the efficiency of an entire water system dictates the costs of residential flow. Some cities, like Detroit, have an adjacent freshwater source, in this case the Detroit River, whose water can be pumped, treated, and distributed to residents rather efficiently. Other cities, like New York, have to acquire water from distant sources. Built on an island surrounded by salt water, New York City had to wield significant political power to construct new water sources and transport water from up to 125 miles away. Access to this water allowed the urban development of Manhattan Island while selectively destroying rural communities. New York City began building reservoirs in 1776; today there are nineteen reservoirs and three controlled lakes that hold 550 billion gallons of water. Official statistics on the rural communities sacrificed for this water are only available for the six reservoirs put into service between 1915 and 1955: the Ashokan (1915), Kensico (1915), Schoharie (1926), Roundout (1950), Neversink (1954), and Pepacton (1955) reservoirs. Their construction submerged a total of seventeen villages, and displaced 4,464 living from their land and 8,093 from their graves (BWS 1950: 35, 76). Those whose lands were not taken were left to reconstruct their lives without their long-time neighbours, the fertile valleys they lived in, and the roads, railroads, and unobstructed water ways that once tied communities together and facilitated economic activity. Some residents were unable to adjust and abandoned their lands. A city land acquisition programme is currently purchasing up to an additional 355,000 acres in their watersheds. The goal is to meet pollution control requirements set by the Environmental Protection Agency.

Donkeys carried Christ into Jerusalem, transported the Greek god Dionysus to his childhood home on Mount Nysa and into battle against the Giants, and provided a mount for Muhammad, who supposedly used it to summon his companions. Long before the arrival of the horse, they were ridden by kings in the Near East, buried near Egypt’s first pharaohs, and sacrificed to ancient gods across the Fertile Crescent and as far beyond it as Baluchistan and Badajoz. Along with their hybrid offspring, the mule, donkeys formed—and in places still form—a core technology for moving goods at both local and international levels, especially in areas of rugged or mountainous terrain: agricultural produce throughout the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, and beyond; tin and wool for Bronze Age merchants between Assyria and Anatolia; supplies for the Roman army; New World silver to Caribbean ports for shipment to Spain; salt in contemporary and medieval Ethiopia; household necessities and even the dead in the modern Moroccan city of Fez. Their muscles ground flour in the Classical Mediterranean, powered water wheels in Islamic Andalucía, and helped deliver stone columns from Egypt’s deserts to build the Pantheon in Rome. Today, they remain a critical resource for many of the world’s poor, their use promoted by numerous development projects. At the same time, conservation authorities in places as distant from each other as Australia and the United States seek to control the numbers of feral donkeys using means that pose impossible-to-resolve ethical questions. And yet, for most twenty-first-century individuals in the Western world, donkeys are among the least considered of the animals that people have domesticated. Tellingly, for example, a recent overview of the archaeology of animals completely omits them, while nevertheless including the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), a tree-nesting bird kept by Pre-Columbian Native Americans, in its table of ‘major domestic animals’. Rarely seen and even more rarely eaten, donkeys are perhaps met with on foreign holidays or encountered as unusual companion animals, participants in school Christmas celebrations, or seaside attractions for small children.

Molten Salt Reactors have seen a marked resurgence of interest over the past decade, highlighted by their inclusion as one of six Generation IV reactor types. The most active development period however was between the late 1950s and early 1970s at Oak Ridge National Laboratories (ORNL) and any new re-examination of this concept must bear in mind the far different priorities then in place. High breeding ratios and short doubling times were paramount and this guided the evolution of the Molten Salt Breeder Reactor (MSBR) program. As the inherent advantages of the Molten Salt concept have become

Molten salt reactor (MSR) using liquid fuel is one of the Generation-IV candidate reactors. Its liquid fuel characteristics are fundamentally different from those of the conventional solid-fuel reactors, especially the much stronger neutronics and thermal hydraulics coupling is drawing significant attention. In this study, the fundamental thermal hydraulic model, neutronic model, and some auxiliary models were established for the liquid-fuel reactors, and a time-dependent coupled neutronics and thermal hydraulics code named COUPLE was developed to solve the mathematic models by the numerical m

The Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) systems are liquid-fueled reactors that can be used for actinide burning, production of electricity, production of hydrogen, and production of ssile fuels (breeding). Thorium (Th) and uranium-233 (233U) are fertile and ssile of the MSR systems, and dissolved in a high-temperature molten fluoride salt (fuel salt) with a very high boiling temperature (up to 1650K), that is both the reactor nuclear fuel and the coolant. The MSR system is one of the six advanced reactor concepts identified by the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) as a candidate for cooperative d