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1
De Sherbinin, Alex. "Human Security and Fertility: The Case of Haiti." Journal of Environment & Development 5, no. 1 (March 1996): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107049659600500103.
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Wadhwani, Parul, Soma Sharma, and Gyanda Wadhwani. "Bursting the Bubble: A Case of Secondary Infertility." Homœopathic Links 30, no. 03 (September 2017): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604458.
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AbstractInfertility has been a major medical and social preoccupation since the dawn of human existence and women have always been the symbol of fertility. A 34-year-old woman presented with inability to conceive for the past 2.5 years. A single dose of indicated homeopathic remedy helped her conceive during the following month. In contrast with the fertility specialists, homeopathic treatment addresses the entire underlying bio–psycho–social dimension under a single roof. Publication of a collective pooled data may help us establish this beyond doubt, for the benefit of incomplete families!
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Mokarram, M., M. Najafi-Ghiri, and A. R. Zarei. "Using self-organizing maps for determination of soil fertility (case study: Shiraz plain)." Soil and Water Research 13, No. 1 (January 24, 2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/139/2016-swr.
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Soil fertility refers to the ability of a soil to supply plant nutrients. Naturally, micro and macro elements are made available to plants by breakdown of the mineral and organic materials in the soil. Artificial neural network (ANN) provides deeper understanding of human cognitive capabilities. Among various methods of ANN and learning an algorithm, self-organizing maps (SOM) are one of the most popular neural network models. The aim of this study was to classify the factors influencing soil fertility in Shiraz plain, southern Iran. The relationships among soil features were studied using the SOM in which, according to qualitative data, the clustering tendency of soil fertility was investigated using seven parameters (N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu). The results showed that for soil fertility there is a close relationship between P and N, and also between P and Zn. The other parameters, such as K, Fe, Mn, and Cu, are not mutually related. The results showed that there are six clusters for soil fertility and also that group 1 soils are more fertile than the other.
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Horbowska, Justyna. "The sources of the personalistic concept of fertility." Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio 3, no. 51 (September 28, 2022): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v3i51.1105.
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Human fertility is a broad concept, encompassing the human biological, mental, and spiritual spheres. It can be referred to the procreation as the multiplication of the number of beings or it can be considered in the aspect of the human ontic structure, taking into account the ontic founds of the soul. Fertility was also understood as the ability to transmit life in the sense of the function of an organic body or a spiritual element. Finally, the issue of fertility was related to the mutual relations of parents and their children, and its understanding was broadened to include the context of transcendence. The purpose of this study is to reflect on the concept of human fertility that underlies the personalistic view of human fertility. In connection with this goal, the research problem was formulated in the form of the question: "What were the origins of the understanding of fertility of a person?" In the research work, the method of text analysis and the method of historicism was used. As a result of the study, it was possible to distinguish and outline the pre-philosophical approach to fertility, as well as ancient, medieval, modern, and contemporary concepts concerning fertility. Their review shows that human fertility was considered in the context of human sexuality. Moreover, the materialistic concepts related to the monistic vision of man were accompanied by the understanding of fertility as the ability to procreate, while the dualistic concepts, assuming the presence of the spiritual element, attributed to it the ability to animate the material body. The hylomorphic concept of the human structure, proper to the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas and supplemented with a reference to individual existence was presented in the context of the approach to Aristotle's understanding of the soul, along with his discussion of human procreation as a special case of animal reproduction, and then supplemented with a personal context in the contemporary sense. An attempt was made to answer the research question, but the issue was not discussed exhaustively, which leaves room for further research.
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Vitale, Salvatore Giovanni, Federico Ferrari, Michał Ciebiera, Magdalena Zgliczyńska, Agnese Maria Chiara Rapisarda, Giada Maria Vecchio, Alessandra Pino, et al. "The Role of Genital Tract Microbiome in Fertility: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010180.
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The human microbiome plays a crucial role in determining the health status of every human being, and the microbiome of the genital tract can affect the fertility potential before and during assisted reproductive treatments (ARTs). This review aims to identify and appraise studies investigating the correlation of genital microbiome to infertility. Publications up to February 2021 were identified by searching the electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Embase and bibliographies. Only full-text original research articles written in English were considered eligible for analysis, whereas reviews, editorials, opinions or letters, case studies, conference papers, and abstracts were excluded. Twenty-six articles were identified. The oldest studies adopted the exclusive culture-based technique, while in recent years PCR and RNA sequencing based on 16S rRNA were the most used technique. Regardless of the anatomical site under investigation, the Lactobacillus-dominated flora seems to play a pivotal role in determining fertility, and in particular Lactobacillus crispatus showed a central role. Nonetheless, the presence of pathogens in the genital tract, such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Ureaplasma species, and Gram-negative stains microorganism, affected fertility also in case of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis (BV). We failed to identify descriptive or comparative studies regarding tubal microbiome. The microbiome of the genital tract plays a pivotal role in fertility, also in case of ARTs. The standardization of the sampling methods and investigations approaches is warranted to stratify the fertility potential and its subsequent treatment. Prospective tubal microbiome studies are warranted.
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Chen, Fei, Shiheng Zhu, Zhiqing Dai, Lanting Hao, Chun Luan, Qi Guo, Chaofan Meng, and Yankun Zhang. "Effects of COVID-19 and mRNA vaccines on human fertility." Human Reproduction 37, no. 1 (November 3, 2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab238.
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ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has precipitated a global health crisis of unprecedented proportions. Because of its severe impact, multiple COVID-19 vaccines are being rapidly developed, approved and manufactured. Among them, mRNA vaccines are considered as ideal candidates with special advantages to meet this challenge. However, some serious adverse events have been reported after their application, significantly increasing concerns about the safety and efficacy of the vaccines and doubts about the necessity of vaccination. Although several fertility societies have announced that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are unlikely to affect fertility, there is no denying that the current evidence is very limited, which is one of the reasons for vaccine hesitancy in the population, especially in pregnant women. Herein, we provide an in-depth discussion on the involvement of the male and female reproductive systems during SARS-CoV-2 infection or after vaccination. On one hand, despite the low risk of infection in the male reproductive system or fetus, COVID-19 could pose an enormous threat to human reproductive health. On the other hand, our review indicates that both men and women, especially pregnant women, have no fertility problems or increased adverse pregnancy outcomes after vaccination, and, in particular, the benefits of maternal antibodies transferred through the placenta outweigh any known or potential risks. Thus, in the case of the rapid spread of COVID-19, although further research is still required, especially a larger population-based longitudinal study, it is obviously a wise option to be vaccinated instead of suffering from serious adverse symptoms of virus infection.
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Jones-Nosacek, Cynthia. "Fertility Technology Research and the Use of Human Beings as Property." Linacre Quarterly 87, no. 4 (August 13, 2020): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0024363920947263.
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In January 2020, an article in the Journal of Human Reproduction exploring whether human embryos could be obtained via uterine lavage and to compare their quality to embryos created via in vitro fertilization. Any embryo that was not removed via lavage was either prevented from implanting by giving the women injections of gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonists or aborted with either methotrexate or uterine curettage. This research was done using women in Mexico, who were paid the equivalent of over two months’ wages and who signed away their rights to their embryos, including agreeing to have an abortion if implantation did occur. Not only is this another instance of human beings being treated as property but is against the dignity of these women by turning them into, as one ethicist says, “human petri dishes.” Summary: Researchers continue to use people as objects to obtain their goals. In this case, it was poor women in Mexico and their embryos. The Editors of Journal of Human Reproduction enabled this by publishing the report.
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Bosdou, Julia, Eirini Konstantinidou, Panagiotis Anagnostis, Efstratios Kolibianakis, and Dimitrios Goulis. "Vitamin D and Obesity: Two Interacting Players in the Field of Infertility." Nutrients 11, no. 7 (June 27, 2019): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11071455.
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Obesity plays an important role in human fertility in both genders. The same is true for vitamin D, for which accumulating evidence from observational human studies suggests a key role for both male and female fertility. In the latter case, however, robust data from relevant interventional studies are currently lacking. It is also not clear whether obesity and vitamin D deficiency, besides their independent effect on human infertility, act in synergy. Several pathogenetic mechanisms may be proposed as a linkage between vitamin D deficiency and obesity, with respect to infertility. In any case, the independent contribution of vitamin D deficiency in obese infertile states needs to be proven in interventional studies focusing on either vitamin D supplementation in obese or weight loss strategies in vitamin D-deficient infertile patients.
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Buckshee Rohatgi, Tanya, and Kamal Buckshee. "A unique variant of spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: case report." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 9 (August 28, 2017): 4170. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174087.
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Spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (SOHSS) is extremely rare in naturally conceived pregnancies and is potentially a life-threatening condition. Objective of present study was to highlight the development of new and atypical findings associated with SOHSS in a woman who conceived naturally with singleton pregnancy while taking inositols and metformin. A 35 years old lady was under pressure to conceive, so she presented to us for fertility consultation and further management. Being a case of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with irregular periods, hyperandrogenism and dyslipidemia with raised blood sugar level, she was started on inositols and metformin to aid fertility and to improve endocrine and metabolic parameters. To evaluate the status of ovaries and endometrium, ultrasound (US) was done which revealed moderate amount of free fluid in pelvis, thickened endometrium and mild enlargement of ovaries with unusually small and atypical follicles. Pregnancy test and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (βHCG) confirmed pregnancy. She was asymptomatic and was managed conservatively. Pregnancy progressed and at term, a healthy male baby was delivered. Awareness and suspicion of SOHSS in a PCOS case aided early diagnosis and timely management. Intake of type of pharmacological and non-pharmacological agents to be monitored for their impact on fertility, ovarian enlargement, severity of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), clinical presentation, laboratory profile and outcome of pregnancy.
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Den Hond, Elly, Herman Tournaye, Petra De Sutter, Willem Ombelet, Willy Baeyens, Adrian Covaci, Bianca Cox, Tim S. Nawrot, Nik Van Larebeke, and Thomas D'Hooghe. "Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and fertility: A case–control study in male subfertility patients." Environment International 84 (November 2015): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017.
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Khattak, Sanam Wagma. "FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH FERTILITY IN”BHAKKAR GABOOL GOTH”: CASE STUDY." Sukkur IBA Journal of Management and Business 5, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30537/sijmb.v5i2.178.
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Pakistan is holding only 0.67 percent of the whole world’s area but has 2 percent of world population. In 1951 it ranked at 14th position in the world’s populous countries. In 2015-16 its population jumped to 195.4 million approximately five times higher. With this high population it has become the 6th most high populated country in the world. Human fertility is not a personal decision but it is a mixture of factors, and the factors differ among places, according to specific conditions of particular areas & cultures. The aim of current research is to determine major factors that encourage high child ever born in urban slum area of Karachi” Bhakkar Gabool Goth” questionnaire was filled up from 100 ever married house hold women through simple sampling method based on formation on socio economic determinants like respondent’s age and their husband’s income/education level/place of childhood residence, etc etc. The analysis were based on descriptive analysis through percentages and number distribution of respondents .The median or average number of kids were greater than 5 and out of 23 variables discussed in questionnaire , only 14 variables show significant relation with fertility level which were respondent current age, education status of respondent/ her husband, work status of respondent and her husband, types of work, age at first marriage/first birth, infant/child mortality, contraception, sex preferences and willingness of respondent/ her husband to have more kids. more and more family health clinics should be established particularly in slum areas, female education should be increased to encourage delayed marriages and contraception use should also be enhanced through media or health visitors.
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Khatoon, Raheela, Iqbal Javed, and Muhammad Munawar Hayat. "Impact of human capital on economic growth: A case study of Pakistan." Journal of Social Sciences Advancement 2, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jssa21-020202-15.
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A country is prosperous if it has efficient development programs. Human capital contains resources like education, health, training, skills etc. For economic progress these qualities are very vital. Basic objective of this research is to explain the impact of human capital on growth and development of economics sector of the Pakistan. Because today in the developing countries, human development and growth has becomes the burning issues. To analyse the association between human capital and economic growth, used GDP as a dependent variable. This study further use Human development index as independent variable. Proxy of human development index consist of education index, health, fertility, infant mortality, life expectancy and sanitation. Our focus will be more on the education. Time series data for the years 1990-2019 were used. ARDL model was used by incorporating the human capital formation with other explanatory variables. The findings shows that the human capital has positive and significant impact on growth and the negative influence on the population and infant mortality rate.
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Castanheira, Helena Cruz, and Hans-Peter Kohler. "SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF LOW FERTILITY IN BRAZIL." Journal of Biosocial Science 49, S1 (November 2017): S131—S155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000396.
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SummaryAn increasing number of developing countries are experiencing below replacement fertility rates. Although the factors associated with low fertility in developed countries have been widely explored in the literature, studies of low fertility in middle- and low-income countries continue to be rare. To help fill this gap, Brazil was used as a case study to assess whether human development, gender equality and the ability of mothers with young children to work are associated with the likelihood of married or cohabiting women to have a child. For this purpose, multilevel logistic regressions were estimated using the 1991, 2000 and 2010 Brazilian Demographic Censuses. It was found that human development was negatively associated with fertility in the three periods analysed. Gender equality and the ability of mothers with young children to work were positively associated with the odds of having higher order births in Brazil in 2000 and 2010. In 1991, these variables were not associated with higher order births, and gender equality was negatively associated with first births. The positive association found in 2000 and 2010 may constitute a reversal of the relationship that in all likelihood prevailed earlier in the demographic transition when gender equality was most likely negatively correlated with fertility levels.
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Najeebullah, Kamran, Jessica Liebig, Jonathan Darbro, Raja Jurdak, and Dean Paini. "Timely surveillance and temporal calibration of disease response against human infectious diseases." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): e0258332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258332.
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Background Disease surveillance and response are critical components of epidemic preparedness. The disease response, in most cases, is a set of reactive measures that follow the outcomes of the disease surveillance. Hence, timely surveillance is a prerequisite for an effective response. Methodology/principal findings We apply epidemiological soundness criteria in combination with the Latent Influence Point Process and time-to-event models to construct a disease spread network. The network implicitly quantifies the fertility (whether a case leads to secondary cases) and reproduction (number of secondary cases per infectious case) of the cases as well as the size and generations (of the infection chain) of the outbreaks. We test our approach by applying it to historic dengue case data from Australia. Using the data, we empirically confirm that high morbidity relates positively with delay in disease response. Moreover, we identify what constitutes timely surveillance by applying various thresholds of disease response delay to the network and report their impact on case fertility, reproduction, number of generations and ultimately, outbreak size. We observe that enforcing a response delay threshold of 5 days leads to a large average reduction across all parameters (occurrence 87%, reproduction 83%, outbreak size 80% and outbreak generations 47%), whereas extending the threshold to 10 days, in comparison, significantly limits the effectiveness of the response actions. Lastly, we identify the components of the disease surveillance system that can be calibrated to achieve the identified thresholds. Conclusion We identify practically achievable, timely surveillance thresholds (on temporal scale) that lead to an effective response and identify how they can be satisfied. Our approach can be utilized to provide guidelines on spatially and demographically targeted resource allocation for public awareness campaigns as well as to improve diagnostic abilities and turn-around times for the doctors and laboratories involved.
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Onul, N. M., E. M. Biletska, and T. A. Holovkova. "Effect of Cadmium Exposure on Male Fertility." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 5, no. 6 (December 12, 2020): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs05.06.218.
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Among the xenobiotics of diverse nature, heavy metals are especially dangerous for the human reproductive system in case of excessive intake. Cadmium, which is one of the most common toxic substances for the environment and production, can pose a potential threat to human health. An increasing amount of cadmium in the environmental objects and in nutrition is believed to be related to a poor semen quality. The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of cadmium on the reproductive potential of men who live in ecologically contrasting conditions. Material and methods. Clinical and hygienic assessment of the reproductive health was carried out among 2 experimental groups: the 1st group consisted of fertile men living in the city of Dnipro (62 respondents), the 2nd group included men with normal fertility living in the control city (37 respondents). To determine the cadmium concentration, venous blood samples and ejaculate were selected according to the standard methods. Biological samples were transferred to aliquots, frozen and stored at -20 ° C until analysis. The research was carried out using inversion voltammetry on the device AVA-2. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using statistical software packages of statistical analysis Statistica v.6.1 (StatsoftInc., США, licence NAJAR909E415822FA), Microsoft Excel. Results and discussion. Cadmium content in the blood and in the sperm of the fertile men of industrial city 1.3-5.8 times higher than the results of research in the control city and literature data. Differences between the cadmium content in the blood and semen of fertile men was shown to be unlikely, suggesting that the hematotesticular barrier is insufficient to protect the male reproductive organs from the toxic effects of the metal. The ejaculate in the fertile men of the studied cities is characterized by normosospermia and meets the standards. However in the residents of the industrial city the ejaculate quality indices were mostly at the lower level of the norm and were significantly worse than in the residents of the control city. Cadmium contained in male biosubstrates affect the hormonal status and quality of semen. Conclusion. Violations of spermatogenesis can serve as a rapidly-responding and reliable criterion for assessing the adaptation and maladaptation processes of men under the influence of xenobiotics of the environment, in particular cadmium. In this case, the markers of influence are the total number of sperm in the ejaculate, their concentration, mobility and the number of pathological forms, semen viscosity
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Christie, George L. "The Psychogenic Factor in Infertility." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 28, no. 3 (September 1994): 378–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679409075863.
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The influence of the psyche upon human fertility continues to be underestimated by many workers in the field. For certain individuals and couples there appears to be an unconscious link between a lowering of the level of fertility, and psychosocial, interpersonal or intrapsychic situation rendering it an unsuitable time to allow a baby to come. Such matters need to be explored in an unhurried way. We need time also for a gradual integration of findings from many related fields of knowledge. These issues are discussed and three case studies presented.
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Zamponi, Virginia, Anna La Salvia, Maria Grazia Tarsitano, Nevena Mikovic, Maria Rinzivillo, Francesco Panzuto, Elisa Giannetta, Antongiulio Faggiano, and Rossella Mazzilli. "Effect of Neuroendocrine Neoplasm Treatment on Human Reproductive Health and Sexual Function." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 14 (July 8, 2022): 3983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11143983.
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Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are characterized by a wide clinical heterogeneity and biological variability, with slow progression and long survival in most cases. Although these tumors can affect young adults, there are few studies that focus on the sexual and reproductive system. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effect of NEN treatment, including somatostatin analogues (SSA), targeted therapy (Everolimus and Sunitinib), radiolabeled-SSA and chemotherapy, on male and female reproductive systems and sexual function. This narrative review was performed for all available prospective and retrospective studies, case reports and review articles published up to March 2022 in PubMed. To date, few data are available on the impact of SSA on human fertility and most of studies come from acromegalic patients. However, SSAs seem to cross the blood–placental barrier; therefore, pregnancy planning is strongly recommended. Furthermore, the effect of targeted therapy on reproductive function is still undefined. Conversely, chemotherapy has a well-known negative impact on male and female fertility. The effect of temozolomide on reproductive function is still undefined, even if changes in semen parameters after the treatment have been described. Finally, very few data are available on the sexual function of NEN treatment.
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Mhamdi, Oumaima, Sarah Boujida, Youssef Saoudi Hassani, Hajar Kandoussi, Aziz Baydada, Najia Zeraidi, and Aicha Kharbach. "MAYER ROKITANSKY SYNDROM: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITTERATURE." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 06 (June 30, 2022): 987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14977.
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The Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome is a rare disorder affecting women with normal karyotype and ovarian function. It is characterized by partial or total aplasia of the uterus and two thirds of the vagina. The main symptom is a primary amenorrhea and absence of the uterus which are diagnosed during examination and imagery. This paper reports the case of a 20 year-old woman diagnosed with the MRKH syndrome and discusses its psychological, fertility and sexual intercourse impact on patients. A large number of studies have been conducted to improve the management of patients. This article presents these studies and treatment options like a neovagina or a human uterine allotransplantation.
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Bajpai, Shilpa, and Prasad Lele. "A case of hybrid medical management of advanced cornual ectopic pregnancy." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 5179. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20205275.
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Cornual ectopic pregnancy is perilous and treacherous entity which accounts for 2-4% of all ectopic pregnancies and has a maternal mortality of 2-2.5%. There is always a dilemma in diagnosis due to the area being in close proximity to the endometrial cavity. The precise localisation is difficult till the gestation is advanced, which poses problems in its subsequent management. Surgical approach in this highly vascular area leads to excessive bleeding is a daunting nightmare for a surgeon and also imposes a great threat to the future fertility of the patient. Here we present a case of 26 year old spontaneously conceived primigravida who presented for booking visit at 10 week period of gestation. On transvaginal sonography, there was a suspicion of right cornual ectopic pregnancy which was later confirmed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Despite due to advanced viable gestation, with an evident cardiac activity and very high serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin (βhCG) (more than 1 lakh mIU/ml), we tried a pioneering technique of conservative hybrid approach with intracavitary instillation and systemic antimetabolite drug methotrexate, in view to safeguard her future fertility by diminishing the likelihood of hysterectomy. While on the treatment, patient developed hyper reaction to methotrexate, which was managed with a multidisciplinary approach. She responded very well to the therapy with complete resolution of the cornual ectopic pregnancy.
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Vila, Greisa, and Maria Fleseriu. "Fertility and Pregnancy in Women With Hypopituitarism: A Systematic Literature Review." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 3 (October 25, 2019): e53-e65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz112.
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Abstract Context Human reproduction is mainly governed from the hypothalamic–adrenal–gonadal (HPG) axis, which controls both ovarian morphology and function. Disturbances in the secretion of other anterior pituitary hormones (and their respective endocrine axes) interfere with HPG activity and have been linked to fertility problems. In normal pregnancy, maintenance of homeostasis is associated with continuous changes in pituitary morphology and function, which need to be considered during hormone replacement in patients with hypopituitarism. Design We conducted a systematic PubMed literature review from 1969 to 2019, with the following keywords: fertility and hypopituitarism, pregnancy and hypopituitarism, and ovulation induction and hypopituitarism. Case reports or single-case series of up to 2 patients/4 pregnancies were excluded. Results Eleven publications described data on fertility (n = 6) and/or pregnancy (n = 7) in women with hypopituitarism. Women with hypopituitarism often need assisted reproductive treatment, with pregnancy rates ranging from 47% to 100%. In patients achieving pregnancy, live birth rate ranged from 61% to 100%. While glucocorticoids, levothyroxine, and desmopressin are safely prescribed during pregnancy, growth hormone treatment regimens vary significantly between countries, and several publications support a positive effect in women seeking fertility. Conclusions In this first systematic review on fertility, ovulation induction, and pregnancy in patients with hypopituitarism, we show that while literature is scarce, birth rates are high in patients achieving pregnancy. However, prospective studies are needed for evaluating outcomes in relationship to treatment patterns. Replacement therapy in hypopituitarism should always mimic normal physiology, and this becomes challenging with changing demands during pregnancy evolution.
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Vincent, Marjolaine, Isabelle Court-Fortune, Georgia Karpathiou, Marios E. Froudarakis, and Jean-Michel Vergnon. "An Extremely Rare Case of Postpartum Gestational Choriocarcinoma with Long-Term Survival." Tumori Journal 103, no. 1_suppl (November 2017): S16—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/tj.5000660.
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Gestational choriocarcinomas are highly malignant tumors with elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels. We report an extremely rare case of a 27-year-old woman who presented 4 months after normal delivery, with pulmonary, renal and intracardiac metastases of a choriocarcinoma. No primary uterine tumor was found. She was surgically treated for the renal and cardiac metastases as well as with cisplatin-etoposide chemotherapy. No recurrence has been observed 16 years after initial diagnosis, and the patient was able to have a second child. This case report shows that appropriate treatment of metastatic gestational choriocarcinoma can cure the patient without compromising her fertility.
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Bathwal, Shikha, Sunita Sharma, Nupur Agarwal, and Baidyanath Chakravarty. "Fertility management in Kallmann syndrome: a step towards optimization." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 6 (May 25, 2017): 2648. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20172373.
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Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a genetic disorder with an incidence of one per 50,000 women. It is associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia/hyposmia. An important aspect of managing KS is to achieve successful pregnancy. We hereby present a case series of three patients with KS who successfully conceived with human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) induction. One patient achieved pregnancy with ovulation induction, second with fresh embryo transfer and the third with frozen embryo transfer. Two of these three women delivered at term and both babies were doing well at one year of follow up. Both received cyclical hormone therapy (HT) since adolescence. The third patient received HT only for six months before starting ovulation induction. She conceived twice but miscarried at both occasions. At times, it may be challenging to attain fertility in Kallmann syndrome but with persistent efforts results are usually rewarding. It is important to diagnose KS and start hormone therapy at appropriate time so that satisfactory fertility outcome can be achieved.
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Franco, J., G. Main, O. Navia, N. Ortuño, and J. Herbas. "Improving Productivity of Traditional Andean Small Farmers by Bio-Rational Soil Management: I. The Potato Case." Revista Latinoamericana de la Papa 16, no. 2 (May 14, 2016): 270–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37066/ralap.v16i2.182.
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The use of chemical pesticides in agriculture demands high investments; its in discriminated and inadequate application to obtain immediate crop response has caused considerable damage to the environment and human health, either due to a direct effect or indirect contamination of farmer fields and water sources by highly toxic products. On the other hand, as a result of soil fertility losses, farmers move to new areas for farming, causing a complex migration phenomena and devastation of natural forests. In an effort to find new alternatives for the management of crop pests compatible with the environment and agro-ecologically friendly, some technologies recently developed have been offered to small Andean potato farmers. Among these, the recycling of organic residues and the management of natural soil microorganisms which are important alternatives to reduce the importation and use of toxic agro-chemicals as well as to preserve and recuperate soil fertility and thus reach a sustainable potato production by Andean farmers. This will not only guarantee food security, but will also have favorable impact on the yield and quality of potato and other crops.Accepted for publication: December 28, 2011
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Kastor, Anshul, and Sayantani Chatterjee. "IMPACT OF SEX COMPOSITION OF LIVING CHILDREN AND COUPLES’ AGREEMENT ON SUBSEQUENT FERTILITY IN INDIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no. 5 (November 23, 2017): 666–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000578.
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SummaryThe desire for children could be considered a reliable predictor of subsequent fertility. At the same time, the sex composition of surviving children, along with other demographic and socioeconomic factors, may affect a couple’s fertility desire and, therefore, their subsequent fertility. This study examined the impact of the sex composition of living children and a couple’s agreement on fertility desire on their subsequent fertility in India using data came from two rounds of nationally representative surveys: the India Human Development Survey (IHDS)-I (2004–05) and IHDS-II (2011–12). To understand which factors affect the chances of an additional pregnancy or childbirth, a random effects logistic regression model was applied to the panel data. It was found that the fertility desires of both marital partners were important in determining the chances of subsequent fertility. About 35% of the couples wanting to limit children had undergone pregnancy or childbirth, while 76% of the couples wanting more children had conceived or given birth to children. In the case of discordance between the spouses, subsequent fertility was found to remain intermediate between those agreeing to continue childbirth and those wanting to limit it. The findings also affirmed that child sex preference, specifically son preference, still persists in Indian society. More than 80% of the couples with only daughters in IHDS-I mutually wanted to have additional children, whereas in families that only had sons, the chance of a subsequent pregnancy was inversely associated with the number of sons. Strong patriarchal settings, combined with cultural and socioeconomic factors, affect the persistence of sex preference in India. Programmes aimed at increasing family planning use need to address son preference and should include components that promote the value of girl children.
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A., Nweke, I. "Soil Testing A Panacea to Crop Yield and Agricultural Sustainability – A Case for Farmers of South Eastern, Nigeria." Agricultural Science 2, no. 2 (March 25, 2020): p7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p7.
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Increasing human population is closely related with the increasing demand of food and pressure on available land with the rising demand on fertilizer that has not been sustainable at the farmer’s level. This causes soil fertility decline, nutrient imbalance and low residual effect which are constraint affecting agricultural production in south eastern soils of Nigeria in particular and to large extent in tropical environment. Land available to be used for intensive crop production activities is limited and this demand for adequate soil testing that will x-ray the fertility status of the soil before crop planting. The characteristics and amount of nutrient elements of a soil and soil biodiversity is influenced by climatic conditions, erosion/leaching, drought, cultivation history/land use system, cropping history, kinds of pesticides/herbicides applied, type and methods of inorganic and organic fertilizer applied. Soil testing quantifies the total value of plant nutrient elements available in a sampled soil that will directly promote crop growth and yield. Due to its biophysical, biochemical, biological and physiochemical results, soil testing when appropriately interpreted and applied may be used effectively to promote sustainable crop production and environmental health in a tropical soil like south eastern, Nigeria.
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Ferrer-Alcala, Maria-Angeles, Manuel Sánchez-Díaz, Salvador Arias-Santiago, and Alejandro Molina-Leyva. "Impact of Psoriasis and Hidradenitis Suppurativa in Pregnancy, a Systematic Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 5894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245894.
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Psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) are chronic inflammatory skin diseases that frequently develop in young women. The aim of this study is to evaluate how hidradenitis suppurativa and psoriasis impact women desiring to conceive, and their influence on fertility and gestation. A systematic review of articles dating from January 2015 to April 2021 was performed using the Scopus (Elsevier) database. The search terms were (psoriasis and (birth or pregnancy or fertility)) and ((hidradenitis suppurativa or acne inversa) and (birth or pregnancy or fertility)). The search was limited to human data. Systematic reviews, case reports, clinical practice guidelines, expert consensus and conference papers were excluded. The impact of HS on pregnancy includes an impaired desire for pregnancy, a decrease in fertility, the worsening of the disease during pregnancy and potential adverse events during pregnancy. Moreover, the pregnancy might imply a change on the treatment of HS. The impact of psoriasis on pregnancy includes a decrease in fertility, potential adverse events during pregnancy and an unpredictable evolution of the disease. Moreover, the pregnancy might imply a change on the treatment of psoriasis, although biologic therapies do not appear to increase the risk of adverse events. In conclusion, both HS and psoriasis have an impact on pregnancy. A decrease of fertility has been reported. Moreover, both diseases have an unpredictable evolution during pregnancy. Pregnant women who are under biologic therapy do not seem to have a higher rate of adverse events. Treatment of both conditions is usually halted during pregnancy since scientific evidence about their safety is not conclusive, or teratogenic risk has been proven.
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Towner, Mary C., Ilona Nenko, and Savannah E. Walton. "Why do women stop reproducing before menopause? A life-history approach to age at last birth." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1692 (April 19, 2016): 20150147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0147.
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Evolutionary biologists have long considered menopause to be a fundamental puzzle in understanding human fertility behaviour, as post-menopausal women are no longer physiologically capable of direct reproduction. Menopause typically occurs between 45 and 55 years of age, but across cultures and history, women often stop reproducing many years before menopause. Unlike age at first reproduction or even birth spacing, a woman nearing the end of her reproductive cycle is able to reflect upon the offspring she already has—their numbers and phenotypic qualities, including sexes. This paper reviews demographic data on age at last birth both across and within societies, and also presents a case study of age at last birth in rural Bangladeshi women. In this Bangladeshi sample, age at last birth preceded age at menopause by an average of 11 years, with marked variation around that mean, even during a period of high fertility. Moreover, age at last birth was not strongly related to age at menopause. Our literature review and case study provide evidence that stopping behaviour needs to be more closely examined as an important part of human reproductive strategies and life-history theory. Menopause may be a final marker of permanent reproductive cessation, but it is only one piece of the evolutionary puzzle.
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Luo, Yingyi, Shelley Marshall, and Denise Cuthbert. "The Human Rights Implications of Not-for-Profit Surrogacy Organizations in Cross-Border Commercial Surrogacy: An Australian Case Study." Business and Human Rights Journal 7, no. 1 (February 2022): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2021.49.
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Cross-border surrogacy is a global industry that offers intended parents options for family formation by providing foreign surrogate mothers remuneration, directly or via an intermediary, in excess of their actual out-of-pocket expenses. It is a multi-million-dollar business with no international regulation.1 In most countries, limited domestic regulation or oversight is in place. Many countries − such as Australia, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada, Hong Kong and South Africa − only permit altruistic surrogacy, while Germany and France ban surrogacy entirely.2 Fully legalized commercial surrogacy is the model followed in some states in the United States of America (USA), as well as Georgia and Ukraine.3 This unregulated cross-border market has produced a lucrative business, with surrogacy arrangements growing by nearly 1,000 per cent between 2006 and 2010.4 The for-profit surrogacy sector has expanded and fertility not-for-profit organizations have also entered the market.5
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Donadille, Bruno, Muriel Houang, Irène Netchine, Jean-Pierre Siffroi, and Sophie Christin-Maitre. "Human 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency associated with normal spermatic numeration despite a severe enzyme deficit." Endocrine Connections 7, no. 3 (March 2018): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-17-0306.
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Human 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency (3b-HSD) is a very rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia resulting from HSD3B2 gene mutations. The estimated prevalence is less than 1/1,000,000 at birth. It leads to steroidogenesis impairment in both adrenals and gonads. Few data are available concerning adult testicular function in such patients. We had the opportunity to study gonadal axis and testicular function in a 46,XY adult patient, carrying a HSD3B2 mutation. He presented at birth a neonatal salt-wasting syndrome. He had a micropenis, a perineal hypospadias and two intrascrotal testes. HSD3B2 gene sequencing revealed a 687del27 homozygous mutation. The patient achieved normal puberty at the age of 15 years. Transition from the paediatric department occurred at the age of 19 years. His hormonal profile under hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone treatments revealed normal serum levels of 17OH-pregnenolone, as well as SDHEA, ACTH, total testosterone, inhibin B and AMH. Pelvic ultrasound identified two scrotal testes of 21 mL each, without any testicular adrenal rest tumours. His adult spermatic characteristics were normal, according to WHO 2010 criteria, with a sperm concentration of 57.6 million/mL (N > 15), 21% of typical forms (N > 4%). Sperm vitality was subnormal (41%; N > 58%). This patient, in contrast to previous reports, presents subnormal sperm parameters and therefore potential male fertility in a 24-years-old patient with severe 3b-HSD deficiency. This case should improve counselling about fertility of male patients carrying HSD3B2 mutation.
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Bychkova, Anna A. "HEAD MEANT FOR MAN VS MAN MEANT FOR HEAD. PERCEPTIONS, CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES OF NAGA TRIBES (NORTH-EAST INDIA)." Studia Religiosa Rossica: Russian Journal of Religion, no. 1 (2022): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-4158-2022-1-44-54.
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The present case study dwells upon the vision of a human head in the popular mind of the Naga tribes living in the state of Nagaland, India, in whose perception a human head has direct association with the fertility of both man and land, which triggered the desire to possess more heads and, consequently, resulted in head hunting once widespread in the countries of South-East Asia, Burma, Indonesia, New Zealand. The paper is based on the material provided by the monographs of British anthropologists published in early twentieth century and the field work done by the author in Naga villages after 2012.
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Jorgez, Carolina J., Michal Klysik, Soazik P. Jamin, Richard R. Behringer, and Martin M. Matzuk. "Granulosa Cell-Specific Inactivation of Follistatin Causes Female Fertility Defects." Molecular Endocrinology 18, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 953–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2003-0301.
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Abstract Follistatin plays an important role in female physiology by regulating FSH levels through blocking activin actions. Failure to regulate FSH has been implicated as a potential cause of premature ovarian failure. Premature ovarian failure is characterized by amenorrhea, infertility, and elevated gonadotropin levels in women under the age of 40. Because follistatin is essential for postnatal viability, we designed a cre/loxP conditional knockout system to render the follistatin gene null specifically in the granulosa cells of the postnatal ovary using Amhr2cre transgenic mice. The follistatin conditional knockout females develop fertility defects, including reduced litter number and litter sizes and, in the most severe case, infertility. Reduced numbers of ovarian follicles, ovulation and fertilization defects, elevated levels of serum FSH and LH, and reduced levels of testosterone were observed in these mice. These findings demonstrate that compromising granulosa cell follistatin function leads to findings similar to those characterized in premature ovarian failure. Follistatin conditional knockouts may therefore be a useful model with which to further study this human syndrome. These studies are the first report of a granulosa cell-specific deletion of a gene in the postnatal ovary and have important implications for future endeavors to generate ovary-specific knockout mouse models.
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KERR, RACHEL BEZNER, SIEGLINDE SNAPP, MARKO CHIRWA (deceased), LIZZIE SHUMBA, and RODGERS MSACHI. "PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH ON LEGUME DIVERSIFICATION WITH MALAWIAN SMALLHOLDER FARMERS FOR IMPROVED HUMAN NUTRITION AND SOIL FERTILITY." Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 4 (October 2007): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479707005339.
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Legume species are uniquely suited to enhance soil productivity and provide nutrient-enriched grains and vegetables for limited-resource farmers. Yet substantial barriers to diversification with legumes exist, such as moderate yield potential and establishment costs, indicating the need for long-term engagement and farmer-centered research and extension. This review and in-depth analysis of a Malawian case study illustrates that farmer experimentation and adoption of legumes can be fostered among even the most resource-poor smallholders. Multi-educational activities and participatory research involving farmer research teams was carried out with 80 communities. Over five years more than 3000 farmers tested legumes and gained knowledge of legume contributions to child nutrition and soil productivity. The average area of expansion of legume systems was 862 m2 in 2005; 772 m2 for women and 956 m2 for men indicating a gender dimension to legume adoption. Farmers chose edible legume intercrops such as pigeonpea and groundnut over the mucuna green manure system, particularly women farmers. Interestingly, expansion in area of doubled-up edible legumes (854 m2 in 2005) was practiced by more farmers, but was a smaller area than that of mucuna green manure system (1429 m2). An information gap was discovered around the biological consequences of legume residue management. Education on the soil benefits of improved residue management and participatory methods of knowledge sharing were associated with enhanced labour investment; 72 % of farmers reported burying legume residues in 2005 compared to 15 % in 2000. Households reported feeding significantly more edible legumes to their children compared with control households. Participatory research that incorporated nutritional education fostered discussions within households and communities, the foundation for sustained adoption of legume-diversified systems.
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Martínez-Sales, M., F. García-Ximénez, and F. J. Espinós. "Discrimination of the effects on zebrafish reproduction from pollutants in drinking water via female, via male and/or via fecundation water." Zygote 24, no. 4 (October 9, 2015): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199415000532.
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SummaryThe lack of preventive policy legislation and the low removal rate of organic pollutants in conventional potabilization treatments lead to some of them being present in drinking water. The problem arises because some of these substances have detrimental effects on human reproduction health, via females, via males or even both. In this work, we established the zebrafish as a bioindicator of these types of substances with the goal of discriminating the effects through three different pathways: male, female or water where the fertilization took place.For this purpose, four parameters were analysed: fertility rate, hatching rate and survival and abnormalities rates. So, for each parameter two groups were formed, according to whether adult males or females were reared in bottled spring water (Z) or tap water (B) and if the in vitro fertilization took place in water Z or B.Results revealed a decline in the fertility and hatching rate in water B, due to a water effect. The most plausible explanation could be the presence of substances which affect the micropyle and chorion. Moreover, a decrease in the fertility rate due to an effect over the female was also observed, but in this case by an alteration of the oocyte quality.
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Jasienska, Grazyna, Peter T. Ellison, Andrzej Galbarczyk, Michal Jasienski, Malgorzata Kalemba-Drozdz, Maria Kapiszewska, Ilona Nenko, Inger Thune, and Anna Ziomkiewicz. "Apolipoprotein E ( ApoE ) polymorphism is related to differences in potential fertility in women: a case of antagonistic pleiotropy?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1803 (March 22, 2015): 20142395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2395.
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The alleles that are detrimental to health, especially in older age, are thought to persist in populations because they also confer some benefits for individuals (through antagonistic pleiotropy). The ApoE4 allele at the ApoE locus, encoding apolipoprotein E (ApoE), significantly increases risk of poor health, and yet it is present in many populations at relatively high frequencies. Why has it not been replaced by natural selection with the health-beneficial ApoE3 allele? ApoE is a major supplier of cholesterol precursor for the production of ovarian oestrogen and progesterone, thus ApoE has been suggested as the potential candidate gene that may cause variation in reproductive performance. Our results support this hypothesis showing that in 117 regularly menstruating women those with genotypes with at least one ApoE4 allele had significantly higher levels of mean luteal progesterone (144.21 pmol l −1 ) than women with genotypes without ApoE4 (120.49 pmol l −1 ), which indicates higher potential fertility. The hormonal profiles were based on daily data for entire menstrual cycles. We suggest that the finding of higher progesterone in women with ApoE4 allele could provide first strong evidence for an evolutionary mechanism of maintaining the ancestral and health-worsening ApoE4 allele in human populations.
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Savage, O. M. Njikam. "Secrecy Still the Best Policy: Donor Insemination in Cameroon." Politics and the Life Sciences 14, no. 1 (February 1995): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400011813.
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In their recent PLS article, Ken R. Daniels and Karyn Taylor (1993) advocate policies of openness in regard to donor insemination (DI). In this commentary, I examine openness within the social context of fertility, infertility, human reproduction, and social parenthood in Cameroon. The traditional concept of secrecy in reproductive failure, especially in the case of male infertility, is outlined. Some of the social alternatives, such as natural insemination and social parenthood, are discussed. The inappropriateness of openness in DI within a sociocultural milieu that places a high premium on male reproductive ability is highlighted.
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Evdokimov, V. V., N. K. Isaev, and V. B. Turovetskiy. "Effect of various factors on ejaculate fertility in vitro." Andrology and Genital Surgery 23, no. 1 (March 18, 2022): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1726-9784-2022-23-1-45-52.
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Introduction. Current demographic situation in Russia is characterized by decreasing birth rate. According to the World Health Organization, percentage of child-free marriages in various countries is 10–15 %. In Russia, the National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov states that this number is 17 %. More than 4 million men suffer from infertility of various types. In recent years, pathologies of male reproductive function have achieved medical and social significance due to progressively decreasing sperm fertility. Fertility disorders are considered multi-factor conditions caused by internal and external factors and leading to pathological changes in sex organs. Correction of pathologies of male fertility does not always lead to positive results. Therefore, it is important to develop and study effective pharmaceuticals affecting the main fertility parameters.The study objective is to investigate the effect of various biological pharmaceuticals, physical and chemical factors on parameters of ejaculate fertility in vitro.Materials and methods. Experiments with a protein-peptide complex (PPC), methylene blue, and hydrogen peroxide were performed on human semen. After semen dilution, the sample was studied under the microscope and sperm motility and other ejaculate parameters were evaluated per the 5th edition WHO standard. Experiments were performed at 20–22 ºС. Statistical data analysis was performed using the Student’s t-test. Differences were considered statistically significant at р <0.05.Results. The results show increased motility in the fraction of active motile sperm in first 30 minutes after incubation with methylene blue. In case of initial asthenospermia, active motility increased by 72 %, in case of normospermia by 89 %. After 2 hours, all motility fractions were at the baseline level.The experiments also showed significant changes in sperm motility in the presence of PPC preparation in the ejaculate: increase in sperm motility was observed beginning at 30-minute mark and this level persisted through 3 hours of observation. A more pronounced change, by 60 %, was observed in the active motile sperm; total motility increased by up to 30 %. After 24 hours, sperm motility remained close to the baseline level, the number of normal sperm forms and live cells did not change. Dependence of the motility change on the preparation concentration should be noted: the highest increase was observed at PPC concentration with total protein level of 10–12 mg/mL. Higher concentrations did not have a positive effect on sperm motility. In experiments with low hydrogen peroxide concentration, a positive effect on sperm motility was observed.Conclusions. Sperm motility is supported by glycolysis energy, and one of the glycolysis enzymes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is tightly bound to the fibrous layer of the flagellum, activation of metabolic pathways leading to increased enzyme activity, increased sperm motility. The mechanism of the observed effect is not entirely clear, however, the obtained data demonstrate potential benefits of further studies on use of pharmaceuticals in andrological and reproductive practice, assisted reproductive technologies, as well as for stimulation of sperm motility in further experimental studies.
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Brants, L., I. Soenen, S. Pazmino, R. Westhovens, P. Verschueren, and D. De Cock. "AB1209 A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON THE EFFECT OF DMARDS ON FERTILITY IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1896.2–1896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.2856.
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Background:Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) seem to experience a diminished fertility. Reasons for this lowered fertility are insufficiently defined and probably multifactorial. Although the effect of DMARDs on pregnancy outcomes have been studied, there is a lack of data on the effect of DMARDs on the fertility of patients with RA.Objectives:To evaluate all studies that concern an effect of DMARDs on the fertility of men and women with RA in a systematic review.Methods:A search was conducted at 18/10/2019 in three databases including Embase, Pubmed (Medline) and Web Of Science with specific search strings for each database, constructed with the help from a health sciences librarian. We included studies involving women or men diagnosed with RA, of fertile age (18-45years) and on a DMARD therapy, with as outcome a fertility parameter. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, case reports, case series and animal studies were excluded. Studies not in English or Dutch or written more than 15 years ago were excluded. Article selection was firstly based on title/abstract (double blind, two researchers, LB and IS) and then full text (two researchers, LB and IS). In case consensus could not be reached, a third researcher (DDC) was consulted. The references of included articles were reviewed (“snowballing”) to include and minimize the missing articles. A quality check of the included full text papers was performed using the CASP Appraisal Checklists. A chart was made based on outcomes of interest.Results:After duplicate removal, 9030 articles were found. After title/abstract screening, 82 articles remained. After full text screening, 4 articles could be retained. No additional studies were found through snowballing. Only studies about women could be included, as the evidence found for men was all in papers with exclusion criteria for our systematic review (e.g. case reports). Table 1 summarizes these papers. The included studies investigated the following DMARDs: methotrexate (MTX), certolizumab pegol (CZP), etanercept (ETN) and sulfasalazine (SSZ). No detrimental effects of these DMARDs on fertility, defined as time-to-pregnancy (TTP), anti-Müllerian hormone serum level or presence of a history of infertility, were reported.Table 1.Characteristics of studies included in the systematic reviewAuthorsLocationSampleDMARDOutcomeMethodDesignResultAkintayo et al.2018Nigeria50 women with RA and 50 women without RAMTXInfertility or history of infertilityInterviewer-administered questionnaireRetrospective studyMTX was associated with a negative history of infertilityShimada et al.2019Japan25 pregnancies in 19 patients with RACZP and ETNTTP (time to pregnancy)medical recordsRetrospective studybDMARD treatment shortened the TTPBrouwer et al.2013The Netherlands72 women with recent-onset RA compared to 509 healthy womenMTXLevel of serum AMHmedical records, serum samples (2 time points)Retrospective studyAMH levels were not lower with MTX.Brouwer et al.2014The Netherlands245 women with RAMTX and SSZTTPQuestionnaires and interviewsProspective cohort studyMTX and SSZ did not prolong TTPRA = Rheumatoid Arthritis; MTX = Methotrexate; TNFi = Tumor Necrosis Factor inhibitor; CZP = Certolizumab pegol; ETN = Etanercept; SSZ = Sulfasalazine; TTP = Time to Pregnancy; DMARD = Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drug; AMH = Anti-Müllerian hormoneConclusion:This systematic review underlines the knowledge gap on the effect of DMARDs on fertility in human studies. Only 4 studies on women, and no studies on men were found. In the 4 included studies, DMARD treatment, even with MTX in contrast to general belief, had no harmful effect on fertility, probably because disease activity was better controlled with DMARD therapy. However, effects of other RA medication such as NSAIDs were excluded. More research is needed to improve guidance for patients with RA with a child wish.Disclosure of Interests:Liesbeth Brants: None declared, Isaline Soenen: None declared, Sofia Pazmino: None declared, Rene Westhovens Grant/research support from: Celltrion Inc, Galapagos, Gilead, Consultant of: Celltrion Inc, Galapagos, Gilead, Speakers bureau: Celltrion Inc, Galapagos, Gilead, Patrick Verschueren Grant/research support from: Pfizer unrestricted chair of early RA research, Speakers bureau: various companies, Diederik De Cock: None declared
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Devriendt, Willem, and Freddy Heylen. "Macroeconomic and distributional effects of demographic change in an open economy—the case of Belgium." Journal of Demographic Economics 86, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 87–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2019.14.
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AbstractWe construct and parameterize an overlapping generations model for an open economy with individuals who differ in innate ability. Key endogenous variables are hours worked, investment in human and physical capital, and per capita growth. The model replicates important data in Belgium since 1960 remarkably well. Simulating it, we observe that behavioral adjustments by households and firms contribute to reverse the negative arithmetical effect of future demographic change on per capita growth. Individuals work and study more. However, with unchanged policies, there remains a net negative effect on annual per capita growth of almost 0.3%-points on average in the next 25 years. This is mainly due to adverse consequences of reduced fertility and a declining working-age population on (the return to) physical capital investment. Model projections also point to rising income inequality induced by demographic change. Differences in the capacity of individuals to respond to increasing life expectancy by investing in education, and by saving, are key.
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Selby, Don. "Form of Life, Buddhism, and Human Rights." Conversations: The Journal of Cavellian Studies, no. 7 (March 23, 2020): 118–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/cjcs.vi7.4634.
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Stanley Cavell took up anthropological works for consideration in a way that we might characterize as staccato, and has informed anthropological work in increasing and increasingly sustained ways. As these works show, it is difficult to lift, so to speak, a single concept—say, the ordinary—out of Cavell’s work, and treat it as if it were discrete, unentangled with neighboring concepts like language, or the uncanny, or nextness, to suggest only a few candidates. Still, what I will do here is highlight the fertility of Cavell’s elaboration on Wittgenstein’s ‘form of life’ for my ethnographic work on human rights in Thailand. I set out to show that were we to attend only to the register of cultural forms (more or less specifiable sets of customs, traditions, norms, values, habituated practices), as human rights debates that hew to cultural relativisim or ‘Asian values’ do, we would develop a partial view of how human rights emerged in the progressive, democratic moment surrounding and following the 1997 Thai constitution. More narrowly, the case I make, the case that one cannot make if one only takes form of life in the conventional sense of describing only social conventions, is that a central line of thought in the National Human Rights Commission of Thailand about what human rights were turned not on the nature of rights, but on a picture of the human. The picture at issue was one importantly inscribed within a certain, controversial school of Buddhist thinking. This paper will examine specific contests within Buddhism over what a human being is, with the particular claims to rights that flow from different pictures of the human. That is, it will take these debates, as they appeared in struggles over human rights, as pitching irreconcilable notions of the human form of life against one another. First, though, it is necessary to provide some orientation for readers unfamiliar with Thailand.
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Artois, M. "Managing problem wildlife in the ‘Old World’: a veterinary perspective." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, no. 1 (1997): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r96090.
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This paper focuses on mammalian pest species mainly in Europe and Africa and on implications for animal health, human safety, wildlife management and animal welfare. Three examples of problem species are presented: the wild boar (Sus scrofa), the stray dog (Canis familiaris) and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Several species are reservoirs or vectors of transmissible diseases of man and of economically valuable domestic species. The control of these and other infections and the limitation of the nuisance or damage caused by these pest species involves lethal or non-lethal methods which are briefly reviewed. Some control measures require veterinary expertise, and veterinary involvement in managing problem species is likely to increase. With regard to fertility control, methods are considered which will allow an appropriate choice of the best technique for the management of problem animals in various habitats. For desirable native species, traditional methods of control, especially hunting in the case of game species, is preferable to contraception. For exotic or feral species, control of fertility seems to be a worthwhile option.
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Priya, Dev, and Monika Saini. "Psychological impact of fertility treatment during the coronavirus pandemic and its legal aspect." Journal of Reproductive Healthcare and Medicine 2 (February 22, 2021): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jrhm_6_2021.
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The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, a novel coronavirus in December 2019 was first identified in Wuhan, the capital city of China, Hubei Province that rapidly spread as worldwide pandemic, a global health emergency condition. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak was declared as Public Health Emergency of International Concern on January 30, 2020, by the World Health Organization and later a world pandemic on March 11, 2020. In India, the first COVID-19 case was reported on January 30, 2020, and with increasing number of cases later nationwide lockdown was implemented on March 24, 2020. The COVID-19 restrictions were lifted and gradually country’s economy and health-care services started to resume. According to the international and national guidelines on COVID-19, all the non-essential medical services were suspended including majority of fertility services across the globe. The strategy was followed to minimize the virus transmission with physical distancing and less human interaction. The unplanned shutdown of fertility services to support the overwhelmed health-care services possessed a serious psychological impact and mental distress on the patients undergoing fertility treatments. The aim of this review is to briefly summarize the current knowledge regarding the psychological impact of abrupt suspension of in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures, closure of IVF clinics and the impact it had on the couples who had to postpone their treatments due to the restrictions. The surveys reviewed are majorly based on observational, cross-sectional community-based study with certain limitations. The study suggested future implication of introducing more structured planning to combat the psychological distress caused during fertility treatments. In future, the psychological consequences of increased anxiety and mental distress need to be addressed during the treatment at fertility clinics. Further, the article also provides brief insights on the legal aspects of assisted reproductive technology rights and how it can help in protecting reproductive rights of child and the women.
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Turner, Joseph V., and Lucas A. McLindon. "Bioethical and Moral Perspectives in Human Reproductive Medicine." Linacre Quarterly 85, no. 4 (November 2018): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0024363918816697.
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A reductive reading of Humanae vitae seeks to limit its appeal to a ban on contraception. In truth, however, it offers a vision of human sexuality and conjugal love with broad and enduring relevance. In setting forth the intrinsic complementarity and irreducibility of the unitive and procreative dimensions of the conjugal act, Paul VI has given us a hermeneutical key for assessing many contemporary ethical dilemmas in human reproductive medicine. From this perspective, this article seeks to apply the logic of Humanae vitae to several real-life scenarios confronted by medical practitioners, educators, and ethicists working in the field of fertility and reproductive health. These include a consideration of the ethics of prescribing hormonal contraceptives, the possibilities of investigating male infertility, issues of cooperation in counseling and assisting conception in same-sex relationships, the ethics pertaining to assisted reproductive technology (ART), the contested case of prenatal adoption, and the application of double-effect reasoning. Summary: On the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the promulgation of Pope Paul VI’s encyclical Humanae vitae, this article seeks to defend its enduring relevance to modern-day society, through application of its reasoning to contemporary dilemmas in reproductive medicine. It considers real cases of the ethics of prescribing hormonal contraceptives, of investigating male infertility, of cooperating in counseling and assisting conception in same-sex relationships, of ART, of prenatal adoption, and the application of double-effect reasoning.
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Duffy, J. M. N., S. Bhattacharya, S. Bhattacharya, M. Bofill, B. Collura, C. Curtis, J. L. H. Evers, et al. "Standardizing definitions and reporting guidelines for the infertility core outcome set: an international consensus development study†‡." Human Reproduction 35, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 2735–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa243.
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Abstract STUDY QUESTION Can consensus definitions for the core outcome set for infertility be identified in order to recommend a standardized approach to reporting? SUMMARY ANSWER Consensus definitions for individual core outcomes, contextual statements and a standardized reporting table have been developed. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Different definitions exist for individual core outcomes for infertility. This variation increases the opportunities for researchers to engage with selective outcome reporting, which undermines secondary research and compromises clinical practice guideline development. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Potential definitions were identified by a systematic review of definition development initiatives and clinical practice guidelines and by reviewing Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group guidelines. These definitions were discussed in a face-to-face consensus development meeting, which agreed consensus definitions. A standardized approach to reporting was also developed as part of the process. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Healthcare professionals, researchers and people with fertility problems were brought together in an open and transparent process using formal consensus development methods. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Forty-four potential definitions were inventoried across four definition development initiatives, including the Harbin Consensus Conference Workshop Group and International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies, 12 clinical practice guidelines and Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group guidelines. Twenty-seven participants, from 11 countries, contributed to the consensus development meeting. Consensus definitions were successfully developed for all core outcomes. Specific recommendations were made to improve reporting. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION We used consensus development methods, which have inherent limitations. There was limited representation from low- and middle-income countries. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS A minimum data set should assist researchers in populating protocols, case report forms and other data collection tools. The generic reporting table should provide clear guidance to researchers and improve the reporting of their results within journal publications and conference presentations. Research funding bodies, the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials statement, and over 80 specialty journals have committed to implementing this core outcome set. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This research was funded by the Catalyst Fund, Royal Society of New Zealand, Auckland Medical Research Fund and Maurice and Phyllis Paykel Trust. Siladitya Bhattacharya reports being the Editor-in-Chief of Human Reproduction Open and an editor of the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group. J.L.H.E. reports being the Editor Emeritus of Human Reproduction. R.S.L. reports consultancy fees from Abbvie, Bayer, Ferring, Fractyl, Insud Pharma and Kindex and research sponsorship from Guerbet and Hass Avocado Board. B.W.M. reports consultancy fees from Guerbet, iGenomix, Merck, Merck KGaA and ObsEva. C.N. reports being the Editor-in-Chief of Fertility and Sterility and Section Editor of the Journal of Urology, research sponsorship from Ferring, and a financial interest in NexHand. E.H.Y.N. reports research sponsorship from Merck. A.S. reports consultancy fees from Guerbet. J.W. reports being a statistical editor for the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group. A.V. reports that he is a Statistical Editor of the Cochrane Gynaecology & Fertility Review Group and of the journal Reproduction. His employing institution has received payment from Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority for his advice on review of research evidence to inform their ‘traffic light’ system for infertility treatment ‘add-ons’. N.L.V. reports consultancy and conference fees from Ferring, Merck and Merck Sharp and Dohme. The remaining authors declare no competing interests in relation to the work presented. All authors have completed the disclosure form. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials Initiative: 1023.
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Arif, Sohaib, Nida Khurshid, Maryam Manzoor, Laraib Sajjad, Ammarah Mehmood, and Muhammad Awais Khalid. "Psychological Effects of Subfertility on Women." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 5 (May 30, 2022): 1558–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221651558.
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Background: Out of all the human beings present the 20% are infertile. The 10-15 couple experience difficulties in conceiving. Study design: It is a cross-sectional study with statistical approach, conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Indus Hospital Jubliee Town, Lahore. Objective: The study aimed to study the psychological effects of subfertility on women. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on the 80 female patients under treatment as they are not conceiving after repeated unsuccessful attempts. The female attended the gynecology department of our institute teaching hospital. The review board of the hospital approved the study. The average duration of not getting pregnant was 2 years in these participants. The study was conducted for 6 month from January 2022 to June 2022. Results: The average duration of not getting pregnant was 2 years in these participants. Most of the women reported that they previously had no child. However, there were 14% of them that had one child already. The mean of the state anxiety in these female participants came out to be 44 with a SD of 9.5. And the trait anxiety was reported to be 41 with SD of 7.1. Both of these features were found to be higher in case of sub fertile female patients undergoing fertility treatment. The level of stress was shown to be high in case of marital issues as compare to the social stress and personal stress. The educational level was found to be statistically linked to the participant’s stress level. However, the financial condition and age was not found to be linked to stress in sub fertile female. Conclusion: The women undergoing fertility treatments as they are not being successful to conceive suffers from stress, anxiety and depression like psychological issues. The societal pressure and low educational level are some of the factors that elevates the psychological issues in sub fertile female. If proper professional guidance is given to the patients it can help them cope with the fertility issue stress free. Therefore, counseling is a much helpful thing to accept and face the challenges of sub fertility. Keywords: Subfertility, psychological status, stress, anxiety and education level
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Srinivas, MS, Vickram Sundaram, M. Ramesh Pathy, and TB Sridharan. "A Comparative Study of Distribution of Protein and Cholesterol in Various Fractions of Human Semen from Infertile and Fertile Subjects." International Journal of Infertility & Fetal Medicine 3, no. 3 (2012): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10016-1046.
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ABSTRACT Aim To elucidate the concentration of the protein and cholesterol in different fractions of human semen from different infertile categories and comparing them with the fertile group. Materials and methods The human semen was collected from different infertile categories including oligoasthenospermia, asthenospermia, azoospermia, normospermia, oligospermia and fertile group. Immediately after collection, the semen analysis was done as per WHO standard protocols. After that, the semen was centrifuged to get the different fractions. Four main fractions were obtained, (1) spermatozoa, (2) debris or material that precipitates at 12 K rpm for 10 minutes, (3) prostasomes which was precipitated at 20K rpm for 120 minutes, (4) seminal plasma. The protein concentration was done by Lowry's method and cholesterol was estimated by diagnostic kit. Results Sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) was run for all the categories of semen samples for their seminal plasma and the fertility associated protein was identified. A significant difference was found in the concentration of proteins in all subfractions when compared between control and infertile categories. Almost 86% of the protein was recovered from soluble fraction. In case of azoospermia, the protein content was very low when compared with fertile group. Seminal plasma proteins were visualized by silver staining. The molecular weight of the protein bands were ranging from 6.5 to 205 kDa. The band with molecular weight around 55 kDa was found to be missing in case of oligoasthenospermia. This particular protein is said to be fertility associated protein. The content of cholesterol for different subfraction of the human semen samples from infertile and fertile samples was compared. A wide range of cholesterol was recovered from prostasomes, that too purified. Conclusion A thrive study have to be done in all the subfractions of the semen irrespective of the category of samples to know the exact function of the each subfractions in terms of protein and cholesterol distribution. How to cite this article Sundaram V, Srinivas MS, Rao KA, Pathy MR, Sridharan TB. A Comparative Study of Distribution of Protein and Cholesterol in Various Fractions of Human Semen from Infertile and Fertile Subjects. Int J Infertility Fetal Med 2012;3(3):78-82.
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Skakkebaek, Niels E., Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts, Germaine M. Buck Louis, Jorma Toppari, Anna-Maria Andersson, Michael L. Eisenberg, Tina Kold Jensen, et al. "Male Reproductive Disorders and Fertility Trends: Influences of Environment and Genetic Susceptibility." Physiological Reviews 96, no. 1 (January 2016): 55–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00017.2015.
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It is predicted that Japan and European Union will soon experience appreciable decreases in their populations due to persistently low total fertility rates (TFR) below replacement level (2.1 child per woman). In the United States, where TFR has also declined, there are ethnic differences. Caucasians have rates below replacement, while TFRs among African-Americans and Hispanics are higher. We review possible links between TFR and trends in a range of male reproductive problems, including testicular cancer, disorders of sex development, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, low testosterone levels, poor semen quality, childlessness, changed sex ratio, and increasing demand for assisted reproductive techniques. We present evidence that several adult male reproductive problems arise in utero and are signs of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). Although TDS might result from genetic mutations, recent evidence suggests that it most often is related to environmental exposures of the fetal testis. However, environmental factors can also affect the adult endocrine system. Based on our review of genetic and environmental factors, we conclude that environmental exposures arising from modern lifestyle, rather than genetics, are the most important factors in the observed trends. These environmental factors might act either directly or via epigenetic mechanisms. In the latter case, the effects of exposures might have an impact for several generations post-exposure. In conclusion, there is an urgent need to prioritize research in reproductive physiology and pathophysiology, particularly in highly industrialized countries facing decreasing populations. We highlight a number of topics that need attention by researchers in human physiology, pathophysiology, environmental health sciences, and demography.
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Agolli, Arjola, Zeynep Yukselen, Olsi Agolli, Mehrie Harshad Patel, Kinal Paresh Bhatt, Luis Concepcion, John Halpern, Sabaa Alvi, and Rafael Abreu. "SARS-CoV-2 effect on male infertility and its possible pathophysiological mechanisms." Discoveries 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): e131. http://dx.doi.org/10.15190/d.2021.10.
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First case of COVID-19 was reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019. As of now, May 2021, a total of 164,189,004 people were infected, and 3,401,990 deaths have occurred caused by SARS-CoV-2. As SARS-CoV-2 virus cell entry mainly depends on the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins, the presence of high expression levels of both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in testes highlights the possible vulnerability of men to the virus. Other RNA viruses frequently induce orchitis and result in male infertility. This review evaluates the decline in male fertility and a total of 48 original articles were included for the analysis. We investigated the effects of COVID-19 on male reproductive health and male fertility. There is a strong association between the high number of ACE2 receptors in the testes and the COVID-19 viral loads. SARS-CoV-2 infection negatively affects the male reproductive tract. Human biological tissues, including body fluids and excretions, tissues, and organs showed positive results tests for SARS-CoV-2. A disruption in the balance of male reproductive system hormones is also observed. Male gonads may be potentially vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting caution to follow-up and evaluate infected men that have plans to conceive. Further studies are required to determine if this impairment is temporary or permanent, elucidate SARS-CoV-2’s entrance strategies into the testis and how it can affect the semen quality and quantity. We recommend a post-infection follow-up, especially in male patients of reproductive age already having fertility issues.
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Cocco, Stefania, Valeria Cardelli, Giuseppe Corti, Dominique Serrani, Rogério Borguete Alves Rafael, Carmelo Dazzi, and Giuseppe Lo Papa. "Role of land set-up systems on soil (physicochemical) conditions." Italian Journal of Agronomy 15, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2020.1766.
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Land reclamation and drainage networks represent one of the most ancient human modifications of the Italian soilscape, where tailored land set-up systems were developed in agro- and forestecosystems in three millennia of man’s activity. Most of once manually maintained land settings are currently scarcely working or even disappeared because of the cost needed for their maintenance and the advent of mechanization that have simplified the field organization. The scarce attention to the soil experienced in the last decades, has accelerated soil erosion and flooding events, which entailed high costs in terms of money and human lives, but also caused reduction of soil thickness, water holding capacity, and fertility. In view of a sustainable agriculture, it is mandatory to assess the role of land set-up systems, which for centuries have been key in protecting soil from erosion, but also in increasing soil fertility. Such an effort cannot be made without considering the different pedo-climatic conditions and land uses of the Italian territory, which is different with respect to the past because of the multiple transformations made to favour the mechanization of agriculture. In this review we discuss the main effect of Italian land settings on the soilscape and on soil physicochemical conditions. Since land settings were developed centuries ago, detailed information about their effect on specific soil parameters is scarce in the scientific literature; thus, in some case, we provide information gathered in places where land set-up systems are still present.
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Mbizvo, Michael T., Nicole Bellows, Joseph G. Rosen, Stephen Mupeta, Chisha A. Mwiche, and Ben Bellows. "Family Planning in Zambia: An Investment Pillar for Economic Development." Gates Open Research 3 (May 8, 2019): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12989.1.
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Family planning represents a ‘best buy’ in global efforts to achieve sustainable development and attain improvements in sexual and reproductive health. Ensuring access is amongst key transformative strategies that underpin health and sustainable development. It confers fertility choices on women and couples within a human rights framework. By meeting contraceptive needs of all women, significant public health impact and development gains accrue. At the same time, governments face the complex challenge of allocating finite resources to competing priorities, each of which presents known and unknown challenges and opportunities. As such, there is a need to carefully consider the estimated costs and benefits for each proposed investment in health, education, social welfare, and security. Zambia has experienced a slow but steady increase in contraceptive prevalence, with slight decline in total fertility rate (TFR), over the past 20 years. Increasing voluntary modern contraceptive use among women offers opportunities to reduce unintended pregnancy while effectively harnessing the demographic dividend in order to bolster socioeconomic outcomes for households and communities. Drawing from the Zambian context, we present a case for making investments in voluntary family planning (FP), underpinned by a human rights framework, as a pillar for accelerating development and socio-economic advancement. Through multilevel interventions aimed at averting unintended pregnancies, Zambia – and other low- and middle-income countries – can reduce their age dependency ratios and harness economic growth opportunities awarded by the demographic dividend while improving the health and quality of life of the population.
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Krajewska, Atina, and Rachel Cahill-O’Callaghan. "When a Single Man Wants to Be a Father: Revealing the Invisible Subjects in the Law Regulating Fertility Treatment." Social & Legal Studies 29, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663919826352.
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This article takes the example of single men who wish to become single fathers, using surrogacy, as a case study to examine the nature of legal subjectivity and the process by which persons acquire social visibility through legal mechanisms. The article investigates the notion of the absent subjects in law and examines the ways in which single men have been rendered invisible in the area of assisted reproduction. It investigates the emergence of legal subjectivity through the acquisition of rights in the context of fertility treatment. In this respect, it analyses the recent jurisprudence of the English courts and the changes in the human rights law that helped construct single men as subjects of law. The article proposes the concept of (in)visibilization for a number of reasons. It allows us to observe and examine the slow and contingent emergence of legal subjectivity in law. It illuminates ways, in which aspects of the critique of human rights as an inadequate vehicle of social inclusion can be overcome. In both respects, the concept of (in)visibilization provides a diction, in which we can analyse legally relevant experiences, which have not yet crossed the threshold into the formal system of law.