Academic literature on the topic 'Fertility, Human – Lesotho – Statistics'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fertility, Human – Lesotho – Statistics"
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Dunson, D. B., C. R. Weinberg, D. D. Baird, J. S. Kesner, and A. J. Wilcox. "Assessing human fertility using several markers of ovulation." Statistics in Medicine 20, no. 6 (2001): 965–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.716.
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Dunson, David B., and Clarice R. Weinberg. "Accounting for unreported and missing intercourse in human fertility studies." Statistics in Medicine 19, no. 5 (March 15, 2000): 665–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(20000315)19:5<665::aid-sim391>3.0.co;2-p.
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Belzil, Christian, and Philip Hergel. "Fertility and the Human Capital Loss of Non-Participation." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 61, no. 2 (May 1999): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.00123.
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Tiit, Ene-Margit. "Measuring and forecasting fertility." Papers on Anthropology 27, no. 1 (June 25, 2018): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2018.27.1.07.
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Prognosing of fertility has been one of the most important tasks in demography and population statistics. The fertility trends have changed and have a different character in different parts of the world. The very last tendency discovered by M. Myrskylä and others about ten years ago is positive dependency on the human development index. Here the validity of this hypothesis in Europe is proved using the recent data of fertility and HDI.
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Tait, David. "Respectability, Property and Fertility: The Development of Official Statistics about Families in Australia." Labour History, no. 49 (1985): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508753.
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Senekane, Mpinane Flory, Agnes Makhene, and Suzan Oelofse. "Methodology to Investigate Indigenous Solid Waste Systems and Practices in the Rural Areas Surrounding Maseru (Kingdom of Lesotho)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 5355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105355.
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Solid waste management (SWM) is the greatest challenge facing environmental protection and human wellbeing in the rural communities of Maseru (Kingsom of Lesotho). A lack of formal waste management (WM) systems in rural areas of Maseru have resulted in different indigenous systems and practices of SWM. Direct observation and descriptive designs will be employed. This is a mixed methods study of qualitative, quantitative and, non-experimental. We obtained data sets from existing official census and statistics of Maseru. We sampled 693 participants from total population of 6917. We received ethical clearance from Research Ethics committee of Health Sciences at the University of Johannesburg, we recruited six field workers. We have preventive equipment (sanitizers, masks, and sterile latex gloves) for COVID-19 infections in place; we have specific design on caps, masks and bags that will identify field workers as they collect data. We will train field workers, administer questionnaires, interview, and observe participants. STATKON will analyse data. The research will share the results with the Ministry of Environment and the community in Lesotho. The results will also be used to educate the rural communities on improved WM. Where weaknesses are identified, mitigation measures can be evaluated and implemented to rectify the negative aspects and improve the systems and practices. The rural communities face challenges such as waste collection services and sanitation facilities and this fact points out that there is a gap in SWM, which favours the existence of indigenous systems and practice of SWM.
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Noordin, Muhammad Akram Mohd, Mahanem Mat Noor, and Wan Mohd Aizat. "The Impact of Plant Bioactive Compounds on Aging and Fertility of Diverse Organisms: A Review." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 13 (August 20, 2020): 1287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557520666200429101942.
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It is expected that in 2050, there will be more than 20% of senior citizens aged over 60 years worldwide. Such alarming statistics require immediate attention to improve the health of the aging population. Since aging is closely related to the loss of antioxidant defense mechanisms, this situation eventually leads to numerous health problems, including fertility reduction. Furthermore, plant extracts have been used in traditional medicine as potent antioxidant sources. Although many experiments had reported the impact of various bioactive compounds on aging or fertility, there is a lack of review papers that combine both subjects. In this review, we have collected and discussed various bioactive compounds from 26 different plant species known to affect both longevity and fertility. These compounds, including phenolics and terpenes, are mostly involved in the antioxidant defense mechanisms of diverse organisms such as rats, mites, fruit flies, roundworms, and even roosters. A human clinical trial should be considered in the future to measure the effects of these bioactive compounds on human health and longevity. Ultimately, these plant-derived compounds could be developed into health supplements or potential medical drugs to ensure a healthy aging population.
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Botha, Willings, Natasha Donnolley, Marian Shanahan, and Georgina M. Chambers. "Assessment of the societal and individual preferences for fertility treatment in Australia: study protocol for stated preference discrete choice experiments." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e020509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020509.
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IntroductionIn Australia, societal and individual preferences for funding fertility treatment remain largely unknown. This has resulted in a lack of evidence about willingness to pay (WTP) for fertility treatment by either the general population (the funders) or infertile individuals (who directly benefit). Using a stated preference discrete choice experiment (SPDCE) approach has been suggested as a more appropriate method to inform economic evaluations of fertility treatment. We outline the protocol for an ongoing study which aims to assess fertility treatment preferences of both the general population and infertile individuals, and indirectly estimate their WTP for fertility treatment.Methods and analysisTwo separate but related SPDCEs will be conducted for two population samples—the general population and infertile individuals—to elicit preferences for fertility treatment to indirectly estimate WTP. We describe the qualitative work to be undertaken to design the SPDCEs. We will use D-efficient fractional experimental designs informed by prior coefficients from the pilot surveys. The mode of administration for the SPDCE is also discussed. The final results will be analysed using mixed logit or latent class model.Ethics and disseminationThis study is being funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) project grant AP1104543 and has been approved by the University of New South Wales Human Research Ethics Committee (HEC 17255) and a fertility clinic’s ethics committee. Findings of the study will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and presented at various conferences. A lay summary of the results will be made publicly available on the University of New South Wales National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit website. Our results will contribute to the development of an evidence-based policy framework for the provision of cost-effective and patient-centred fertility treatment in Australia.
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Islam, Shariful, Nazrul Islam Mondal, Rejaul Karim, Mohammad Rocky Khan Chowdhury, Aminur Rahman, and Hafiz T. A. Khan. "Effects of Communicable Diseases on Life Expectancy in Low- and Lower-Middle-Income Countries." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 2329–933. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211582329.
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Background: Life expectancy (LE) at birth is relatively poor in thelow- and lower-middle-income countries compared to the developed countries. There are many factors for this poor status of LE in these countries. Communicable disease in the human body is found to be one of the main causes. Aim: To determine the effects of communicable diseases on LE at birth in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Methods: Data of 82 low- and lower-middle-income countries were extracted from the World Health Statistics 2018. In this study, the dependent variable is LE at birth, and the communicable diseases such as new Human Immunodeficiency (HIV) infections, Tuberculosis (TB) incidences, Malaria incidences, and Hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence among children under 5 years are the independent variables. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and Linear regression model were used to examine the data. Results: The lowest (52.90 years) and highest (76.30 years) LE at birth were observed in Lesotho and Viet Nam, respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficients identified that new HIV infections, TB incidences, Malaria incidences, and HBsAg prevalence among children under 5 years are highly correlated with the LE at birth. The linear regression analysis reveals that all the selected variables are found to have significant negative effects on LE at birth in low and lowermiddleincome countries. Conclusions: The higher prevalence of communicable diseases contributes to reducing the LE at birth in low and lowermiddleincome countries. So, to raise the LE at birth of a country, the necessary steps should be taken to minimize the incidence and prevalence of communicable diseases. Keywords: Life expectancy; Communicable diseases;Low- and lower-middle-income countries
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Black, Dan A., Seth G. Sanders, and Lowell J. Taylor. "The Economics of Lesbian and Gay Families." Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.2.53.
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In this essay, we provide some statistics about the gay and lesbian population in the United States, and ask if analysis based on economic reasoning can provide insight into the family outcomes we observe. We do not start with a hypothesis of innate differences in preferences, but instead seek to understand how differences in constraints systematically alter incentives faced by gay, lesbian, and heterosexual people. Our work reinforces a central theme of Gary Becker's: that family life and economic life are interwoven. Decisions within families—including couples' decisions to commit to one another, divorce, bear children, or adopt children—are intrinsically connected to other economic decisions, including human capital accumulation, labor supply, occupational choice, consumption, and decisions about where to live. We provide evidence addressing number of questions: Do differing biological constraints faced by gay, lesbian, and heterosexual couples affect choices over children? Do differences in fertility (or anticipated fertility), again owing to differences in constraints, influence where people live? Do same-sex couples have patterns of household specialization that differ in predictable fashion from heterosexual couples?
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fertility, Human – Lesotho – Statistics"
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Ahamed, M. Mohi Uddin. "Fertility differentials in Bangladesh." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/845930.
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This study of Fertility Differentials in Bangladesh is based on a subset of data obtained from the 1983 Bangladesh Contraceptive Prevalence Survey. The focus of the study is to identify the variables that significantly affect the cumulative fertility of women in Bangladesh and to examine differentials in fertility.Path analysis has been used for analyzing the data of this thesis. Differentials in fertility are examined in terms of selected demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the ever married women and their husbands.The study shows that age of women has the highest effect on number of children ever born. Religion has positive and significant direct effects on fertility. Education of women has significant negative effects on fertility. Employment status of women effect fertility negatively in rural Bangladesh. The results of this study also suggest that high fertlity in Bangladesh will persist if immediate action is not taken to halt it.Department of Mathematical Sciences
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解書影 and Shuying Xie. "A study on fertility transition in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39557182.
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Choi, Man-ki, and 蔡敏琦. "A study of fertility and mortality patterns in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36836564.
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Ho, Wing-huen, and 何永煊. "A statistical study of the fertility and mortality situation in Hong Kong during the 1970's and 80's." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31975859.
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"Application of the P/F ratio method in estimating fertility levels in Lesotho." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2359.
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Inadequate demographic data in Lesotho inhibits demographic research. Nonetheless, indirect demographic techniques have proven to be useful tools in the developing world, as their application to census and survey data has greatly expanded knowledge of the demographic situation in data deficient countries (Brass, 1996). The different techniques are based on specific assumptions and robustness of available data, thus deserves caution in application. Failure to adhere to these methodological specifications results in generation of more errors (Feeney, 1996). The impetus of this research was to assess the applicability of the P/F ratio method in estimating recent fertility levels in Lesotho. In particular, the data was evaluated to verify the following P/F ratio assumptions; (1) constant fertility; (2) accurate reporting of fertility by younger women; and (3) correct age pattern of fertility. In order to obtain optimal fertility estimates, the research undertook extensive data assessment, and corrections where possible, of individual variables employed in the P/F ratio method. In line with previous studies, the magnitude and pattern of the P/F ratios represented strong evidence of fertility decline in Lesotho. This evidence rendered the Brass P/F ratio method inappropriate for estimation of recent fertility levels in the country. Therefore, this research presents the Relational Gompertz model faring better in indirectly estimating fertility levels in Lesotho. Not undermining the Bureau of Statistics, the current study challenges the Bureau's estimates, and declares own estimates as more likely precise estimates of recent fertility levels in Lesotho when using the P/F ratio method. This assertion is grounded on the basis that compared to the Bureau, the study undertook and presented detailed data evaluation and adjustments, as well as adhering to the P/F ratio methodological assumptions. Nonetheless, the research also concludes that indirect techniques do not necessarily provide an utopia to demographic estimation in poor data countries. Even when the robust measures were employed, the quality of the 1996 data yielded implausible estimates as the method could not account for the degree of unreported births. This calls for caution during data collection and processing in order to minimise the reporting errors.Thesis (M.Dev.Studies)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2006.
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Shale, Mashale. "Fertility transition in Lesotho : the recent trends, socioeconomic factors and proximate determinants." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8636.
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There is a general perception that fertility has been declining over a decade in Lesotho, and this has
sparked the debate that fertility transition is drawing closer in Lesotho. The growing concern was
stimulated by limited studies showing the effect of socio-economic factors on fertility in Lesotho and
variations in proximate determinants. The paper examines recent fertility trends in Lesotho using various
demographic techniques of fertility estimation and determines whether the onset of fertility transition has
begun in Lesotho. The secondary aim is to assess and control errors in the Lesotho Demographic and
Health Survey of 2004, thus providing robust and reliable estimates.
The analysis utilizes the secondary data from 2004 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey (LDHS). The
data set comprised of a sample of 7095 women who participated in the survey. The use of 1996 Lesotho
Population Census and 2002 Lesotho Reproductive and Health Survey were made to facilitate comparison
with 2004 LDHS, and to provide differentials and measure changes over time in fertility. The P/F ratio
method developed by Brass and the modified version, Relational Gompertz Model are employed and used
to assess the quality of data as well as determining fertility levels and trends. The findings reveal that the overall fertility among women in Lesotho during 2004 LDHS is 4.02.
Application of different methods depicts that fertility remains high in Lesotho, although considered
moderate according to sub-Saharan standards. Despite the fact that TFR is high, overall fertility decline is
evident. The estimates of fertility range between 3.5 and 5.6 depending on the technique in use. The reason
for the high observed fertility is that women in the rural areas still cherish quite a substantial family size.
Nevertheless, changing acceptance and perception of using contraception, delayed marriage, high levels of
education and economic development among women in Lesotho contributes considerably to fertility
declines in Lesotho. As a result, disparities that continue to propel fertility levels within population groups
incite reassessment of existing research and policy so as to enhance development strategies as well as
action programmes.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College, 2011.
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Faulkner, Deborah Robyn. "The spatial dynamics of fertility in South Australia 1976 to 1996." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37832.
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In the past the identification and explanation of spatial variations in fertility was seen as an important contribution to the field of population geography. By the 1980s with the substantial declines in fertility and the ' end ' of the demographic transition came the belief low fertility equated with little variation between groups and across space. Recent evidence however suggests the interaction of various factors including place - specific factors has led to spatio - temporal changes in fertility that have not been expected based on theoretical and national patterns of fertility. The objective of this thesis was to investigate if spatial differentials in fertility still exist, and have relevance in a low fertility setting. The study examines the geography of fertility in the State of South Australia from the mid 1970s to the mid 1990s using unpublished issue data from the 1976, 1981, 1986 and 1996 Australian Censuses for women aged 45 - 49 years and 15 - 44 years. In addition to identifying the patterns trends towards convergence or divergence in the patterns over time and the reasons for the patterns were also identified. The findings of this study indicate strong spatial variations in fertility still exist, have persisted over time and there are localised conditions which temper overall expectations from theory. While it is assumed declines in fertility equate with a convergence in differentials, the statistical parameters used in this study showed trends towards convergence or divergence varied by geographical scale and age group. Despite the limited attention socio - economic factors have received in the examination of population issues in Australia, they remain central to explaining the fertility patterns and trends found in this study. In fact in metropolitan Adelaide fertility may be a significant contributor and influence on social polarisation.Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Social Sciences, 2005.
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Ozumba, Chineme O. I. "Early marriage and fertility outcomes in South-East Nigeria." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/12591.
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Background: Despite the adverse demographic and health impact of early marriage, it still occurs in many developing nations including Nigeria. One of the outcomes of early marriage is increase in population size due to the number of years of exposure to the risk of pregnancy of women who marry early. Most of the research on early marriage has been carried out in the Northern and Western zones of the country. The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between early marriage and the outcomes of Number of Children Ever Born (NCEB) and Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in the South East Zone (SEZ) of the country.
Methods: Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis were carried out on data obtained from 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) to determine the relationship between NCEB and age at first marriage as well as other independent variables such as woman’s level of education, wealth status, place of abode, husband’s educational level and marital status for ever married women aged 45-49 years. TFR was estimated for all ever married women in the South East Zone as well as those who married at <18 years and those who married at >=18 years of age. A sample size of 2175 comprising all ever married women in the SEZ was used for the study.
Results: The findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between NCEB and Age at first marriage as well as woman’s level of education only. The TFR for women who married at <18 years and 18+ was 7.8 and 7.7 respectively.
Conclusions: The study has shown that early marriage contributes in some measure to the number of children born in South Eastern Nigeria. However the level of significance is low. The seeming contradiction suggests that there are other influencing factors such as prevailing customs and traditions and shared experiences of the Igbos (the dominant tribe in the study area). Areas of further research are highlighted and recommendations for policy and program implementation are made.
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"Measurement and determinants of China's missing girls." 2010. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5894377.
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Yang, Ling.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-79).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Abstract in Chinese --- p.ii
Acknowledgments --- p.iii
Contents --- p.iv
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.5
Chapter 3 --- Review of Major Findings --- p.9
Chapter 3.1 --- "Estimation of ""Missing Females""" --- p.9
Chapter 3.2 --- "Estimation of ""Missing Girls""" --- p.11
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Reverse Survival Methods --- p.12
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Reconstruction of Birth Cohort --- p.13
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Reported Death and Surviving Children --- p.14
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Projection Based on Fertility Level --- p.15
Chapter 4 --- "Decomposition of ""Missing Girls""" --- p.17
Chapter 5 --- Empirical Analysis --- p.20
Chapter 5.1 --- Choice of Variables --- p.20
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Choice of Model Life Table: xq*m0 and xq*f0 --- p.20
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Choice ofNatural Level of SRB: SRB* --- p.21
Chapter 5.1.3 --- "Determining the Reporting Ratio and Cohort Size: sm,x(x),sf,x(x), lm,x(x) and lf,x(x)" --- p.21
Chapter 5.2 --- Empirical Results --- p.26
Chapter 5.2.1 --- National-level Estimates --- p.26
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Provincial-Level Estimates --- p.28
Chapter 6 --- Regression Analysis --- p.35
Chapter 6.1 --- Model --- p.35
Chapter 6.2 --- Discussion of Explanatory Variables --- p.37
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Policy Implementation --- p.37
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Demographic Characters --- p.38
Chapter 6.2.3 --- Social-economic Development --- p.41
Chapter 6.3 --- Data and Descriptive Statistics --- p.42
Chapter 6.4 --- Estimation Results --- p.45
Chapter 6.4.1 --- Future Extension --- p.48
Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.49
Appendix --- p.50
Chapter A.l --- "Calculating Number of ""Missing Grils"": Procedures and Assumptions" --- p.50
Chapter A.2 --- Census Questionnaire --- p.55
Chapter A.3 --- Assumptions and Procedures to Derive Prefectural-level Estimates --- p.61
Chapter A.4 --- Questionnaire of Death Event in Census 2000 --- p.63
Chapter A.5 --- Size of Migration Population --- p.64
Chapter A.6 --- Previous Fertility Outcomes and Reporting Behavior --- p.72
References --- p.76
Figures --- p.80
Tables --- p.83
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"An assessment of retrospective birth history reporting for the measurement of fertility in South Africa." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/412.
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Fertility is one of the major tenets of demography. Its importance lies in the determination of fertility trends in a country, in a specific time period. These statistical inferences of fertility play an imperative role in population policy formation and planning. Thus the importance of the measurement of fertility remains undisputed. Due to the significance of fertility, its measurement and its profound impact on societies, acknowledging and addressing the quality of fertility data is of great importance. This research study was conceived in response to the above concern. This study aims at addressing and providing insight into birth history data irregularities and determining interventions of working with this issue in the context of South Africa. Through secondary analysis (i.e. descriptive exploratory and comparative analysis) the study sought to firstly establish a demographic profile of women associated with inconsistent and inaccurate reporting of their birth histories. Secondly the research attempted to ascertain a relationship between the socio-economic statuses of individuals and retrospective reporting. A third objective was to note the sex-selectiveness of reporting (i.e. were more girls or boys reported or misreported on in the retrospective birth histories). The study has established that older, married women with some educational attainment, of rural areas from either the middle and lower income categories tend to misreport more frequently than their converse counterparts. Furthermore, a plausible relationship between the socio-economic statuses of individuals was observed. In terms of the sex-selectiveness of reporting, in general, boys were reported on more consistently than girls. However in certain cases, it was found that rural and middle income women reported accurately on girl children born alive and dead girl children. Recommendations made with respect to improve the quality of fertility data for include the proper training of enumerators and data capturers, quality control during data collection, testing of questionnaires, dealing with social, cultural and language barriers and the reinforcement of publicity campaigns for censuses and surveys.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.
Books on the topic "Fertility, Human – Lesotho – Statistics"
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Mpiti, A. M. The proximate determinants of fertility in Lesotho. Voorburg, Netherlands: International Statistical Institute, 1985.
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Ishmael, Kalule-Sabiti, ed. The proximate determinants of fertility in Lesotho. Voorburg, Netherlands: International Statistical Institute, 1985.
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Shale, M. M. Lesotho women's labour force participation and fertility. [Maseru]: Population and Manpower Division, Ministry of Planning, Govt. of Lesotho, 1993.
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Kyei, K. A. Current estimates of the levels of fertility, mortality, and other demographic indicators in Lesotho. [Roma, Lesotho]: Demography Unit, Dept. of Statistics, National University of Lesotho, 1991.
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Matabane, Moliehi. Lesotho's fertility trend, 1961-1991: Can we learn anything from Botwsana's experience? [Roma, Lesotho]: Demography Unit, Dept. of Statistices [sic], National University of Lesotho, 1996.
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Makatjane, Tiisetso. Child-spacing in Lesotho. Lesotho: Demography Unit, Dept. of Statistics, National University of Lesotho, 1987.
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Makatjane, Tiisetso. Internal migration and fertility in Lesotho. [Roma, Lesotho]: Demography Unit, Dept. of Statistics, National University of Lesotho, 1985.
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Mturi, Akim Jasper. Fertility in Lesotho: What do we know? [Roma] Lesotho: Demography Unit, Dept. of Statistics, National University of Lesotho, 1998.
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Rapolaki, M. E. Socio-economic determinants and fertility pattern in Lesotho. [Maseru]: Population and Manpower Division, Ministry of Planning, Govt. of Lesotho, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Fertility, Human – Lesotho – Statistics"
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Yadava, Ram Chandra. "Stochastic Modeling of Some Natural Phenomena: A Special Reference to Human Fertility." In Handbook of Statistics, 187–274. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.host.2018.06.009.
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Hardin, Garrett. "Major Default Positions of Human Biology." In Living within Limits. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195078114.003.0025.
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In Chapter 5 it was shown that physics, generally accepted as the very model of a rigorous discipline, cannot escape common-sense assertions that are supported by nothing more than "a conviction of the mind," to use the words of E. T. Whittaker. On this apparently fragile foundation have been erected powerful sciences and fruitful technologies. The biological sciences also rest on the common sense of a few default positions. Human behavior being as variable as it is, human biology must deal with a great mass of data. The classical error of Post hoc ergo propter hoc—"after this, therefore because of this"—lies ever in wait for those who are too trusting of empirical studies. Thus it came about (as we saw in Chapter 16) that the benign demographic transition theory managed to survive for nearly half a century, though it was implausible in principle and unprovable in practice. Tools of investigation can serve pathological goals. Psychiatrists have long recognized the abnormality called "logorrhea"—verbal diarrhea, or diarrhea of the larynx. Statistical analysis can develop into a similar disease. The opaqueness of statistical arguments makes it easy for analysts to "get away with murder." In befuddling the public, logorrhea has been joined by "arithmorrhea," number diarrhea. Statistics, though often wonderfully useful, can also serve as a substitute for thought. The default positions of biology, like those of the physical sciences, place a heavy burden of proof on any assertion that violates common sense. Of course, the default status must be assigned with discriminating care, or serious errors will be made. For a cautionary instance consider these remarks by an early nineteenthcentury critic of Malthus: "Everywhere [man's] length of life, the chances of his existence are nearly the same.... The ratio of our increase, the proportion of our mortality, appear to be amongst the most unalterable laws of our nature; they depend on no accidents; they are not influenced, they cannot be, by any human institution."1 Even the most casual observations of health, length of life, and fertility in various regions of the world should have shown the author that he had chosen his default position unwisely.
Conference papers on the topic "Fertility, Human – Lesotho – Statistics"
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Bagirova, Anna, and Oksana Shubat. "Models For Forecasting The Number Of Russian Grandparents." In 35th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2021-0063.
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Russian demographic statistics does not provide information about the number of grandparents. The aim of our study is to present models for forecasting their number. We used data from the Human Fertility Database to estimate the average age of a mother at the birth of her first child. Based on the simulated age of Russian women’s entry into grandparenthood, the time series of the number of Russian grandmothers was created. To obtain prospective estimates of the number of Russian grandmothers, we tested various models used in demography to forecast population size – mathematical (based on exponential and logistic functions) and statistical (based on statistical characteristics of time series). To estimate the number of grandmothers who are significantly involved in caring for grandchildren, we used data from the Federal statistical survey. Our results are as follows: 1) there is an increase in the age of entry into grandparenthood; 2) we estimated the size of potential grandmothers in different years and we found two models which are more appropriate for forecasting: linear trend model and average absolute growth model; 3) using these models, we predicted an increase in the number of both potential and active grandmothers in the next 5 years.
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Nişancı, Murat, Aslı Cansın Doker, Adem Türkmen, and Ömer Selçuk Emsen. "The Determinants of Labor Productivity: Analyses on Chosen Countries (1960-2010)." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01550.
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Discussions on economic productivity, in micro analysis aspects there is direct causal relationship between increases or decreases in the production and productivity, whereas it can be said that productivity is based on economic recession or growth in macro analysis aspects. In the literature, while Classical theoreticians is attributed that the source of growth is the marginal productivity of capital, neoclassic school claims that marginal productivity difference provide benefit the country from behind for realization of the convergence hypothesis. Furthermore, increasing efficiency and as the factors this increase efficiency human capital, learning by doing concepts and technology are focused in the endogenous growth theories. In this study, human capital, physical capital per worker, exports per worker, gender differences, fertility, life expectancy and dependent population ratio were determined as determinants of labor productivity. In respect to labor productivity, variables are divided to three main groups in order to economic demographic and social and psychological factors. The variables are placed with taking five years average due to the fact that those variables’ effects reveal themselves more clearly in the long term. In the paper, it was investigated by panel data analysis considering groups of developed and developing countries between 1960 and 2010 period. In this context the degree of efficiency may well be discussed with parameters of selected variables for productivity of labor. Additionally, within framework of descriptive statistics the differences and similarities between countries were interpreted for political recommendations to developing countries how to increase productivity for catching developed countries’ growth trend.