Journal articles: 'Fertility, Human Nigeria, Western'

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OYEDIRAN, KOLAWOLE AZEEZ. "FERTILITY DESIRES OF YORUBA COUPLES OF SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 38, no. 5 (July 11, 2005): 605–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932004026835.

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Using the matched wife–husband (763) sample from the data collected from Ogbomoso and Iseyin towns in Oyo State, Nigeria, this paper examines factors associated with couples’ fertility intention. The analysis used logistic regression models for predicting the effects of selected socioeconomic background characteristics on a couple’s fertility intention. Results indicate high levels of concurrence among husbands and wives on fertility intention. Where differences exist, husbands are more pronatalists than their wives. About 87% of pairs of partners reported similar fertility preferences. Of these couples, 59·5% wanted more children while only 27·8% reported otherwise. The logistic regression models indicated that a couple’s fertility intention was associated with age, education, place of residence, frequency of television-watching and number of living children. Therefore, programme interventions aimed at promoting fertility reduction in Nigeria should convey fertility regulation messages to both husbands and wives.

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Ahmed, J. "Polygyny and Fertility Differentials among the Yoruba of Western Nigeria." Journal of Biosocial Science 18, no. 1 (January 1986): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000006507.

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SummaryData were analysed from the 1973 surveys of the Nigerian segment of the Changing African Family (CAFN) Project which covered Yoruba women and men in Ibadan and the western state of Nigeria. The Yoruba women in monogamous unions and those in polygynous unions show slightly varying levels of fertility, measured as mean number of children ever born. Most of this variation can be attributed to other variables; type of union of the women does not significantly affect their fertility level.

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Salami, B. "Soil Fertility Status of Cassava Fields in South Western Nigeria." American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 3, no. 1 (January 10, 2013): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajea/2013/2088.

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Onwuka, Gerald I., Wasiu A. Babayemi, Yusuf Idris, and Tolu O. James. "Assessment of the Fertility Pattern of Women in North Western Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation 08, no. 01 (2021): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2021.8110.

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Ibrahim, M. J., N. Adamou, A. A. Olorukooba, and V. N. Omole. "Reproductive Behaviors among Men of a Rural Community in North-Western Nigeria." West Africa Journal of Medicine 38, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.55891/wajm.v38i11.20.

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Background: Fertility is an important component of population change and has attracted the interest of scholars and policy makers. Nigeria's population growth rate has been driven by high fertility, which has fallen in the last few decades but not as rapidly as the fall of the crude death rate. Men and their kinsmen are the decision-makers on issues relating to reproductive health such as timing of the next birth, number of children and when to stop childbearing while their women cooperate. We determined the reproductive behaviors of men in Doka community in Kaduna State Nigeria. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive community based study of 320 men was conducted. Results: The mean age±SD of the male respondents was 40 (±14.2) years. The average age at first marriage among men was 23.32 (±4.62 years), the contraceptive use among men was 10(3.2%). Above a third 118 (37.9%) of men were in polygamous union. There was a statistically significant increase in the mean number of living children as the age of men increased (p=0.001). The mean number of children ever fathered was significantly associated with the educational status of men (p=0.03). Conclusion: we found a very low contraceptive use, high number of desired children as well as living children among the men. Government should enlighten married men on the importance of contraceptive use for birth control as well as the social and economic implications of having too many children. Keywords: Contraception; Desired children; Fertility; Mean number of children.

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Josephine, Bob-Manuel Benibo, and Dr Azuonwu Goodluck. "Adolescence Sexuality and Fertility in Nigeria." South Asian Research Journal of Nursing and Healthcare 4, no. 3 (May 10, 2022): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjnhc.2022.v04i03.002.

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Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical, emotional, and cognitive human development occurring before the onset of puberty and ending by adulthood. Sexuality, the expression of interest, orientation, and preference, is a normal part of adolescence. Adolescent sexuality encompasses multiple factors, such as developing intimate partnerships, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, and culture. Adolescent sexuality has changed over the past 50 years, with adolescents now reaching physical maturity earlier and marrying later. Puberty marks the obvious physical development in early to middle adolescence and is seen as the time for potential onset of sexual thoughts and experimentation. Mostly, legislation does not explicitly criminalize consensual sexual conduct between adolescents, and this leaves a gray area to be filled in by social and cultural norms that perceive adolescent sexual conduct negatively. Most state concentrate more on penalty than on initiatives to tackle the structural background of sexual inter course-related harms. Focusing on increasing access to youth friendly services that respect adolescents’ rights to health services and privacy will be important to ensure that adolescents seek and receive these services.

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Oche, Oche, Jessica Ango, Tukur Dahiru, Godwin Gana, Rufai Liman, Khadijah Mormoni, and Bello Ibrahim. "Fertility Desires and Contraceptive Practices of Rural Women in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria." International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health 29, no. 2 (March 3, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2018/34228.

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Aborampah, Osei-Mensah. "Plural Marriage and Fertility Differentials: A Study of the Yoruba of Western Nigeria." Human Organization 46, no. 1 (March 1987): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.46.1.97n276l575144886.

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Odimegwu, Clifford, and Sunday A. Adedini. "THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN SHAPING AFRICAN FERTILITY PATTERN: EVIDENCE FROM DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS." Journal of Biosocial Science 49, S1 (November 2017): S46—S61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000311.

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SummaryAnthropological explanations of demographic outcomes have emphasized the need to understand how community structures contribute to those outcomes. However, studies on fertility dynamics in Africa have largely focused on micro-level factors, thus ignoring the influence of community contexts. Using the most recent Demographic and Health Survey data from Egypt (Northern Africa), Cameroon (Middle Africa), Kenya (Eastern Africa), Nigeria (Western Africa) and Zimbabwe (Southern Africa), the study employed multilevel Poisson regression models to examine the influence of community factors on African fertility levels and patterns. The number of sampled women (aged 15–44) ranged from 7774 in Kenya (2008–09) to 30,480 in Nigeria (2008). The findings demonstrate some significant community effects on African fertility patterns, even after controlling for a number of individual-level factors. For instance, residence in socioeconomically disadvantaged regions, rural settings, poor neighbourhood and communities with high family size norm were found to be associated with higher fertility levels in the selected countries. The emerging African fertility patterns require the need to go beyond addressing individual-level characteristics in the efforts to reduce fertility levels in Africa.

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Vanlauwe, B., J. Diels, N. Sanginga, and R. Merckx. "Long-term integrated soil fertility management in South-western Nigeria: Crop performance and impact on the soil fertility status." Plant and Soil 273, no. 1-2 (June 2005): 337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-0194-2.

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Ekong, Aniefiok Henry, and Olaniyi Mathew Olayiwola. "A geographically weighted regression approach to examine the dynamics of fertility differentials across Africa." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 36 (December 25, 2020): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-200717.

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Studies have shown that fertility rate in Africa is still among the highest in the world. However, there are few spatial investigations into the variation of fertility rate and its determinant in Africa. This study aimed to examine the spatial distribution of fertility rate as well as highlight its significant determinants. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression was carried out on dataset for 53 African countries on Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and eleven determinant factors to obtain a best model, which was then used for Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). The study showed that TFR was significantly influenced by adolescent fertility rates, contraceptive prevalence rates and gross domestic product per capita. GWR model diagnostics of Akaike Information Criterion and adjusted R-squared showed that GWR fitted TFR in Africa better than OLS model. Also, countries around Middle to Western Africa comprising Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Chad, Nigeria, Niger, Benin, Burkina Faso and Mali, were regions with high TFRs that impacted Africa’s positive TFR spatial autocorrelation. More intense works could therefore be carried out in these countries to manage the identified significant factors affecting TFR to address the negative consequences of high TFR in Africa.

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Opeyemi, Akintola, Bodede Adewunmi, and Abiola Oluwaseyi. "Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils in Gambari Forest Reserve Near Ibadan, South Western Nigeria." Journal of Bioresource Management 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35691/jbm.0202.0132.

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The different features of soil greatly affect the flora and vegetative diversity of a forest. The physical and chemical characteristics of soils in Onigambari Forest Reserve were evaluated to assess the fertility and productivity status of the soils. Fifteen soil samples collected from different sample locations were analyzed for soil texture (sand, silt and clay), bulk density, porosity, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable bases (Na, K, Ca and Mg) and available micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn). Texturally, the studied soils were loamy sand and sandy loam with percentage of sands (71.2-84.2 %), silts (7.4-10.4 %) and clay (6.4-19.4 %). The bulk density of the soils was 1.61-1.83 % while the porosity of the soils ranged from 35.2-44.1 %. The slightly acidic to neutral soil pH (5.90 - 6.60) and medium organic matter content (1.68 -2.60 %) suggest adequate level of soil nutrients. The soils had high total nitrogen (0.35 -0.65 %) and available phosphorus contents between 10.98 and 18.22mg/kg.

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Elechi, Maraizu. "Western Racist Ideologies and the Nigerian Predicament." Dialogue and Universalism 31, no. 1 (2021): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du20213116.

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Racism is responsible for discrimination against some citizens in Nigeria. It influences government's policies and actions and militates against equity and equal opportunity for all. It has effaced indigenous values and ebbed the country into groaning predicaments of shattered destiny and derailed national development. Racism hinges on superciliousness and the assumed superiority of one tribe and religion over the others. These bring to the fore two forms of racism in Nigeria: institutional and interpersonal racisms. The Western selfish motive to dominate, marginalize, and sustain economic gains, political expansion, psycho-mental control, and socio-cultural devaluations escalated racism in Nigeria. Racist ideologies were entrenched through the selfish ventures of slave trade, colonialism and neo-colonialism, which enforced an unprecedented unjust harvest of impugnable systemic practices. Neo-colonial forces continue to promote ethnocentrism, cultural imperialism, and the dehumanization, exploitation, oppression, and suppression of Africans. Adopting a methodical approach of critical analysis, this article spotlights the negative effects of racism on Nigeria's development. However, the bristling challenges of racist ideologies can be resolved within the epistemological compass of gynist deconstruction approach to human thought and action for a better universe of one human race.

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Adejuyigbe, Christopher O., and Elizabeth O. Kodaolu. "Faunal population as parameter for soil fertility assessment: a case of soil microarthropod study in South-Western Nigeria." Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 58, sup1 (October 2012): S116—S121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2012.694137.

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Surakat, OA, SO Sam-Wobo, K. Ademolu, SO Bankole, MA Adeleke, NO Adekunle, AK Awoyale, et al. "Implications of human migration on onchocerciasis prevalence in Ogun State, south-western Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 37, no. 1 (April 6, 2016): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v37i1.15.

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Aborampah, Osei-mensah. "Determinants of breast-feeding and post-partum sexual abstinence: analysis of a Sample of Yoruba women, western Nigeria." Journal of Biosocial Science 17, no. 4 (October 1985): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000015972.

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SummaryThis study employs multiple classification and regression techniques to determine the influence of marital, sociodemographic and selected intermediate variables on duration of breast-feeding and post-partum sexual abstinence among a sample of 300 Yoruba women of western Nigeria. Only education and place of residence appeared to be significantly related to the post-partum variables. Breast-feeding was shown to exert a significant positive effect on abstinence. The effect of contraception on the post-partum variables appeared to be a function of socioeconomic status.Reductions in the duration of the post-partum variables due to relative affluence can result in increases in fertility. Planners may do well to encourage women to go back to the use of these traditional child spacing practices in the absence of large scale and effective use of contraceptives.

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Olowe, Olubenga, B. Ojo-Johnson, O. Makanjuola, R. Olowe, and V. Mabayoje. "Detection of bacteriuria among human immunodeficiency virus seropositive individuals in Osogbo, south-western Nigeria." European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology 5, no. 1 (March 2015): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/eujmi-d-14-00036.

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OLADEJO, Olanrewaju Abdulwasii. "Border Security: A Culture in Crisis in South Western Nigeria?" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, no. 12 (2022): 342–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.61219.

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A combination of public speculations and avalanche of media reportage are suggestive of fading culture of border security giving rise to evolving organized crimes along popular borders between Nigeria and Benin Republic. The study sought to establish veracity or otherwise of the claim with a view to signpost possible implications via security lens. Study adopted descriptive design and empirical evidence from analyzed data indicated faded culture of border security and affirmed six genres of organized crimes namely human trafficking, vehicle smuggling, smuggling of contraband goods, smuggling of small arms and light weapons, drug trafficking and migrant smuggling, perpetrated at varying degrees with contributory causes being border porosity, ignorance of the crimes, lucrativity of the crimes, poverty and unemployment. The nefarious practices were affirmed and noted to constitute a huge burden on the nation in different spheres, security sphere in particular. Thus, upgraded digitization of border security operations via incorporation of aerial surveillance, training on inter-agency collaboration, sensitization of border area dwellers, strategic recruitment of personnel and national rebirth advocacy to encourage legitimate dealings along the corridor to rebuild the culture of border security intelligence among border community dwellers and rekindle sense of patriotism in border security operatives were recommended

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Frank, Barbara. "Gendered Ritual Dualism in a Patrilineal Society: Opposition and Complementarity in Kulere Fertility Cults." Africa 74, no. 2 (May 2004): 217–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.2.217.

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AbstractAlthough a favourable position for women is usually anticipated where they occupy important economic roles in the context of matrilineal descent, such a position may well exist in a patrilineal society, especially if women organise as in West Africa. Here there exist well-organised women's cult associations which are well known from Liberia and Sierra Leone and occur also in western Cameroon and south-eastern Nigeria. The present article demonstrates the existence of a comparable women's association in middle-belt Nigeria among the Kulere. The article focuses mainly on the manner in which through the cooperation of certain men's and women's associations ‘gender symmetry’ was ritually expressed in the sphere of agriculture and fertility. The practical foundation of this symmetry in fertility cults was a relatively even division of labour between the sexes and a favourable position for women in marriage, since they could decide independently whether to stay with a husband or leave him. Cult associations were predominant in public life. Women were strictly excluded from men's associations which held political–ritual offices and channelled advantages in ritual consumption to men. Notwithstanding this exclusion, women had their own association in which they could regulate their own affairs as well as pass decisions for the whole community including the men. The women's organisation held major responsibilities for the protection and the fertility of the fields, both practically as well as ritually. In this responsibility the women's association cooperated with a men's association which otherwise intimidated women. This association of males protected the fields through the presence of supernatural guardians which was sometimes staged in masquerades. The corresponding duties and cooperation of both associations were enacted ritually through the use of common shrines and when the women contacted water spirits to increase the harvest under the protection of male masqueraders. The Kulere case shows a patrilineal society where women had a relatively independent position which was publicly acknowledged through gender dualism in the ritual organisation of agriculture in which their special capabilities with respect to fertility and sustainability were recognised.

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McAllister, Lisa S., Gillian V. Pepper, Sandra Virgo, and David A. Coall. "The evolved psychological mechanisms of fertility motivation: hunting for causation in a sea of correlation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1692 (April 19, 2016): 20150151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0151.

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Cultural, ecological, familial and physiological factors consistently influence fertility behaviours, however, the proximate psychological mechanisms underlying fertility decisions in humans are poorly understood. Understanding the psychological mechanisms underlying human fertility may illuminate the final processes by which some of these known predictors have their influence. To date, research into the psychological mechanisms underlying fertility has been fragmented. Aspects of reproductive psychology have been examined by researchers in a range of fields, but the findings have not been systematically integrated in one review. We provide such a review, examining current theories and research on psychological mechanisms of fertility. We examine the methods and populations used in the research, as well as the disciplines and theoretical perspectives from which the work has come. Much of the work that has been done to date is methodologically limited to examining correlations between ecological, social and economic factors and fertility. We propose, and support with examples, the use of experimental methods to differentiate causal factors from correlates. We also discuss weaknesses in the experimental research, including limited work with non-WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic) populations.

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Chukwuka, K. S., and O. E. Omotayo. "Soil Fertility Restoration Potentials of Tithonia Green Manure and Water Hyacinth Compost on a Nutrient Depleted Soil in South Western Nigeria." Research Journal of Soil Biology 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjsb.2009.20.30.

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Abdullahi, Adamu, MuhammadInuwa Mustapha, DawotolaAyorinde David, and OlasindeTajudeen Ayodeji. "Human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence in patients with invasive cervical cancer in Zaria, North-Western Nigeria." Annals of African Medicine 17, no. 1 (2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_37_17.

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Duan, Yuanyuan, and Wei Chen. "Fertility by parity in China in the context of changing fertility policy." International Journal of Population Studies 8, no. 1 (October 21, 2022): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.36922/ijps.v8i1.348.

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The study aims to investigate the dynamics of fertility by parity of Chinese women over the past seven decades under the context of changing fertility policy. Using data from population censuses, population sample surveys, and fertility surveys in China, the study estimates China’s fertility by parity from 1949 to 2020 by adopting multiple fertility measures, including parity-specific total fertility rate, parity progression ratio, parity-progression-ratio-based total fertility rate, and cumulated cohort fertility rate, as well as the decomposition method. The study further evaluates the unique features of China’s configuration of parity-specific fertility through an international comparative analysis of some Western countries based on data from the Human Fertility Database. It shows that in China, both the rigid fertility policy of restricting the number and timing/spacing of children implemented since the early 1980s and the recent relaxation of fertility policy of gradually easing the number and timing/spacing of children have had a significant impact on fertility patterns and levels, especially for parity two. However, the effect of fertility policy relaxation in a low-fertility context has been less sustainable than the earlier rigid fertility policy that contributed to the rapid decline in fertility for second and higher orders of parity. Under the joint influence of the Confucian fertility culture, rapid socioeconomic growth, and the internalization of long-standing strict fertility policies, China has formed a unique pattern of parity-specific fertility profile compared to those of some developed societies, with a universal progression to the first birth, a very low but policy sensitive progression to the second birth, and an extremely low progression to the third birth.

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Aweto, A. O., O. Obe, and O. O. Ayanniyi. "Effects of shifting and continuous cultivation of cassava (Manihot esculenta) intercropped with maize (Zea mays) on a forest alfisol in south-western Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Science 118, no. 2 (April 1992): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600068787.

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SUMMARYSoils in farmlands near Ibadan, Nigeria, where shifting or continuous cultivation of cassava intercropped with maize is practised, were sampled in February 1990 and their characteristics compared with those of similar, uncultivated, forest soil. Organic matter, total nitrogen, exchangeable calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, cation exchange capacity and pH were lower in the cultivated soils. Continuous cultivation exerted a greater effect on soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus status then did shifting cultivation. It is suggested that inorganic and organic fertilizers and mulch should be applied to cultivated soil to conserve the soil nutrients. Fallows of 3–6 years following 1–3 years of cropping appeared incapable alone of adequately restoring soil fertility. They should, therefore, be supplemented with fertilizer applications.

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Chandra, Abhishek, Kokattam Rama Srinivasan, Farrukh Jamal, Puroshottam Kumar Mehrotra, Ram Lakhan Singh, and Archana Srivastav. "Post-translational modifications in glycosylation status during epididymal passage and significance in fertility of a 33 kDa glycoprotein (MEF3) of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)." REPRODUCTION 135, no. 6 (June 2008): 761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-07-0525.

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The present study reports data on post-translational modifications in the glycosylation status during epididymal passage and significance in fertility of a 33 kDa glycoprotein of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), designated as MEF3 (monkey epididymal fluid protein 3). MEF3 exhibited strong affinity for N-linked α-d-mannose groups and O-linkedN-Ac-galactosamine linkages in epididymal fluids and exhibited moderate affinity forN-Ac-glucosaminylated (wheat germ agglutinin), fucosylated (Tetragonolotus purpurea), andN-Ac-galactosamine (peanut agglutinin) residues on more mature corpus and caudal spermatozoa in a maturation-dependent manner on Western blots probed with specific biotinylated lectins. Polyclonal antiserum raised against affinity-purified MEF3 from caudal epididymal fluid (CEF) cross-reacted specifically with CEF and caudal sperm membrane of macaque and with Triton X-100 extract of ejaculated human spermatozoa, suggesting the existence of antigenically related components in both species. The tangled agglutination caused by anti-33 kDa serum of human spermatozoa, along with localization of MEF3 on entire sperm surface of epididymal and testicular sperm of monkey and human spermatozoa, suggest the significance of MEF3 in sperm function. The 100% inhibition of fertility of immunized female rabbits with this proteinin vivoand inhibition of human sperm penetration in zona-free hamster eggsin vitrosuggests the functional significance of MEF3 in fertility. Together, these results clearly indicate that MEF3 has potential significance as a target for antibodies that inhibit sperm function and fertility.

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Adamu, Andrew M., Morgan Furlong, Samson Ogunlade, Alex A. Adikwu, Annabel S. Anyang, Arhyel Malgwi, Adeiza M. Abdulrahman, Nma A. Bida, Olajide A. Owolodun, and Oyelola A. Adegboye. "Seroprevalence of Influenza A Virus in Dromedaries in North-Western Nigeria." Pathogens 11, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 1476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121476.

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Although influenza A virus is endemic in wild waterfowl, domestic poultry, swine, humans, bats, cetaceans, dogs, and horses, there is a paucity of data on the potential role of camels in zoonotic transmission of the virus. To estimate the seroprevalence of the influenza A virus in camel populations, four local government areas of Nigeria that share an international border with the Niger Republic were selected. Blood samples from 184 one-hump camels (dromedaries) were collected and tested for influenza IgG antigen by ELISA. Each camel’s demographic variable, such as age, gender, location, production system, and usage, was recorded. The overall seroprevalence rate of influenza virus IgG in this study was 10.33% (95%CI: 6.33–15.66%). In the bivariate model, there was no significant difference in gender, age, site location and production system, except for usage. There was a significantly lower seroprevalence rate among camels used for labour (odds ratio (OR) = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.10–0.97) than those used for meat consumption; however, not after adjusting for other variables in the model. Increase surveillance through early detection, prediction, and risk assessment of pathogens in animal reservoirs and environmental contamination as One Health strategies to reduce potential human spillover is recommended. Molecular epidemiology studies could better elucidate the role of camels in the dynamics of disease transmission pathways.

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Brand, C. R. "The importance of intelligence in Western societies." Journal of Biosocial Science 28, no. 4 (October 1996): 386–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000022495.

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There are many different questions about intelligence that easily become confused. They concern its measurement, its psychological basis (if any), its heritability and its relevance to human group differences. Even a discussion of the importance of intelligence could range widely. (1) The evolution of intelligence might consider what selection pressures generate and maintain the higher levels of intelligence that humans are generally thought to possess. (2) The persistence of individual differences in human intelligence could consider whether such differences serve some ‘group’ function in establishing clear bases for social hierarchy: individuals might differ just because intelligence is irrelevant to fertility under conditions of social hierarchy. Or the differences might be temporary, because Western social hierarchies depend on intelligence differences that they will soon undermine. (3) Is intelligence an explanatory concept in psychology? Or must attribution of scholastic or other successes to ‘intelligence’ always yield to further analyses that somehow break down intelligence into hypothetical ‘components’? (4) Educational relevance might be the issue: is it important to take intelligence differences into account when deciding on how to educate children? (5) Or the concern might be with democratic sentiment and the importance people attach to intelligence for themselves and in their spouses and children.

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Samaila, A., N. Usman, A. A. Biambo, and M. O. Adibe. "Cost-utility and cost-consequence analysis of different cervical cancer therapies received by patients in two Nigerian tertiary hospitals." Journal of Basic and Social Pharmacy Research 2, no. 2 (2021): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52968/27452568.

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Background: High treatment costs pose a lot of economic burden on cervical cancer (CC) patients and their family members. Studies on cost-utility and cost-consequences analysis of CC therapies are lacking in Nigeria. Objective: To evaluate the cost-utility and cost-consequence of different CC therapies received by patients in two Nigerian tertiary hospitals. Method: This study employed a prospective longitudinal design with a 12-month patient follow- up. It was conducted at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto and Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria, North-Western Nigeria. Data of all the 157 eligible CC patients were collected at baseline, after therapy and at 12 months follow up. Data analysis was done with appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS V. 20 for windows. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean total cost of therapy per patient for adjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRTS) was the highest (₦663,497±164,690). The incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) for adjuvant chemotherapy (CTS) was the lowest (₦529,042 per QALY), while CRT had the highest ICUR, ₦9,511,087 per QALY. Adjuvant radiotherapy (RTS) had ₦452,009±10,619 mean total cost per patient against best symptoms’ resolution and survival; unfortunately, fertility not preserved. Conclusion: Adjuvant chemotherapy (CTS) was found to be the most cost-effective therapy option, while CRT was found to be least cost-effective therapy option received by the patients. Adjuvant radiotherapy (RTS) had a moderate mean total cost per patient with the best symptoms’ resolution and survival; unfortunately, fertility not preserved.

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A., Nweke, I. "Soil Testing A Panacea to Crop Yield and Agricultural Sustainability – A Case for Farmers of South Eastern, Nigeria." Agricultural Science 2, no. 2 (March 25, 2020): p7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p7.

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Increasing human population is closely related with the increasing demand of food and pressure on available land with the rising demand on fertilizer that has not been sustainable at the farmer’s level. This causes soil fertility decline, nutrient imbalance and low residual effect which are constraint affecting agricultural production in south eastern soils of Nigeria in particular and to large extent in tropical environment. Land available to be used for intensive crop production activities is limited and this demand for adequate soil testing that will x-ray the fertility status of the soil before crop planting. The characteristics and amount of nutrient elements of a soil and soil biodiversity is influenced by climatic conditions, erosion/leaching, drought, cultivation history/land use system, cropping history, kinds of pesticides/herbicides applied, type and methods of inorganic and organic fertilizer applied. Soil testing quantifies the total value of plant nutrient elements available in a sampled soil that will directly promote crop growth and yield. Due to its biophysical, biochemical, biological and physiochemical results, soil testing when appropriately interpreted and applied may be used effectively to promote sustainable crop production and environmental health in a tropical soil like south eastern, Nigeria.

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Bello, Bashiru Akande, and Patrick Ologbenla. "An evaluation of human resource management practices in wire and cable industry in south-western Nigeria." African Research Review 12, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v12i3.13.

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Kolawole, O. E., O. J. Kola, A. E. Hilda, A. T. Ayodeji, A. D. Olubunmi, A. O. Abayomi, and E. A. Adekeye. "Detection of Human Papilloma Virus (Type 16) among HIV-Positive Women in Ogbomoso, South-Western Nigeria." Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry 37, no. 2 (September 2015): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15321819.2015.1065271.

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Obikili, Nonso. "Social Capital and Human Capital in the Colonies: A Study of Cocoa Farmers in Western Nigeria." Economic History of Developing Regions 30, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2015.1012712.

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Sreerangaraja Urs, Dilip Bhargava, Wen-Han Wu, Katerina Komrskova, Pavla Postlerova, Yung-Feng Lin, Chii-Ruey Tzeng, and Shu-Huei Kao. "Mitochondrial Function in Modulating Human Granulosa Cell Steroidogenesis and Female Fertility." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 10 (May 19, 2020): 3592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103592.

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Ovarian follicle steroidogenesis associated with embryo quality results in a successful pregnancy. Each follicle consists of an oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells, which secrete several steroid and peptide hormones. Follicles harvested from women who conceived after assisted reproductive therapy (ART) had significantly higher estradiol levels in follicular fluids than the follicles from women who failed to conceive after ART. The higher follicular estradiol levels correlate well with successful fertilization following ART. Mitochondria are the central sites for steroid hormone biosynthesis. The first and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones occurs in the mitochondria of granulosa cells. In the present study, we hypothesized that the mitochondria in granulosa cells are critical for maintaining oocyte quality and fertility capacity. This study aims to clarify the relationship between mitochondrial function and granulosa cell steroidogenesis, and the relationship between hormone levels and fertility capacity. Sera, follicular fluids and granulosa cells were obtained from individuals undergoing IVF-ET treatment. The oocyte numbers, oocyte quality, fertilization rate, and pregnancy rate were also recorded. The patients who provided the granulosa cells were further classified into four groups: endometriosis, ovarian endometrioma, endometriosis without ovarian endometrioma, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); patients with other female factor infertility and male factor infertility were used as controls. We measured the levels of estradiol (E2) by radioimmunoassay. Concurrently, we analyzed the mitochondrial mass and membrane potential, and apoptosis by flow cytometry using nonyl acridine orange, TMRE, Annexin V-FITC and PI. Mitochondrial morphology was visualized by transfection with pLV-mitoDsRed. In addition, we assessed the protein levels of steroidogenic enzymes, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) by Western blot. The results showed significantly decreased serum E2 and follicular E2 levels, and decreased IVF outcomes, in the patients with endometriosis. Reduced mitochondrial mass and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential were correlated with lower E2. Furthermore, a significant decrease in StAR and 3β-HSD was found in patients with ovarian endometrioma. The enzyme levels of StAR and 3β-HSD were highly correlated with E2 levels. Finally, elevated cumulus cell apoptosis was found in the patient group with ovarian endometrioma and PCOS. In conclusion, mitochondrial dysfunction of human granulosa cells may contribute to the decline of steroidogenesis, decreased fertilization rate, oocyte maturation rate, and oocyte quality, and it can ultimately jeopardize fertility.

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Ducatez, M. F., C. M. Olinger, A. A. Owoade, Z. Tarnagda, M. C. Tahita, A. Sow, S. De Landtsheer, et al. "Molecular and antigenic evolution and geographical spread of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in western Africa." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 2297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82939-0.

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In Africa, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was first detected in northern Nigeria and later also in other regions of the country. Since then, seven other African countries have reported H5N1 infections. This study reports a comparison of full-length genomic sequences of H5N1 isolates from seven chicken farms in Nigeria and chicken and hooded vultures in Burkina Faso with earlier H5N1 outbreaks worldwide. In addition, the antigenicity of Nigerian H5N1 isolates was compared with earlier strains. All African strains clustered within three sublineages denominated A (south-west Nigeria, Niger), B (south-west Nigeria, Egypt, Djibouti) and C (northern Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Sudan, Côte d'Ivoire), with distinct nucleotide and amino acid signatures and distinct geographical distributions within Africa. Probable non-African ancestors within the west Asian/Russian/European lineage distinct from the south-east Asian lineages were identified for each sublineage. All reported human cases in Africa were caused by sublineage B. Substitution rates were calculated on the basis of sequences from 11 strains from a single farm in south-west Nigeria. As H5N1 emerged essentially at the same time in the north and south-west of Nigeria, the substitution rates confirmed that the virus probably did not spread from the north to the south, given the observed sequence diversity, but that it entered the country via three independent introductions. The strains from Burkina Faso seemed to originate from northern Nigeria. At least two of the sublineages also circulated in Europe in 2006 as seen in Germany, further suggesting that the sublineages had already emerged outside of Africa and seemed to have followed the east African/west Asian and Black Sea/Mediterranean flyways of migratory birds.

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Miles, Lindsay S., Nadia A. Ayoub, Jessica E. Garb, Robert A. Haney, and Brian C. Verrelli. "Ovarian Transcriptomic Analyses in the Urban Human Health Pest, the Western Black Widow Spider." Genes 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11010087.

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Due to their abundance and ability to invade diverse environments, many arthropods have become pests of economic and health concern, especially in urban areas. Transcriptomic analyses of arthropod ovaries have provided insight into life history variation and fecundity, yet there are few studies in spiders despite their diversity within arthropods. Here, we generated a de novo ovarian transcriptome from 10 individuals of the western black widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus), a human health pest of high abundance in urban areas, to conduct comparative ovarian transcriptomic analyses. Biological processes enriched for metabolism—specifically purine, and thiamine metabolic pathways linked to oocyte development—were significantly abundant in L. hesperus. Functional and pathway annotations revealed overlap among diverse arachnid ovarian transcriptomes for highly-conserved genes and those linked to fecundity, such as oocyte maturation in vitellogenin and vitelline membrane outer layer proteins, hormones, and hormone receptors required for ovary development, and regulation of fertility-related genes. Comparative studies across arachnids are greatly needed to understand the evolutionary similarities of the spider ovary, and here, the identification of ovarian proteins in L. hesperus provides potential for understanding how increased fecundity is linked to the success of this urban pest.

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Bamire, A. S., and J. Amujoyegbe. "Economics of poultry manure utilization in land quality improvement among integrated poultry-maize-farmers in South western Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 30, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v30i1.1831.

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The rapid growth of Nigerian's poultry has made it more advantageous in terms of providing the essential raw material for soil fertility enhancement than other livestock. This paper evaluates the benefits of poultry manure use among integrated poultry-maize farmers in Ekiti and Osun States of Nigeria for improved land quality and continuous food production. Data were collected using Structured survey questionnaires administered on 500 randomly selected respondents in the two States. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics and costs and returns techniques. Respondents were small holders, with land area grown to mazie varying between 0.01 and 3.00 hectare. Majority of the respondents have personal farms but applied poultry manure only on small portions (25%) of the total cropped area of their farmlands. On the average, 53% of the respondents used poultry manure on their farms. Respondents were fairly literate with a mean age of 43 years. Major constraints to poultry manure use include odour, transportation, scarcity, wetness, bulkiness and time wastage in descending order of importance. While odour and transportation were identified as common problems among poultry manure users in Ekiti and Osun States, bulkiness was an additional constraint for non-user respondents in both states. Poultry manure material constituted about 91% of the total cost of inputs; transportation cost was 8% while labour cost averaged 2%. The mean net income earned per annum by poultry manure users was 1.40 times higher than that for non-users. The difference in mean net income users and non-users of poultry manure constitutes an important land improvement technique capable of enhancing farm production and income levels. Thus, technologies aimed at packaging it in such a way as to remove the associated social constraints to its use by farmers need be put in place.

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Gianzo, Marta, Itziar Urizar-Arenaza, Iraia Muñoa-Hoyos, Zaloa Larreategui, Nicolás Garrido, Jon Irazusta, and Nerea Subirán. "(Pro)renin Receptor Is Present in Human Sperm and It Adversely Affects Sperm Fertility Ability." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 3215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063215.

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Sperm fertility ability may be modulated by different molecular systems, such as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Although renin is one of its most relevant peptides, the presence and role of the (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is completely unknown. We have proved for the first time the existence of PRR and its transcript in human sperm by western blot and RT-PCR. Immunofluorescence studies showed that this receptor is mainly located in the apical region over the acrosome and in the postacrosomal region of the sperm head and along the sperm tail. In addition, this prospective cohort study also proves that semen samples with higher percentages of PRR-positive spermatozoa are associated with poor sperm motility, worse blastocyst development and no-viable blastocysts. Our results provide insight into how PRR play a negative role in sperm physiology that it may condition human embryo quality and development. An in-depth understanding of the role of PRR in sperm fertility can help elucidate its role in male infertility, as well as establish biomarkers for the diagnosis or selection of sperm to use during assisted reproductive techniques.

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Wodarz, Dominik, Shaun Stipp, David Hirshleifer, and Natalia L. Komarova. "Evolutionary dynamics of culturally transmitted, fertility-reducing traits." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1925 (April 15, 2020): 20192468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2468.

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Human populations in many countries have undergone a phase of demographic transition, characterized by a major reduction in fertility at a time of increased resource availability. A key stylized fact is that the reduction in fertility is preceded by a reduction in mortality and a consequent increase in population density. Various theories have been proposed to account for the demographic transition process, including maladaptation, increased parental investment in fewer offspring, and cultural evolution. None of these approaches, including formal cultural evolutionary models of the demographic transitions, have addressed a possible direct causal relationship between a reduction in mortality and the subsequent decline in fertility. We provide mathematical models in which low mortality favours the cultural selection of low-fertility traits. This occurs because reduced mortality slows turnover in the model, which allows the cultural transmission advantage of low-fertility traits to outrace their reproductive disadvantage. For mortality to be a crucial determinant of outcome, a cultural transmission bias is required where slow reproducers exert higher social influence. Computer simulations of our models that allow for exogenous variation in the death rate can reproduce the central features of the demographic transition process, including substantial reductions in fertility within only one to three generations. A model assuming continuous evolution of reproduction rates through imitation errors predicts fertility to fall below replacement levels if death rates are sufficiently low. This can potentially explain the very low preferred family sizes in Western Europe.

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Edwin, Chinagozi P., Sadiq Hassan, Philips I. Ebisike, Saudat G. Habib, Taiwo G. Amole, and Rasheed A. Bakare. "Human cytomegalovirus infection, viraemia and retinitis among people living with HIV/AIDS in Kano, North-Western Nigeria." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 9, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 2191. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20213061.

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Background: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading cause of opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. HCMV viraemia is an active infection marker and prelude to end-organ diseases (EODs), such as retinitis. The aim of the study was to assess the burden and associated factors of HCMV infection, viraemia and retinitis among HIV-infected patients in Nigeria.Methods: Comparative cross-sectional study of 160 HIV-infected adults, comprising 80 participants in each of <100/mm3 and ≥100 cells/mm3 CD4+ cell count groups, who attended HIV clinic at a tertiary hospital located in a major Nigerian city. A questionnaire was used to collect data from eligible consenting participants and their case files. Sera from all participants were tested for anti-HCMV IgG using ELISA method, and plasma of seropositive participants were subjected to PCR for HCMV viraemia. Participants whose samples were HCMV viraemic were examined for HCMV retinitis using indirect ophthalmoscopy. Data was analyzed using Minitab vs 14.1.1PP.Results: All 160 participants tested positive for anti-HCMV IgG. HCMV viraemia was 14.4% (23 of 160) generally, but comparatively more among <100 CD4 cells/mm3 group (18.8%; 15 of 80) than in ≥100 cells/mm3 patient group (10%; 8 of 80). Only HCMV viraemic patients in <100 CD4 cells/mm3 group (20%; 3 of 15) were diagnosed with HCMV retinitis. WHO stage was associated with HCMV viraemia (χ2= 7.79, p=0.05) and HCMV retinitis (χ2= 4.60, p=0.03). The only predictor of HCMV retinitis was WHO staging I and II [aOR = 0.04, 95%CI (0.01- 0.52)]. Conclusions: Evidence of previous and active HCMV infection is prevalent among PLWHA in Nigeria with WHO staging being associated and a predictor of HCMV viraemia and retinitis, respectively.

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Adetoro, Olusola Olufayo. "Implication of Human Induced Activities on Ecotourism in Ikogosi Warm Spring Centre, Ekiti State, Southern western, Nigeria." Geoinformatics FCE CTU 17, no. 1 (August 23, 2018): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/gi.17.1.3.

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The magnitude effect of human activities on the environment is of great concern. In this study investigation on the pattern of land use land cover change in the Ikogosi Ekiti, South Western and Nigeria was carried out. A 30 meter Landsat image of TM 1991, ETM+ 2002 and OLI 2015 were used for the study. The satellite images were digitally processed using Arcgis10.3 and Idrisi Selva 17.0 while Markov Chain Modeler was employed for prediction. Supervised Classification was performed through Maximum Likelihood Classification resulting into identification of five LULC classes which were built-up, rock outcrop, dense vegetation, light vegetation and water body; fragmentation analysis was done using Fragstat 4.0.The results showed that anthropogenic activities resulted in 25.93% increase in built-up between the periods of 1991 and 2015 with a substantial loss (29.97%) of dense vegetation within the study area were detected. Fragmentation metric showed that the Number of Patches (NP) increased by 257, 268 and 281 while Shannon Diversity Index (SHIDI) correspondingly showed a decreased of 0.54, 0.47 and 0.21 for species diversity in year 1991, 2002 and 2015 respectively; indigenous respondents (70.1%) affirmed the extinction of biodiversity. Furthermore, the Markov Chain Modeler revealed that built-up was expected to increase by 36.7, 39.1 and 69.6% while dense vegetation will correspondingly decrease by 25.4, 22.9 and 18.7% in year 2030, 2050 and 2065 respectively. The result revealed that anthropogenic activities in the study area had contributed to massive removal of vegetation and this pattern had negatively affected the biomass condition of the study area indicting the region to experience an ecosystem imbalance and incidence of global warming. The changing spatial pattern was attributed to the tourism developmental phases in-around Ikogosi community which had increased deforestation, exotic plants and poaching by Ikogosi inhabitants and tourist visits to the study area.The study concluded that various tourism development activities had adversely affected the nature of biodiversity, threatened land-use management and vegetation in the study area.

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Favour, Ebieri, and Sheriff Folarin. "Human Rights and Strong Institutions: A Study of Amnesty International in Nigeria." Age of Human Rights Journal, no. 16 (June 14, 2021): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.v16.6092.

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Human right is a topical issue globally but attaining it has remained very difficult. Every day, people around the world face different forms of dehumanizing treatment from their governments, multinationals and other groups. For decade too, strong institutions have emerged to fight for the rights of the voiceless and the weak. One of these institutions is Amnesty International (AI). This paper examines the activities of Amnesty International in the promotion and protection of human rights vis-a-vis the nature of operations, contributions and challenges in Nigeria. The paper adopts desk research design, which is based on secondary sources from journals, books and other printed materials. Findings revealed that AI has significantly contributed to the promotion of human rights in Nigeria through different approaches such as advocacy/campaign, governance peer review, shaming-and-naming approach, and support for domestic civil rights groups, among others. However, findings also showed that the main challenges of AI are the negative perceptions of some sections toward the organization as a tool for promoting western ideology and the low awareness and involvement of individuals at the grassroots in developing nations like Nigeria. The paper recommends that the organization intensifies its promotional activities in a manner that would improve its reputation as well as help to educate and provide access for engagement of locals in developing countries.

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Tuebue, J., S. Basga, P. Tematio, and J. Nguetnkam. "Effect of Trachyte Powder, Human Urine and Reserved Water from Cooked Beans on Andosols Fertility in Cameroonian Western Highlands." Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 3, no. 2 (June 21, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajsspn/2018/41999.

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Fasina, O., and SJ Hughes. "Herpes zoster ophthalmicus at a tertiary health facility, South-western Nigeria: Clinical presentations and outcome." Annals of Health Research 6, no. 3 (August 22, 2020): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30442/ahr.0603-10-96.

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Herpes zoster ophthalmicus is a neurocutaneous disease caused by the human alpha herpes virus Type 3 and it is characterized by reactivation of dormant varicella-zoster virus lying within the trigeminal ganglia. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical presentation and management outcome of patients with herpes zoster ophthalmicus in a tertiary health facility. This was a retrospective study of patients with herpes zoster ophthalmicus managed at the Eye Clinic of a tertiary health facility in the South-western part of Nigeria over eight years. There were 17 patients, comprising five males and the mean age at presentation was 54.9±13.7 years. Seven (41.2%) patients were seropositive for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) while nine (52.9%) patients had corneal involvement. Fifteen (88.2%) patients had involvement of the first branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1), and one (5.9%) patient each had involvement of the second branch of the trigeminal nerve (V2) and the first two branches of the trigeminal nerve (V1 and V2). All the patients were managed with oral and topical antiviral medications. Ten patients (58.8%) developed postherpetic neuralgia. In conclusion, Herpes zoster ophthalmicus is strongly associated with HIV seropositivity and older age and a significant proportion of patients develop post-herpetic neuralgia necessitating long term management.

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Fotang, Chefor, Udo Bröring, Christian Roos, Evidence Chinedu Enoguanbhor, Ekwoge E. Abwe, Paul Dutton, Peter Schierack, Tsi Evaristus Angwafo, and Klaus Birkhofer. "Human Activity and Forest Degradation Threaten Populations of the Nigeria–Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) in Western Cameroon." International Journal of Primatology 42, no. 1 (February 2021): 105–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-020-00191-2.

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AbstractIncreased human activities such as commodity-led deforestation, extension of agriculture, urbanization, and wildfires are major drivers of forest loss worldwide. In Cameroon, these activities cause a loss of suitable primate habitat and could ultimately threaten the survival of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). We derived independent estimates of the population size of the Endangered Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) in Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, Cameroon, and surrounding unprotected forest areas through 1) direct observations, 2) camera trapping, 3) distance sampling, 4) marked nest counts, and 5) standing crop nest counts. In addition, we georeferenced signs of chimpanzee and human activity along line transects. We used a generalized linear mixed model to predict the occurrence of chimpanzees in response to edge length (measured as the perimeter of core forest patches), core area of forest patches (measured as area of forest patches beyond an edge width of 100 m), habitat perforation (measured as the perimeter of nonforested landscape within core forest patches), patch size(measured as area of forest patches), and forest cover. Chimpanzee density estimates ranged from 0.1 (direct observation) to 0.9 (distance sampling) individuals km−2 depending on estimation method with a mean nest group size of 7 ± 5.4 (SD). The mean encounter rate for signs of chimpanzee activity was significantly higher in mature forests (2.3 signs km−1) than in secondary forests (0.3 signs km−1) and above 1000 m elevation (4.0 signs km−1) than below 1000 m (1.0 signs km−1). The mean encounter rate for signs of human activity was significantly higher in secondary (8.0 signs km−1) than in mature forests (0.9 signs km−1). Secondary forests, habitat perforation, and edge length had a significant negative effect on the occurrence of chimpanzee signs. Overall, human activity and forest degradation affected the number of observed chimpanzee signs negatively. Regular antipoaching patrols and reforestation programs in degraded areas could potentially reduce threats to populations of endangered species and may increase suitable habitat area.

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Nwankwo, Bilkisu, JohnAlexander Oluchukwu, and NafisatOhunene Usman. "Disclosure of human immune deficiency virus status to infected children at a tertiary hospital in North-western Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Medicine 30, no. 5 (2021): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/njm.njm_119_21.

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Oluwatuyi, Ayomide David, Aderemi Adediji, and Ajayi Adeola. "EVALUATION OF HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN RIVER OMINLA RIPARIAN CORRIDOR IN ORE TOWNSHIP, ONDO STATE, SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA." Scholedge International Journal of Management & Development ISSN 2394-3378 4, no. 1 (June 4, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijmd040101.

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The study was aim to assess the condition resulted from riparian encroachment in the study area with a view to provide a baseline information for urban and surface water sustainable development. Primary and secondary data were employed. Primary data involved field survey using questionnaire in which 245 copies were administered to the selected riparian residents to evaluate their perception and experience on human effects on riparian vegetation, water body and resultant problems. Secondary data involved an existing relevant data. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The survey results showed that urban growth had resulted to loss of farmland/garden (73.9%), riparian natural forest (86.1%), medicinal tree/herbs and shrub (77.1%), and useful timbers (62.8%). Riparian deforestation had also resulted to high sedimentation of the river basin (77.6%), increased river seasonal volume (76.7%),enhanced access of solid particles/materials into the river (76.7%), loss of riparian animals (82.9%), pollution of the river (75.5%) riparian flooding (75.9%) that subsequently resulted to loss of lives and properties (84.1%) and loss of valuable plant (95.9%).Therefore, the study concluded that there is significant negative effects of anthropogenic activities on River Ominla Riparian corridor and that this requires urgent attention.

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Alabi, Oluwatobi Joseph. "Perceptions of Surrogacy Within the Socio-Cultural Context of Nigeria." F1000Research 9 (September 24, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.20999.2.

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Background: Surrogacy might be a reproductive process that brings joy and fulfilment to many, but it also brings with it numerous ethical and legal concerns; it raises questions about the fundamental human rights, welfare and wellbeing of women and infants, especially within a context where it is barely regulated. This article examines the perception of surrogacy within the socio-cultural context of Nigeria. It brings to the fore various socio-cultural concerns that question the influence of surrogacy as a reproductive process on womanhood, motherhood and parenthood. It discusses, by analysing the narratives of the participants, how the surrogacy process is a dereliction of the sacredness and cultural sanctity of the family system, most especially in an African context. Methods: Fifteen (15) stakeholders (traditional birth attendants, medical gynaecologists and legal professionals within the social, medico-legal framework of reproductive health) in Nigeria were engaged in in-depth interviews to unravel the challenges which surrogacy might be facing or encountering as an ART in Nigeria. Results: There are various social, traditional, cultural, and religious beliefs that police the reproductive sphere of Nigeria, which have grave implications on fertility treatment. These socio-cultural and religious factors do not provide a fertile ground for surrogacy to thrive in Nigeria. Hence, it is important that the socio-cultural framing of reproducing in Nigeria become receptive to modern medical reproductive alternatives and innovations. Conclusions: For surrogacy to permeate the reproductive terrain of the country there is a need to jettison several socio-cultural and religious sentimental beliefs policing reproduction in Nigeria.

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Magama, Y. A., M. Babagana, A. U. Usman, A. A. Gujja, A. Adamu, and Karachi A. E. "Assessment of Wildlife Species Mostly Involved in Human-Wildlife Conflict around Yankari Game Reserve, Bauchi State, Nigeria." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 9, no. 09 (September 27, 2018): 20262–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/09/605.

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The present study assessed the species of wildlife mostly incriminated in human-wildlife conflicts around Yankari Game Reserve (Bauchi State, Nigeria). Three districts of Alkaleri Local Government Area were selected for the study viz; Duguri, Fali and Gwana districts. A total of 113 respondents comprising of 44 staff of Yankari Game Reserve and 69 local community members formed part of the study’s sample size selected through Systematic Random and Purposive sampling techniques. The study made use of the Descriptive Survey method involving mixed methods using self-made open ended questionnaire with multiple choice questions as well as Structured Interview Guide. Demographic characteristics of the local people indicated that the majority of them lack the basic formal western education and were mainly farmers. Study findings showed that 8 different species of wildlife were mainly involved in human-wildlife conflict along the Game Reserve. These were: Buffalo, Tantalus monkey, Patas monkey, Roan antelope, Western hartebeest, Bush buck, Waterbuck and African elephant. However, the number of these species of wildlife was also found to be declining fast in the area mainly due to anthropogenic factors such as reprisal attacks on the animals by the local communities in vengeance of damages caused by the animals. Thus, if unwanted contacts between the wildlife and the surrounding communities are not checked, human-wildlife conflict in the area will continue to escalate and many of these animals can be killed. Some are already on the endangered species list. Hence, strict measures should be adopted with the aim of minimizing the rate of encroachment of the wildlife into surrounding communities in order to stop human-wildlife conflict in the area.

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Ekholuenetale, Michael, Olah Uloko Owobi, and Benedict Terfa Shishi. "Socioeconomic Position in Modern Contraceptive Uptake and Fertility Rate among Women of Childbearing Age in 37 Sub-Saharan Countries." World 3, no. 4 (October 8, 2022): 858–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/world3040048.

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Women’s socioeconomic position has a significant effect on health services use. With the nature of the socioeconomic empowerment process in relation to improvements in sexual and reproductive health, population-based contraceptive use is key to determining the growth in the human development index of every country. We looked into the effects of women’s socioeconomic position on modern approaches to birth control in sub-Saharan African (SSA) women of childbearing age. A sample of 496,082 respondents was analyzed from 2006–2021 Demographic and Health Surveys data. From the analysis, Southern SSA (46.0%), Eastern SSA (27.0%), Central SSA (16.0%), and Western SSA (15.0%) have decreasing prevalence of any modern methods of contraceptive uptake among all women. Similarly, Southern SSA (57.0%), Eastern SSA (37.0%), Western SSA (16.0%), and Central SSA (14.0%) have decreasing prevalence of married women currently using any modern methods of contraception. Furthermore, Southern SSA (76.0%), Eastern SSA (56.0%), Western SSA (36.0%), and Central SSA (26.0%) have decreasing prevalence of demand for family planning satisfied by modern contraceptives. While Southern SSA reported a total fertility rate of 3.0%, other sub-regions have a pooled rate of 5.0%. Our results indicated that increasing women’s socioeconomic position can increase contraceptive use and, thus, maternal healthcare service utilization.

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Oladapo, Ibrahim Abiodun, and Asmak Ab Rahman. "A path analysis approach on the factors of human development among Muslims in Nigeria." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-01-2016-0014.

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Purpose One area of concern for Islamic economics is the challenges and discrimination experienced in Muslim societies and the lower human development indices compared to the Western counterparts. It is possible that the application of the theory of Maqāsid al Sharī’ah (TMS) could provide some insight on the problems and probably offer some support to the policymaker on the direction to take. The purpose of this paper is to apply TMS to validate the factors of human development. Design/methodology/approach The primary data were collected using a questionnaire. The target respondents were Muslims from Nigeria. Both stratified and purposeful random sampling techniques were used to collect the data, and the analyses were done by SPSS and AMOS statistical software. Findings In validating factors that contribute to human development, TMS framework is used, and the model integrates five factors which are considered most likely to have influence on human development. The model proposes that individual factors such social justice and human rights have effects on the factors of human development. Originality value This study provides understanding on the contributing factors to the persistent challenges of human development in predominantly Muslim settings. Previous research which has applied TMS focused more on its financial relevance and has not attempted to understand the situation and proffer solution.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fertility, Human Nigeria, Western'

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