Dissertations / Theses: 'Fertilizer and pesticide residue'

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Nguyen, Trung Dung. "Economic and environmental effects of Integrated Pest Management program: A case study of Hau Giang province (Mekong Delta)." Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32720.

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Since many years, the agro-technical programs such as '3 reduction 3 increase', '1 must 5 reduction' and System of Rice Intensification (SRI) have been carried out with definite results. Recently, IPM program (integrated pest management) – a more comprehensive measure (using all possible techniques and methods to keep the pest populations below a level causing economic injury) – has been firstly piloted on a large scale in the Mekong Delta. This paper presents the main results of piloting IPM program in 2,610 hectares during 2014-2017 in Hau Giang province. As results, farmers have better economic benefit in production; the quality of rice has been gradually improved and can overcome the technical barriers of advanced countries in rice trade such as US, EU and Japan. In addition, the environmental and ecological consequences can be avoided due to overuse of fertilizer and pesticide. Field ecosystems will be gradually restored.
Từ nhiều năm nay những chương trình kỹ thuật nông nghiệp như '3 giảm 3 tăng', '1 phải 5 giảm' và hệ thống canh tác lúa cải tiến (SRI) đã được áp dụng và đã có những kết quả nhất định. Còn chương trình quản lý dịch hại tổng hợp IPM - một biện pháp tổng hợp và tích cực hơn (sử dụng tất cả các kỹ thuật và biện pháp thích hợp có thể được, nhằm duy trì mật độ của các loài gây hại dưới mức gây ra những thiệt hại kinh tế) – được thực nghiệm đầu tiên trên diện rộng ở Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long. Bài báo này trình bày những kết quả chính trong thử nghiệm ở 2.610 ha lúa trong thời gian 2014-2017 ở ở tỉnh Hậu giang. Kết quả là quản lý dịch hại ở ngưỡng cho phép, người nông dân có lợi hơn về kinh tế trong sản xuất, chất lượng gạo từng bước được cải thiện và có khả năng vượt qua các hàng rào kỹ thuật trong thương mại lúa gạo của các nước tiên tiến như USA, châu Âu, Nhật Bản. Ngoài ra tránh được hệ quả về môi trường sinh thái do sử dụng quá mức phân bón hóa học và ô nhiễm do thuốc bảo vệ thực vật và hệ sinh thái đồng ruộng dần được phục hồi.

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Ahmad, Maqbool. "Pesticide residue analysis using supercritical fluid extraction." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320724.

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Haag, Jennie, and Anna Landahl. "Pesticide residues in cucumbers cultivated in Bangladesh." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-234741.

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Pesticides are widely used for preventing crop losses due to pest attack. In Bangladesh, the food safety and health of farmers are being compromised as a result of poor regulation concerning usage of pesticides in food production. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify pesticides applied on cucumber crops in Bangladesh. A method for extraction and clean-up was developed to allow the quantification of four pesticides by GC-ECD in vegetable samples, specifically cucumber. The accuracy of the method was validated using recovery and its precision by studying the standard deviation and relative standard deviation. Analysis of cucumber samples obtained in the field showed no traces of the target pesticides. The results indicate that different types of chemicals are used on the examined crops. It is also believed that the growth habit of cucumber may affect the exposure to pesticides. To overcome the health hazards, restrictions regarding the types and quantities of chemicals used on the fields need to be implemented. Further studies would benefit from being executed in a controlled environment, and monitoring of which substances that are applied at which amounts.

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Seeger, Bettina [Verfasser]. "Risk assessment of hormonally active pesticide residue mixtures / Bettina Seeger." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1107039568/34.

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Al-Saad, Jalal Abdulla. "Development of novel solid phase extraction materials for pesticide residue analysis." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263469.

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Yau, Kerrm Y. F. "Synthesis of recombinant antibody fragments for pesticide residue analysis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ35947.pdf.

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Jerrell, Scottie Lee. "Strip-Tillage Production Systems for Tobacco." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33132.

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Conservation tillage production systems for flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) have been studied for many years. Inadequate chemical weed control and lack of acceptable pesticide and fertilizer application resulted in consistently lower yields and inferior cured leaf quality. The development of new conservation tillage equipment, improved methods of fertilizer application, and new herbicides, have resulted in a renewed interest in conservation tillage labeled for tobacco. This research investigated management practices to address slow early season growth characteristic of strip-tillage tobacco production. Objectives of the first study were to evaluate the methods of starter fertilizer application and determine the optimal rate. A transplant water treatment (11 kg ha-1) and 3 rates (11, 22, and 45 kg ha-1) of injected 9-45-15 (N:P2O5:K2O) water soluble starter fertilizer were evaluated for early season plant growth and time of topping. Starter fertilizer treatments increased tobacco root weight by 22% and leaf area up to 41%. Earlier topping was observed as a result of starter fertilizer with 23 and 6% more plants topped during the initial topping date in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Starter fertilizer did not consistently increase the yield of either strip-tillage or conventional tillage tobacco. The objectives of the second study were to compare the use of raised beds with flat-planting and investigate cover crop residue management techniques. Residue management treatments minimized residue within the strip-tilled area with an early hooded spray application (strip-killed) of a burndown herbicide as opposed to the traditional broadcast burndown application. The use of raised beds for strip-tillage production of tobacco showed no clear benefit when compared to flat-planting. Strip-tillage plots were similar to conventional tillage for cured leaf quality and yield. Early season strip-kill burndown herbicide applications proved beneficial in reducing difficulties incorporating residue into the strip-tilled area thus improving the quality of the prepared seed bed. This research has added to the present knowledge regarding strip-tillage tobacco production, and refined necessary cultural practices. Transplant starter fertilizer is recommended to overcome the typical slow early season growth characteristic of strip-tilled tobacco. However, increased rates (greater than 11 kg ha-1) or under-row injection of the material had no added benefit. The research also demonstrated that the use of raised beds should not be considered a necessary practice with the use of a strip-till implement that incorporates under-row subsoil tillage. This research has demonstrated that tobacco yields and quality comparable to conventional tillage can be realized using strip-tillage production techniques.
Master of Science

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Alghamdi, Rashad Saeed. "Nitrogen Mineralization Dynamics of Post Harvest Crop Residue in No-Till Systems." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31945.

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In North Dakota, adoption of conservation tillage practices has resulted in an accumulation of crop residue remaining on the soil surface. North Dakota producers receive a nitrogen credit for long-term no-till but due to previous crop residue this credit may not be realistic for providing partial nutrient needs to subsequent crops in a cool environment with a short growing season. Our objectives were to evaluate the N mineralization potential of common crop residues to determine whether crop residue accumulation in no-till systems can provide sufficient nitrogen quantities needed for subsequent crops. Three lab incubation studies were conducted to provide N mineralization insights for individual crop residues, crop residues over several simulated growing seasons, and crop residue in diversified cropping systems. Differences in soil texture, surface application versus incorporation of residue, freeze and thaw cycles and combinations of residues were all factors examined. Results indicated that crop residue decomposition and N release from the residue treatments generally immobilized N but were not significantly different from the bare soil for nearly all studies. The only exception observed was for the forage radish cover crop which showed the potential to improve soil N mineralization in select three-year rotations. Findings of these studies show that most wide C:N ratio crop residues will immobilize soil N in a no-till system under ideal conditions (i.e. moisture, temperature, and residue particle size). These findings suggestion that a fertilizer N credits may require reevaluation and take into consideration soil moisture with validated data to support the fertilizer N credit.

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Motsoeneng, Marnonyowe Portia. "Relationship between pesticide residue levels and neurotoxicity among women on farms in the Western Cape." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13344.

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Includes bibliographical references.
Farm workers and residents living in and around farms are exposed to pesticides. Women are vulnerable to health risks posed by pesticides. To date there are few studies that have investigated the relationship between pesticide residues in human body fluids and neurotoxicity. This study therefore aims to investigate the relationship between urinary pesticide residue levels and neurotoxicity amongst women working in farms in the Western Cape, South Africa.

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David, Jean Lynette. "Agrochemical abuse : reasons for pesticide and fertiliser overuse among arable farmers of Guyana." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/agrochemical-abuse-reasons-for-pesticide-and-fertiliser-overuse-among-arable-farmers-of-guyana(47a7139f-2c35-42f4-9472-9aee206481e9).html.

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The overuse of agrochemicals by arable crop farmers in Guyana is of increasing concern. But the literature reveals a paucity of information concerning the reasons for farmers‟ persistence of this inappropriate practice. No previous study has been conducted using a structured format to reveal the scope or reasons for farmers‟ sustained overuse of these chemicals. This research adopted an original structured-type approach, suitable for unearthing and explaining the reasons for this phenomenon. The study was theoretically and analytically guided by the theory of practices and critical realist theory respectively, to identify the prevalence, intensity and significant factors of farmer‟s pesticide and fertiliser overuse, but more importantly to elucidate reasons for overuse and formulate relevant recommendations. This investigation utilised a mixed methods strategy of complementary quantitative and qualitative techniques; comprising analysis of data from 229 farm unit surveys and 38 farmer and 19 key informant interviews, respectively. Quantitative analysis, conducted via SPSS software using tables and regression, revealed widespread prevalence of both pesticide and fertiliser overuse among farmers. The overuse consisted of high frequencies and concentrations of the chemicals. The study notes the factors which were significantly associated with overuse including farmers‟ age, education level, area cultivated, land tenure status and the „source-type‟ of information they accessed. However, qualitative analysis, utilising a grounded-theory approach with the aid of NVivo software, demonstrated that unlike the suggestions by other studies, the reasons for farmers‟ overuse were not the single factors which showed statistical significance for overuse practices. On the contrary, this study revealed original findings, which indicated that the reasons for farmers‟ overuse practices were embedded within an intricate network of contingent, support and contextual factors. These explained both the instigation and continuance of agrochemical overuse by farmers. Overall the findings emphasise the need for policy redress, especially regarding the mandate and conduct of farmer-training regarding chemical use, and the regulatory enforcement of appropriate agrochemical use. Understanding the reasons for farmers‟ inappropriate practices revealed new insight into the interpretation of these practices; as consequences of policy deficiency instead of farmer delinquency. Thus, the implications provided to address this problem of farmers‟ agrochemical overuse presented a new orientation to the type of suggestions previously suggested in other studies. The proposals indicated by this study for a targeted resolution of overuse in arable farmers of Guyana are more policy-oriented than farmer-targeted, since this study revealed that farmers‟ overuse behaviour is largely a response to policy-influenced support and contextual factors.

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Loganathan, Vijay Anand Clement Prabhakar Feng Yucheng. "Effects of sorption and desorption on bioavailbility of atrazine in soils amended with crop residue derived char." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Theses/LOGANATHAN_VIJAY-ANAND_27.pdf.

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Sjödin, Sanna. "Utgör omgivande lantbruk någon risk för Skottorps vattentäkt?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-101554.

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The intensification of agriculture through Europe has led to a lot of environmental issues. Among these are the increased use of fertilizer and pesticides which also constitutes a risk for many water resources. This is mainly due to the leakage of nitrate and pesticides to the water which makes it unsuitable for drinking. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the nearby agriculture constituted a risk in the catchment of Skottorp. If risks were found, the study was also aiming to evaluate possible measures that could be taken. An additional aim was to find out whether a co-operative agreement between the local authorities responsible for the catchment and the farmers would be a possible solution in case of future problems. For the study, water data related to agriculture was analyzed statistically and interviews were performed with the farmers. The study shows that there are no imminent risks to the water in the catchment related to agriculture, which makes measures unnecessary. If problems would arise in the future the study also shows that co-operative agreements are a suitable course of action.

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Ribeiro, Elizete Maria Possamai. "Produção e análise físico-química do adubo de descarte de couro bovino com ênfase no impacto ambiental e energético." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/8687.

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Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a produção do adubo obtido a partir do resíduo da raspa do couro bovino, curtido ao cromo (III), bem como avaliar a viabilidade de ganhos ambientais e energéticos que ao adubo se atribui. A metodologia usada foi estabelecida a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as alternativas para o gerenciamento de resíduo sólido da indústria de beneficiamento do couro e no estudo do efeito do cromo no meio ambiente, fundamentada na teoria das restrições no aspecto ambiental e energético. Para a implementação da parte experimental e produção do adubo da raspa do couro bovino hidrolisado foi montado um protótipo composto de três componentes: caldeira, autoclave e secador, considerando-se os parâmetros termodinâmicos: temperatura de 403 a 433 K e a pressão de 700 a 800 kPa. No decorrer desse processo automaticamente controlado, calcularam-se as incertezas das medidas efetuadas nos parâmetros do adubo e do solo, da pressão e a produção de vapor gerado pela caldeira, bem como nas medições dos equipamentos, autoclave e secador com suas respectivas densidades, obtendo-se a relação de massa e volume. As amostras foram analisadas para verificar os teores máximos e mínimos dos macro e micronutrientes, assim como seus elementos de maior relevância. Foram avaliadas as características fisico-químicas e agronômicas do produto, o balanço de massa e a energia da produção do adubo. A experiência aplicada com o adubo na cultura do milho foi realizada em casa de vegetação, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se a partir da utilização de dois tipos de adubo de apara de couro (resíduo italiano e resíduo brasileiro) e sulfato de amônio como fonte de nitrogênio em três doses. Foram utilizados dois tipos de solo: Latossolo Férrico e Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo. A produção desse adubo será implantada industrialmente para a redução do impacto ambiental provocado pelas indústrias de beneficiamento do couro e também para a agricultura, uma vez que esse adubo é um produto rico em nitrogênio.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the production of fertilizer obtained from cow leather shavings cured with Chrome (III), as well as the viability for this fertilizer to contribute for environmental and energetic gains. The methodology was based on a review of bibliographic material of the alternatives for management of solid waste from the leather industry and on a study of the effect of chrome on the environment based on the theory of restrictions, with concern for environmental and energy factors. The experimental portion of the study involved the assemblage of a prototype composed of three pieces of equipment: a boiler, an autoclave and a dryer, for the production of fertilizer from hydrolyzed cow leather shavings. In relation to the thermodynamic process, the temperature was maintained at 403 and 430 K and pressure at 700 and 800 kPa. During this automatically controlled process, the uncertainties in the measurements conducted in the parameters of fertilizer and soil were calculated of pressure and production of steam generated by the boiler and the readings of the autoclave and dryer equipment were calculated in addition to their respective densities, to obtain the ratio of mass and volume. The samples were analyzed to determine the maximum and minimum amounts of the macro and micro nutrients and their most important elements. The physical-chemical and agronomic characteristics of the product were evaluated as well as the balance of mass and energy of the fertilizer production. The experiment conducted with fertilizer from cow leather applied to a corn crop, was conducted in a vegetable greenhouse, with completely arbitrary delineation and four repetitions. The treatment involved the use of two types of fertilizer made from leather shavings (Italian residue and Brazilian residue) and ammonia sulfate as a nitrogen source in three doses. Two types of soil were used: Ferric Latosol and Red-Yellow Latosol. The fertilizer can be produced industrially to reduce the environmental impact caused by leather manufacturing companies and to agriculture because it is rich in nitrogen.

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Ribeiro, Inês de Amaral. "Validação de técnicas analiticas para determinação de residuos de pesticidas em vinho." Master's thesis, ISA, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3076.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Vine is one of the most important crops in Portuguese agriculture. To counteract the effects of various diseases and pests that may occur in vineyards, a great part of the total pesticide consumption in Portugal is dedicated to this crop. Hence, it is of great importance to study the the presence of pesticide residues in wine. Food is the basis of human life, and wine is an important part of a regular diet of populations, as well as one of the most widely consumed beverages. therefore contamination with toxic pesticides leads to severe effects on human health. Thus, it is essential to use control measures and/or reduction of these toxic residues products. Currently, the analysis of pesticide residues in wine is usually done by applying chromatographic methods, mainly by gas chromatography. Spectroscopic methods may also be used and are probably the most used methods for the qualitative and quantitative determination of organic and inorganic compounds. In these respects, this study focused on the validation of analytical methods for the determination of pesticide residues in wine. To this end, five pesticides were selected based on their reported appearance in wine grapes and wines, as well as their toxicological characterization. The performance of a method for determination of dithiocarbamates residues in wines by molecular absorption spectrophotometry was validated based on standards EN 12396-1 and NP EN ISO IEC 17025. Calibrations were performed in the range 0,25 - 1,25 mg CS2/L wine and the statistical parameters were determined by linear regression using Microsoft Excel Data Analysis. An adjustment of experimental points to a first degree polynomial was noted by visual inspection of calibration curve, hence, the response could be considered linear in the work range. The linearity of the method was verified by the Pearson correlation coefficient, a value that was always equal or superior to 0,995, by the random distribution of residual values relative to zero and by the existence of a constant slope and a relatively small intercept (order of -10-2), in accordance with Beer's Law. The sensitivity of the method was demonstrated by the mean standard deviation of the calibration curve, which had a value of 0,06 mg/L. The selectivity of the method was also evaluated by the analysis of blanks of wines and no interference of the matrix was observed. The intermediate precision of the method was shown by the average relative standard deviation of 14 %. To evaluate the accuracy of the method, samples fortified with pesticides at three levels were analyzed. Based on the values obtained from these fortifications, a mean recovery of 93 % could be calculated. The limit of quantification was also tested experimentally and calculated to be 0,4 mg CS2/L wine , with a standard deviation of 19,6 %. These results indicate that the method is in accordance with the requirements of document SANCO/10684/2009, which applies to pesticide residues analysis in food and feed. __________________________________________________________________________ v Seventeen samples of different wines were analyzed and no residues of dithiocarbamates were detected. For the determination of pesticide residues in wine by gas chromatography it is necessary to extract them first to an organic phase. This sample preparation is very time consuming and occupies over 80% of the total analysis time. Subsequently the current methods of liquid-liquid extraction and the extraction methods for dispersed solid phase extraction (dSPE) of pesticide residues (chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, metalaxyl and penconazole) were also evaluated in the present study. Results indicated that it appears possible to replace the current methods of liquid-liquid extraction by procedures of dSPE extraction which would imply a great reduction in sample preparation time. Additional studies are needed in these regards, in particular to extend extraction procedures to other analytes and to verify results of these procedures whengaseous or liquid chromatography with mass spectrometer systems are used. It is also important to further study the influence of several factors (e.g. pH, extraction temperatures, temperature program) in both extraction and instrumental analysis methods

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Sterley, Anna, and Daniel Thörnkvist. "The feasibility of using macroalgae from anaerobic digestion as fertilizer in Grenada : A literature study of the potential use of residue as fertilizer in Grenada, and a complementary laboratory study to evaluate the biogas potential." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284111.

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Coastal areas in Grenada and the Caribbean are experiencing an abundance of stranded macroalgae. Climate change and eutrophication are probable causes of this inconvenience. This leads to logistic and economic dilemmas for the Caribbean societies. Research of methods to benefit from the algal bloom is therefore valuable for a sustainable future in these countries. Studies of biogas and fertilizer production are initiated around the world, but a large scale production is absent. Therefore, this thesis scrutinize the requirements for producing biofertilizer from biogas by examine the content of macroalgae and the conditions in Grenada. To achieve this, a literature study and a miniature biogas experiment were conducted. Grenada would presumably benefit from substituting synthetic fertilizer with biofertilizer from macroalgae utilized in biogas production. The positive aspects includes the recirculation of nutrients, development of renewable energy and autonomous fertilizer production. Further research of the definite macroalgae content is essential to determine the exact extent and conditions of the fertilizer utilization.
Kustområden i Grenada och Karibien är drabbat av större mängder strandade makroalger. Klimatförändringar och övergödning är de huvudsakliga orsakerna till denna olägenhet. Detta leder till logistiska och ekonomiska problem för samhällen i Karibien. Det är därför av värde att forska på metoder för att försöka nyttja algblomningen, för en hållbar framtid i dessa länder. Studier på biogasproduktion och gödselmedelstillverkning av makroalger har utvecklats på senare tid, men en storskalig produktion är fortfarande frånvarande. Därför ska denna avhandling granska kriterierna för att använda biogödsel från biogasproduktion genom att undersöka makroalgernas innehåll, och Grenadas förutsättningar för att genomföra detta. För att uppnå detta så har en litteraturstudie och ett mindre biogasexperiment genomförts. Grenada skulle förmodligen dra fördel av att byta ut syntetiskt gödningsmedel med biogödningsmedel från biogasproduktion med makroalger. De positiva aspekterna av detta är recirkulationen av näringsämnen, etablering av förnyelsebara energikällor, samt självständig gödselproduktion. Vidare forskning på det exakta innehållet i makroalger är väsentligt för att kunna bestämma utsträckningen och förhållandena för gödselmedelsanvändningen.

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Halstead, Neal T. "Impacts Of Agrochemical Pollution On Aquatic Communities And Human Disease." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5870.

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The global human population is expected to exceed 9 billion individuals by 2050, putting greater strain on the natural resources needed to sustain such a population. To feed this many people, some expect agricultural production will have to double and agrochemical use will have to increase anywhere from two- to five-fold relative to the turn of the century. Although industrial agriculture has provided many benefits to society, it has caused declines in biodiversity, both directly (e.g., through conversion of habitat) and indirectly (e.g., through contamination of adjacent natural habitats). Agricultural activity has also been linked to increased prevalence and intensity of trematode infections in wildlife and humans - directly by increasing available aquatic habitat for the snail intermediate hosts of trematode parasites and indirectly by altering the biological composition of aquatic habitats in ways that increase snail density. While the effects of single agrochemical contaminants on aquatic communities and trematode disease risk have been examined, agrochemical pollution typically occurs as mixtures of multiple chemical types in surface waters and the effects of mixtures on aquatic communities have received less attention. Moreover, given the high number of chemicals approved for agricultural use, the number of potential combinations of agrochemicals renders testing all possible combinations implausible. Thus, there is a critical need to develop better risk assessment tools in the face of this complexity. I developed and tested a theoretical framework that posits that the net effects of agrochemical mixtures on aquatic communities can be predicted by integrating knowledge of each functional group's 1) sensitivity to the chemicals (direct effects), 2) reproductive rates (recovery rates), 3) interaction strength with other functional groups (indirect effects), and 4) links to ecosystem properties. I conducted a freshwater mesocosm experiment to quantify community- and ecosystem-level responses to pairwise mixtures of four major agrochemical types (fertilizer, herbicide, insecticide, and fungicide) and single chemical treatments. The responses of biodiversity and ecosystem properties to agrochemicals alone and in mixtures were indeed predictable. Moreover, these results show that community ecology theory holds promise for predicting the effects of contaminant mixtures and offer recommendations on which types of agrochemicals to apply together and separately to reduce their impacts on aquatic ecosystems. I extended this framework to test if the direct effects of pesticides can be predicted by chemical class and/or mode of action. I performed standard toxicity trials on two invertebrate predators of snails (crayfish and giant water bugs) exposed to six insecticides belonging to two chemical classes (organophosphates and pyrethroids) to determine if environmental risk can be generalized to either insecticide class or insecticide exposure. Survival analyses demonstrated that insecticide class accounted for 55.7% and 91.1% of explained variance in crayfish and water bug survival, respectively. Simulated environmental exposures using US EPA software suggested that organophosphate insecticides present relatively low risk (as defined by the US EPA) to both crayfish and water bugs, while pyrethroid insecticides present consistently high risk to crayfish but not to water bugs, where only λ-cyhalothrin produced consistently high-risk exposure scenarios. Thus, risk to non-target organisms is well predicted by pesticide class. Furthermore, identifying insecticides that pose low risk to aquatic macroarthropods might help meet increased demands for food while mitigating against potential negative effects on ecosystem functions. Because evidence from field data and manipulated experiments demonstrated both top-down and bottom-up effects of agrochemical pollution that increased snail densities and trematode infections in wildlife, I conducted an additional agrochemical mixture experiment with freshwater communities containing the snail hosts of schistosomiasis, which has also been linked to agriculture. As expected, top-down and bottom-up effects of insecticide, herbicide, and fertilizer exposure indirectly increased snail densities, individually and as mixtures. Agrochemical exposure and snail density together accounted for 88% of the variation in the density of infected snails. Thus, agrochemical pollution has great potential to increase human exposure to schistosome parasites, and underscores the importance of identifying low-risk alternative pesticides. A subsequent mesocosm experiment with the same six insecticides used previously in laboratory trials confirmed that insecticide exposure indirectly mediates the densities of snail hosts that can transmit schistosomiasis through the direct effects of insecticides on crayfish mortality. Importantly, crayfish mortality in semi-natural mesocosm trials closely matched mortality from controlled laboratory trials. Thus, standard laboratory toxicity tests can be a useful tool for identifying alternative insecticides that might pose lower environmental risks to important predators that regulate snail densities. Identifying practices or agrochemicals that minimize this risk is critical to sustainably improving human health in schistosome-endemic regions. The theoretical framework presented here demonstrates the feasibility of predicting the effects of contaminant mixtures and highlights consistent effects of major agrochemical types (e.g. fertilizers, insecticides, etc.) on freshwater aquatic community composition. Furthermore, the strong top-down effects of invertebrate snail predators highlight that managing for high snail predator densities in might be a particularly effective strategy for reducing the burden of schistosomiasis in tropical countries.

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Rosa, Anderson. "Acúmulo de nutrientes, óleos e graxas em latossolos adubados com dejetos de suínos." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2018. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3944.

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The production of animal protein in confined space is an activity that has been highlighting in the western region of Paraná, due to the increase in the demand for food. The use of organic wastes as fertilizers is a profitable practice for the rural producer, but the application of high amounts and in a continuous way can cause accumulation of nutrients, biological agents as well as oils and greases that can cause environmental problems. The objective of this work was to evaluate the accumulation of phosphorus, potassium, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, oils and greases in Oxisols fertilized with swine manure. The experiments were installed in two municipalities in the state of Paraná. In Santa Tereza do Oeste it started in 2015. The treatments were three doses of liquid swine manure, on average, 50; 100 and 150 m³ ha-1 year-1 one control and one treatment with chemical fertilization using NPK formulated. In Palotina it was started in 1997 and the treatments were three doses of liquid swine manure, 30, 60 and 120 m³ ha-1 and one control. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications in plots of 50 m2. Soil sampling was performed before planting the 2017/2018 crop in each plot at 0-5 and 5-10 cm depths. Contents of P, K, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were evaluated by the Mehlich-1 method and the oil and grease content by the Soxhlet lipid extractor with organic solvent hexane. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the averages were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The application of swine manure influenced the levels of phosphorus, potassium, copper, manganese, zinc, oils and greases of the soil in the areas sampled, with a higher concentration observed in the 0-5 cm depth layer. The doses of the swine manire contributed significantly to the increase of phosphorus, potassium, copper, zinc, and oils and greases concentrations in the soil.
A produção de proteína animal em espaço confinado é uma atividade que vem se destacando na região Oeste do Paraná, devido ao aumento da demanda por alimentos. O uso de resíduos orgânicos como fertilizantes é uma opção rentável ao produtor rural, porém a aplicação de quantidades elevadas e de maneira contínua pode ocasionar acúmulo de nutrientes e também óleos e graxas, podendo causar problemas ambientais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o acúmulo de fósforo, potássio, cobre, ferro, manganês, zinco, óleos e graxas em Latossolos adubados com dejeto de suínos. Os experimentos foram instalados em dois municípios do estado do Paraná. Em Santa Tereza do Oeste, iniciou-se em 2015. Os tratamentos foram três doses de dejeto líquido de suínos: 50, 100 e 150 m³ ha-1 ano-1 (em média), uma testemunha e um tratamento com adubação química utilizando-se formulado NPK. Em Palotina, iniciou-se em 1997 e os tratamentos foram três doses de dejeto líquido de suínos: 30, 60 e 120 m³ ha-1 ano-1 e uma testemunha (sem aplicação). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em parcelas de 50 m2. A amostragem do solo foi realizada antes do plantio da safra 2017/2018 em cada parcela, nas camadas de 0-5 e 5-10 cm. Teores de P, K, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn foram avaliados pelo método Mehlich-1 e os teores de óleos e graxas por meio do extrator de lipídios Soxhlet, com solvente orgânico hexano. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e o as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5 % de probabilidade. A aplicação de dejeto líquido de suínos influenciou os teores de fósforo, potássio, cobre, manganês, zinco, óleos e graxas do solo nas áreas amostradas, com concentração maior observada na camada de 0 - 5 cm de profundidade. As doses do dejeto líquido de suínos contribuíram significativamente para o aumento das concentrações de fósforo, potássio, cobre, zinco e óleos e graxas no solo, sendo que o maior volume de dejeto líquido de suínos aplicado proporcionou maior concentração desses elementos no solo.

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Costa, Flavia Marina Souza da. "Compostagem e potencial de uso como fertilizante do lodo de tratamento de efluente de efluente de indústria de carne avícola." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2016. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/2442.

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The sludge from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of meat processing requires proper disposal, to reduce negative environmental impacts. This study aimed to test the composting process as an alternative to the neutralization and use of the sludge from WWTP of a poultry meat industry. Composting was carried out in 1.0 m³ composters kept under roof. The treatments were the following five combinations of sludge, sawdust and additives: 40% sludge + 60% sawdust; 35% sludge + 65% sawdust; 30% sludge + 70% sawdust; 30% sludge + 65% sawdust + 5% poultry litter; and 30% sludge + 60% sawdust + 10% ash from the combustion of forest biomass. During the composting time the material was turned over and the temperature (T), humidity and pH of the windrows were measured periodically. The content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, B and Mn, and some biological properties of the compost were determined. All the five combinations allowed the sludge neutralization by composting. During the most active phase of the process, the windrows had moisture between 40 and 65% and T between 60-75 °C. However, the T and pH vary depending on the windrow moisture. The compound has potential fertilizer, with average of total N, P, K, Ca, and Mg of 6.6, 1.11, 1.42, 1.1 and 6.6 g kg-1 (dry) respectively. The content of heavy metals and contaminants in the organic compound generally were within the limits allowed by law
O lodo gerado em estação de tratamento de efluente (ETE) do processamento de carnes requer destinação adequada, para minimizar seus impactos ambientais negativos. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a compostagem como alternativa para a neutralização e aproveitamento do lodo de ETE de uma indústria de carne avícola. A compostagem foi conduzida em compartimentos de 1,0 m³ mantidas sob telhado. Os tratamentos foram as seguintes combinações de lodo, serragem e aditivos: 40% lodo + 60% serragem; 35% lodo + 65% serragem; 30% lodo + 70% serragem; 30% lodo + 65% serragem + 5% cama de aviário; e 30% lodo + 60% serragem + 10% cinza da queima de biomassa florestal. Durante o tempo da compostagem o material foi revolvido e os parâmetros temperatura (T), umidade e pH das leiras foram determinados periodicamente. Os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, B e Mn, e alguns atributos biológicos foram determinados no composto gerado. Todas as cinco combinações avaliadas possibilitaram a neutralização do lodo pela compostagem. Na fase de maior atividade do processo, as leiras apresentaram umidade entre 40 e 65% e T na faixa de 60 a 75 °C. Entretanto, a T e o pH variaram entre os tratamentos em função do teor de umidade das leiras. O composto apresentou potencial fertilizante, com teores totais médios de N, P, K, Ca e, Mg de 6,6, 1,11, 1,42, 1,1 e 6,6 g kg-1 (base seca), respectivamente. Os teores de metais pesados e contaminantes no composto orgânico em geral se situaram dentro dos limites permitidos pela legislação

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Souza, Henrique Antunes. "Uso agronômico do subproduto da indústria processadora de goiabas /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105200.

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Orientador: William Natale
Banca: Danilo Eduardo Rozane
Banca: Silvia Helena Modonese Gorla da Silva
Banca: Luiz Antonio Junqueira Teixeira
Banca: José Frederico Centurion
Resumo: A utilização do subproduto da indústria de processamento de goiabas poderia substituir parcialmente a adubação mineral, tendo em vista o relativamente elevado teor de nutrientes contidos neste subproduto, diminuindo os impactos ambientais de seu acúmulo e reduzindo os custos de produção nas áreas frutícolas. Dada à escassez de informações na literatura e a importância do manejo adequado de subprodutos orgânicos na agricultura, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do subproduto em um Argissolo, determinando-se as alterações químicas provocadas no solo, no estado nutricional das goiabeiras e na produção de frutos. O delineamento empregado foi em blocos casualizados, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo as doses do subproduto (moído) iguais a: zero, 9, 18, 27 e 36 t ha-1 (peso seco) e mais dois tratamentos adicionais sendo a utilização do subproduto não moído (na dose de 18 t ha-1) e a recomendação de adubos minerais. Foram feitas aplicações em: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 e 2010. Com o incremento das doses houve aumento nas concentrações de N, P e Mn no solo, além de decréscimo no valor pH; houve, também, elevação dos teores foliares de N, Mg e Mn; incremento no índice SPAD, no teor de clorofila b nas folhas e na produção de frutos; houve, ainda, aumento no teor de N e decréscimo no teor de Ca nos frutos, além do aumento da exportação de N e K. As doses do subproduto não influenciaram os atributos de pós-colheita dos frutos. Os macronutrientes mais exportados foram: K>N>P>S>Mg>Ca e, micronutrientes foram: Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B. A aplicação do subproduto não moído (sementes não trituradas) pode ser uma opção, apresentando resultados satisfatórios. A adubação com o subproduto da indústria processadora de goiabas em pomar de goiabeiras mostrou-se potencialmente viável
Abstract: The use of byproduct processing industry guavas could partially replace chemical fertilizers, in view of the relatively high content of nutrients in the residue, reducing the environmental impacts of their accumulation and reducing production costs in the areas of fruit. Considering the scarcity of information in literature and the importance of proper management of organic residue in agriculture aimed to evaluate the effects of the byproduct in an Hapludults, determining the chemical changes induced in the soil, nutritional status and yield of guava fruit. The experimental design was randomized blocks with seven treatments and four replications, the doses of the byproduct equal to zero, 9, 18, 27 and 36 t ha-1 (dry weight) plus two additional treatments, one using of byproduct not crushed (equal 18 t ha-1) and other the recommendation of mineral fertilizers. The applications were made in: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. The increase of doses increased concentrations of N, P and Mn in the soil, decrease the pH, there was also increase foliar content of N, Mg and Mn, an increase the SPAD index, chlorophyll content b in leaves and fruit yield, also increase N content and decrease Ca content in fruits, in addition to increased export of N and K. The doses of the residue did not affect the attributes of post-harvest fruit. Macronutrients were exported more K>N>P>S>Mg>Ca, and micronutrients were: Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B. The application of residue not crushed may be an option, showing satisfactory results. The fertilization with residue of guava processing industry in the guava orchard proved to be potentially viable
Doutor

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Etto, Thiago Luiz 1988. "Incorporação de lodo de tanque séptico na dinâmica do fósforo e sódio no solo." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257874.

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Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: Devido à crescente preocupação ambiental é esperado um aumento de estações de tratamento de esgoto, e consequentemente dos resíduos por essas gerados. Dentre as formas de destinação final para tal resíduo, destaca-se a incorporação de lodo no solo que atualmente, é regulamentada pela Resolução Conama nº 375 de agosto de 2006 que estabelece os critérios e procedimentos, para aplicação de lodo de esgoto na agricultura. Diversos estudos mostram que a incorporação de lodo na melhora as características físicas e estruturais do solo, além de prover maior quantidade de macro e micronutriente para as plantas que. Atualmente, a incorporação de lodo é calculada com base somente no teor de nitrogênio, sem considerar a quantidade de fósforo a ser incorporada. Apesar desse elemento ser essencial para o desenvolvimento dos vegetais, seu aporte excessivo no meio ambiente pode ocasionar impactos ambientais, especialmente em ambientes aquáticos, onde o elemento provoca a eutrofização. Outro elemento que pode ser acrescido no solo por meio da incorporação de resíduos e pode ser prejudicial às plantas é o sódio. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho se propôs a avaliar as alterações na dinâmica do fósforo e do sódio em solos que receberam a aplicação de lodo de tanque séptica na quantidade 0,0M, 1,0N, 2,0N e 3,0N, correspondente em massa a 0, 2, 4 e 6%, respectivamente. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a incorporação de lodo de tanque séptico provocou o incremento da capacidade máxima de adsorção até um limitante que possivelmente é dado pela saturação dos sítios de adsorção. Foi constatado também que a incorporação do lodo aumenta a fração mais biodisponível de fósforo. Quanto ao sódio, seus teores foram acrescidos significativamente, todavia, os valores do percentual de sódio trocável - PST e a razão de adsorção de sódio - RAS se manteve. Assim, o trabalho conclui que a incorporação de lodo de tanque séptico é interessante, uma vez que contribui para a melhoria da fertilidade do solo, em especial, a disponibilidade de fósforo para as culturas, e, apesar de aumentar o sódio trocável, pode não alterar a PST e a RAS
Abstract: Due to growing environmental concern is expected a sewage treatment plants, increase and consequently solid waste generated by them. Among the forms of disposal for such waste, highlights the incorporation of sludge in soil that is currently regulated by CONAMA Resolution 375 of August 2006 establishing criteria and procedures for application of sewage sludge in agriculture. Several studies show that the incorporation of slime improves the physical and structural characteristics of soil, and provide large quantity of macro-and micro-nutrient for plants. Currently, the incorporation of sludge is calculated based only on the content of nitrogen, without regarding the amount of phosphorus being incorporated. Although this element is essential to plants development, their contribution to excessive environmental impacts can especially result in aquatic environments, where the element causes eutrophication. Another element may be added into the soil through the incorporation of residues and may be harmful to plants is sodium. In this context, the present work aimed to evaluate the changes in the dynamics of phosphorus and sodium in soils which was amended with the application of septic tank sludge amount in 0.0 N, 1.0 N, 2.0 N and 3.0 N, corresponding mass at 2, 4 and 6%, respectively. According to the results, the incorporation of septic tank sludge has caused the increase of the maximum adsorption capacity to a limiter which is possibly given by the saturation of the adsorption sites. It was also found that the incorporation of sludge increases more bioavailable fraction of phosphorus. As the sodium content was significantly increased, however, the values of exchangeable sodium percentage - ESP and sodium adsorption ratio - SAR remained. Thus, the paper concludes that the incorporation of septic tank sludge is interesting, since it contributes to improving the soil fertility, in particular, the availability of phosphorous for crops and, despite increasing the exchangeable sodium cannot change the PST and the RAS
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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Trevisan, Marcos José. "Resíduos de carbosulfan e de seus metabólitos carbofuran e 3-hidroxi-carbofuran em frutos e folhas de laranjeira [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], determinados por cromatografia em fase gasosa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-12022003-144017/.

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Este estudo teve como principal objetivo avaliar o inseticida/acaricida carbamato carbosulfan e seus metabólitos carbofuran e 3-hidroxi-carbofuran, de modo a estudar este metabolismo em condições de campo, abrangendo a sua ocorrência como resíduos em frutos, cascas e suco, bem como o potencial de contaminação do agroecossistema (resíduos em folhas). A degradação/persistência desses resíduos nos substratos foi monitorada durante certo período de tempo de tomada de amostras, e comparada com o limite máximo de resíduo (LMR) e o intervalo de segurança, estabelecidos pela legislação Brasileira para frutos. O trabalho consistiu de dois experimentos: o Experimento 1, realizado no município de Cordeirópolis-SP com o cultivar Valência, e o Experimento 2 com o cultivar Pêra Rio, em São Pedro-SP, ambos com 4 tratamentos (3 repetições), que foram os seguintes: A - uma única aplicação na dosagem X = 50 mL p. c./100 L de água (10 g i. a./ 100 L de água) de Marshal 200 SC (recomendada na bula); B - uma única aplicação na dosagem 2X = 100 mL p. c./100 L de água (20 g i. a./ 100 L de água) de Marshal 200 SC; C - quatro aplicações na dosagem X(4x) = 50 mL p. c./100 L de água (10 g i. a./ 100 L de água) de Marshal 200 SC; D - Testemunha. O método analítico consistiu na extração dos resíduos com acetato de etila, limpeza dos extratos em cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC), e determinação quantitativa em cromatógrafo de gás equipado com detector de nitrogênio - fósforo (NPD). As amostras de frutos e de folhas foram colhidas um dia antes da aplicação parcelada (-1 dia), e aos zero, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após. No Experimento 2, os frutos foram separados em casca e suco, com o propósito de se estudar a ocorrência de seus resíduos nestes substratos, e, desse modo a possibilidade de penetração na polpa (suco). Os limites de quantificação (LOQs), determinados por estudos de fortificação e recuperação, foram iguais para ambos os substratos (0,05 mg.kg -1 , ppm) (fruto e folha) e para os três analitos (carbosulfan, carbofuran e 3-hidroxi-carbofuran). Em ambos os experimentos, o metabolismo do carbosulfan em carbofuran foi em geral rápido, tanto no fruto como na folha, e mais lento deste para 3-hidroxi-carbofuran, sendo os resíduos nas folhas sempre maiores do que nos frutos. Para o fruto, no Experimento 1, os valores do LMR e do período de carência mostraram-se de acordo com a legislação vigente, com resíduos totais de carbosulfan (carbosulfan + carbofuran + 3-hidroxi-carbofuran) abaixo do LMR (0,05 mg.kg -1 ) ao cabo do intervalo de segurança (7 dias). No Experimento 2 os resultados permitiram a determinação dos valores de ½ vida para carbofuran de 9,4 e 3,0 dias, respectivamente para casca e folha, para o tratamento A (dosagem recomendada). A análise do suco revelou níveis inferiores ao LOQ (< 0,05 mg.kg -1) em todas as amostras de qualquer tratamento.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the insecticide/acaricide carbamate carbosulfan and its metabolites carbofuran and 3-hydroxy-carbofuran, in order to study the metabolism in field conditions, including its occurrence as residues in fruits, peel and juice, as well as the potential for agroecosysten contamination (residues in leaves). The degradation/persistence of these residues in/on these substrates was monitored through of time of sample collecting, and comparing with the Maximum Residue Level (MRL) and the safety interval, established by the Brazilian legislation. This research consisted of two experiments: Experiment 1 was carried out in Cordeirópolis - SP County, using Valência variety, and Experiment 2 with Pêra Rio variety, in São Pedro - SP County, both with four treatments (3 repetitions): A - only one application of dosage X = 50 mL c. p./100 L of water (10 g a. i./100 L of water) of Marshal 200 CS (recommended dosage); B - only one application of dosage 2X = 100 mL c. p./100 L of water (20 g a. i./100 L of water) of Marshal 200 CS; C - four applications of dosage X(4x) = 50 mL c. p./100 L of water (10 g a. i./100 L of water) of Marshal 200 CS; D - control. The analytical method consisted in a extraction of residues with ethyl acetate, clean-up of extracts in gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and quantitative determination in gas chromatography equipped with nitrogen and phosphorus detector (NPD). Fruit and leaf samples were collected one day before the treatment (-1 day) and zero, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after the combined application. In Experiment 2, fruits were separated in peel and juice, with the purpose of studying the occurrence of residues in these substrates, and the possibility of their penetration in the pulp (juice). The limits of quantification (LOQs) determinated by studies of fortification and recovery, were equal to both substrates (0,05 mg.kg -1, ppm) (fruit and leaf) and to the three analyts (carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy-carbofuran). In both experiments, the metabolism of carbosulfan to carbofuran was in general quick, in fruit as well in leaf, and slower to 3-hydroxy-carbofuran, being the residues in leaves always higher than in fruits. In Experiment 1, MRL and safety interval values were according to the legislation, with carbosulfan total residues (carbosulfan + carbofuran + 3-hydroxy-carbofuran) lower than the MRL (0,05 mg.kg -1 ) at the end of the safety interval (7 days). In Experiment 2, the results showed carbofuran half-lives values of 9,4 and 3,0 days, respectively to peel and leaf, to the treatment A (recommended dosage). The analysis of juice showed levels below LOQ (< 0,05 mg.kg -1 ) in all samples and treatments.

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Cerri, Fabiana. "Validação de metodologia para análise de procimidona em morango e determinação de seus resíduos na fruta \"in natura\" e produtos processados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-15122008-145419/.

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O morango utilizado pela indústria alimentícia tem seu sabor e aroma bastante valorizados e apreciados, quando comparado com outras frutas. Entretanto, é um produto muito delicado e altamente perecível, exigindo, assim, o uso de técnicas adequadas de colheita e pós-colheita. Para manter sua qualidade e quantidade de produção, observa-se um aumento do uso de agrotóxicos para minimizar prejuízos causados por pragas e doenças do campo. Porém, os pesticidas podem deixar resíduos persistentes nos alimentos e o seu consumo in natura ou industrializado pode ficar comprometido, colocando em risco a saúde do consumidor. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a influência do processamento de morangos, como, minimamente processado, geléia e polpa frente aos resíduos do fungicida procimidona. Em experimento de campo foi aplicado o produto Sumilex 500 WP nos seguintes tratamentos: A testemunha (sem aplicação); B uma única aplicação de 300 g p.c. 100 L-1 água (150 g i.a. 100 L-1 água) e C 3 aplicações sucessivas de 300 g p.c. 100 L-1 água (150 g i.a. 100 L-1 água), com intervalos de 7 dias entre elas. As amostragens foram iniciadas no dia anterior a aplicação do tratamento B (-1 dia) e aos 0, 1, 3, 5, 10 e 15 dias, sendo amostrados frutos in natura, para posterior processamento, como minimamente processado, geléia e polpa. O método de análise consistiu na extração dos resíduos de procimidona com acetato de etila, limpeza do extrato (clean up) feita por cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho molecular de alta eficiência - GPC e determinação quantitativa feita por técnica de cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplado a detector de captura de elétrons - CG/ECD. O método analítico apresentou recuperação em torno de 85,5% com desvio padrão de 7% e limites de quantificação de 0,00076 mg.kg-1 e detecção de 0,00023 mg.kg-1. Os valores de procimidona encontrados em morango não excederam o LMR (3 mg.kg-1) estabelecido pela legislação brasileira, em qualquer um dos períodos de coleta das amostras. Nos tratamentos que receberam aplicações no campo (B e C) os níveis de procimidona decresceram no decorrer do tempo, tanto para o morango in natura como para os produtos processados de morango. Os valores de meia vida de degradação foram de 7-8 dias para ambos os tratamentos. Não houve redução significativa nos níveis de resíduos encontrados no morango in natura, assim como para os obtidos na polpa e minimamente processado. Porém, uma considerável degradação de procimidona foi observada no processo de cozimento, apresentado pela baixa concentração de resíduos na geléia. De maneira geral, a procimidona apresentou maiores níveis no morango in natura e menores na geléia de morango (produto final).
The strawberry used by the food industry has flavor and aroma very valued and appreciated when compared to the other fruits. However, it is a very delicate and highly perishable product, demanding, therefore, the use of appropriate techniques of harvesting and post-harvest. To keep quality and quantity of production, there is an increase of pesticides utilization in order to minimize damages caused by pests and field diseases on the field. However, the pesticides can leave persistent residues in the foods and their consumer fresh or industrialized may be impaired, putting the consumer health at risk. Thus, this work aimed to investigate the influence of the strawberries processing, as, minimally process, jam and pulp front of the waste of fungicide procymidone. In the field experiment, was applied the Sumilex 500 WP product according the treatments: A control (without application); B - a single application for 300 g c.p. 100 L-1 water (150 g a.i. 100 L-1 water) and C - 3 successive applications for 300 g c.p. 100 L-1 water (150 g a.i. 100 L-1 water), with intervals of 7 days between them. The sampling started in the previous day of the last treatment application B (- 1 day). Other sampling were carried through 0, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 days, and sampled fresh fruit, for further processing, such as minimally process, jam and pulp. The analysis method consisted in extraction with ethyl acetate, cleaning of the extract by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and quantitative determination by gas chromatograph with specific detector of electron capture (GC/ECD). The analytical method presented recovery around 85,5% with errors of 7% and the quantification limits of 0,000076 mg.kg-1 and detection limits of 0,00023 mg.kg-1. The procymidone values found in strawberry did not exceed the maximum residues limits (3 mg.kg-1) fixed by brazilian legislation, in any periods of harvest. In the treatments that received application on the field (B and C) the procymidone levels decreased in the course of the study, as fresh strawberry as for process product of strawberry. The half-life values of degradation were of 7-8 days to the both treatments. There was no significant reduction in the residue levels found in strawberry fresh, pulp and minimally process. But, a considerable degradation of procymidone was observed in the cooking process, showing by low residues concentrations in the jam. Overall, the procymidone showed higher residues in fresh strawberry and lower on strawberry jam (final product).

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Sgarbiero, Eduardo. "Resíduos de pirimifós-metil em grãos de trigo, milho e milho pipoca, em alguns de seus produtos processados e ação residual desse inseticida sobre Sitophilus spp. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-26072002-155740/.

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Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar a ocorrência / persistência / degradação de resíduos do inseticida organofosforado pirimifós-metil em grãos de trigo, milho e milho pipoca e em alguns de seus produtos processados, bem como a ação residual desse inseticida sobre Sitophilus spp. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). O tratamento dos grãos foi realizado de modo a se obter a concentração teórica de 12 mg.kg-1 (ppm) de pirimifós-metil, tendo sido aplicados o equivalente a 5 litros de solução por tonelada de grãos. As amostras para estudos de resíduos foram tomadas aos zero, 15, 30, 60, 120 e 240 dias após o tratamento. O método analítico consta da extração dos resíduos com acetona, limpeza com partição acetonitrila/hexano seguida de coluna cromatográfica de sílica eluída com mistura de hexano+acetona (9/1, v/v). A determinação quantitativa foi feita por técnica de cromatografia em fase gasosa, usando-se cromatógrafo equipado com detector fotométrico de chama (GLC/FPD). Foram analisadas 264 amostras no total, sendo 72 de grãos cereais e 192 de seus produtos processados. Para os estudos de ação residual do inseticida sobre adultos de Sitophilus spp. os insetos foram submetidos a testes em exposição aos grãos tratados após 15 dias decorridos do tratamento, 30 dias após, e, subseqüentemente, em intervalos mensais até 12 meses. Os limites de quantificação dos resíduos pelo método de análise, para os diferentes substratos variaram de 0,05 a 0,1 mg.kg-1. Os resíduos de pirimifós-metil não foram persistentes nos grãos nem em seus produtos processados, decrescendo de 4-8 vezes no período de amostragem. Eles foram maiores nos produtos processados ricos em óleos (farelo de trigo e de milho), menores nos grãos (estes semelhantes às farinhas integral e branca, e pipoca) e, ainda menores, no pão, farinha de milho e canjica. O inseticida pirimifós-metil mostrou-se bastante eficiente no controle de Sitophilus spp., no tratamento dos três tipos de grãos cereais durante todo o período de observação.
The purposes of this study were to evaluate the occurence, persistence and degradation of pyrimiphos-methyl organophosphorus insecticide residues on wheat, corn and popcorn grains in and some of their processed products, as well the residual action of this insecticide for the control the Sitophilus spp. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Grain treatment was performed to obtain the theoretic concentration of 12 mg.Kg-1 (ppm) of pyrimiphos-methyl, which was applied at the dosage of 5 L of solution/ton of the grain. Sampling was performed at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 days after the treatment. The samples were analyzed for residues of pyrimiphos-methyl using a residue method based on extraction with acetone, clean up by partition with acetonitrile/hexane followed by silica gel column chromatography eluted with a mixture of hexane + acetone (9:1) (v:v) solution. Residue determinations were done by the gas chromatography technique using a flame photometry detector (GLC/FPD). Total samples analyzed were 264, being 72 of cereal grains and 192 of processed products. The studies of residual action of the insecticide for the control of Sitophilus spp adults were conducted with adults and exposing the insects to treated grains 15 days after the application, 30 days, and subsequently at monthly intervals up to 12 months. The limits of quantitation of the analytical method for different substracts ranged between 0.05 to 0.1 mg.kg-1 (ppm). Pyrimiphos-methyl residues were not persistent on the grains and processed products. A decay of 4 to 8 times during the sampling period was observed. The residues found were higher in the processed products with high oil content (wheat and corn brans), lower on grains (similar to whole and white flours and popcorn) and even lower in bread, corn flour and "canjica". Pyrimiphos-methyl was very efficient for the control of Sitophilus spp on the three grain types during the entire period of observation.

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Meira, Ana Paula Gasques. "Ingestão de resíduos de agrotóxicos potencialmente contidos na dieta habitual de escolares." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-10112016-105057/.

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O uso de agrotóxicos no cultivo de alimentos é cada vez mais intenso e o Brasil é o país que mais utiliza esse recurso na agricultura. Esses compostos são potencialmente prejudiciais ao homem, podendo ocasionar diversos efeitos adversos na saúde, situação que contradiz o conceito de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi estimar a Ingestão Diária Máxima Teórica (IDMT) dos agrotóxicos potencialmente contidos na dieta habitual dos escolares e comparar com os parâmetros de ingestão estabelecidos pelos órgãos reguladores. Os dados de consumo alimentar e antropométricos utilizados são provenientes do conjunto de dados originais (n = 341) obtidos junto a amostra de escolares matriculados nas unidades públicas de ensino do município de Guariba (São Paulo), no ano de 2013. Para a análise de ingestão dos agrotóxicos foi utilizada a média de consumo alimentar dos escolares, obtida por meio de dois recordatórios de 24 horas. A partir das adequações na padronização das terminologias dos alimentos ou preparações, conversão das medidas caseiras em gramas de alimento e desmembramento das preparações consumidas, foi construído um banco de dados de consumo. Outros bancos de dados construídos foram das aferições antropométricas dos alunos e dos parâmetros relativos ao Limite Máximo de Resíduos (LMR) e Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA). Foram utilizados dados de Limite Máximo de Resíduos (LMR) adotados pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) e Codex Alimentarius. A Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) obteve-se de quatro órgãos (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), Codex Alimentarius, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) e governo da Austrália). Os resultados mostraram que os valores medianos de ingestão (estimada) de nove, do total de 272 agrotóxicos, excederam a Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) estabelecida pela ANVISA. Adotandose os parâmetros dos demais órgãos, verifica-se que cinco agrotóxicos excederam os valores da agência EPA, quatro, o Codex Alimentarius e quinze o governo da Austrália. Destaca-se também que 58 agrotóxicos tiveram ingestão máxima que supera os limites estabelecidos pela ANVISA. Entre os nove agrotóxicos, cujos valores da mediana de ingestão ultrapassou o limite IDA da ANVISA, mais de 50% são classificados como muito tóxicos. Foi possível observar ainda a quantidade expressiva de agrotóxicos sem IDA estabelecido.
The use of pesticides in the agriculture production is becoming more intense. Brazil is the country that uses this resource in agriculture. These compounds are potentially harmful to humans and can cause many adverse health effects, a situation which contradicts the concept of food and nutrition security. The overall objective of this research was to estimate the Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) of pesticides potentially contained in the usual diet of students and compare with the intake parameters established by regulatory agencies. The food intake and anthropometric data used are from the set of original data (n = 341) obtained from the sample of schoolchildren enrolled in the public education facilities in the city of Guariba (São Paulo), in 2013. For the analysis of consumption of pesticides used was the average food consumption of school, obtained by means of two reminders 24 hours. From adjustments in standardization of terminologies of food or preparation, conversion of household measures in grams of food consumed and dismemberment of preparations, has built a consumer database. Other databases were built of anthropometric measurements of students and parameters relating to the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). Limit data were used Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) adopted by the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) and Codex Alimentarius. The Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) obtained from four agencies (National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), Codex Alimentarius, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Australian government). The results showed mean intake values (estimated) nine compounds, the total of 272 pesticides, exceeded the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) established by ANVISA. Admitting parameters of other agencies, there are five pesticides that exceeded the EPA agency values, four compounds exceed the Codex Alimentarius and fifteen exceed the government of Australia values. It is noteworthy that 58 pesticides had maximum intake that exceeds the limits established by ANVISA. Among the nine pesticides whose intake median values exceeds the IDA limit ANVISA, more than 50% are classified as very toxic. It was also possible to observe the significant amount of pesticides without IDA established.

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Jogbratt, Arvid. "Kadmium som begränsande faktor för användande av tång som biogassubstrat - en laborativ undersökning :." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-15625.

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Sveriges miljömål ”Begränsad klimatpåverkan” beskriver ambitionen att fram till år 2020 ska ha minskat utsläppen av växthusgaser med 40 % gentemot år 1990. Ett sätt för Sverige att lyckas med de uppsatta målen är att utveckla biogasproduktionen. Potentialen för biogasproduktion bedöms vara mycket stor och forskning för att ta fram nya substrat att använda inom biogasframställningen pågår. Ett möjligt substrat är alger, dock har tidigare forskning påvisat höga kadmiumhalter i alger vilket kan innebära problem för spridning av rötresten. Syftet med denna rapport var att genom laborativ och litterär undersökning bedöma algers potential som biogassubstrat och gödningsmedel. Resultaten påvisade höga kadmiumkoncentrationer hos alger vilket försvårar en spridning av kadmium till åkermark. De framtagna gränsvärdena för kadmiuminnehåll hos gödningsmedel överskrids för samtliga prover. Det ringa gödningsvärdet hos rötresten grundas i det låga fosforinnehållet hos algerna. Gaspotentialen för rötning av alger med organiskt avfall visade sig vara mycket god, vilket kan motivera en utveckling av effektiva, billiga, reningsmetoder för kadmium. För Halmstad kommun beräknades energiproduktionen av alger att vara av betydelse om ytterligare utveckling av uppsamling och skörd utreds. Metoder för kadmiumavskiljning har studerats och i Japan har en effektiv reningsmetod som baseras på urlakning följt av adsorption med naturliga koaguleringsmedel framställda från fruktavfall tagits fram. Andra metoder som möjliggör rötning av alger är att kombinera biogasframställning med produktion av energiskog. Odlingarna kan gödslas med den kadmiumrika rötresten, varefter den skördade energiskogen förbränns och renas från kadmium på förbränningsanläggning.

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26

Valério, Laura Brisighelo. "Metodologia para estimativa de resíduos de praguicidas em commodities de origem animal para o cenário brasileiro, para estabelecimento de limites máximos de resíduos e condução de avaliações do risco dietético." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-12112018-150703/.

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No Brasil o Limite Máximo de Resíduo (LMR) para praguicidas é estabelecido pelas autoridades competentes apenas para as commodities vegetais e é publicado nas monografias dos ingredientes ativos da ANVISA. Os LMRs em commodities de origem animal não são estabelecidos, e, portanto, não são consideradas a exposição não intencional dos animais, como o uso de praguicidas em culturas destinadas a alimentação animal. Consequentemente se desconhecem os reais valores de resíduos de praguicidas em produtos de origem animal como carne, leite e ovos, tornando-se uma limitação para a condução mais acurada de uma avaliação da exposição da população brasileira a praguicidas. Os LMRs estabelecidos pelo JMPR (Joint FAO/WHO Meetings on Pesticide Residues) e OCDE (Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico) para os produtos de origem animal não podem ser utilizados em primeira instância como sendo representativos para o Brasil, uma vez que é necessária uma análise profunda, não somente dos produtos, doses e culturas, a fim de identificar se estes refletem o cenário brasileiro, como também uma análise das práticas de alimentação animal feitas no país, uma vez que as tabelas relativas a alimento animal para o cálculo da carga dietética de praguicidas são específicas para cada região/país, conforme estabelece a OECD. O objetivo deste estudo foi propor uma metodologia a ser utilizada para o cenário brasileiro a fim de estimar valores de resíduos de praguicidas em commodites de origem animal, para que estes sejam considerados na etapa de avaliação da exposição a praguicidas no Brasil, no processo de avaliação do risco dietético. Para tanto, construiu-se as tabelas brasileiras de alimentos vegetais consumidos por nove diferentes animais e duas calculadoras/ferramentas em Excel® validadas para o auxílio da estimativa da carga alimentar de resíduos de praguicidas para cada animal e da estimativa dos resíduos em cada commodite. A estimativa prevista de resíduos de praguicidas em commodities de origem animal através dessa metodologia compreende uma etapa anterior ao monitoramento desses resíduos e não deve ser confundida com monitoramento in loco, mas sim uma maneira de se estabelecer limites de resíduos, a fim de verificar-se, previamente, se estes são seguros a saúde.
In Brazil the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) for pesticides is established by the competent authorities only for plant commodities and it is published in the ANVISA\'s active ingredients monographs. MRLs on commodities of animal origin are not established, and therefore unintentional animal exposure such as the use of pesticides in crops intended for animal feed is not considered. Consequently, the actual values of pesticide residues in animal commodities are not known, becoming a limitation for the conduction of a more accurate exposure assessment of the Brazilian population to pesticides. The MRLs established by the JMPR (Joint Meetings on Pesticide Residues) and OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) for animal commodities cannot be used in the first instance as being representative for Brazil, since a thorough analysis is needed not only of the products, doses and crops, in order to identify if they reflect the Brazilian scenario, but also an analysis of the animal feeding practices predominant in the country, since the tables related to animal feed for the calculation of the animal dietary burden of pesticides are specific to each region/country, as established by the OECD. The objective of the study was to propose a methodology to be used for the Brazilian scenario in order to estimate pesticide residues levels in animal commodities, so that they are considered in the exposure assessment to pesticides in Brazil, in the dietary risk assessment process. In order to do so, were created the Brazilian animal feed table for nine different animals and two validated Excel® calculators/tools to aid in estimating the animal dietary burden for each animal and estimating the residues in each animal commodity. The estimates of the anticipated pesticide residues in food commodities of animal origin based on this methodology comprises a step prior to monitoring and should not be confused with monitoring in loco but it\'s rather a way of establishing residue limits in order to verify, previously, if they are safe to the human health.

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Barletta, Juliana Yamashita. "Desenvolvimento e aplicação de uma nova fase para extração por sorção em barra de agitação (SBSE)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75132/tde-29032011-091230/.

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Uma fase polimérica inédita de polidimetilsiloxano/carvão ativado (PDMS-ACB) é proposta como fase extratora para extração por sorção em barras de agitação (SBSE). A barra de PDMS-ACB foi desenvolvida no laboratório usando um molde de teflon simples, demonstrando estabilidade e resistência aos solventes orgânicos. Utilizando uma única barra de PDMS-ACB mais de 150 extrações foram realizadas sem qualquer dano. A barra de SBSE contém aproximadamente 100 µL de revestimento polimérico, 2,36 mm de diâmetro e 2,2 cm de comprimento. A barra PDMS-ACB foi aplicada na extração de seis pesticidas (ametrina, atrazina, bifentrina, carbofurano, metribuzim e tebutiurom), com propriedades predominantemente polares, comumente aplicados em plantações de cana-de-açúcar. A barra PDMS-ACB foi utilizada na determinação de pesticidas em garapa através de cromatografia gasosa hifenada à espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). O planejamento experimental foi empregado na etapa de otimização da extração SBSE, um planejamento fatorial fracionado avaliou a influência dos principais parâmetros envolvidos. Posteriormente, o planejamento composto central (CCD) com conformação estrela foi explorado para otimizar os fatores significativos na extração. Apenas 200 µL de acetato de etila foram utilizados como solvente na dessorção líquida (LD). Para os compostos avaliados, o método apresentou limite de quantificação (LOQ) no intervalo de 0,5 - 40 µg L-1, as recuperações variaram entre 0,18 - 49,50 % e a precisão intra-dia variou de 0,072 - 8,40 %. Concluída a etapa de validação, o método foi aplicado em amostras reais de garapa disponíveis comercialmente em São Carlos-SP.
A novel polydimethylsiloxane/activated carbon (PDMS-ACB) is proposed as new polymeric phases for stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). The PDMS-ACB was developed in lab using simple teflon\'s mold, demonstrating remarkable stability and resistance to organic solvents, over 150 extractions without any damage. SBSE bar contained 100 µL of polymeric coating, a diameter of 2.36 mm and a length of 2.2 cm. It was applied to the determination of pesticides (ametryn, atrazine, bifenthrin, carbofuran, metribuzine and tebuthiuron) having predominantly polar properties, applied in sugarcane crops. PDMS-ACB was employed in the determination of pesticides in sugarcane juice using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Experimental design was employed in the optimization step, a fractional factorial evaluated the main parameters involved in the extraction procedure. Afterwards, central composite design (CCD) was exploited to optimize the significant factors on the extraction. About 200 µL of ethyl acetate were employed as solvent in the liquid desorption (LD). The method presented limit of quantification (LOQ) from 0.5 to 40 µg L-1, recoveries varied 0.18 - 49.50% and precision intra-day 0.072 - 8.40%. Hence, the method was applied to the analysis of real sugarcane juice samples commercially available in São Carlos-SP.

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Lu, Ju-ching, and 盧志清. "The change of pesticide residues during the fermentation of vegetable wastes and the feasibility of making liquid fertilizer." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96263946356069841566.

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碩士
國立中興大學
土壤環境科學系
90
In Taiwan, the vegetable-fruit markets produce much waste, i.e., vegetable residue. For the time being, it has not completely reused. In fact, this waste contains amount of inorganic nutrients and organic materials and should be appropriately renewable and recycling. It’s a good method to reduce the amount of crop wastes or produce compost and organic fertilizer. In this research, we collected vegetable wastes from market, to carry out the pesticides selection and ferment digest test. We used multiresidue method to detect the amount of the pesticides residue. In the process of digestion, detect the amount of pesticides and recovery test, we also measured temperature, pH and EC. In order to understand the decay property of vegetable wastes residual pesticides in the storage process and the change of the property and nutrient, also detected organic C, total N and the amount of Ca, Mg, K, Na, and S after digestion. The result of the pesticides residue abundance in summer vegetable wastes from C-market show that the amount of Chlorpyrifos (O,O -diethyl -3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate）is 3.3 μg g-1, SD is about ±10%, IDL is 0.01 μg g-1.. The result of the pesticides residue abundance in winter vegetable wastes from C-market show that the amount of Chlorpyrifos is 0.18 μg g-1, Monocrotophos （dimethyl（E）-1-methyl -2-( methylcarbamoyl)vinyl phosphate）is 0.25 μg g-1, Methamidophos ( O,S - dimethyl phosphoramidothioate ) is 0.11 μg g-1, Acephate (O,S- dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate) is 0.07 μg g-1, Isoxathion (O,O- diethyl O-5-phenylisoxazol-3-yl phosphorothioate) is 0.41 μg g-1, SD is about ±5% to ±15%. The result of the pesticides residue abundance in winter vegetablwastes from K-market show that the amount of Chlorpyrifos is 0.3 μg g-1, Monocrotophos is 0.41 μg g-1, Methamidophos is 0.04 μg g-1, Profenofos is 0.17 μg g-1.. The amount of the pesticides residue in the process of leaf digest and recovery test, show that the recovery of select pesticides are between 80% to 120%, SD is ±1% to ±15% . The degradation of Chlorpyrifos in the process of digestion during summer is fast between 21 to 27 days. But the rate of degradation became slow after 27 days. The degradation of Chlorpyrifos, Methamidophos and Isoxathion in the process of digestion during winter is fast because hydrolysis result in digestion between 7 to 21 days. The degradation became slower after 21 days. The pesticides residue time become longer, maybe result from the temperature during winter is colder than summer. The degradation of Monocrotophos was fast, it couldn’t be detect after 21 days. The degradation of Chlorpyrifos is fast in the process of digestion during winter between 0 to 7 days, The degradation became slower after 7 days. The residual time of Methamidophos and Profenofos became more longer. The temperature in the process of fermention was no significant change, pH value after fermention was approach 7. From this research, there are no organochloride pesticides residue such as DDT in the vegetable wastes. Although the vegetable wastes residue organophosphate pesticides, such as Chlorpyrifos, Methamidophos and Profenofos. But they will degradation in the process of fermention. Therefore, after fermention, those vegetable wastes can produce liquid fertilizer or as the organic materials.

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Huang, Pei-Tsz, and 黃沛慈. "The Development of Pesticide Residue Detection System." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7frure.

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碩士
中原大學
生物醫學工程研究所
106
Crops are often damaged by pests, voles and weeds. An economical and convenient policy is to spray pesticides. However, when humans are over-reliant on it and use it in an improper way, then it will cause pesticide residues and environmental pollution. Traditional method for the detection of pesticide residues are gas chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography instrument. We use it to determine the type of pesticide. Though the analytical methods have highly accurate and sensitive, it is costly and time-consuming to operate. It also requires expensive instruments and well-trained researchers to operate this kind of instruments. Therefore, this study aims to develop an electrochemical pesticide sensor that is fast, convenient and can be used to detect samples on site. Base on the property that the organophosphorus and carbonate pesticides can inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase, the activity of the enzyme can be detected by means of electrochemistry, and the pesticide residue can be indirectly calculated. (In other words, this study provides a simple way to achieve rapid detection, reduce examination costs and simplify the fruits and vegetables sample extraction process, and disadvantages of requiring professional operation.) To achieve the goal that can detect pesticide residues at home. This study developed MSP430 firmware system simulating the unknown electrochemical signal by the charging and discharging RC circuits and the accuracy is verified by measuring the simulated electrochemical signal. The sensor is combined with the MSP firmware system to detect the signal after the reaction between the enzyme and the substrate. Then, evaluate signal changes through area under the curve at an interval from 1 seconds to 4 seconds. It confirmed self-made sensor instrument can effectively detect the output signal of different thiocholine concentrations below 0.5 mM. The self-made sensor instrument is used for signal analysis and processing, and simultaneously measure the thiocholine signal with the oscilloscope. Then, verify the self-made sensor instrument has the same function with oscilloscope. In the pesticide detection of samples, the experiment was carried out with carbamate pesticides—carbaryl. As a result of the inhibition time of the pesticide, it was found that the 2 ppm pesticide had a very significant inhibitory effect on the 0.025 U acetylcholinesterase at the inhibition time of 5 minutes. The inhibition curve from the standard pesticide detection showed that the activity of acetylcholinesterase will decrease exponentially when pesticide concentration increase and the value of R-squared is 0.95507. In the real sample analysis, it was found that the pesticide extract of bok choy had substances that interfered with the analysis of pesticides. However, it can be distinguished that different pesticide concentrations have different degrees of enzyme inhibition. It confirmed that the self-made sensor instrument can indeed detect the pesticide residues and quantify the residual concentration of pesticides.

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Tseng, Chun-Hsiang, and 曾俊翔. "Detection of Pesticide Residue by Image Processing." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cyy99v.

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碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
光電工程系光電與材料科技碩士班
105
This thesis aims to construct a pesticide residue detection system for Taiwan agricultural products to reduce the cost of pesticide testing and shorten the detection time. Raspberry Pi 3B development board and 8MP Raspberry Pi camera module (V2) camera were used in conjunction with Acetylcholinesterase (Ache) detection method to perform image recognition processing in QT Creator encoder. Firstly, the QT Creator man-machine interface design software and OpenCV image processing library were installed on Raspberry Pi 3B development board to complete the establishment of a development environment, and C ++ program was then written. Ache was used to formulate the detection solution capable of detecting organic phosphorus and carbamate pesticide. When Ache comes in contact with organic phosphorus or carbamate pesticide, it will inhibit the activity of Ache, causing Ache being unable to hydrolyze with acetylcholine (matrix) to become acetic acid and thiocholine. Such long-term acting will cause nerve conduction disorder to result in decreased memory. Alzheimer’s disease is a most apparent symptom caused by a decline in acetylcholine. When thiocholine reacts with the coloring agent, it will turn yellow from transparent. The higher the concentration of pesticide, the lower it contains thiocholine and the slower it turns yellow. On the contrary, the lower the concentration of pesticide, the higher it contains thiocholine and the faster it turns yellow. The yellowing process of the transparent test solution was video recorded through the camera being fixed on a light source, and the variation amount of RGB value was recorded every second. Finally, the concentration of pesticide in the vegetable was determined through the integral size of blue channel spectrum to achieve the goal of detecting pesticide residue value rapidly and cheaply.

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31

Chen, Jin-Yih, and 陳進義. "Application of Ozone in Oxidation of Pesticide Residue on Vegetables and FruitsApplication of Ozone in Oxidation of Pesticide Residue on Vegetables and FruitsApplication of Ozone in Oxidation of Pesticide Residue on Vegetable." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69674900089442169784.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系
94
Taiwan is located in the subtropical zone and has an island climate environment. Most of the vegetables and fruits were frequently invaded by plant diseases and insect pests, and application of pesticide is an effective way to prevent this problem from happening. Most of the pesticides work through the adsorption on the surface, or even penetration into the structure of the plant. In addition, peasants gather before gathering one safely. These thus cause the pesticide residue problem. The toxicity of pesticide is divided into mammal's acute, chronic and to ecological environmental impact. Long term exposure to the pesticide can cause chronic poisoning and has adverse impact on human health. During the preparation of the foods, the vegetables normally go through washing, peeling, and cooking processes. These processes are helpful in the reduction of pesticide residue. The ozone is a strong oxidizing gas, and this strong oxidizing capability can destroy most of the organic pollutants in a short period of time. Application of ozone in disinfection, deodorizing of food, medicine, and aquaculture is very common. But the effect of pesticide residues on vegetables and fruits is not commonly found in the literature. This research is aimed to develop a new type of vegetables and fruits flushing machine using ozone to remove the pesticide residue. The device will be applied to the tests including pesticide residue removal from the water with ozone, and pesticide residue removal from vegetables and fruits with ozone. Toxicity evaluation of the ozonation process will be studied using Tox Tracer. In this project, a closed chamber reactor equipped with ozone generator, water circulation pump, and ORP sensor for auto on/off control of ozone generation was developed to investigate the removal of pesticide residue from the vegetables and fruits. Average oxidation efficiency of Permethrin, Chlorfluazuron and Chlorothalonil aqueous solution with an ozone production of 250 mg/hr and a treatment time of 15 minutes was about 10%. Time-weighted removal efficiency for 15 min, 30 min and 45 min for Permethrin was 25%, for Chlorfluazuron was 13%, and for chlorothalonil was 14%. Removal efficiency increases with increasing ozone production rate and treatment duration. When the pump was operated for water circulation for 15 min, removal efficiency of the pesticide can be more than 50%. An additional 10% removal efficiency can be increased when system was operated for 15 min under an ozone production rate of 250 mg/hr. When the ozone production rate was increased to 500 mg/hr, removal efficiency can be increased to 20%. Adaptations of typical water soaking for 15 min can remove about 33.5% of the residue (Permethrin). When the whole stem of the vegetable was water flushed, the removal efficiencies for Permethrin, Chlorfluazuron and Chlorothalonil were 6%, 18%, and 19%, respectively. When the device developed in this project was applied, removal efficiency of the pesticide residue was found to be about 20% higher than the traditional water soaking method, and about 40-50% higher than whole stem flushing method. When Tox Tracer was used as bioassay for toxicity evaluation, the trend was not very clear, i.e., after the ozonation process some dada showed higher luminance, while some showed reduced luminance. Further study regarding intermediate products with possible higher toxicity is needed to clear this part. Key words：pesticide residue、ozonation process、Oxidation-Reduction、 vegetables and fruits flushing、toxicity evaluation

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32

Chiang, Chun-Yao, and 姜鈞耀. "Survey of Waste Pesticide Container and Treatment Technology of Pesticide Residue in Waste Container." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46251817438411301329.

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碩士
朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系
102
To protect the environment and human safety we innovate this study to survey the counterfeit pesticides that used by farmers in the vegetable fields and develop the cleaning technology of pesticide residue in the empty pesticide container. Empty pesticide container are collected from random chose vegetable fields in Changhua, Yunlin and Chiayi county from April, 2011 until December, 2011. From the survey data, we could understand the type and amount of pesticides used by farmer in vegetable fields. The results indicated the insecticide are used most frequently, followed by fungicides and herbicides in vegetable field. According to studies conducted in vegetable fields, 105 insecticide containers were collected from cauliflowers, and 62 insecticide containers from cabbages. Among them, 38 containers from cauliflowers and 22 containers from cabbages were counterfeit insecticide. The percentage of counterfeit insecticide are 36%. Then 36 fungicides containers were collected from cauliflowers and 25 fungicides containers from cabbages in vegetable field. Among them, 15 containers from cauliflowers and 8 containers from cabbages were counterfeit fungicides. The percentage of counterfeit fungicides in cauliflowers and cabbages are 42% and 32%, respectively. The percentage of counterfeit insecticide and fungicides in vegetable field totally are 30%. The triple water rinsing method was confirmed to be effective technology for cleaning the empty pesticide container. The washing technology of empty pesticide container was developed by triple water rinsing. For an empty pesticide container of 1000 mL, the results showed that Fenvalerate residues are 63 mg/L at the first rinse, then 1.98 mg/L at the second rinse, and 0.72 mg/L at the third rinse. Presume the pesticide residue in the first rinse showed 100%, then only 1.14% residue remains after triple water rinsing. The results showed 98.86% of pesticide residues could be removed by triple water rinsing. It seems be to a good tool for removing the pesticide residue.

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33

Yeh, Tsan-Yi, and 葉讚逸. "Internet of Things and Cloud Technology for Pesticide residue Detection." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dugnyt.

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碩士
國立彰化師範大學
機電工程學系
107
There are many food contamination issues in recent years. People very concern if they eat any heavy metal or pesticide pollution food into the body. Government authority prohibit some pesticide which hard to decay by time or heat. Government authority also define how to use pesticide and how long the fruits and vegetables can be harvested. According annual pesticide residues report which published by Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan says, 50% fruits and vegetables have pesticide residues and 2~10% over the tolerate criteria. The pesticide residues detection is very important for people to monitor the fruits and vegetables status. Traditional pesticide residues inspect instruments are HPLC and GC/MS, the cost is high and time consumption. People will easy to test pesticide residues by home use detector. Combine with mobile device app and cloud server, test result could upload to mobile device app and share to everyone. People will choice the good food and push manufactures to avoid the pesticide contamination. In this study, mobile device app and cloud server for pesticide residues testing result have been development. Testing result upload to mobile device app with testing time and location. The information of fruits and vegetables can be noted, such as name, manufacture (store), purchasing date and picture. The testing results and information be uploading to cloud server for people to check the pesticide residues status by different classification. It could be easy to get information by map with red dots (unqualified) and green dots (qualified). Hope the open pesticide residues information will help people feel safe in buying food, cooking food and eating food. Everyone can join the team and say no to unproven manufacturer.

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34

Huang, Jo-Ying, and 黃若盈. "Determinants of Pesticide Residue and Risk in Vegetables and Fruits." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/login?o=dnclcdr&s=id=%22107NCHU5412019%22.&searchmode=basic.

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碩士
國立中興大學
應用經濟學系所
107
In order to maintain the quantity, quality, and economic development of agricultural products, the applications and residues of pesticides have become important food safety and environmental protection issues in Taiwan. In this thesis, we used sampling data about vegetables and fruits in fields and wholesale markets of Taiwan’s Agricultural and Food Agency to figure out the crucial factors that would result in testing failure. The outcome shows that excessive pesticide application is the main reason of pesticide residues in Taiwan. Moreover, the production environment and the pesticide risk barely affect Taiwan’s pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits. Besides, to figure out which factor is related to the risks of those pesticides used in Taiwan, we used pesticide safety information of Taiwan’s Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine as well as referencing the pesticide tax system of Norway to establish a pesticide risk framework that can fit the situation in Taiwan. The outcome shows that Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and the spraying habits of farmers have negative relation to the risks of those pesticides used in Taiwan.

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35

Hu, Chih-Chiang, and 胡智強. "Improving extraction efficiency of pesticide residue sample by micron technique." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15633131689995115389.

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碩士
國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系
96
Pesticides employment is economical and convenient methods to increase crops output and reduce the production cost in Taiwan where the whether is hot and rainy. In order to ensure the safety of vegetables and fruits, the official agricultural and hygienic units endeavor to control the uses of pesticides and examine the residues on food. The Department of Health, Executive Yuan of Taiwan announced the pesticides multiresidue analytical method (3) in August 2005 which coverd 135 kinds of pesticides. However, in this offical method, homogenization by ordinary blender as sample pretreatment, the recoveries of some pesticides doesn’t perform well. Thiabendazole (TBZ) is one of systemic pesticides and fungicides which commonly used on the vegetables and fruits. The objective of this study is to improve extraction efficiency of pesticide TBZ residue sample by micron technique. The average particle size of the cabbage samples was 44.4 μm ± 6.0 μm after micron technique treatment. Micronized cabbage sample with spiked TBZ was determined by official method. The recoveries of TBZ spiked in micronized cabbage samples is 73.3% ± 3.3%, which is higher than 67.1% ± 2.5% by general method. The recovery efficiency was significantly improved. Bean sprouts were divided into two groups including experimental group and control group to simulate the pratical use of TBZ. In the experimental group, the beans were soaked in 1 μg/mL TBZ for 8 hours before germing. The bean sprouts were collected and processed by micron technique. Results show that TBZ has changed to another compound during growth and it decreased by micronized process. In the future, sample treated by micron technique is suggested to be carefully evaluated for bringing effects on determining target.

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36

Lai, Li-Hao, and 賴力豪. "Investigation on the Pesticide Residue Contents of Green Herbs in Taiwan." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27627953023250037734.

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碩士
中國醫藥大學
中國藥學研究所
96
Taiwanese have used green herbs for a long time. However, the usage of green herbs is limited in some regions without national comprehensive identification. Moreover, it lacks of clinical, toxic, pharmaceutical and animal experiment supports. The usage of green herbs is usually recorded in non-official documents. According to the present laws, green herbs stores are not regulated by the sanitary authority in Taiwan. To open green herb stores, the owners only need to apply the Certificate of the Company Registration from local construction bureaus. Therefore, people who are engaged in green herbs business have become the potential problems of medical and pharmaceutical management. Therefore, the health authority is unable to hold the concrete information of these green herbs stores. The control of green herb stores and the green herbs which sold by these stores are currently limited in the management of labeling, promotion, and advertisement campaign. Instead of the pharmaceutical laws, the green herbs relative managements are regulated by relevant food laws in principle (Act Governing Food Sanitation and Health Food Control Act). The misuse of green herbs happens quite often among civilians. However, these cases are generally not recorded; moreover, green herbs stores are not properly regulated. In this case, green herbs traders have become a great potential risk of medical and pharmaceutical management. To use green herbs to cure illness among general public has been an existing fact for a long time. Domestically, the usage of green herbs is controlled by relevant food laws. Nevertheless, the possible pesticide residue contents in green herbs are worth to be emphasized. There have been reports about the pesticide residue contents in partial Chinese herbs medicine. Therefore, further management and examinations should be taken in order to assure the safety while using green herbs to cure diseases. The experiment focused on the detection of organochlorine pesticides in green herbs. Becuase most of the organochlorine pesticides takes much time to decompose and are fat-soluble, therefore, they can be stored in fat tissues for a long time and cause bioaccumulation and condensation. According to literature reviews, organochlorine pesticides may generate strong posin, result in cancer and further to endanger human bodies. This experiment focus on the forbidden organic chlorine pesticide which practiced on the vegetables and fruit, including Aldrin, α-BHC, β-BHC, γ-BHC, δ-BHC, 4,4''-DDD, 4,4''-DDE, 4,4''-DDT, Dieldrin, Endosulfan I, Endosulfan II, Endosulfan sulfate, Endrin, Endrin aldehyde, Endrin ketone, Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide, Methoxychlor and PCNB. This experiment collected 20 kinds of green herbs from 10 green herbs stores in Taiwan, including. Plantago asiartica L., Pteris multifida Poiret, Prunella vulgaris Linn. var. asiatica (Nakai) Hara, Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz、Canna faccida Salisb, Morus alba L., Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban, Oxalis corniculata L., Xanthium strumarium Linn., Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata, Artemisia princes Pamp. var. orientalis (Pamp.) Hara, Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray, Pogonatherum crinitum (Thunb.) Kunth, Ampelopsis brevipedunculata var. hancei (Planch.) Li, Portulaca oleracea Linn, Alternanthera sessili (L.) R. Brown, Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc, Gynostemma pentapphllum (Thunb.) Makino, Hibiscus sabdariffa L., and Mirabilis jalapa Linn. The experiment was conducted according to the official standard methods. Based on the food standard of EU and the European Pharmaceutical Dictionary 5.0, the result indicates that the overall Aldrin+Dieldrin in dried Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban exceeded the standard in 2 out of 20 (the qualitative and quantifiable value was 0.074 and 0.094 ppm respectively). The overall Aldrin+Dieldrin value in fresh Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban exceeded the standard in 1 out of 6. (the qualitative and quantifiable value was 0.086 ppm) while the tested Endrin was exceeded in 1 out of 6 (the qualitative and quantifiable value was 0.086 ppm ), and tested Heptachor excedded in 2 out of 6 (the qualitative and quantifiable value was 0.064 ppm and 0.0152 ppm respectively.) Among the 10 tested Artemisia princes Pamp. var. orientalis (Pamp) Hara samples, the PCNB value of 3 exceeded the standard (the qualitative and quantifiable values were 5.522 ppm, 7.526 ppm and 2.289 ppm respectively.), the BHC value of 1 exceeded the standard (the qualitative and quantifiable values was 1.141 ppm), and the DDT value of 3 excedded the standard (the qualitative and quantifiable values were 4.715 ppm, 4.471 ppm and 5.114 ppm respectively), the overall Aldrin+Dieldrin value of 4 exceeded the standard (the qualitative and quantifiable values were 0.087 ppm, 2.421 ppm, 0.243 ppm and 1.852 ppm respectively.), the Endrin value of 3 exceeded the standard (the qualitative and quantifiable values were 2.377 ppm, 0.131 ppm and 0.375 ppm respectively.), and Heptachor value of 3 exceeded the standard. (the qualitative and quantifiable values were 2.377 ppm, 0.131 ppm, and 0.375 ppm respectively.) In the 10 tested Pogonatherum crinitum (Thunb.) Kunth, the overall Aldrin+Dieldrin value of 5 were above the standard (the qualitative and quantifiable values were 0.078 ppm, 1.195 ppm, 0.078 ppm and 0.171 ppm respectively.) In the 10 tested Portulaca oleracea Linn, the overall Aldrin+Dieldrin value of 1 was above the standard (the qualitative and quantifiable values was 1.489 ppm.) In the 10 tested Gynostemma pentapphllum (Thunb.) Makino, the Endrin values of 2 exceeded the standard (the qualitative and quantifiable values were 0.052 ppm and 0.051 ppm respectively.) Examinations on other herbs showed slight content of Supelco TCL 18 Pesticide Mix, however, the volume are all less than 0.0625ppm.

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37

Kuei, Chang Chun, and 張春貴. "Evaluation on the Methods of Pesticide Residue Reduction for Vegetables and Fruits." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25135218621466182306.

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碩士
大葉大學
生物產業科技學系碩士班
92
In this study eleven methods of pesticide residue reduction was evaluated for eight vegetables and friuts [(1) three leafy vegetables and (2) five vegetables and fruits] applied with five pesticides including two organophosphates, two two 3'5'-dichloroanilide fungicide, and one carbamate on them. The three replicates experimental data were subjected to the static software of SPSS using multi-way ANOVA. Significant differences between means were determined by Duncan’s multiple range tests with α＝0.05. (1) With the analyzed by two-way ANOVA the higher residual pesticide was found from Spinach and Amarants than from Cabbage. The higher residual pesticide in Spinach was determined as the organophosphate and the carbamate and higher concentration of 3'5'-dichloroanilide fungicide was found in Amarants. The amount of residue of pesticide was followed the order of Chlorpyrifos, Methomyl, Procymidone,Acephate, and Iprodione in three leafy vegetables. (2) With the analyzed by two-way ANOVA the higher residual pesticide was found from Luffa and Kidney bean than from Carambola and Eggplant and Cucumber. The higher residual pesticide in Carambola was determined as the organophosphate and higher concentration of carbamate was found in Luffa and Kidney bean and higher concentration of 3’5’-dichloroanilide fungicide was found in Luffa. The amount of residue of pesticide was followed the order of Methomyl, Procymidone, Chlorpyrifos, Acephate, and Iprodione in five vegetables and fruits. The data of the residue of pesticide after pesticide reduction analyzed by three-way ANOVA was shown than the different methods have significant difference in between. (1) The pesticide resulted in best for reduction was Methomyl and the Chlorpyrifos was found less level of reduction. For leafy vegetables the level of pesticide reduction was followed the order of Amarants, Spinach, and Cabbage. For comparison of the reducing method the boiling water treatment was the best result of reduction and the others followed the order of the ozone treatment, the soy powder soaking, the flour soaking, the sun light exposure, and the UV light exposure. (2) The pesticide resulted in best for reduction was Iprodione and the Chlorpyrifos was found less level of reduction. For vegetables and fruits the level of pesticide reduction was followed the order of Kidney bean, Cucumber, Luffa, Carambola and Eggplant. For comparison of the reducing method the boiling water treatment was the best result of reduction and the others followed the order of the ozone treatment,the soy powder soaking,the flour soaking, the UV light exposure,and the sun light exposure. With boiling water treatment the level of pesticide reduction increase when the treatment time was increased. The pan cover applied or not would not influence the reduction level. For salad usage the vegetables and fruits was recommended by using proper water wash with the ozone treatment and it will reduce almost 50% of pesticides.

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38

Cheng, Chao-Chun, and 鄭朝駿. "Studies on the Organochlorine Pesticide Residue of Crude Drugs and Green Herbs in Taiwan." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06432771207375849703.

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碩士
中國醫藥大學
中國藥學研究所碩士班
95
Chinese people have been using Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for thousands of years. The pesticide maximum residue limit (MRL) of TCM was not concerned in the past. The regulation varied among counties. Green herbs had been used in folk medicine in Taiwan for many years. Because it is not regulated by the Department of Health under the current laws, it is always a concern of the health authority. For the safety of the general public, the quality of those green herbs deserved more attention. This project studied the current status of pesticide residue of 10 most frequently used green herbs from 20 green herbs stores in Taiwan. They are: Ocimum basilicum Linn., Solanum undatum Lam., Solanum indicum Linn., Uraria crinita Desvaux., Polygonum chinensis Linn., Mimosa pudica Linn., Houttuynia cordata Thunb., Mesona procumbens Hemsley, Gynura formosana Kitamura and Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai. Additionally, 5 TCM crude drugs from 11 chinese medicine herbal stores in Taiwan were also examined for their pesticide residue contents. They are: Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao, Cassia angustifolia Vahl and Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. Either fresh herbs or dried herbs were analyzed for the pesticide residue by the GC-ECD method. The results showed that one Houttuynia cordata Thunb. specimen contained 4,4''-DDD (1004 ppb), one Mesona procumbens Hemsley specimen contained Endrin (112 ppb), one Mimosa pudica Linn. specimen contained aldrin (91 ppb) and one Ocimum basilicum Linn. specimen contained heptachlor epoxide (142 ppb). Some of the other green herbs had been detected to contain DDD, DDE, DDT, α-BHC, β-BHC,γ-BHC, δ-BHC, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endosulfan, Heptachlor, but they were lower than the calibration range. In the TCM crude drugs specimen, four Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. rootlets were found to contain PCNB (2247.65 ppb, 1166.619 ppb 1076 ppb, 1138.51 ppb), and Aldrin (1063.34 ppb). A few specimen of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao, Caccia angustifolia Vahl, and Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. were found to contain pesiticde residue such as DDT, BHC or PCNB, but the values were far below the allowed limit.

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39

Chen, Mei-Li, and 陳美利. "A Study on Status and Self - management of Tea Pesticide Residue in Large - scale Chain Beverage Stores." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k6k4z4.

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碩士
台南應用科技大學
生活服務產業系生活應用科學碩士班
105
The prevalence of food scandals has increased in recent years. Scandals involving pesticide residue in tea leaves that exceed regulations are particularly frequent, thus highlighting the importance of autonomous management and responsibilities for beverage vendors. Three large beverage franchises in a county in Southern Taiwan were employed as subjects in the present study. A food safety supervision program was introduced to offer guidance and elucidate relevant concepts, thereby facilitating the subjects in conducting autonomous management. Samples were taken before and after the introduction of the program. Two methods of testing pesticide, namely Multiresidue analysis, and a dithiocarbamate test, were conducted on black tea, green tea, qingcha (dark green tea), and oolong tea to determine the performance of the franchises’ autonomous management and management models. The results indicated that although companies A, B, and C adopted different measures and models when implementing autonomous management, all three subjects exhibited a significant reduction in pesticide residue following the introduction of the food safety supervision program. Companies A and B showed superior and similar performances in autonomous management. Prior to program intervention, 26 types of pesticide residue were found in company A’s products, 24 of which were eliminated following program intervention, which translates to a reduction rate of 92.31%. Twenty-four types of pesticide residue were found in company B’s products, 21 of which were eliminated following program intervention, which translates to a reduction rate of 87.31%. Twenty-seven types of pesticide residue were found in company C’s products, 16 of which were eliminated following program intervention, which translates to a reduction rate of 40.74%. When considering the type of tea, qingcha contained the most types of pesticide residue for all three companies, whereas black tea contained the least types of pesticide residue. The results of the present study also indicate that having professionals teach farmers to use pesticides correctly, offering subsidies to farmers who limit pesticide use, conducting inspections for every batch of tea leaves, increasing inspection frequency, and releasing product inspection reports to consumers are management models that contribute to a significant elevation in the performance of autonomous management. The results of the present study can serve as a reference for other beverage franchises in implementing autonomous management.

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40

Sapkota, Kamala. "Pesticide residues in groundwater and soil of a prairie province in Canada." 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/32189.

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The study was conducted to monitor pesticide residues in groundwater of two agriculturally intensive regions of Alberta, to determine the occurrence of pesticide residues in soil and groundwater of an experimental plot in southern Alberta, and to investigate the influence of land management factors and soil depth on pesticide residues in soil. A total of 440 groundwater samples were collected in three years (2013-2015) and analyzed for the presence of 142 pesticides using Liquid-liquid Extraction (LLE) in combination with Gas Chromatography- Mass Selective Detector (GC-MSD) and Gas Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Ten herbicides, seven insecticides, and six fungicides were detected. Herbicides 2,4-D, MCPA, and clopyralid were the most frequently detected, and the only pesticides consistently detected every year in both regions. Pesticides were detected more frequently in summer and fall compared to spring. 4.5% of the samples were contaminated with more than one pesticides. No pesticides exceeded the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality. Similarly, a total of 213 groundwater samples (December 2014-November 2015) and 61 soil samples (in December 2014) in duplicates were analysed from the experimental plots in Lethbridge. Soil samples were collected at various depths (0-75 cm) and analyzed for the presence of 130 pesticides. A linear mixed effect model was fitted to determine the effect of soil depth, cropping systems and manure amendments on pesticide concentration in soil. In groundwater, bentazone, 2,4-D, and MCPA occurred most frequently and pesticide detection frequency varied seasonally with greater detections in July and September compared to other months. 37 different pesticide compounds were detected, and DDT isomers, 2,4-D, difenoconazole, MCPA and trans-heptachlor epoxide accounted for 85% of all detections. p,p’-DDE, 2,4-D, p,p-DDT, difenoconazole and MCPA occurred throughout the soil column and all of these except p,p-DDT were detected in underlying groundwater. Bentazone was found in groundwater throughout the year but not in soil. A greater number and higher concentrations of pesticides were found in soil. However, not all of them leached to groundwater. Soil depth and cropping system were significantly associated with total pesticide and total DDT concentration in the soil. Manure amendments had no affect pesticide concentrations.
May 2017

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41

Wu, Chien-Ta, and 吳建達. "Research on the Pesticide Residue Contents of Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines Studies over 1997-2014 and Discussion on the National Herbal Management Trends in Taiwan." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58289332489973143735.

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碩士
大仁科技大學
製藥科技研究所
103
Most Chinese herbs are derived from natural plants. The quality, safety, and effectiveness are not only influenced by the plant itself but also by the external factors (contaminations) such as the usage of pesticides. Due to the insufficiency of acquisition from natural plants, artificial cultivation is the alternative for the natural Chinese herbs. However, the use of pesticides is often inevitable in the planting process. In order to ensure the safety of the Chinese herbs, it is worthy for us to explore extensively the literature review of pesticide residue and the management trend. We hope that this research can make an appropriate recommendation for establishing an effective regulation of pesticide allowance in the Chinese herbs. No regulations were established on the limitation of quantity of pesticide residues in Chinese herbs in the past of Taiwan. Since organic chlorine was detected in some herbs in Japan in 1971, the department of Health in Taiwan began to pay attention to the issue of pesticide residues, then to conduct surveying in the pesticide residues of marketing Chinese herbs, and to issue the specification of Chinese herbs which limit the quantity of BHC、DDT and PCNB in 2006. 16 Chinese herbs are regulated in Pharmacopeia (edition II) of Taiwan- Chinese- herb in 2013. This project reviewed 19 articles, published by Health Department in Taiwan, examining in the pesticide residues of Chinese herbs between 1997 and 2014. We categorized all the analytical methods, examining items, herbal species, and results in those articles. This project also discusses the methods of test for pesticide residues in Food–Multi-residue Analysis (5) in the latest regulation issued by Health Department and examines the variations in regulation on the items of pesticide residues in Raw Materials of TCM across countries. It provides an overall understanding and future prospect of TCM herbal pesticide residues in Taiwan. We hope this project will help government to establish regulations on TCM herbal pesticide residues in Taiwan and improve the quality of Chinese Herbal medicines. Based on the current data and background, this project suggested the Health Department make a positive list of pesticide allowance in Chinese herbs just like our food regulation. It is also important to establish the daily allowance of each different pesticide residues. Furthermore, the Health Department can establish data base of pesticide residue in Chinese herbs and evaluate the effectiveness of existing regulations for Chinese herbs. In order to develop the quality and business of Chinese herbs, those at high- risk can be customized in the first priority; oppositely, those at low-risk can be released loosely. Key words: TCM, pesticide residue

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42

Chapin, Michele F. "Effects of ryegrass residue management on Dayton soil organic carbon content, distribution and related properties." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37280.

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Total organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial respiration and enzyme activity (β-glucosidase) were measured on several horizons of a Dayton silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic, Typic Albaqualf) soil cropped to annual ryegrass under two straw residue management systems. The study evaluated the effects of annual burning of straw residues or annual incorporation of straw residues on the content, distribution and bioavailability of soil organic carbon. Four fields were selected to represent the burn management system which have been annually burned for a minimum of 40 years. Four fields were selected to represent the straw incorportated system (mold board plow) which had been annually burned for approximately 30 years, followed by incorporation of straw residues into soil for a minimum of 10 years. One native site was selected to represent non-cultivation conditions. Straw management system strongly influenced both the total organic C and N and microbial activity the surface soil horizon. Soil organic C and N content were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the Ap horizons of soils under the plowed management system than soils under the burned management system. The collective evidence suggests, however, that the significant differences observed between the two residue management systems are not due to greater losses of soil organic C and N as a result of burning but rather that organic C levels have increased as a result of a change in management. Soil C:N ratios are slightly higher in the Ap horizons of soils as a result of straw residue incorporation in comparison to burning of straw residues. When expressed on a mass soil basis, both C0₂ evolution from microbial respiration, during a 32 day incubation period, and enzyme activity were significantly greater (p < 0.10) for the Ap horizon of soils where straw residue had been incorporated than in soils where residues had been annually burned. When expressed on a per gram C basis, neither C0₂ evolution from microbial respiration or enzyme activity were significantly different between the two management systems. These results indicate that long-term annual burning of straw residues has not decreased the bioavailability of soil organic C.
Graduation date: 1992

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