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1
Kai, Takamitsu, and Dinesh Adhikari. "Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Application on Apple Nutrient Content and Orchard Soil Condition." Agriculture 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040340.
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Apple cultivation in Japan typically involves the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides which can damage the environment. Therefore, in this study we investigated the orchard soil biochemical characteristics as well as the fruit nutrient contents, and pesticide residues of apples grown either organically (organic fertilizers + reduced pesticides) or with conventional chemical fertilizers and pesticide rates. Compared with conventional chemical fertilizer treatment, the organic fertilizer treatment produced fruit with significantly higher contents of sugar, as well as soil with higher total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. There were also significantly greater soil bacterial biomass and N circulation in the organically fertilized treatments. Minimal pesticide residues were detected in the organically fertilized fruits, but in the apples cultivated with conventional rates of fertilizers and pesticides there were significantly higher levels of propargite that was used to control spider mites. These residue levels from the conventionally fertilized orchards exceeded European and Codex residue standards. These results indicate that environmentally friendly arboricultural soil management practices, such as organic fertilizer and reduced pesticide cultivation can enhance nutrient cycling in soil, reduce the burden on the environment, and promote food safety and security.
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Y, SETIYO, MADE S. UTAMA, WAYAN TIKA, and IBP GUNADNYA. "OPTIMALISASI PROSES BIOREMEDIASI SECARA IN SITU PADA LAHAN TERCEMAR PESTISIDA KELOMPOK MANKOZEB." Jurnal Teknik Industri 12, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jtiumm.vol12.no1.51-56.
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Compost as an organic fertilizer could improve the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the soil in acertain way so that soil mineral was available for plant. The special aim of this research was to optimize the bioremediation process for degradation of pesticide residues at Bedugul Agro-tourism so that organic farming system will be sustainable. Based on C/N, and pH, it could be concluded that better solution for bioremediation of pesticide residue problem was by giving mixed-compost in horticulture cultivation. Deviation of pH in bioremediation process was 0.22, and pH in-situ bioremediation process was between 6.9 and 7.12 or neutral pH. In this condition micro-organism would be effective in degrading pesticide residue. Bioremediation process on pesticide residue of Ditane M-45 at horticulture cultivation deploy with 1.2 g/l/20 m2, 2.4 g/l/20 m2, and 3.6 g/l/20 m2 spraying dosages took place perfectly, which was showed by parameters on development of micro-organism population and the amount of pesticide residues. Pesticide residue of each spraying dosages was 0.25–1.7% at 35 days or this values were under 0.003 ppm.
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SUTARDI and HENI PORWONINSIH. "Kultivasi Bawang Merah Ramah Lingkungan di Wilayah Berpasir Spesifik di Yogyakarta." Jurnal Sumberdaya Hayati 4, no. 1 (October 15, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsdh.4.1.1-6.
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Shallot is one of strategic commodities in Indonesia. Sandy coastal area of Bantul and Kulon Progo districtis the centre of shallot production in Yogyakarta. The results showed that recommendation of fertilizing technology ameliorant (clay 2:1), organik fertilizer 20 ton/ha, Urea 115.7 kg/ha, ZA 250 kg/ha, SP-36 75 kg/ha, and KCl 250 kg/ha. Pest and disease management in integrated pest and disease management 10 Feromon – Exi, Attractant, 10 Light trap, 45 Yellow/white/green trap, biopesticide, limited chemical pesticide, organophosphate pesticide residue contents below with residues below the MRL
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Sun, Hongfeng, and Hongwei Luan. "Summary of SC TCM Agricultural Soil Ecological Restoration Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Engineering Technology." Research on World Agricultural Economy 1, no. 1 (October 21, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v1i1.163.
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The paper focuses on the major scientific and technological innovation engineering technology of SC TCM agricultural land ecological restoration. The core technology system of SC TCM agricultural soil ecological restoration major scientific and technological innovation project consists of a number of cutting-edge advanced technologies from four aspects: “Century Tianwang” high-concentration nano-bio-organic fertilizer, high-concentration nano-bio-organic-inorganic slow-release compound fertilizer, “Century Tianwang” nano-soil special repair material; “Century Tianwang” botanical pesticide residue degradation agent; SOD rumex planting and breeding cycle technology.
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Wahyuni, Sri, E. Sulaeman, and A. N. Ardiwinata. "PELAPISAN UREA DENGAN ARANG AKTIF YANG DIPERKAYA MIKROBA DAPAT MEMPERCEPAT PENURUNAN KONSENTRASI RESIDU INSEKTISIDA HEPTAKLOR DI LAHAN SAWAH." Informatika Pertanian 25, no. 2 (February 26, 2018): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ip.v25n2.2016.p155-162.
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Heptachlor insecticide is a toxic organochlorine insecticide, persistent and bio-cummulative in the environment. Remediation using actived carbon and microbial is a solution to pollution due to pesticide in the environment.The objective of this study was to obtain fertilizer technology using urea with activated carbon and enriched with microbes degrading heptachlor insecticide in order to reduce the insecticide residue in paddy fields. The research was conducted at the Jakenan Experimental Station between February to September 2012. The soil used as the planting medium was brought from the village Sukamenak, District Rawagempol Wetan, Karawang. The experiment was conducted in the field at micro-plot scale with lysimeter, and using a randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications and 6 fertilizer treatments ( control , prill urea , urea with activated carbon maize cobs ( UAATJ ) , urea with activated carbon coconut shell ( UAATK ) , urea with activated carbon cob corn + microbes ( UAATJM ) , urea with activated carbon coconut shell + microbes ( UAATKM ). The plants used were from Inpari 13 variety. The insecticide residue analysis was performed in the Residu Bahan Agrikimia (RBA) laboratory of Balingtan. The results showed significant orthogonal countrast tests of different treatments. The highest reduction of residual insecticide was observed in urea coated with activated carbon cob corn and enriched with microbial consortia degrading POPs, which was 36.30 %. It is suspected that activated carbon coated cob corn with microbial enrichment was favored as its home and the microbes utilized carbon sources of heptachlor as the food.
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Sagolsem, Sonia, N. Ram Singh, and Y. Chakrabarty Singh. "Effects of agro-chemicals practices in economic production of cabbage in valley districts of Manipur, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i1.817.
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Present investigation was conducted in Thoubal district and Imphal East district of Manipur, India to assemble the information about the economics of cabbage production, checking the practices done by farmers while using agro-chemicals and identifying the problems encountered by the producers in cabbage production. NPK was the most popular inorganic fertilizer amongst farmers. As such 59 farms applied fertilizer twice and 26 farms applied more than twice before harvesting. Different irrigation practices were encountered where use of pipes was more popular (53 farms) relative to the use of bucket irrigation (32 farms). Hoeing or hand fork were the most efficient tools for weed management (66 farms) followed by hand picking (21 farms). Majority of the farmers (79 farms) applied insecticides to control insect pest and fungicides as the major means of diseases management (78 farms). Overall the average cost of cultivation was worked out to be Rs. 18007.18 farm-1 with the cost of large farms much higher than the small farms which is estimated as Rs. 26827.12 farm-1 and Rs. 12126.35 farm-1 respectively. The main problems faced by farmers were pest and diseases problems, insufficient irrigation, inadequate electricity for irrigation, infertility of soil, non-availability of fertilizers in time and suitable plant protection chemicals. The study concluded that cabbage farmer misused pesticides in terms of its types and quantity used in order to increase its production. In addition, consumers were exposed to high pesticide residue levels due to limited or no waiting period before cabbage heads were harvested.
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Creger, Timothy L., and Frank J. Peryea. "PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER INFLUENCES PHYTOAVAILABILTY OF SOIL ARSENIC AND LEAD TO APRICOT (Prunus armeniaca)." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1160f—1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1160f.
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Fruit trees grown in soils contaminated with lead arsenate (PbHAsO4) pesticide residues are subject to arsenic (As) phytotoxicity, a condition that may be exacerbated by use of phosphate fertilizers. A potted soil experiment was conducted to examine the influence of phosphate fertilizer on accumulation of As and lead (Pb) in apricot (Prunus armeniaca) seedlings grown in a lead arsenate-contaminated Burch loam coil. Treatments were fertilizer source (mono-ammonium phosphate [MAP], ammonium hydrogen sulfate [AHS]) and rate (0, 8.7, 17.4, and 26.1 -mmol/liter), and presence/absence of lead, arsenate contamination (231 -mg/kg coil). Plant biomass accumulation was reduced by lead arsenate presence and by high fertilizer rates, the latter due to soil salinization. Phytoaccumulation of As was enhanced by lead arsenate presence and by increasing MAP rate but was not influenced by AHS rate, salinity, or acidity of soil. Phytoaccumulation of Pb was enhanced by lead arsenate presence but was not influenced by fertilizer treatment.
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Aziz, Muhammad Abdul, Fahrizal Hazra, Selly Salma, and Dedi Nursyamsi Nursyamsi. "Soil Chemical Characteristics of Organic and Conventional Agriculture." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 21, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2016.v21i1.19-25.
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Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on intensive land of both lowland and upland food crops have been shown to increase agricultural productivity significantly. Research aimed to study soil chemical characteristics and soil pesticide residues at some crops of organic and conventional farms. The research was carried out in Laboratory of Soil Chemistry, Indonesian Soil Research Institute and in Laboratory of Agrochemical Residue, Indonesian Agricultural Environment Research Institute, Bogor from February to July 2015. Soil samples at 0-10 cm depth were taken compositely from broccoli (Brassica oleracea), carrots (Daucus carota), maize (Zea mays), and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) farms in Bogor Regency as well as from rice field in Tasikmalaya Regency at both organic and conventional farms. Soil chemical characteristics were analyzed include: soil organic-C (Walkey and Black), total-N (Kjeldahl), potential-P (HCl 25%), available-P (Olsen), potential-K (HCl 25%), available-K (NH4OAc 1 N pH 7), CEC (NH4OAc 1 N pH 7), and pH (soil : water = 1: 5), while pesticide residues included levels of organochlorine (lindane, aldrin, heptaklor, dieldrin, DDT, endosulfan); organophosphates (diazinon, fenitrotin, metidation, paration, profenofos); and carbamates (carbofuran, MIPC, BPMC) in the soil by using Gas Chromatography method. Results showed that levels of soil organic-C, total-N, potential and available-P, potential and available-K, CEC, pH at organic farms were higher than those at conventional farms. Some pesticide residues compound (organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates) were detected at conventional farm, while those at organic farm were not detected (trace).Keywords: Conventional farm, organic farm, pesticide residues, soil properties. [How to Cite: Muhammad AA, F Hazra, S Salma and D Nursyamsi. 2016. Soil Chemical Characteristics of Organic and Conventional Agriculture. J Trop Soils 21: 19-25. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2016.21.1.19]
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Hoyt, Greg D. "405 No-till Vegetable Production in the Sand Hill Region of North Carolina." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 462E—463. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.462e.
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An experiment was established to determine the effect of different winter cover crops residues on yields of no-till pumpkins, yellow summer squash, and sweet corn. Residue treatments of fallow, triticale, crimson clover, little barley, and crimson clover + little barley were fall established and killed before spring no-till planting in 1998 and 1999. All summer vegetables received recommended fertilizer rates and labeled pesticides. Spring cover crop growth and biomass measurements ranged from 1873 to 6362 kg/ha. No-till sweet corn yields among the various cover residue treatments were greater where crimson clover and crimson clover + little barley (mixture) were used as residue in 1999, but not significantly different in 1998. No-till pumpkins showed the beneficial affect cover crop residue had on vegetable yields when dry conditions exist. Triticale and crimson clover + little barley (mixture) residues reduced soil water evaporation and produced more numbers of fruit per hectare (5049 and 5214, respectively) and greater weights of fruit (20.8 and 20.9 Mg/ha) than the other residue treatments (3725 to 4221 fruit/ha and 11.8 to 16.1 Mg/ha, respectively). No-till summer squash harvest showed steady increases in yield through time by all treatments with crimson clover residue treatment with the greatest squash yields and triticale and little barley residue treatments with the lowest squash yields. We found that sweet corn and squash yields were greater where legume cover residues were used compared to grass cover residues, whereas, pumpkin yields were higher where the greatest quantity of mulch was present at harvest (grass residues).
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Berghage, R. D. "“Green” Water Treatment for the Green Industries: Opportunities for Biofiltration of Greenhouse and Nursery Irrigation Water and Runoff with Constructed Wetlands." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 690c—690. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.690c.
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Constructed wetland biofilters have been widely used in recent years to provide secondary or tertiary water treatment, effectively reducing BOD, TSS, nitrate and ammonium, and some organic pollutants from municipal, industrial, and agricultural waste sources. The greenhouse and nursery industries, like all agricultural enterprises, have found themselves under increasing pressure to reduce or eliminate discharge of contaminated wastewater. In response, many greenhouse and nursery operators have installed, and are using, a variety of runoff containment and recirculating irrigation systems. While effective in reducing or eliminating wastewater discharge, these systems can become contaminated themselves and require treatment of the water before it can be reused in the irrigation system. Further, if the water should become contaminated and unusable, environmental discharge of this spent water from a recirculating irrigation system is perhaps even more problematic than simply allowing the excess irrigation water to be dumped in the first place. Potential contaminants in a recirculating irrigation system could include pesticide and other organic residues, excess fertilizer and non-fertilizer salts, and plant pathogens. The primary concern in greenhouse and nursery discharge wastewater is usually fertilizer salts, although pesticide and other organic chemical residues may also be of concern. Biological filtration using constructed wetlands may be a simple low-cost method for greenhouses and nurseries to treat these contaminants.
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MacNeal, Erin P., and Robert D. Berghage. "Biofiltration of Metalaxyl Residue in Recirculating Irrigation Water Using Constructed Wetlands." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 655c—655. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.655c.
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Recirculating irrigation systems (RISs) conserve water and decrease fertilizer application, providing cost-effective alternatives to other watering methods in greenhouses. However, RISs can potentially become contaminated from spray or drench pesticide applications. In this study, we determined the amount of metalaxyl residues (the active ingredient in Subdue) in RISs over 3 and 6 weeks using HPLC analysis. Also examined was the potential use of constructed wetlands for the remediation of RIS water contaminated with metalaxyl. Metalaxyl was found to persist in a RIS over 6 weeks with no decrease in concentration. After repeated metalaxyl treatments over an 11 month period, a possible breakdown product or chemical modification of metalaxyl was present in the RISs. Drench applications, 150 ml of an 18.8 ppm metalaxyl solution, (recommended dosage) resulted in 0.5 to 3.0 ppm contamination levels in the RISs. Small scale (≈70 L void volume), indoor, constructed wetlands (two planted with Scirpus and Iris, two unvegetated) were treated with 420 mg metalaxyl. Limited breakdown of metalaxyl occurred in the constructed wetlands during the first 30 days after treatment. After 3 months, metalaxyl concentrations in all wetlands had decreased or were below detection levels. This indicates a possible selection of microbial populations capable of metabolizing or degrading metalaxyl.
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Bender, Ingrid, Liina Edesi, Inga Hiiesalu, Anne Ingver, Tanel Kaart, Hedi Kaldmäe, Tiina Talve, Ilmar Tamm, and Anne Luik. "Organic Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Production Has an Advantage over Conventional in Quantity as Well as in Quality." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091420.
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Organic production is one of the fastest growing food sectors globally. However, average yield in organic vegetable production is up to 33% lower than in conventional production. This difference could be due to higher fertilization rates in conventional, compared to organic, farming. We aimed to compare yield and quality characteristics of carrots produced under equal nitrogen fertilization rates over four years in organic and conventional conditions. We found a 14.5% higher marketable, and 10.0% lower discarded, yield in the organic compared to the average conventional treatments. In addition, carrots managed organically had 14.1% lower nitrate and 10.0% higher vitamin C content than carrots managed conventionally. There were no convincing effects of cultivation system on the nitrogen, total sugar, or dry matter content of carrots. Organically managed carrots were free of pesticide residues, while several residues were found in carrots managed conventionally. Our study reveals that organic management of carrots may exceed that of conventional methods in yield and several quality characteristics, while being free of pesticide residues. Organic fertilizer gave an advantage over mineral fertilizer, when equal rates of nitrogen were used in both production systems.
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Bppt, Yusmiati, and Bambang Singgih. "Utilization of Residu / Ampas Biogas Production from Bio-Slurry as Organic Fertilizer Resources." Inovasi Pembangunan : Jurnal Kelitbangan 6, no. 02 (August 1, 2018): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35450/jip.v6i02.92.
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Survey results show that the soil organic matter content is very low, i.e. less than 2% for paddy fields and about 2% for the fields. The decrease of soil organic matter content is thought to be caused by the way of agricultural cultivation that is less attention to the content of organic matter with the use of chemical fertilizers is very intensive. The use of organic fertilizer can be a solution to the problem. Bio-slurry generated from liquid biogas reactors tends to be semi-solid and has characteristics, which are light brown or green and tend to be dark; little or no gas bubbles content; odorless and insect less; textured sticky, tough, and not shiny. The bio-slurry composition consists of organic materials (18-27%) and inorganic materials (2-3%). The content of NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium) in liquid bio-slurry consists of nitrogen (0.25%), phosphorus (0.13), and potassium (0.12%). While the content of NPK in dry (solid) bio-slurry consists of nitrogen (3.6%), phosphorus (1.8%), and potassium (3.6%). In addition, bio-slurry also contains other nutrients, namely amino acids, fatty acids, humic acid, vitamin B-12, auxin hormones, cytokines, antibiotics, and micronutrients such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo). Benefits of bio-slurry is for organic fertilizer, bio-pesticide, biological fertilizer, plant growth regulator, animal feed, improving soil structure, increasing weed growth, increasing soil fertility and increasing soil microorganism activity.
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Gözener, Bilge, Murat Sayılı, and Aysun Çağlar. "Tokat İli Kazova Bölgesinde Domates Yetiştiriciliğinde İlaç Kullanımı." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 5 (May 28, 2017): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i5.451-458.742.
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Pesticide uses in Kazova region of Tokat province were assessed in this study. Data were gathered through Simple Random Sampling method with questionnaires made with 72 agricultural enterprises. Resultant data were assessed through arithmetic means and percentiles. A factor analysis was also performed on producer opinions about pesticide use in tomato. Average enterprise size was 20.27 da and tomato is cultivated over 56.98% of these lands. Of the participant producers, 97.22% were not member of any associations or cooperatives. About 91.67% of the participant producers prefer chemical treatments. Producer usually use chemicals based on their previous experiences and recommendations of chemical-fertilizer dealers. Price is the dominant factor while selecting the chemicals to be sued. The dose prescribed by the dealer is generally used. Of the participant producers, 91.67% indicated that they didn’t know about the time to be passed between the last chemical treatment and the harvest; 44.44% don’t think that pesticides they use leaved residues over the products and 95.83% indicated that chemical treatments didn’t create environmental pollution. With the factor analysis, KMO value was calculated as 0.553 and 14 variables thought to be effective on producer opinions about agricultural chemical uses were gathered under 6 factors (toxicity, attention in treatments, human health, conscious production and consumption, environmental harm, hygiene).
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Liu, Ying, Chenggang Wang, Zeng Tang, and Zhibiao Nan. "Does Farmland Rental Contribute to Reduction of Agrochemical Use? A Case of Grain Production in Gansu Province, China." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 23, 2019): 2402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082402.
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As a consequence of the new strategy to boost productivity capacity and ensure food security, China’s farmland rental market is developing rapidly, and its impacts on agricultural productivity have been extensively studied. However, the impacts of farmland rental on food safety have not been considered. The aim of this study was to determine the causal effects of farmland rental on fertilizer and pesticide use in wheat and maize production and evaluate the potential effects of this activity on food safety. Survey data obtained from 900 households in eight counties in Gansu province were used in this study, and the propensity score matching (PSM) method was employed to solve selection bias problems with the data. The results showed that farmland rental significantly reduced fertilizer and pesticide use in wheat and maize production, implying a potential reduction in heavy metal contamination of food and drinking water as well as less pesticide residues-remaining in food and contamination of environment. Also, households renting land were more likely to adopt new agricultural technologies and management methods and to acquire more agricultural acknowledges and information than those not renting land and renting out land. Thus, farmland rental is a benefit to the application of new agricultural technologies and management methods, to rational use of agrochemicals, and finally to food safety and environmental conservation. Policies such as encouraging farmland rental, enhancing education of farmers, improving technological innovation, and providing better information transfer should help ensure not only “enough food” but also “safe food”.
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Flore, J. A., E. Hanson, J. Johnson, M. Whalon, and G. Bird. "INTEGRATED FRUIT PRODUCTION OF PEACH UNDER MICHIGAN CONDITIONS." HortScience 26, no. 6 (June 1991): 747F—747. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.6.747f.
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Objectives of this experiment are: 1) to compare crop quality and yield, and insect disease populations between orchard systems that employ integrated crop management technologies with conventional systems, and 2) to monitor soil and fruit chemical residues to determine the effectiveness of these systems. In 1990, 6 one-acre plots were established at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension center, with 1/3 acre of peaches planted in the center of each plot. Plots were separated by at least 200 m. Conventional culture (clean cultivation, ground application of fertilizer, scheduled pesticide application, dormant pruning) and Integrated Crop Management plots (use of fertigation or manure for N, pesticide application based on trap counts, endophytic rye, pheromone disruption of oriental fruit moth and mulch for weed control) were established. In phase I of the project (1990), insects and diseases, as well as crop growth (Reproductive and Vegetative) were monitored. In phase II (1991), soil and fruit pesticide residues will be determined and compared for the three different strategies. This paper is intended to stimulate discussion and only limited data will be presented for the 1st year results.
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Peryea, F. J. "Phosphate Starter Fertilizer Temporarily Enhances Soil Arsenic Uptake by Apple Trees Grown under Field Conditions." HortTechnology 9, no. 1 (January 1999): 131b. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.1.131b.
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Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) is a popular starter fertilizer in Pacific Northwest tree fruit orchards; however, its use on soils contaminated with lead arsenate pesticide residues can enhance As solubility, thereby increasing As phytoavailability. `Fuji'/EMLA.26 apple trees (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) were planted in Mar. 1992 on a lead arsenate-contaminated Cashmont gravelly sandy loam soil (HCl-extractable soil As range: 60-222 mg·kg-1) using in-hole starter fertilizer application of either MAP or ammonium sulfate at equivalent N and anion rates. In ensuing years, all trees received identical applications of ammonium nitrate only. Relative trunk cross-sectional area was inversely related to soil As concentration in the year of planting but not in subsequent years, and was independent of starter fertilizer treatment. Leaf and fruit As were positively related to soil As in all years. Leaf As was initially higher in the MAP-treated trees; however, this effect diminished over time and disappeared by 1995. Fruit As was independent of starter fertilizer treatment, and was substantially lower than the tolerance established for As in fresh produce. The experimental results indicate that MAP starter fertilizer can increase soil As phytoavailability to apple trees grown under field conditions; however, the effects on tree growth and food safety are insignificant.
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Peryea, F. J. "Phosphate Starter Fertilizer Temporarily Enhances Soil Arsenic Uptake by Apple Trees Grown under Field Conditions." HortScience 33, no. 5 (August 1998): 826–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.5.826.
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Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) is a popular starter fertilizer in Pacific Northwest tree fruit orchards; however, its use on soils contaminated with lead arsenate pesticide residues can enhance As solubility, thereby increasing As phytoavailability. `Fuji'/EMLA.26 apple trees (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) were planted in Mar. 1992 on a lead arsenate—contaminated Cashmont gravelly sandy loam soil (HCl-extractable soil As range: 60-222 mg·kg-1) using in-hole starter fertilizer application of either MAP or ammonium sulfate at equivalent N and anion rates. In ensuing years, all trees received identical applications of ammonium nitrate only. Relative trunk cross-sectional area was inversely related to soil As concentration in the year of planting but not in subsequent years, and was independent of starter fertilizer treatment. Leaf and fruit As were positively related to soil As in all years. Leaf As was initially higher in the MAP-treated trees; however, this effect diminished over time and disappeared by 1995. Fruit As was independent of starter fertilizer treatment, and was substantially lower than the tolerance established for As in fresh produce. The experimental results indicate that MAP starter fertilizer can increase soil As phytoavailability to apple trees grown under field conditions; however, the effects on tree growth and food safety are insignificant.
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Brantsæter, Anne Lise, Trond A. Ydersbond, Jane A. Hoppin, Margaretha Haugen, and Helle Margrete Meltzer. "Organic Food in the Diet: Exposure and Health Implications." Annual Review of Public Health 38, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 295–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044437.
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The market for organic food products is growing rapidly worldwide. Such foods meet certified organic standards for production, handling, processing, and marketing. Most notably, the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and genetic modification is not allowed. One major reason for the increased demand is the perception that organic food is more environmentally friendly and healthier than conventionally produced food. This review provides an update on market data and consumer preferences for organic food and summarizes the scientific evidence for compositional differences and health benefits of organic compared with conventionally produced food. Studies indicate some differences in favor of organic food, including indications of beneficial health effects. Organic foods convey lower pesticide residue exposure than do conventionally produced foods, but the impact of this on human health is not clear. Comparisons are complicated by organic food consumption being strongly correlated with several indicators of a healthy lifestyle and by conventional agriculture “best practices” often being quite close to those of organic.
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Striegler, R. K., M. A. Mayse, U. O'Keefe, and D. R. Wineman. "Response of `Thompson Seedless' Grapevines to Sustainable Viticultural Practices." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 806E—806. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.806e.
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Consumer concerns about pesticide residues and environmental degradation are having a significant impact on the California grape industry. Growers are using a variety of practices, from integrated pest management to certified organic production, to reduce the amount of pesticides and other synthetic inputs used in vineyards. This experiment was established to test selected sustainable cultural practices in a mature `Thompson Seedless' vineyard. Treatments included in the experiment were row middle management (cultivated vs. perennial legume cover crop) and nitrogen fertilization (compost vs. synthetic). Vine nutritional status, yield, fruit composition, pruning weight, and population levels of the variegated leafhopper were monitored each season (1992–1994). In addition, efforts were expanded during the 1994 season to include assessment of spider, herbivorous mite, and beneficial arthropod densities. Conventional cultural practices (cultivation and synthetic fertilizer) produced the highest yields during the 1992 and 1993 seasons. This result may have been due to the nutritional status of vines, which was generally better for the cultivation and synthetic fertilizer treatment, especially in 1992. In 1994, significant treatment effects on yield were not observed, indicating that legume cover crop plots had become fully established. Sustainable cultural practices had little impact on growth, fruit composition, or insect pest pressure. `Thompson Seedless' grapes were grown for three seasons without the use of insecticides or herbicides. Vine diseases were managed by cultural practices and application of sulfur.
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Hiroyuki Nakaki, Okta Pringga Pakpahan, Kenji Hosono. "Assessment organic production of kyuri farms focuses on microbiological contamination with good agricultural practices (GAP) standard criteria." Food Technology and Halal Science Journal 1, no. 1 (January 13, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/fths.v1i1.7546.
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The assessment was based on interviews result and experiment laboratory assay with the three organic kyuri farmers in Saga City focus prevention activities of microbiological contamination. Each farm the 21 samples (soil, kyuri seedlings, natural fertilizer, and water resource) were taken during six times visited or one cultivation production cycle. The object was a focus on hygiene attribute (coliforms) and safety (Salmonella spp and E. coli O157: H7), the evaluation activities of farmers' food safety practice used GAP standard as an indicator. The laboratory results in both of three kyuri farmers, coliforms ranging from 3.0 to 4.7 log 10 cfu/g, E.coli O157: H7 was detected only at the farm 3 and Salmonella spp was not detected. The evaluating activities through self-assessment tool describe all three farms have two major hazards focus, one is chemical control such as synthetic substances uses, pesticide residue and chemical contaminations, two is a microbial hazard due to contact with raw material, and natural characteristics. The overall study, the farmers in the middle level of application food safety practice.
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Das, Suryatapa, Annalakshmi Chatterjee, and Tapan Kumar Pal. "Organic farming in India: a vision towards a healthy nation." Food Quality and Safety 4, no. 2 (May 2020): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyaa018.
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Abstract Food quality and safety are the two important factors that have gained ever-increasing attention in general consumers. Conventionally grown foods have immense adverse health effects due to the presence of higher pesticide residue, more nitrate, heavy metals, hormones, antibiotic residue, and also genetically modified organisms. Moreover, conventionally grown foods are less nutritious and contain lesser amounts of protective antioxidants. In the quest for safer food, the demand for organically grown foods has increased during the last decades due to their probable health benefits and food safety concerns. Organic food production is defined as cultivation without the application of chemical fertilizers and synthetic pesticides or genetically modified organisms, growth hormones, and antibiotics. The popularity of organically grown foods is increasing day by day owing to their nutritional and health benefits. Organic farming also protects the environment and has a greater socio-economic impact on a nation. India is a country that is bestowed with indigenous skills and potentiality for growth in organic agriculture. Although India was far behind in the adoption of organic farming due to several reasons, presently it has achieved rapid growth in organic agriculture and now becomes one of the largest organic producers in the world. Therefore, organic farming has a great impact on the health of a nation like India by ensuring sustainable development.
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MAPLES, McKENZIE, MATTHEW G. INTERIS, KIMBERLY L. MORGAN, and ARDIAN HARRI. "SOUTHEASTERN CONSUMERS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCTION ATTRIBUTES OF FRESH TOMATOES." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 50, no. 1 (August 14, 2017): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2017.18.
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AbstractThis study examines southeastern consumers’ willingness to pay for marginal changes in production practices that lessen the impact on the environment but that fall short of a complete conversion to organic production. We find that consumers are willing to pay more for tomatoes grown using less water, that contain less pesticide residue, that are not grown with petroleum-based fertilizers, and that travel shorter distances to the final point of sale. These estimates provide a starting point for producers who cannot convert to organic production but for whom it might be profitable to make (more feasible) marginal production changes.
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Sikora, Jakub, Marcin Niemiec, Anna Szeląg-Sikora, Zofia Gródek-Szostak, Maciej Kuboń, and Monika Komorowska. "The Impact of a Controlled-Release Fertilizer on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Efficiency of the Production of Chinese Cabbage." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 21, 2020): 2063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13082063.
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Optimization of plant fertilization is an important element of all quality systems in primary production, such as Integrated Production, GLOBAL G.A.P. (Good Agriculture Practice) or SAI (Sustainable Agriculture Initiative). Fertilization is the most important element of agricultural treatments, affecting the quantity and quality of crops. The aim of the study was to assess greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the cultivation of Chinese cabbage, depending on the technological variant. The factor modifying the production technology was the use of fertilizers with a slow release of nutrients. One tonne of marketable Chinese cabbage crop was selected as the functional unit. To achieve the research goal, a strict field experiment was carried out. Calculation of the total amount of GHG emitted from the crop was made in accordance with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. The system boundaries included the production and use of fertilizers and pesticides, energy consumption for agricultural practices and the emission of gases from soil resources and harvesting residue. The use of slow-release fertilizers resulted in a greater marketable yield of cabbage compared to conventional fertilizers. The results of the research indicate a significant potential for the use of slow-release fertilizers in reducing agricultural emissions. From the environmental and production point of view, the most favourable variant is the one with 108 kg N·ha−1 slow-release fertilizers. At a higher dose of this element, no increase in crop yield was observed. At this nitrogen dose, a 30% reduction in total GHG emissions and a 50% reduction in fertilizer emissions from the use of per product functional unit were observed. The reference object was fertilization in accordance with production practice in the test area.
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Asgar, Ali, Darkam Musaddad, and Rahmat Sutarya. "Pengaruh Ozonisasi dan Kemasan untuk Mereduksi Residu Pestisida dan Mempertahankan Karakteristik Kesegaran Cabai Merah dalam Penyimpanan." Jurnal Hortikultura 27, no. 2 (February 19, 2018): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jhort.v27n2.2017.p241-252.
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<p>Pestisida merupakan suatu substansi bahan kimia dan material lain (mikrob, virus, dan lain-lain) yang tujuan penggunaannya untuk mengontrol atau mengendalikan hama/penyakit yang menyerang tanaman, bagian tanaman, dan produk pertanian, membasmi rumput/gulma, mengatur dan menstimulasi pertumbuhan tanaman/bagian tanaman, namun bukan penyubur. Hampir semua sampel yang diuji positif mengandung residu pestisida walaupun kadarnya di bawah ambang batas yang diizinkan. Penelitian bertujuan (1) mengetahui pengaruh ozonisasi terhadap karakteristik kesegaran cabai merah dan reduksi residu pestisida selama penyimpanan pada suhu kamar dan (2) mengetahui pengaruh suhu dan jenis pengemas terhadap kualitas cabai merah vatietas Tit Segitiga selama penyimpanan. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan Januari sampai dengan Desember 2013 di Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, Lembang. Penelitian pendahuluan dilakukan terhadap konsentrasi gas ozon yang terdiri atas (1) 0,0 ppm (kontrol tanpa perendaman), (2) 0,0 ppm (perendaman dalam air tanpa ozon), (3) 0,2 ppm, (4) 0,4 ppm, (5) 0,6 ppm, (6) 0,8 ppm, dan (7) 1 ppm. Penelitian utama dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok pola petak terpisah dengan dua ulangan. Sebagai petak utama, yaitu suhu terdiri atas (1) 5°C, (2) 10°C, (3) 15°C, dan (4) suhu kamar. Sebagai anak petak, yaitu pengemas terdiri atas (1) polipropilen (PP 0,03 mm), (2) polietilen (PE 0,03 mm), (3) wrapping plastic, dan (4) kontrol (tanpa pengemas). Hasil pendahuluan menunjukkan bahwa kesegaran dan penampakan cabai merah dengan perlakuan larutan ozon 0,4 ppm merupakan perlakuan terbaik dan disukai panelis. Dengan perlakuan larutan ozon 0,4 ppm, cabai merah mempunyai residu pestisida profenofos 1,1504 ppm (terjadi penurunan 35,9073%), klorfirifos 0,1519 ppm (terjadi penurunan 23,2441%), TPC (jumlah total mikrob) 31,25 x 105 cfu/ml, susut bobot 15,50%, kadar air 85,53%, warna (nilai L*) 30,52. Hasil penelitian utama menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan yang terbaik selama penyimpanan minggu keempat, yaitu suhu penyimpanan 5ºC dengan macam kemasan polietilen (PE) dan wrapping plastic.</p><p>Pesticide is a chemical substance and other materials (microbes, viruses, etc.) which are intended to control pests or diseases that attack plants, plant parts and agricultural products, eradicate the grass/weeds, regulate and stimulate plant growth or parts of the plant, but not the fertilizer. Almost all of the samples that tested positive for pesticide residues even though the levels were below the allowed threshold. Research aims were (1) to determine the effect of ozonation on the characteristics of red chili freshness and reduction of pesticide residues during storage at room temperature and (2) to determine the effect of temperature and packaging on the quality of red chili during storage. The study was conducted from January–December 2013 at The Research Institute of Vegetable. Preliminary research conducted on the concentration of ozone which consists of (1) 0.0 ppm (control without soaking), (2) 0.0 ppm (immersion in water without ozone), (3) 0.2 ppm, (4) 0.4 ppm , (5) 0.6 ppm, (6) 0.8 ppm, and (7) 1 ppm. Primary research conducted using randomized block split plot with repeated patterns as much as two times. Temperature as the main plot which consists of (1) 5° C, (2) 10° C, (3) 15° C, and (4) room temperature. The subplot is packaging which consists of (1) polypropylene (PP 0.03 mm, (2) polyethyelene (PE 0.03 mm), (3) wrapping plastic, and (4) control (without packaging). Preliminary results show that the freshness and appearance of red chili with 0.4 ppm ozone treatment was the best treatment and preferred by panelists. Treatment with a solution of 0.4 ppm ozone, the red chili have pesticide residue of profenofos 1.1504 ppm (decrease as much as 35,9073%), 0.1519 ppm klorfirifos (decrease as much as 23,2441%), TPC (total number of microbes) 31.25 x 105 cfu/ml, 15.50% weight loss, levels of 85.53% water content, color (L* value) 30.52. The main research results showed that the best treatment for 4 weeks of storage is the storage temperature of 5 º C with wide packaging polyethylene (PE) and wrapping plastic.</p>
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Weyers, Sharon L., David W. Archer, Jane M. F. Johnson, and Alan R. Wilts. "Management Drives Differences in Nutrient Dynamics in Conventional and Organic Four-Year Crop Rotation Systems." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2020): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060764.
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Application of exogenous N fertilizers provides agronomic benefits but carries environmental liabilities. Managing benefits and liabilities of N-based fertilizers in conventional (CNV) and organic (ORG) cropping systems might be improved with better knowledge of nutrient dynamics, the generation of intrinsic N, and maintenance of soil organic matter. This study evaluated mineral N dynamics, yields, residue inputs, and change in soil organic C (SOC) and total N (TN) in strip-tilled, four-year crop rotations [corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)-wheat under-seeded with alfalfa (Triticum aestivum L./Medicago sativa L.)-alfalfa] over eight years of production under CNV management using mineral-N (NO3NH4) and chemical pesticides or ORG management using organic-N (animal manure) and no chemical treatments. In ORG, N availability increased over time, but did not benefit ORG yields due to poor control of insects and weeds. Corn, soybean, and wheat grain yields were 1.9 to 2.7 times greater in CNV. In general, SOC was lost in CNV but did not change in ORG. Cumulative yield N removals exceeded cumulative fertilizer-N inputs by an average of 78% in CNV and 64% in ORG. These results indicated ORG management supported N availability by generating intrinsic N.
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Zhang, P. W., S. Y. Wang, C. L. Huang, J. T. Fu, R. L. Huang, Z. H. Li, and Z. X. Zhang. "Dissipation and residue of clothianidin in granules and pesticide fertilizers used in cabbage and soil under field conditions." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 1 (October 5, 2016): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7736-4.
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Creger, T. L., and F. J. Peryea. "Phosphate Fertilizer Enhances Arsenic Uptake by Apricot Liners Grown in Lead-arsenate-enriched Soil." HortScience 29, no. 2 (February 1994): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.2.88.
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Phosphate fertilizer additions to soils containing lead arsenate (LA) pesticide residues can increase As volubility. Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) rootstock liners were grown in nondraining pots containing Burch loam soil that received a factorial treatment combination: 1) LA enrichment [no added LA (-LA), and LA added at 138 mg Pb/kg and 50 mg As/kg (+LA)]; 2) fertilizer type [monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and its sulfur analog ammonium hydrogen sulfate (AHS)]; and 3) fertilizer anion rate (0-26.1 mol/m3 soil). Measured response variables were soil salinity and pH, plant biomass, and plant As and Pb concentrations. Both MAP and AHS increased soil electrical conductivity (EC) and decreased soil pH, with AHS usually being more salinizing and acidifying than MAP was at equivalent rates. Adding LA reduced shoot and root mass and increased As and Pb concentration in shoots and roots. Shoot and root mass were inversely related to soil EC in the -LA soil but not in the +LA soil. Adding MAP increased shoot and root As concentration in the +LA soil, but adding AHS had no effect. Fertilizer type and rate did not influence shoot As concentration or root Pb concentration in the -LA soil or shoot Pb concentration in either the +LA or -LA soil. Adding AHS to the +LA soil increased root Pb concentration. These results are consistent with a P-enhanced solid-phase As release mechanism, which consequently increases plant uptake of soil As. Phosphate amendment had no effect on soil Pb phytoavailability.
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Keçeli, Alaettin. "Siyez (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) Popülasyonlarının Biyoaktif, Antioksidan Özellikleri ve Organik Tarımda Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Derleme." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 12 (December 14, 2019): 2111. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i12.2111-2120.2833.
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In addition to having the most cultivation area and production in the world, cereals are irreplaceable in agriculture and in our life with being a basic food material. Wheat, which ranks first in terms of sowing area, is also an origin of our country and has been a basic food raw material since the beginning of history. Besides, wheat contains starch, protein, phytochemical and antioxidant substances which have an important role in human nutrition. As agricultural fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides have negative effects on the environment and human health, the interest in organic agriculture is increasing. The suspicion that pesticide, synthetic fertilizer and growth regulator residues can lead to cancer and other health problems in humans has led the researchers to focus their attention to improve of production methods that will prevent these disadvantages. Research has shown that the most reliable method of production is called Organic or Ecological or Biological Agriculture method. For these reasons, organic agriculture practices in the world have increased in the last 15 years. New breeding varieties selected in high-yielding traditional farming conditions do not sufficiently adapt to organic farming conditions. Readily available existing varieties due to yet correspond to new breeding for organic farming conditions not only yield when used in organic farming but also that they contain proteins and other useful in amounts of vitamins components also occurs a decrease. Cultivation of local varieties is becoming more attractive instead of already cultivated in marginal areas and stable yield values. For this purpose, local varieties produced in restricted regions of our country are the most suitable candidates for both breeding and organic production since they are well adapted to the regions where they are located.
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Rajkovic, Milos, Lidija Peric, and Divna Kovacevic. "Quality of potatoes grown in various regions of Serbia as influenced by heavy metal and pesticide residues concentrations." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 47, no. 2 (2002): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas0202161r.
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It is possible to decompose starch into monosaccharides by the method of acid starch hydrolysis. By applying appropriate chemical procedure, a main solution is obtained, from which aliquots are taken after filtration to determine of the present glucose according to Luff-Shoorlu method. The analysed potatoes of cv. Desiree, grown on various sites in Serbia, have starch content that corresponds to available literature data. The highest starch content is found in potatoes from Ivanjica and Novi Pazar, i.e. from the areas where climate factors, air temperature, and land relief are favourable for potato growing. Lower starch contents are found in potatoes grown in flat areas with warmer climate and drier periods. Those are sites in PKB-Belgrade, Smederevo, Dobanovci and Mrcajevci areas, where the values obtained by experimental procedure are very similar. The lowest starch content is found in potatoes from Belegis and Guca sites, where starch content is lower than normal from literature values, which may be explained by some special causes (climate, location, irrigation). On the basis of heavy metal contents in potato samples, it may be concluded that potatoes originating from sites famous for potato production are contaminated with Cd the content of which exceeds concentrations permitted by regulations. The presence of Cd in potato samples may also be explained by the application of phosphate fertilizers in higher (or recommended) rates. However, the soil itself should also be investigated, especially concerning the content of Cd and pH value. Thus, the influence of the soil itself should be established compared to fertilizer application in the current season. Presence of Cd in potatoes, on the other hand, is highly unfavourable because it prevents its utilization in nutrition, but also as a raw material for further processing of products based on potatoes: chips, etc. Also, Cd presence in foods is strictly controlled by EU, which prevents possible export of products based on potatoes containing Cd. Analyses of lindane and bensultap (Bancol) pesticides indicate that they are not within critical values, nor in such quantities to affect human health, so, from this aspect, the analysed potato samples from all sites are absolutely suitable for consumation.
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Johns, GG, and DM McConchie. "Irrigation of bananas with secondary treated sewage effluent. II. Effect on plant nutrients, additional elements and pesticide residues in plants, soil and leachate using drainage lysimeters." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 7 (1994): 1619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9941619.
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The effects of irrigating banana plants with secondary treated sewage effluent were examined using lysimeters at Woolgoolga, N.S.W. Lysimeters were sheltered from rain so that they received only effluent or tap water without substantial leaching occurring. Total application was c. 4700 mm over c. 30 months, equivalent to about 8 years field requirements for supplementary irrigation. At the end of the growth period, plants and soils were analysed for a wide range of chemical parameters. Soil profiles were then leached and the collected leachate was also analysed. Irrigation with effluent had no effect on plant size. Plants watered with effluent contained 225% more sodium, 81% more boron, 43% more copper, 26% more chloride, and about 16% more nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium than plants watered with tap water. Soils watered with effluent accumulated more phosphorus, sulfate, chloride, calcium and sodium than soils watered with tap water. Phosphorus sorption results indicated that it would take over 200 years of supplementary watering with effluent to saturate the profile with P. Leachate collected after the growth period from lysimeters watered with effluent contained negligible phosphorus, but considerable sodium, chloride, sulfate, and magnesium. There was no evidence of sodium in effluent displacing calcium from the profile. The high concentration of magnesium in leachate from both treatments indicated that magnesium was displaced by the high levels of potassium fertilizer applied to ensure adequacy for growth of banana plants. Boron concentrations in the leachate indicated that boron would not accumulate in the profile under natural rainfall conditions. Other trace elements were also most unlikely to accumulate to problem levels. Pesticide residue testing of banana pulp, soils and leachate indicated minimal likelihood of problems associated with such residues in local effluent. It was concluded that supplementary irrigation of bananas with the effluent tested was unlikely to cause any problems with either soil or plant chemistry, given the considerable surplus of rainfall which occurs locally in most autumns.
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Kokkinomagoulos, Evangelos, and Panagiotis Kandylis. "Sustainable Exploitation of By-Products of Vitivinicultural Origin in Winemaking." Proceedings 67, no. 1 (November 9, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asec2020-07521.
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Grapes are cultivated globally with the total area under vines reaching 7.4 million hectares in 2018, and the global wine market is expected to increase to USD 423 billion by the end of 2023. However, winemaking produces large quantities of by-products/wastes like grape pomace (GP; the residue of pressed grapes), wine lees (WL; the residue accumulating in vessels containing wine after fermentation), and vine shoots (VS; generated during the pruning season in the vineyard). Exploitation of agro-industrial side-streams, wastes, and residues, such as WL, GP, and VS, is an issue of vital importance to global good environmental governance. As WL and GP constitute valuable sources of nutrients and VS are a source of cellulose fibers, their use for novel products with applications in winemaking is of major importance. In the present study, the recent trends in sustainable exploitation of such by-products for application in winemaking are presented. WL consist mainly of ethanol, tartaric acid, and yeast cells, and it is usually used for the recovery of these bioactive compounds and as a nutrient supplement of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts growth. GP has been used for the recovery of phenolic compounds, as a substrate for alcohol production, and as fertilizer in the vineyard. New trends include its use for eliminating unwanted wine compounds (like ochratoxin A and pesticides) and as a sustainable fining agent of wines (in order to modify its sensory features such as astringency, bitterness, and mouthfeel). Finally, VS has been used as biochar and for nanocomposite film production.
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Sirbu, Carmen, Traian Cioroianu, Nicoleta Marin, and Bogdan Rujoi. "Liquid Fertilizers with Organic Substances - Agrochemical Effects Obtained by Application." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 6 (July 15, 2018): 1478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.6.6350.
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The fertilization methods and technologies rapid development using extra-radicular fertilizers and liquid fertilizers with or without organic substances is due to both their controlled application possibilities depending on the vegetation phases, crop, agrochemical background, and nutrition deficiencies and efficiency increase of the indices regarding the fertilization costs -economical results The best agricultural practices application, compatible with the new climatic conditions, can actively contribute to environment preservation and protection at the same time with crops constancy and production capability securement. Fertilizers application with solid or liquid humic substances ensures all the needed compounds and minerals for creating and maintaining a fertile soil. At the same time their efficiency depends on multiple factors that include temperature, humidity, previous agricultural practices, soil physical and chemical characteristics, pesticides or other polluting products residues, microbial population present in the soil and the activity it develops. The humic compounds mediate pesticides and toxins degradation and contaminated soils biological reparation rests on humus help in microbial degradation. The paper presents the results obtained by radicular application of two experimental NPK type fertilizers with humic substances at the sunflower crop in vegetation pots. The fertilizers have been physically and chemically characterized and agrochemically tested as compared to an unfertilized control and two fertilized controls with a complex 15.15.15 NPK fertilizer in 120 and 180 kg/ha doses. The experimental fertilizers were applied in portions upon crops sowing and during vegetation in three 200, 300, respectively 400 liters fertilizer/ha and ensured significant gains as compared to the controls.The extracted humic substances and the fertilizers were physically and chemically characterized as well as through differential thermal gravimetric analysis and FT-IR spectrometry. The vegetal material and the sunflower seeds were analyzed regarding the nitrogen phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, and manganese contents.
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Wegrzyn, Victor A. "Sustainable Commercial Vegetable Production with Minimal Use of Synthetic Fertilizers and Pesticides." HortScience 25, no. 2 (February 1990): 170a—170. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.2.170a.
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Sustainable production systems are characterized as systems that can be physically and biologically maintained in perpetuity, can avoid adverse environmental and health problems, and can be economically profitable. Organic vegetable production systems are one example of sustainable farming enterprises. In California, organic production and postharvest handling techniques are closely defined by legislation. Of the several grower groups representing organic farmers in the state, the California Certified Organic Farmers is the largest, representing 382 growers that farmed a total area of 10,375 ha in 1988. Of these, 200 growers are vegetable producers. Another organization active among organic growers in California, as well as Mexico, Central American countries, and the Caribbean, is the Organic Crop Improvement Association. Marketing organizations such as the Nutri-Clean Program, which tests produce for pesticide residues and certifies specific residue standards, and the Organic Market News and Information Service facilitate the sale of organic produce in California. Cultural practice information for organic vegetable production is difficult to find, particularly techniques that would allow a grower to switch from conventional to organic production. University researchers and extension workers have so far been of little help, although the Univ. of California Sustainability Program at Davis is beginning research and education activities. Funding for these activities is inadequate, and the program is understaffed. There is need for long-term, interdisciplinary, on-farm studies to study organic production techniques in a realistic setting. At present, the reward system in place in land-grant institutions offers little encouragement to researchers to engage in this kind of work. There are formidable obstacles to increasing the use of organic materials for crop fertilization. The nutrient content of the state's manure and organic waste supplies is probably insufficient to meet the fertility needs of California's crops. In addition, since the majority of land currently producing vegetable crops in California is leased, long-term soil fertility investments are a risky undertaking.
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Hock, Winand K. "PUBLIC RISK PERCEPTIONS." HortScience 26, no. 6 (June 1991): 798A—798. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.6.798a.
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One of the major misconceptions in contemporary society is the widespread belief that our food supply is unsafe. The public's perception of risk is quite different than scientific assessment of risk. While scientists see microbial contamination as the key issue (100 to 10,000X greater risk than from exposure to pesticide residues), consumers appear to be most concerned about the effects of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers in the food they buy. Consumers equate “synthetic” with harmful or bad and “natural” with safe or good, yet they ignore the fact that 99.9% of all pesticides humans are exposed to are naturally occurring. Americans eat approximately 1.5 g. of natural pesticides per person per day, or about 10,000 times more than synthetic pesticide residues. Although few plant toxins have been tested for carcinogenicity so far, of those tested about half are rodent carcinogens. Contrary to public perception, environmental pollution accounts for only 2% of all cancers. By contrast, smoking, diet and other personal lifestyle choices account for more than 75%.
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Saakian, Alexander. "On some results of agroecological monitoring of soils and land resources of the Russian Federation in 2019." АгроЭкоИнфо 4, no. 46 (July 8, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/202144101.
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The article presents the results of long-term agroecological monitoring of the state of Russian land resources: the dynamics of changes in agrochemical and physico-chemical indicators, the content of organic matter and elements of mineral nutrition of plants in soils; crop productivity; contamination of soils and products with residual amounts of pesticides, oil and petroleum products, heavy metals, nitrates, radionuclides; the problems of erosion and reclamation of agricultural land are highlighted. Ключевые слова: AGROECOLOGICAL MONITORING, HUMUS, MOBILE PHOSPHORUS, EXCHANGE POTASSIUM, ACIDITY, CHEMICAL RECLAMATION, LIMING, PHOSPHORIZATION, GYPSUM, PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS, YIELD, FERTILIZERS, PESTICIDE RESIDUES, OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, HEAVY METALS, NITRATES, WATER AND WIND EROSION OF SOILS, LAND RECLAMATION
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Saakian, Alexander. "On some results of agroecological monitoring of soils and land resources of the Russian Federation in 2019." АгроЭкоИнфо 4, no. 46 (July 8, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20214410.
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The article presents the results of long-term agroecological monitoring of the state of Russian land resources: the dynamics of changes in agrochemical and physico-chemical indicators, the content of organic matter and elements of mineral nutrition of plants in soils; crop productivity; contamination of soils and products with residual amounts of pesticides, oil and petroleum products, heavy metals, nitrates, radionuclides; the problems of erosion and reclamation of agricultural land are highlighted. Ключевые слова: AGROECOLOGICAL MONITORING, HUMUS, MOBILE PHOSPHORUS, EXCHANGE POTASSIUM, ACIDITY, CHEMICAL RECLAMATION, LIMING, PHOSPHORIZATION, GYPSUM, PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS, YIELD, FERTILIZERS, PESTICIDE RESIDUES, OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, HEAVY METALS, NITRATES, WATER AND WIND EROSION OF SOILS, LAND RECLAMATION
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Öden, Muhammed Kamil, İrfan Özer, and Bilgehan Yabgu Horasan. "Arıtma Çamurlarının Tarımsal Alanlarda Kullanım Örneklerinin Araştırılması." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i5.743-749.2400.
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Nowadays, due to some reasons, soil quality deteriorates, soil organic matter decreases, and plant growth is adversely affected such as damaging agricultural practices, unconscious pesticide and fertilizer use. There is also treatment sludge among the methods that will contribute to the soil. Sewage sludge, the inevitable by-product of municipal and other wastewater treatment plant operations, is a key issue in many countries due to its increasing volume and the impacts associated with its disposal. This environmentally hazardous treatment sludge can be significantly reduced by anaerobic digestion. However, the resulting gas and the residues from anaerobic digestion process need to be treated or stabilized. The use of sewage sludge in agriculture will provide both soil nutrient elements and waste sludge can be disposed with this application. Definitely, it is possible to evaluate the treatment sludges in many different areas. After cleaning the sludge from contaminants, it can be used as a good compost or soil improvement material. In this study, agricultural applications with sewage sludge were investigated.
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Ikhwan, Ali, and Dian Indratmi. "Pendampingan Aplikasi Pupuk Hayati pada Kelompok Tani Subur Selaras Alam." JAST : Jurnal Aplikasi Sains dan Teknologi 3, no. 1 (June 10, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33366/jast.v3i1.1273.
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The Subur Selaras Alam farmer group is a group of vegetable farmers with an average land area of around 0.25 Ha. This farmer group has concerns over the decreasing land conditions due to excessive pesticide residue contamination and excessive chemical fertilization. In an effort to increase soil fertility and the quality of vegetables that are safer and healthier for consumers, farmer groups face several problems regarding biofertilizer technology. Among them are (1) partners have not mastered the technology of production and application of biofertilizers in the field, and (2) partners have not mastered organic farming cultivation management. Methods for overcoming partner problems are carried out with Focus Group Discussion (FGD), training and assistance in the application of biofertilizer technology in the field. The results of the dissemination of technology in the field that were obtained: (1) farmer group "Subur Selaras Alam" was very enthusiastic and mastered the application of biofertilizer technology, (2) increasing corn production reached 46%, (3) biofertilizers can save N (urea) fertilizer up to 50% , and (4) farmers have mastered the making and use of biofertilizers on the land.ABSTRAK Kelompok tani Subur Selaras Alam merupakan kelompok petani sayur dengan luasan lahan rata-rata sekitar 0,25 Ha. Kelompok Tani ini mempunyai kepedulian atas kondisi lahan yang semakin menurun karena cemaran residu pestisida yang terlalu tinggi dan pemupukan kimia yang berlebihan. Dalam upaya peningkatan kesuburan tanah dan mutu sayuran yang lebih aman dan sehat bagi konsumen kelompok tani menghadapi beberapa permasalahan mengenai teknologi pupuk hayati. Diantaranya yaitu (1) mitra belum menguasai teknologi produksi dan aplikasi pupuk hayati di lapang, dan (2) mitra belum menguasai menejemen budidaya pertanian organik. Metode untuk mengatasi permasalahan mitra dilakukan dengan Focus Group Discussion (FGD), pelatihan dan pendampingan aplikasi teknologi pupuk hayati di lapang. Hasil diseminasi teknologi di lapang yang telah dilaksanakan diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut : (1) kelompok tani “Subur Selaras Alam” sangat antusias dan menguasai aplikasi teknologi pupuk hayati, (2) peningkatan produksi jagung mencapai 46%, (3) pupuk hayati ini dapat menghemat pupuk N (urea) mencapai 50%, dan (4) petani sudah menguasai pembuatan dan penggunaan pupuk hayati di lahan.Kata kunci : pupuk hayati; pertanian organik; sayuran; pengabdian masyarakat
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Gregory, Megan M., Kathleen L. Shea, and Eugene B. Bakko. "Comparing agroecosystems: Effects of cropping and tillage patterns on soil, water, energy use and productivity." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 20, no. 2 (June 2005): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/raf200493.
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AbstractWe compared soil characteristics, runoff water quantity and nutrient fluxes, energy use and productivity of three farm types in an unusually dry farming season: conventional (continuous corn and deep tillage), rotation (5-year corn–soybean–oats/alfalfa–alfalfa–alfalfa rotation with tillage 2/5 years) and no-till (corn–soybean with no cultivation). Soil organic matter content was highest on the rotation farm, followed by the no-till farm, and lowest on the conventional farm. Nitrate content of the soil did not differ significantly among the three farms, although the conventional farm had a much higher input of fertilizer nitrogen. Soil penetrometer resistance was lower and percent soil moisture was higher in the no-till and rotation systems compared to the conventional farm. Soil macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity were highest on the no-till farm, followed by the rotation farm. No invertebrates were found in the soil of the conventional farm. The conventional farm had the highest runoff volume per cm rain and higher nitrogen (N) loss in runoff when compared to the rotation and no-till farms, as well as a higher phosphorus (P) flux in comparison to the no-till farm. These results indicate that perennial close-seeded crops (such as alfalfa) used in crop rotations, as well as plant residue left on the surface of no-till fields, can enhance soil organic content and decrease runoff. The lower soil penetrometer resistance and higher soil moisture on the rotation and no-till farms show that conservation tillage can increase soil aggregation and water infiltration, both of which prevent erosion. Furthermore, crop rotation, and particularly no-till, promote diverse invertebrate populations, which play an important role in maintaining nutrient cycling and soil structure. Crop rotation and no-till agriculture are less fossil-fuel intensive than conventional agriculture, due to decreased use of fertilizers, pesticides and fuel. In this unusually dry year they provided superior corn and soybean yields, most likely due to higher soil moisture as a result of greater water infiltration and retention associated with cover crops (rotation farm) and crop residue (no-till farm).
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Wang, Jiankang, Bo Gao, Shuhua Yin, Laisheng Liu, Dongyu Xu, and Yanyan Li. "Comprehensive Evaluation and Source Apportionment of Potential Toxic Elements in Soils and Sediments of Guishui River, Beijing." Water 11, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091847.
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This study investigated the concentrations and spatial distributions, ecological risks, and potential pollution sources of potential toxic elements (PTEs) in the soils and sediments collected from the Guishui River (GSR) in Beijing, China. Multiple methods for pollution assessment and source identification of PTEs in the sediments/soils were used, including analysis of the physicochemical properties, Geo-accumulation index (Igeo), potential ecological risk index (RI), Pearson correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), and Pb isotopic ratio analysis. The results showed that PTE concentrations in the sediments/soils were similar to the soil background values (BV) of Beijing, except for Cd. Maximum Cd concentrations in soils were far below the guideline of the Environmental Quality Standard for Soils in China. PTE concentrations in the soils were slightly higher than those in the sediments. Upstream to downstream of GSR, PTEs concentrations in the soils and sediments remained stable. Pollution assessment based on Igeo and RI indicated that Cd was the main contaminant with moderate pollution levels. PCA results showed that Cd originated from anthropogenic sources, mainly including pesticide and fertilizer residues, while other metals mainly originated from natural sources. Further source identification using Pb isotopic ratios and PCA indicated that Cu, Pb, and Zn in GSR originated from anthropogenic sources (aerosols and coal combustion) and atmospheric deposition was considered as the primary input pathway.
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Hornick, Sharon B. "Factors affecting the nutritional quality of crops." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 7, no. 1-2 (June 1992): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300004471.
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AbstractSeveral factors can directly or indirectly affect the nutritional quality of crops. Among these are soil factors, such as pH, available nutrients, texture, organic matter content and soil-water relationships; weather and climatic factors, including temperature, rainfall and light intensity; the crop and cultivar; postharvest handling and storage; and fertilizer applications and cultural practices. This paper deals primarily with fertilizer and cultural management practices, and on certain environmental factors that affect the nutritional quality of field crops and of fruits and vegetables. Earlier research that has investigated the nutritional status of crops grown with either chemical fertilizers or organic fertilizers is discussed. These studies often have given contradictory results on crop yields and on crops' mineral and vitamin contents. Other factors, such as maturity at harvest, postharvest handling and storage, anti-nutritive components, and residues of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are reviewed with respect to food safety and quality, and their implications for human and animal health. Future research needs are identified so that comparable results and valid comparisons can be obtained to identify the best management practices to ensure that food is safe and nutritious for the consumer.
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Fajar Oktavia, Henita. "Pemberdayaan Petani dalam Mengurangi Residu Melalui Pertanian Ramah Lingkungan di BPP Tambun Utara, Kabupaten Bekasi." Abdi Wiralodra : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 2, no. 1 (August 10, 2020): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31943/abdi.v2i1.21.
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Conventional agriculture used chemical fertilizers and pesticides for long-term had negative impacts on the environment, due to chemical residues that pollute the environment. In addition it has a bad impact on the harvest, because they contain chemical residues that may affect health of consumers. Recently, there has been a global issue in agricultural sector of back to nature, such as the use of biological materials as components of fertilizers and pesticides, as known as an environmentally friendly agriculture.
Farmers in the area of Badan Penyuluhan Pertanian (BPP) at North Tambun, Bekasi Regency, have land that is suitable for farming food crops, palawija and horticulture. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural production is still quite high until now, and doesn't used exact dose, method, type and frequency. To reduce the negative impact of residues using agricultural chemicals on the environment and yields, by replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers, chemical pesticides with bio-pesticides. Farmer empowerment aims to increase knowledge, learning and skills regarding the selection of the composition of basic ingredients for making organic fertilizers and biopesticides, manufacturing training and assistance in how to apply directly to agricultural land. The outputs of PkM (Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat) activities are increasing farmers understanding of environmentally friendly agriculture, increasing farmers knowledge in using organic fertilizers and biopesticides made by participants, and increasing interest and motivation from farmers to develop alternative organic fertilizers and bio-pesticides that are in accordance with the availability materials around and cropping patterns. It was proven that after counseling there was an increase in the knowledge aspect by 27.1%, the attitude aspect by 19.54% and the behavioral aspect by 8.9%.
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Werner, Matthew R., and Daniel L. Dindal. "Effects of conversion to organic agricultural practices on soil biota." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 5, no. 1 (March 1990): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003192.
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AbstractIn the fifth year of an agricultural conversion experiment in Pennsylvania, we studied the soil biological community under three treatment regimes planted with corn: organic-manure, organic-legume, and a conventional system. The organic treatments consisted of complex crop rotations, cultivations, and organic matter inputs to control pests and maintain soil fertility. The conventional system consisted of a simple corn/soybean rotation with synthetic fertilizer and pesticide inputs. High rates of CO2 evolution (a measure of potential microbial activity) in the organic plots corresponded with high levels of organic matter input. Soil nematodes were most abundant in organic plots, although seasonal patterns differed between the two organic treatments. Soil microarthropods were dominated by fungivorous Prostigmata mites, which reached peak abundance in organic plots two to five months after organic matter incorporation. Oribatid mites, which were rare throughout the study, followed the same pattern of abundance in each treatment and were probably most influenced by tillage disturbances. Predatory Mesostigmata were generally more abundant in organic plots. Surface-dwelling Collembola were abundant briefly in the spring, but soil-dwelling species dominated numerically throughout the cropping season. Spring tillage appeared to have a strong negative effect on earthworm populations in all plots. Small earthworm species became abundant in organic-manure plots during the summer. Larger earthworm species were abundant in organic-legume and conventional plots after the autumn harvest, when crop residues covered the undisturbed soil The systems-level nature of the Conversion Project experiment makes it difficult to identify cause-effect relationships. The data do suggest that organic amendments tend to enhance soil biological activity, while tillage disturbances tend to disrupt the biotic community.
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Valverde, Antonio. "Chromatographic Pesticide Residue Analysis." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, no. 3 (May 1, 2000): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.3.679.
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Raebel, Marsha A. "Pesticide Residue in Lanolin." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 261, no. 2 (January 13, 1989): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03420020094018.
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Copeland, C. A. "Pesticide residue in lanolin." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 261, no. 2 (January 13, 1989): 242b—242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.261.2.242b.
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Gaybaryan, Mikhail A., Vladimir S. Teterin, Vladimir I. Sidorkin, and Natalya N. Gapeeva. "Modification of the unit for subsurface injection of organomineral fertilizers." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2020-58-2-12-20.
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Subsurface injection of liquid organomineral fertilizers provides activation of soil microflora, increased nutrient adsorption by plants, improved physical and agrochemical properties of soil, adsorption of harmful contaminants, pesticides and radioactive nuclides from soils. Subsurface injection of liquid fertilizers is usually carried out locally in planting or feeding seedlings, using sowing and planting units, plant nourishing cultivators, fertilizing systems, cultivators with feeding devices. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in increasing the efficiency of using liquid fertilizers, including organomineral fertilizers, by upgrading the developed technical means for their intra-soil application. (Materials and methods) The article presents the designed, manufactured and tested a technical tool for continuous intra-soil application of liquid organomineral fertilizers during pre-sowing soil treatment. Authors proposed the design of a combined device that includes a vertical milling cultivator, a system for injecting liquid organomineral fertilizers and a rolling drum and allows to carefully loosen the soil, grind root and crop residues, conduct a continuous intra-soil application of liquid organomineral fertilizers to a depth of 20 centimeters, as well as create a compacted seedbed. (Results and discussion) The authors identified a number of design flaws during the tests of the developed machine, and therefore decided to modernize some of them. Authors have upgraded the design of the cutter and coulter and changed the injection system of liquid fertilizers. (Summary) As a result of the modernization, authors have increased the charge productivity of the unit, improved the quality of soil treatment and increased the efficiency of fertilizer application by increasing the uniformity of their application.
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Mann, H. C., J. E. Culp, and F. J. Johnson. "TVA'S fertilizer / pesticide containment program." Fertilizer Research 32, no. 1 (July 1992): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01054400.
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Tuzimski, Tomasz. "Methods of Pesticide Residue Analysis." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 95, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 1256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.sge_tuzimski_intro.
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