Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Feu – Production et usage préhistoriques'
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Roussel, Bertrand. "Contribution à l'étude d'une technique préhistorique : la production du feu par percussion de la pierre." Montpellier 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON30002.
Full textThe aim of this work is to take stock of the production of fire by stone striking and the use of this technique during prehistory. It is based on a dual approach: both experimental and ethnographic. The first part presents the production of fire by stone striking, as well as the results of our own experimentations in that field. The objective of the second section is to highlight the use of this technique by present peoples all over the world, in order to better estimate its use during prehistoric times. The last two chapters are dedicated to the archaeological remains which can be linked with this method of fire lighting. The third part deals with lithic artifacts, whereas the fourth one proposes an approach to the numerous organic materials able to catch fire when in contact with the sparks produced by the striking of two stones. It also develops a reflection on the interpretation of some organic remains that have been unearthed in a humid environment in different prehistoric sites
Muhieddine, Mohamad. "Simulation numérique des structures de combustion préhistoriques." Rennes 1, 2009. ftp://ftp.irisa.fr/techreports/theses/2009/muhieddine.pdf.
Full textAbstract In order to understand the ancient human behavior, it was necessary to find an appropriate methodology to study the nature and the mechanism of the prehistoric fires. This work presents numerical methods to solve the problem of heat diffusion in water saturated porous media and to determine the physical properties of the medium by inverse method. However, the first part of this work concerns the resolution of phase change problems using two approaches LHA (latent heat accumulation) and AHC (apparent heat capacity); this last one is used in what follows. We use systematically the method of lines which consists first on discretizing in space, by finite volume method with an implicit scheme and a modified Newton method to deal with the non linearity, or by hybrid mixed finite element with a semi-implicit scheme in time. In addition, the coupling diffusion-convection model has been studied leading to a system of differential algebraic equations solved by an appropriate solver. After the comparisons with the results of the real experiments realized at the archaeological site of Pincevent, the shown methods look interesting and the results are promissing. The second part of my Ph. D work is about the estimation of thermophysical properties of the archaeological soil by inverse problem. The Gauss-Newton method is used to solve the problem. The obtained results show a good convergence to the desired solution
Lejay, Mathieu. "Approche archéologique et expérimentale des structures de combustion au Paléolithique supérieur ancien : analyse multiscalaire (micromorphologie et géochimie organique) appliquée aux sites de Régismont-le-Haut et des Bossats." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20005.
Full textThis study treats a selection of combustion structures from Régismont-le-Haut (Hérault, France) and les Bossats (Seine-et-Marne, France) using a multiscalar approach. These two open-air sites provide an extremely rich archaeological documentation of, respectively, a recent phase of the Aurignacian and an early phase of the Gravettian (among others). Methodologically the study entails treating three scales of analysis, beginning with field data (macroscopic scale), followed by micromorphological investigation (meso- and microscopic scales), and finishing with geochemical analyses (molecular scale). An experimental program was also developed in order to refine our tools for interpreting our archaeological datasets, as well as to propose novel avenues of reflexion. The concomitant application of these complementary approaches and subsequent cross-examination of their respective results underlines the important role of organic matter in the combustion structure sediments. The results obtained allow for a better understanding of fire structure operation and use, as well as the taphonomic evolution. For primary structures questions regarded additional construction of the structures, intensity of use, types of fuel, and their function, while secondary structures brought to the table information regarding maintenance activities. The contextualization of results obtained from these two particularly well-preserved sites allows us to reflect more widely upon the role of combustion structures in the Early Upper Palaeolithic, a period during which pyrotechnology remains a little explored sphere of human behaviour
Marquer, Laurent. "Apport des signaux polliniques et charbons à la reconstitution des paléoenvironnements et à la connaissance des relations homme-milieu au Pleistocène dans le bassin de la Loire moyenne (France)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0017.
Full textPollen and charcoal studies were realized in various sedimentary contexts from the middle Loire basin to yield new palaeoenvironmental data. These new results highlight the impact of « glacial-interglacial » Quaternary cycles with regard to the prehistoric human presence in this territory. So, analyze of burning remains inside archaeological levels was realized. A quantification protocol based on image analyses and applied to hearth and archaeological sediments was created to give an appreciation of charcoal and burnt bones fragmentation. The interpretation of the process of fragmentation will provide new data to address key issues such as the Palaeolithic fuel economy in this area. The knowledge of fuel economy compared to palaeoenvironmental data led us to discuss the interactions between human and his landscape during the Pleistocene in the middle Loire basin
Albukaai, Diaa Eddin. "Les structures de combustion au Levant pendant la période Néolithique précéramique (10000-7000 BP) : typologie, techniques de construction, emplacements et fonctions." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20109.
Full textThe fire is one of the major innovations in human history and even one of the first evidence of our humanity. The fire structure is a unifying place; it plays an essential social role in the daily life of a population, it has undoubtedly contributed to the development of communication. However, its greatest role is being the main source of heat; this brought new behaviors into the alimentary system of ancient populations, they were finally able to prepare their food differently. A new cooking system has been established due to the fire installations which highly influences and improves the daily diet menu of the prehistoric families. This doctoral research is in-depth analysis of the structures of combustion in the Ancient Near East, more precisely in Syria during the Neolithic period (10000-7000 BP). Our study centers according three main objectives; the first attends to follow the morphological and technological developments of fire structures. The second attempts to demonstrate the social significance of the combustion devices within the village community from Neolithic. While the third objective aims to reconstitute the different possible modes of usage of the Neolithic fire structures. To achieve our goals, two methodological approaches have been applied; the direct analysis and the indirect one. The first consists of studying the fire place directly in its context on the field by a system of delicate excavation and direct recording. The second comprises the studying of a number of excavated fire places through the archeological archives data (day notes, drawings, plans…etc.). Our corpus composes of a total of 286 fire installations coming from five archaeological Syrian sites covering chronologically two major phases of Neolithic sequence (PPNA and PPNB). These sites are localized in three main geographical zones; Jerf el Ahmar, Tell ‘Abr and Tell Halula (Middle Euphrates), Wadi Tumbaq 3 (Djebel Bal’as) and Tell Aswad (Damascene). Finally, the analysis of the set of the collected samples allowed us to establish a typology of the studied fire structures through the analysis based on both the main morphological features and the adjustments which equip the structure. Then, we were able to highlight the social role played by the fire place via studying the spatial distribution compared to the habitat spaces. This permits us to identify if the structure has been used collectively or by a single family. In addition, the ethnographical studies allowed us to reconstitute the different modes of use of fire structures during Neolithic. In general, a fire place could be used for 1) domestic, 2) ritual or technical purpose. In our study case, the domestic role was highly detected, whereas the ritual usage was less present. Thus the technical use stays difficult to identify in such archaeological context, because of the scarcity of material referring to this purpose. Accordingly, the evolution of structures of combustion could be characterized proceeding three levels. The first is a large-scale one covering geographically the Levant, and chronologically both PPNA and PPNB. The second is a regional (inter sites) observed particularly in the Middle Euphrates. The last is intra site discusses the evolution through the several phases of occupation on the same site
Salmon, Fabien. "Simulation aéro-thermo-mécanique des effets du feu sur les parois d'un milieu confiné : application à l'étude des thermo-altérations de la grotte Chauvet-Pont d'Arc." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0041/document.
Full textIn 1994, the discovery of the Chauvet-Pont d'Arc cave (Ardèche, France) revealed singularanthropogenic thermal marks on walls. They are the witnesses of high intensity prehistorical firescarried out deep in the cavity. The thermoluminescence evaluation of the heating ages is consistentwith the earlier period of human occupation between 37,000 and 33,500 years ago. The archaeologistsidentified two kinds of thermo-alterations : colour changes and spallings. The colour changes resultfrom high-temperature chemical reactions in limestone, turning rock red or grey. Ex situ tests showedthat red colour happens after heating at 250oC for ten minutes while at least 350oC is necessary forgrey. Spalling stems from high stresses in rock due to restrained thermal expansion and thermohydricprocesses. In addition, part of the walls near thermo-altérations is still covered with soot. From theseclues, this investigation aims to characterize the fires of the Megaloceros Gallery which is located inthe deep part of the cave. Estimating the amounts of wood, the fires number and the ability tosupply the hearths could help make assumptions about the function of these fires.For the sake of conservation, only simulation can reproduce fires in the cave geometry withoutrequiring any reconstruction. This study is to set up a numerical modelling of fires in confinedgeometries and the induced thermal impacts on walls. A fluid-structure coupling is then developedfrom two free open source codes : OpenFOAM and Cast3m. The former manages the simulation offire scenarios through the FireFOAM tool. The latter handles the thermo-mechanical calculations inthe rock mass. To extend the initial scope of FireFOAM, some numerical models have beenimplemented in the code. This relates to soot deposit, danger assessment, thermocouple correctionand a thermal boundary condition. In addition, some modelling requirements improving the qualityof the results are detailed in the manuscript. The advanced model is then validated on experimentalfires in a former limestone quarry which has dimensions close to the Megaloceros Gallery ones. Thesame fuel (pinus sylvestris) as the one identified in the cave is burnt. The combustion led to similarthermo-alterations as those observed in the Chauvet-Pont d'Arc cave. Spallings and colour changesoccurred on the ceiling and walls of the quarry. The comparison with simulation is carried out thanksto the measurement of temperatures, velocities, soot deposits, gases and particles concentrations.The numerical model is then applied to the simulation of fires in the Megaloceros Gallery geometry.All the impacted areas of this gallery are considered and the scenarios that may have occurred arespecified. This investigation then provides an overview of the fires locations and intensities in thispart of the cave. Moreover, the compatibility with living conditions is indicated for the most powerfulfires. These information could help for archaeologists in the understanding of the functions of these fires
Lejay, Mathieu. "Approche archéologique et expérimentale des structures de combustion au Paléolithique supérieur ancien : analyse multiscalaire (micromorphologie et géochimie organique) appliquée aux sites de Régismont-le-Haut et des Bossats." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20005/document.
Full textThis study treats a selection of combustion structures from Régismont-le-Haut (Hérault, France) and les Bossats (Seine-et-Marne, France) using a multiscalar approach. These two open-air sites provide an extremely rich archaeological documentation of, respectively, a recent phase of the Aurignacian and an early phase of the Gravettian (among others). Methodologically the study entails treating three scales of analysis, beginning with field data (macroscopic scale), followed by micromorphological investigation (meso- and microscopic scales), and finishing with geochemical analyses (molecular scale). An experimental program was also developed in order to refine our tools for interpreting our archaeological datasets, as well as to propose novel avenues of reflexion. The concomitant application of these complementary approaches and subsequent cross-examination of their respective results underlines the important role of organic matter in the combustion structure sediments. The results obtained allow for a better understanding of fire structure operation and use, as well as the taphonomic evolution. For primary structures questions regarded additional construction of the structures, intensity of use, types of fuel, and their function, while secondary structures brought to the table information regarding maintenance activities. The contextualization of results obtained from these two particularly well-preserved sites allows us to reflect more widely upon the role of combustion structures in the Early Upper Palaeolithic, a period during which pyrotechnology remains a little explored sphere of human behaviour
Hérisson, David. "Étude des comportements des premiers Néandertaliens du Nord de la France : les occupations saaliennes des gisements de Biache-Saint-Vaast et de Therdonne." Phd thesis, Université Charles de Gaulle - Lille III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00824754.
Full textThirault, Éric. "Production, diffusion et usage des haches néolithiques dans les Alpes occidentales et le bassin du Rhône." Lyon 2, 2001. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/thirault_e.
Full textThis work documents the question of the production and the diffusion of the neolithic polished tenace rocks axeheads, in the Western Alps (french-italian-swiss) and the Rhône basin. The tool " axe " is also studied under its symbolic and fonctional aspects. This polyfocal approach is based on the rock caracterisations (analyses under thinsections and X-ray), the technological point of wiew on the products, their morphotypological classification, and the fonctional study of the use modalities of the tools (use traces, hafting, discovery contexts). The productions, strongly structured, are organised around a rock family : the alpine piemontese eclogites, wich are the main used (75 % everywhere in the region studied), the main diffused (150 to 200 km on a massive way) and the more invested technically speaking, from the extraction probably realised in altitude quarries to the shaping realised by pecking and polishing. Several mighty transalpine exchange networks are progressively sat up in the ancien/middle I Neolithic (french terminology), underligned by the production of non utilitarian great axeheads. During the middle Neolithic II, the eclogite diffusions attain an apogee, sustained by a restructured production system. During the final Neolithic, new transformations occur in the whole system wich still persists in the reliefs, in spite of the appearence of peripheral productions wich are not diffused. The non economic operation of the transalpine networks is demonstrated. The Western Alps appears as strong cultural dynamism regions : this fact is underligned by other productions in tenace polishing rocks (bracelets, arrowheads)
Bekhechi, Nabila. "Le feu dans la société préislamique selon les textes arabes médiévaux : mythes, rites, cultes, aspects culturels, linguistiques et ethnologiques." Paris 8, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA083057.
Full textThis thesis is aimed for a better understanding of the Arabic peninsula. Notably by the study of an object that would likely enrich the question. In effect we wanted to revisit the region across and around a natural element which is fire. Through the medieval Arab texts we shall try to know the reserved place of fire in the pre-Islamic society. It is to examine practices, rituals, myths and manners in addition to the ethnological, linguistic and literary aspects
Dong, Huy Quang. "Evaluation du risque d'inflammation des fumées riches dans un milieu confiné sous-ventilé à l'aide de la simulation numérique." Phd thesis, ISAE-ENSMA Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et d'Aérotechique - Poitiers, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954471.
Full textMense, Maxime. "Etude des régimes d'instabilités de combustion basse fréquence lors d'un incendie dans une enceinte mécaniquement ventilée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0631/document.
Full textDuring liquid hydrocarbon fire tests in the DIVA device of IRSN, a low-frequency (LF) oscillatory phenomenon, was observed. This phenomenon manifests itself by large variations of the average pressure in the room, which can lead to a loss of confinement and thus promote the spread of fire and the release of pollutants beyond the local. It is accompanied by intermittent displacements of the flame outside the fuel pan. The fine study of this phenomenon consisted in designing a 1:4 scale model of the DIVA device, allowing us to carry out a very large number of tests, varying some parameters. The analysis of the results obtained allowed us to identify different combustion regimes, to describe the mechanisms responsible for the appearance of the LF oscillations, and to characterize the properties of these oscillations (frequency and amplitude). The occurrence and persistence of LF oscillations essentially depend on the precarious equilibrium between the supply of fresh air and the supply of fuel vapors which results from the heat flux received at its surface. An exploratory numerical study using the CFD code SAFIR was then conducted using both the experimentally measured evaporation rate and that calculated using an evaporation model. The model does not correctly describe the displacements of the flame outside the fuel pan. However, it satisfactorily reproduces the LF oscillatory fire behavior, especially its dominant frequency
Dussol, Lydie. "Feux et forêts mayas : usages et gestion des combustibles ligneux dans les Basses Terres centrales mayas à la période Classique : le cas du site de Naachtun, Petén, Guatemala : approche anthracologique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H072.
Full textThe rise and development of ancient Maya societies in the tropical forests of the Maya Lowlands, a demanding environment, have raised important questions, most of which remain unanswered due to a lack of empirical data. Models describing Maya forest exploitation, landscapes impact and adaptation to environmental changes over three millennia of occupation mostly rely on palynological and sedimentological data. Archaeological or archaeobotanical data has conversely very rarely been used to test these models. Specifically, no attempt has been made to reconstruct systematically the global wood economy of ancient Maya cities. Wood was an indispensable resource for the Maya, as for all pre-industrial societies, and thus constitutes a key economic and ecological indicator for understanding socio-environmental interactions over time. This doctoral study therefore aims to conduct a systematic and diachronic anthracological study at a Maya site, in order to reconstruct domestic firewood collection strategies and analyze cross relations between human activities and woodland changes throughout the whole length of the occupation. This research has been carried out at the site of Naachtun, a Classic period city (AD 250-950) located in northern Petén, Guatemala. The development of the city over eight centuries≈ ( AD 150 -950/1000), with non-linear population dynamics, and its resilience during the Terminal Classic crisis, made the site of Naachtun a relevant candidate for the study of the interactions between the ancient Maya and the forest on a long-term scale. This required beforehand the compilation of a wood reference collection for the Central Maya Lowlands, which now comprises 231 taxa belonging to 52 families, physical and numerical materials included. Two other lines of research have been developed in this project. The first focuses on the impact of taphonomic processes on the preservation of archaeological charcoal at Maya sites, by means of an experimental study of the combustion of five tree species of the Maya forest. The second one deals with the use of fire and ashes in the ritual practices of the ancient Maya. Ash and charcoal deposits resulting from ritual actions are examined through a spatial approach in order to reconstitute the human gestures that are responsible for their formation. These three interdependent lines of research allow us to demonstrate the usefulness of anthracology in the study of the socio-environmental dynamics and human behaviors in the Maya Lowlands
Lancien, Théa. "Étude numérique de l'allumage diphasique de foyers annulaires multi-brûleurs." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC072/document.
Full textIgnition is one of the critical issues that arise in the design and dimensioning of aeronautic combustors, in particular when new technologies are envisioned to reduce the amount of pollutants generated by the combustion of fossil fuels. It is therefore important to achieve a detailed understanding of this complex process in realistic conditions in order to enable informed design choices leading to reliable, stable and safe operation of the engines.Large eddy simulations of the light-round with two phase injection are carried out for three operating conditions and compared to experimental data in terms of flame structure and global duration. The liquid phase is described with a mono-disperse Eulerian approach.A detailed analysis of the three numerical light-round sequences allows to identify some key aspects of the flame propagation in the two-phase mixture. Interactions between the flame, the flow field and the liquid sprays create heterogeneities in the liquid repartition and wakes on the downstream side of the swirling jets formed by the injectors, with notable effects on the motion of the leading point and on the absolute flame velocity.Finally, heat losses at the walls are accounted for during the light-round in order to assess the simulation's ability to retrieve the marked slowdown of the flame propagation observed experimentally when the quartz walls are at ambient temperature
Le, Drezen Yann. "Dynamiques des paysages de la vallée du Yamé depuis 4 000 ans : Contribution à la compréhension d'un géosystème soudano-sahélien (Ounjougou, Pays dogon, Mali)." Caen, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00348161.
Full textRoblin, Simon. "Etude numérique de l'auto-inflammation des solides par simulation numérique directe : application au polyméthacrylate de méthyle." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ESMA0023/document.
Full textFire propagation on the scale of buildings and cities is a major stake. It is conditioned by the ignition of solid fuels in rooms adjacent to the one where the disaster originally takes place. The ignition is so piloted by the initiation of the combustion reaction of the gaseous mixture stemming from the thermal decomposition of the condensed phase induced by heat transfer.Two types of ignition are defined in the literature: piloted-ignition related to the presence of a hot spot and auto-ignition resulting from the thermal runaway within the gas phase. The auto-ignition plays a major role in the context of fire spread between rooms. However, this process has been very little experimentally studied, because of its complexity, and only theoretical analyses were lead concerning the phenomena which take place during solid fuels auto ignition.The aim of the present study is to characterize auto-ignition regimes according to various solid typologies (regarding to thermal and kinetic behaviour) in order to understand better their processes and their occurrence conditions. Thereby, this fine understanding allows to develop global models of fire spread for a deterministic consideration of the fire hazards at urban scale.The brief and local character of the auto-ignition requires the choice of a complete resolution for flows, transfers and chemistry. Thus, the Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) was selected to capture the phenomena, with the introduction of a fine and non-infinitely fast chemistry of thermal decomposition and combustion