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Journal articles on the topic 'Feudal hierarchy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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1

Do, Trang, and Khue Dinh Pham. "VIETNAMESE EDUCATION DURING THE FEUDAL ERA." Conhecimento & Diversidade 17, no. 45 (2025): 215–35. https://doi.org/10.18316/rcd.v17i45.12391.

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This paper explores the significant impact of Confucianism on Vietnamese education during the feudal era, spanning from 939 to 1945. Confucianism, introduced through Chinese influence, gradually became embedded in Vietnam’s political, social, and educational systems. The Confucian philosophy of education, which emphasizes moral development, hierarchy, and social stability, shaped the Vietnamese education system by fostering the cultivation of virtuous individuals and officials for governance. This study delves into the evolution of Confucian educational ideals, their integration with Vietnam’s

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2

Humaira Tariq. "Feudal System of Pakistan in Daniyal Mueenuddin’s Short Stories." Linguistics and Literature Review 4, no. 1 (2018): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/llr.v4i1.275.

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This study analyses the short stories of the Pakistani-American author Daniyal Mueenuddin, in his collection, “In Other Rooms, Other Wonders” (Mueenuddin, 2009). The theoretical foundation of this study draws mainly from The Communist Manifesto written by the German philosophers Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (Marx, Engels, & Taylor, 1967). The study highlights the Feudal System in Punjab- Pakistan, given in Mueenuddin’s stories as representative of the same stratification and class struggles, discussed by Marx and Engels for the capitalist society. The Bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie and p

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Papagiannopoulos, Kostas, Helene Simoni, and Panagiotis Kontolaimos. "Settlement Pattern and Land Use under the Frankish Feudal System in the Northwestern Peloponnese (Thirteenth–Mid-Fifteenth Centuries)." Frankokratia 2, no. 2 (2021): 109–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25895931-12340009.

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Abstract Following the Fourth Crusade, one of the Frankish states that were established in former Byzantine territories was the Principality of Morea, in the Peloponnese. A strict hierarchy consisting of the prince, the barons, and the fief-knights quickly implemented a feudal system and imposed it on the locals; towers were erected and settlements were relocated. Fieldwork in the Patras area, in the northwestern Peloponnese, has focused on identifying the implementation of the feudal system on the level of the barony and that of the fief. Data are drawn from surface surveys and from historica

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Mauri, Claudia, and Natalie Carter. "Is there a feudal hierarchy amongst regulatory immune cells? More than just Tregs." Arthritis Research & Therapy 11, no. 4 (2009): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/ar2752.

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Zahrawi, Samar. "The Hierarchy of Dogs and Men: Satire in Mamdouh ʿUdwan’s Drama". Arab World English Journal For Translation and Literary Studies 8, № 1 (2024): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awejtls/vol8no1.5.

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This paper will study the satirical representation of the human condition under poverty and political oppression in Syria. People are sardonically presented as inferior to animals in four plays by the Syrian dramatist Mamdouh ʿUdwan: The Feudal Lord’s Dog, The Bitten Bitch, and The Ambassador’s Dog. With the knowledge of the pejorative connotations the Arabic language associates with the term “dog”, these plays can be considered as a poignant mockery of the situation in ʿUdwan’s world 1941-2004 and a prophetic extrapolation of the present abyss. Through textual analysis, this study will deline

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Van der Laarse, Rob. "Burgers op het kasteel. Elitedistinctie en representatie onder Hollandse heren buiten de ridderstand in de zeventiende en achttiende eeuw." Virtus | Journal of Nobility Studies 29 (December 31, 2022): 34–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/virtus.29.34-64.

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The Dutch Republic offers a remarkable picture of two parallel elites that developed side by side in the early modern period. While in other European countries high officials and merchants were eventually admitted to the peerage, here the knighthoods remained closed, even to the most powerful urban regents. How can we understand this almost hermetic and by European standards unique separation of nobility and patriciate? Why did urban aristocrats with numerous lordships and foreign noble titles copy the culture of an elite to which they never belonged? The answer to these questions is often sou

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Magnus, Shulamit S. "“Who Shall Say Who Belongs?”: Jews Between City and State in Prussian Cologne, 1815–1828." AJS Review 16, no. 1-2 (1991): 57–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009400003123.

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The struggle for Jewish emancipation in Germany is commonly understood as a battle for civic equality at the state level. But an important chapter in the history of emancipation took place in the conflict between German states and localities over Jewish rights. Jurisdictional battles over Jewish status may seem quintessentially medieval, recalling the strife between competing levels of the feudal hierarchy for control of the Jews and the revenue they generated.Yet similar struggles persisted well into the nineteenth century in several German states, such as Bavaria, Baden, and Wiirt-temberg, w

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Wu, Wenxi, and Xinhou Wang. "Female Figures in Chinese Qing Dynasty Armor Art." Asian Social Science 19, no. 2 (2023): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v19n2p59.

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In ancient China, traditional costumes have an important function of marking the identity of the noble and commoner status hierarchy. Before modern times, the shape, fabric, and color of folk women&#39;s clothing were not clearly defined, but they were subject to folklore and had many taboos.&nbsp; The wives of ministers or members of royalty were expected to comport themselves according to their husbands&#39; official status and were forbidden from breaking any restrictions. But in the visual archives of the last feudal dynasty of ancient China, we have astonishing discoveries abo

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Dr, S. Latha. "Intricacies of the Feudal Social Hierarchy in the Short Stories of Mamang Dai's "The Road" and Devanur Mahadeva's "Tar Arrives"." Literary Druid 3, Special Issue 1 (2021): 81–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5203202.

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<em>The quote, ‘Old is dying and the new cannot be born’ is very appropriate to the two short stories Mamang Dai’s “The Road” and Devanur Mahadeva’s “Tar Arrives” selected for discussion in this paper. The stories detail the landscapes and people of a remote village set in North India and in South India. Weighing more on the contemporary issues of social, economic and cultural progressions- opposing the influences of a new culture, act of resistance to retain its cultural Identity-the paper extricates the paradox involved. Modernity does not deal

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Vorng, Sophorntavy. "Beyond the Urban-Rural Divide: Complexities of Class, Status and Hierarchy in Bankok." Asian Journal of Social Science 39, no. 5 (2011): 674–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853111x608302.

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Abstract The Thai political conflict is often described in terms of an urban-rural class divide. Using an emic, ethnographic approach, I problematise this analysis by examining Bangkokian notions of class and status differentiation. These have their bases in the feudal sakdina era as well as notions of Buddhist hierarchy, and privilege cosmopolitanism, foreignness and wealth, as encapsulated by such hybrid concepts as ‘inter’ and ‘hi-so’ — both of which are adopted from the English language phrases ‘international’ and ‘high society’, respectively. Such notions cannot adequately be explained in

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Li, Xu Jia. "Homology, Hierarchy, and Space - A Case Study of Wu’s House." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 1694–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.1694.

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This paper is a case study of Wu’s house, which is located at the Majiamiao hutong, only several blocks away from the imperial palace—the Forbidden City in Beijing. It is a typical quadrangle called Siheyuan, or "four-side enclosed courtyard". Historians declared that, judging by the architectural style and interior decoration, the house might have been constructed in the late Ming dynasty [1], which means the history of the house could go back for more than 400 years. The complete story of the house and its owners can be divided into three parts: first, a house for a large feudal family befor

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Lyzohub, Vitaly. "The main stages of the formation of institutions of state power and law of Ancient China." Theory and practice of jurisprudence 1, no. 19 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2225-6555.2021.19.224744.

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The article is devoted to the generalizing given the principles of power, management and development of law, formed at the initial stage of the formation of Chinese civilization. The chronological framework of the origin of the Chinese civilization in the ancient period and the main periods of the history of Ancient China are determined. The main features of the despotic form of government, the stages of the feudal hierarchy and the hierarchy of higher dignitaries, the principle of transferring the main political and legal principles from one dynasty to another, the importance of the reforms o

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Wang, Guixia. "Research on Optimization of 3D Tourism Virtual Crossover Scene based on Semantic Perception Analysis." Advances in Multimedia 2022 (April 8, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9721570.

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The objective of this paper is to optimize the scene of tourism virtual perception space. Based on the abstract method of semantic feature points, the computing model of semantic perception of single-cultural landscape and multi-cultural landscape is established. Using the digital elevation model, an empirical study on the semantic perception of cultural landscape in the western Tombs of Qing Dynasty is carried out. Taking the traditional Chinese culture of the site selection of royal tombs and the feudal hierarchy represented as the semantic criteria, eighteen feature points were extracted fr

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Shlapentokh, Vladimir. "Corruption, the power of state and big business in Soviet and post-Soviet regimes." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 46, no. 1 (2013): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.12.010.

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The growth of corruption after 1991 was probably unavoidable. The privatization of the state economy created favorable conditions for corruption, which did not exist before. The feudalization of a society, with its weakening of the state and the high autonomy of its office holders, was another major factor behind the outburst of corruption. However, while these “objective” factors account for a great part of corruption’s growth, the transformation of the leaders of the country to people who encouraged corruption for their own benefit—one of the major elements of feudalization—also played an ex

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Lyzohub, V. "The main stages of the formation of institutions of state power and law of Ancient China." Theory and practice of jurisprudence 2021, (VOL 1) 19 (2021): 1. https://doi.org/10.21564/2225-6555.2021.19.224744.

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<em>The article is devoted to the generalizing given the principles of power, management and development of law, formed at the initial stage of the formation of Chinese civilization. The chronological framework of the origin of the Chinese civilization in the ancient period and the main periods of the history of Ancient China are determined. The main features of the despotic form of government, the stages of the feudal hierarchy and the hierarchy of higher dignitaries, the principle of transferring the main political and legal principles from one dynasty to another, the importance of the refor

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Huang, Xin-Zhi, Chuko Cheng, and Yu-Che Huang. "Identification Design of the Emblem Pattern on the Official Robes of the Central Plains Dynasty — Taking the Ming Dynasty as an Example." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 15, no. 2 (2023): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2023.v15.1220.

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These Identity design has been an important subject of human concern since ancient times. In ancient feudal society, the same group of people formed a pyramid structure. Taking the Qing Empire as an example, the emperor's robe is yellow with a dragon emblem embroidered on it, symbolizing the emperor's majesty, while the official robes are divided into bird patterns and animal patterns, forming a strict hierarchy. In addition to the level identification between the same groups, the power information and other information of different groups can also be clearly distinguished from each other. For

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17

Buruian, Viorica. "The Origin of the Institution of the State Representative in the Territory of Moldova." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 37-38 (December 12, 2018): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2018.37-38.166-173.

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After obtaining independence, the process of building a new system of public administration had started in the Republic of Moldova. A special role in this process was given to the institutionalization of the territorial state administration. Since the adoption of the normative framework in November 1998, which created the prefect institution, and until now, in the desire to reform the local public administration and to consolidate the deconcentrated administration, several models of state representation in the territory were attempted. We consider it important to mention that our country, in i

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Shevchuk, Tetiana, and Vasyl Balushok. "Swear (Oath, Curse, Self-Plight) in Ukrainian Folklore and Judicial Culture of the 14th–18th Centuries." Materìali do ukraïnsʹkoï etnologìï, no. 20 (23) (December 20, 2021): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mue2021.20.098.

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The article is dedicated to the definition of specific terms used in the sources of the late medieval and early modern period (the 14th – 18th centuries), in particular, such representing judicial, legal and other collisions that have marked swear – oath –curse – self-plight. At that time such short folklore forms have been used for various disputes and disputable cases of human life almost for each social group and state with different official status. They are obligatory and integral part of the procedure for swearing in courts, being the most effective method of truth ascertainment. The met

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19

Budrewicz, Tadeusz. "Myśliwi i naganiacze. Stratyfikacja ról społecznych na pograniczu [Hunters and beaters. The stratification of social roles in the borderland]." Napis XXI (2015) (December 27, 2015): 120–45. https://doi.org/10.18318/napis.2015.1.8.

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The topic of the article is the image of social roles in the hunter’s subculture. The analysed material was chosen from hunter’s memoirs and stories of the 19th and 20th centuries as well as periodicals (“Łowiec” [hunter], “Łowiec Polski” [Polish hunter], “Myśliwy” [hunter]). The hunter’s literature has a great informative and documentary potential, and therefore it can serve as a basis of social and cultural conclusions. The hunter’s culture is closed, conservative, patriarchal and elitist – it excludes women and representative

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20

Rudnytska, Anna. "CHALLENGES AND INFLUENCE OF THE “RHINE MYSTICISM” IN THE FORMATION OF A NEW EUROPEAN IDENTITY." Scientific notes of the National University "Ostroh Academy". Series: Philosophy 1, no. 26 (2024): 39–44. https://doi.org/10.25264/2312-7112-2024-26-39-44.

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The article examines the challenges of spiritual life in the late Middle Ages when people, unsatisfied with external ritualized expression, began searching for an individual «religious experience» that had an immediate, internal, and personal impact, the subject of which is God. This massive change in lifestyle to attain these «religious experiences» appears as a reflection of the gradual decay of the feudal system and the birth of a new society, and indicating the incipience of a particular secular spirituality nurtured by monastic ascetic ideals, having broken its bonds with monastic institu

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Gălățeanu, Oana Elena. "Rolul Bisericii în înfăptuirea justiției în Țările Române feudale." Teologie și educație la "Dunărea de Jos" 17 (June 12, 2019): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/teologie.2019.13.

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The justice performance system has evolved all over the world, at the same time with the development of the human society. The Church had had a greatinfluence on the justice system in our country, in the medieval period. The lords frequently trusted to the hierarchs the authority to judge many cases where laymen were involved. At the same time, in the Romanian feudalism, the Church had had also the authority to put to execution the decisions given, at least in the criminal cases. This is proved by many mitropolies where prisons were operating, existing in Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia a

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Agafonov, Anatoly I. "Kalmyk Motifs in Russian and Don Heraldry." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 2 (218) (June 23, 2023): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2023-2-51-61.

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Ethnic symbols in Russian and Don heraldry are studied on the example of the princely families of the Dondukovs, the Dondukovs-Korsakovs, the noble families of the Korsakovs, first of all their visual accompaniment - coats of arms, which allowed to determine the place and status of the owners in the noble hierarchy of the Russian Empire. The rights and privileges, possession/non-possession of titles, their reflection and changes in the identification symbols of various historical epochs are considered. It is shown that the establishment of the princely Dondukov family and the formation of the

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Yang, Yang. "Origins of China's Private International Law with Shu Without Dao --- <i>from Tang Lv Shu Yi to Application Law (653-1918)</i>." International Journal of Law and Society 8, no. 1 (2025): 55–63. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250801.17.

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The foreign-related legal system existed in Chinese historical archives does not have the same meaning as the private international law in the mid-19th century. The legal thought of the former is &lt;i&gt;Tian Xia&lt;/i&gt;, the latter is the modern nation, the former’s basis is Zong Fan and tribute system, while the latter’s basis is the treaty. Starting from &lt;i&gt;Tang Lv Shu Yi • Ming Li Lv&lt;/i&gt;, although hua wai had been inherited by &lt;i&gt;Song Xing Tong&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Da Ming Lv&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;

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Kim, Dongil. "Exchange between Jin-han and Qin and Han Dynasties in the Perspective of Adornments: Centering on the Adornments Excavated in Eoeun-Ri." Korean Ancient Historical Society 124 (May 30, 2024): 241–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18040/sgs.2024.124.241.

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The purpose of this paper is to grasp the exchange patterns between Golbeol state of Jin-han and Qin and Han Dynasties through the adornments excavated from Yeongcheon Eoeun-Ri. Analysis methods are ‘Cognitive archaeology’ and ‘restoring the object to its original shape’. Even if it is the same object, its description may vary depending on how it is perceived, and the shape of relics may also be determined by descriptions expressed differently. Collective descriptions that are being repeated can be considered as group perceptions being expressed and can also be understood as the representation

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Fleiner, Thomas. "Discrepancies between Civil Law and Common Law Federations." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 19, no. 1 (2016): 368–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757413-00190014.

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Over the last decade, missions of the UN have assisted with constitutional reforms including issues of federalism. The hopes for peace with regard to federal structures have often failed. This paper elaborates possible reasons why these hopes were disappointed. It will show that one should understand the differences between Common Law and continental systems with regard to federalism. Some experts from Common Law countries fail to appreciate the substantial difference between federal Constitutions embedded in a Civil Law culture and those embedded in a Common Law culture. The reasons for the s

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LEE, Won-seok. "Two Interpretations of Spring and Autumn Annals[春秋] in the Mid-Joseon Period". Tae Dong Institute of classic research 48 (30 червня 2022): 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31408/tdicr.2022.48.37.

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This article attempted to investigate the pluralistic aspects of the interpretation of Spring and Autumn[『春秋』] in the middle of the Joseon Dynasty, focusing on A Detailed Commentary on Spring and Autumn Annals[春秋瑣說] of Shin Min-il (申敏一) and the criticism of it by Jo Ik(趙翼). Duke Yin[隱公]’s enthronement and death were significant events that caused various controversies regarding the core principles of patriarchal clan system[宗法制] during the Spring and Autumn period, so it was subject to intensive review by later researchers. Regarding Duke Yin’s behavior, Gongyang Commentary On Spring And Autum

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Devan, Vasanth, and Prajeesh Tomy. "Demystifying the Nexus of Land and Caste in Seasons of the Palm." International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Scope 06, no. 02 (2025): 816–32. https://doi.org/10.47857/irjms.2025.v06i02.03475.

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Although Indian society is constitutionally democratic, it remains vulnerable to the caste system. As an everlasting social element, caste particles have been remarkably amalgamated with every constituent of society in villages, where land and agriculture occupy the cardinal position. The landlordism or semi-feudal system in Indian rural society stands as a relic of ancient hierarchal social order which impairs the progression and emancipation of Dalits, even after political independence through the constitution has made them a path to march forward. This research article scrutinises the socia

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Mazurczak, Urszula. "Panorama Konstantynopola w Liber chronicarum Hartmanna Schedla (1493). Miasto idealne – memoria chrześcijaństwa." Vox Patrum 70 (December 12, 2018): 499–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.3219.

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The historical research of the illustrated Nuremberg Chronicle [Schedelsche Weltchronik (English: Schedel’s World Chronicle)] of Hartmann Schedel comprises the complex historical knowledge about numerous woodcuts which present views of various cities important in the world’s history, e.g. Jerusalem, Constantinople, or the European ones such as: Rome, some Italian, German or Polish cities e.g. Wrocław and Cracow; some Hungarian and some Czech Republic cities. Researchers have made a serious study to recognize certain constructions in the woodcuts; they indicated the conservative and contractu

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Górczak, Zbyszko. "Unowocześnienie metod gospodarowania w dobrach stołowych biskupstwa krakowskiego w późnym średniowieczu." UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 27, no. 2 (2023): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2023.2.1.

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The fifteenth century was a period of significant changes in the economic life of Poland, leading to the creation of the manorial-feudal system, which subsequently had an overwhelming and negative impact on the country's life in the following centuries. One of the precursors of this economic model was the church estates, which were typically larger, more stable and more efficiently managed than private or royal estates at that time (that were held in constant pledge). The largest church latifundia in Poland at that time were those of the Archbishops of Gniezno and the Bishops of Cracow. In the

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Makoid, Bianka, and Airi Liimets. "Käsitused kasvatusest eesti vanasõnades ja kasvatusteaduses." Mäetagused 80 (August 2021): 31–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/mt2021.80.makoid_liimets.

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In this article, we have set ourselves a goal to identify how the conceptions of education contained in Estonian proverbs coincide with the corresponding educational thought in Estonia. We have empirically studied 655 Estonian proverbs that directly refer to a child, growing up, upbringing and parents as well as the methods of education. In the empirical research, we look at whether and how it is possible to semantically categorize and define proverbs based on the educational meanings in their content. To have a clearer system for analysis, we created a comprehensive scheme of categories. The

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Martyniuk, O. V., and Y. V. Hotsuliak. "Establishment of the right to judicial protection in Ukraine (IX–XIV centuries)." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 86 (2025): 45–51. https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.86.1.6.

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The article is devoted to the study of the process of formation of the right to judicial protection on the territory of Ukraine during the 9th–14th centuries. The authors established that during the emergence of statehood on the territory of modern Ukraine, a single and universal court for all social strata did not exist, and the institution of the court was not separated from other public authorities. At the beginning of the XI century through judicial reform, all courts were divided into public (state) and church. Public courts included princely, secular and public courts, while the system o

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Krotov, Artem A. "Social and Philosophical Ideas of Napoleon III." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 6 (2023): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2023-6-194-204.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the worldview of Louis Bonaparte, his ideas about the political prospects of mankind, which include generalizing judgments about the meaning of the French Revolution, about the significance of Napoleonic rule for social life. Of course, for Louis Bonaparte the theoretical works he wrote served as a means of promoting his own political aspirations, a kind of justification for the ambitions that inspired him, but also a certain philosophical support on the life path. Created by him even before coming to power, they may well be coordinated with the subse

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Shumilo, Vitaliy, and Volodymyr Chistyakov. "ACTIVITY OF METROPOLITAN PHOTII AND THE PROBLEM OF DIVISION OF THE KYIV METROPOLIS BETWEEN THE MOSCOW STATE AND THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA." Siverian chronicle (2022) 3 (October 21, 2022): 26–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7235966.

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<strong><em>     The purpose</em></strong><em> of the article is to highlight the problematic church-political events that took place in the process of the division of the Kyiv Metropolis in the early </em><em>15<sup>th</sup></em><em> c. Then the permanent military-political conflict between Muscovy and the GDL was supplemented by a religious and spiritual struggle for the </em><em>«</em><em>heritage of K</em><em>ie</em><em>van Rus</em><em>»</em><em>.</em><em> Church hierarchs were also involved in this conflict – Metropolitans Photii and Gregory Tsamblak.

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Kovács I., Gábor. "Prozopográfiai források és módszerek felhasználása a magyar társadalomtörténetben." Acta Papensia 7, no. 1-2 (2007): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.55954/ap.2007.1-2.63.

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W ith the help of an ongoing research relative to the historic elite, the lecture exempiflies what possibilities of interpretation can be attained by a prozopography which is based on a wider cross-section, rich in data. Instead of routinely applying macro-structures which might produce a static approach, using the extensive richness of methods and sources, being open to the variety of dimensions, we had a chance to rethink in an inductive way the formation of social sturctures and social groups. Using and structuring the combinations of different variables and data, we w ere able to classify

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Empey, Mark. "State intervention in disputes between secular and regular clergy in early seventeenth-century Ireland." British Catholic History 34, no. 2 (2018): 304–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bch.2018.25.

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The success of the Counter-Reformation in Ireland following the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy was a remarkable achievement. Between 1618 and 1630 Rome made a staggering nineteen episcopal appointments in a kingdom that was ruled by a Protestant king. Documenting the achievements of the initial period only paints half the picture, however. The implementation of the Tridentine reforms and the thorny issue of episcopal authority brought the religious orders into a head-on collision with the secular clergy. This protracted dispute lasted for a decade, most notably in the diocese of Dublin

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Bränström Öhman, Annelie, and Mona Livholts. "Att skriva emancipatoriskt. Akademisk dialog för två röster." Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 24, no. 1 (2022): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.55870/tgv.v24i1.4174.

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This article is an attempt to open a discussion on feminist academic writing, its obstacles and its emancipatory potential. The form of the article is a dialogue, in ten parts, for two voices. By choosing this form we want to find a strategy for avoiding the reductive and hierarchal dualism that all too often characterizes academic thinking and writing. The geography of writing in a Swedish academic context is described as a contradictory field for feminists, and Shadowland is used as a metaphor for a landscape that demands well kept secrets about the feudal conditions in academic life. This c

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Rybakov, A. L. "ОсобенностиканоническогостроягрузинскойправославнойцерквиифакторантиохиивцерковныхделахсредневековойГрузии". Istoricheskii vestnik, № 20(2017) part: 20 (30 серпня 2019): 106–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35549/hr.2019.2017.35080.

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The church of Georgia, ever since its foundation in the early 4th century AD, was quite closely related to the Antioch church. These relations were based not only on religious matters but involved both politics and religion. Patriarchs of Antioch, vicars of the Chair of St Peter, the chief apostle, had always aspired to the leadership over all the other chairs in the Eastern Diocese of the Byzantium not only Georgia but Jerusalem as well. At the time of the Joint Monarchy in the 10th 15th centuries, the Georgian hierarchs had to resort to the summits of eloquence and knowledge in order to be a

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Gippius, Alexey A., and Savva M. Mikheev. "“Assassins of the Great Prince Andrey”: An Inscription about the Murder of Andrey Bogolyubsky from Pereslavl-Zalessky." Slovene 9, no. 2 (2020): 63–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2020.9.2.3.

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The present paper deals with a long inscription which was uncovered in the autumn of 2015 on the external wall of the southern apse of the 12th century Transfiguration Cathedral in Pereslavl-Zalessky. It contains an almost fully legible list of assassins of the Vladimir-Suzdal prince Andrey Yuryevich, who was murdered in Bogolyubovo on June 29th, 1174. The writer places a curse on the murderers and wishes eternal memory to the prince. The graffito probably dates from 1175–1176 when Andrey’s younger brother Vsevolod Yuryevich ruled in Pereyaslavl. It is the oldest inscription from the North-Eas

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Yu, Tianyuan, and Nengquan Wu. "Bureaucratic Hierarchy vs. Feudal Hierarchy: A Study on the Organizational Culture of China’s SOEs." International Journal of Business and Management 6, no. 2 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n2p139.

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Müller, Jan-Dirk. "Wie christlich ist das Mittelalter oder: Wie ist das Mittelalter christlich?" Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 137, no. 3 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bgsl-2015-0037.

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AbstractThe courtly culture of the Middle Ages integrates Christian values into the ethics of a feudal warrior society. It establishes a hierarchy of norms of behaviour withDie folgenden vier Beiträge gehen auf Vorträge zurück, die anlässlich eines von Andreas Kablitz und Jan-Dirk Müller in Wien am IFK veranstalteten Interdisziplinären Kolloquiums mit dem Titel »Wie christlich ist das Mittelalter?« (vom 02.–04.4.2014) gehalten wurden.

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Roy, Keidrick. "Racial Feudalism." Modern Intellectual History, March 13, 2024, 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244324000015.

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Recent scholarship has examined Alexis de Tocqueville's underexplored assertion that American racial stratification functioned as an extension of European feudalism. However, Tocqueville was not alone in his insights. At least a half-dozen nineteenth-century African American writers and thinkers, including Frederick Douglass, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, Maria Stewart, Harriet Jacobs, Sojourner Truth, and especially Hosea Easton, have also described America's racial hierarchy as a continuation of antecedent European feudal social structures. Not only do their perspectives on what I call racia

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MASAKI, Hisane. "Defiant Japan Fights for Its Leather Industry: A WTO Saga and an Historic Taboo." Asia-Pacific Journal 3, no. 11 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1017/s1557466005003529.

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Tokyo - In defiance of mounting pressure to fully liberalize imports of foreign leather products, including footwear, Japan is digging in its heels to safeguard its internationally uncompetitive industry.At first glance, the import restrictions may look like typical protectionist trade measures that can be seen elsewhere in the world. But lying beneath the surface of the current issue is the bitter legacy of a feudal hierarchy and an historical pattern of discrimination. Under the WTO, international pressure has grown for Japan to take drastic measures to further liberalize its imports of fore

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Liu, Lixing, Volkan Ustun, and Rajay Kumar. "Leveraging Organizational Hierarchy to Simplify Reward Design in Cooperative Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning." International FLAIRS Conference Proceedings 37 (May 12, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/flairs.37.1.135588.

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The effectiveness of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) hinges largely on the meticulous arrangement of objectives. Yet, conventional MARL methods might not completely harness the inherent structures present in environmental states and agent relationships for goal organization. This study is conducted within the domain of military training simulations, which are typically characterized by complexity, heterogeneity, non-stationary and doctrine-driven environments with a clear organizational hierarchy and a top-down chain of command. This research investigates the approximation and integr

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Yan, Jinqi. "Techno-Feudalism as Primitive Accumulation: A Marxist Perspective on Digital Capitalism." Critical Sociology, December 2, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205241302838.

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This paper explores the concept of ‘techno-feudalism’ in digital capitalism, reframing it through the lens of Marxist crisis theory as a form of ‘primitive accumulation in digital space’ rather than a shift to a new feudal order. Analyzing digital monopolies and the enclosure of digital commons, the study argues that digital capitalism perpetuates crisis-driven expansion by creating new spaces for capital accumulation. Drawing on Marxist spatial and crisis theories, it highlights how digital capitalism intensifies capitalist strategies of dispossession and hierarchy, producing monopolistic pla

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"Foundation of Yi Ja-gyeom's Political Power and Officializing Process of His Power in the Early Period of King Injong’s Reign." Institute for Historical Studies at Chung-Ang University 62 (August 31, 2024): 5–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46823/cahs.2024.62.5.

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This article aimed at analyzing complex factors that made Yi Ja-gyeom in power and furthermore tried to find out how Goryeo reflected his unique authority in his position and officialized special power that originated from his authority. Yi Ja-gyeom was the first bureaucrat that was from non-royal family but alive as a grandfather of present king. In the same time, he was a meritorious retainer who enthroned his grandson King Injong by gathering support among aristocratic network members. His exceptional identities were formed by comprehensive combination of marriage rules of the Goryeo royal

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GULIASHVILI, Sophio. "The Terms Defining Officials and The Social Hierarchy of Early Feudal Kartli: Insights from The Martyrdom of Holy Queen Shushanik (V c.)." RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 45 (March 26, 2025). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15090878.

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By analyzing hagiographical writings, it becomes clear that these texts offer significant insights into the political, social, and cultural contexts of their times. Despite their idealized and embellished narratives, hagiographies incorporate elements of historicism to enhance their credibility. This paper investigates the dual function of hagiographic literature as a source for both ecclesiastical and secular historical research. The article focuses on the Kingdom of Kartli in the second half of the fifth century. It explores the socio-political and hierarchical structures of early feudal Kar

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SK Manirul and Dr. Dikshita Ajwani. "Patterns of Socio-Economic Transformation in Early Medieval Bengal and Assam: A Historical Perspective." International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, December 30, 2024, 705–9. https://doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-22700.

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The early medieval period (c. 6th–13th century CE) witnessed significant socio-economic transformations in Bengal and Assam, driven by political realignments, agrarian expansion, trade, and cultural exchanges. This period was marked by the emergence of feudal structures, the proliferation of land grants, and the rise of regional polities that reshaped the economic and social fabric. The introduction of settled agriculture, particularly in Bengal, led to the growth of agrarian economies and the establishment of village communities. In Assam, the rise of the Kamarupa polity and the assimilation

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Kochenov, Dimitry V. "Statelessness: A Radical Rethinking of the Dominant Citizenism Paradigm." Annual Review of Law and Social Science, July 26, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-041822-045326.

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A new approach to statelessness has emerged in the literature on the topic. Taking citizenism as a starting point and pioneered by Swider and Bloom, this approach offers a completely fresh paradigm for studying and understanding the statelesseness phenomenon. In the contemporary global context where citizenships are deeply unequal and racialized, the focus on rights invites us to dismiss the baseless presumption that fighting statelessness is always in the interests of the populations concerned, let alone that it is directly connected to the protection of human and citizenship rights. It is th

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Huang, Xin-Zhi, Chuko Cheng, and Yu-Che Huang. "Identification Design of the Emblem Pattern on the Official Robes of the Central Plains Dynasty — Taking the Ming Dynasty As an Example." International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, June 2023, 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1146.

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These Identity design has been an important subject of human concern since ancient times. In ancient feudal society, the same group of people formed a pyramid structure. Taking the Qing Empire as an example, the emperor's robe is yellow with a dragon emblem embroidered on it, symbolizing the emperor's majesty, while the official robes are divided into bird patterns and animal patterns, forming a strict hierarchy. In addition to the level identification between the same groups, the power information and other information of different groups can also be clearly distinguished from each other. For

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Mutapčić, Edin. "HISTORIJSKO-PRAVNE OSNOVE BOSANSKOHERCEGOVAČKE DRŽAVNOSTI DO BERLINSKOG KONGRESA 1878. GODINE." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Tuzli, October 1, 2023, 7–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51558/2712-1178.2023.9.1.7.

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The paper deals with issues related to the genesis of the Bosnian medieval state, its geopolital area, the specific state organization, as wel as the form of government whi- ch represented a dynamic reflection of then European circumstances. An important factor of the Bosnian state individuality is spiritual culture as wel as cultural speci- fics. In the course of that indipendent political development, a complex feudal state with prominent hierarchy, that was not sufficiently addressed in our science, was formed. A centuries-old process of rounding off international respectability has cul- mi

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