Academic literature on the topic 'Feudal institute'

AbstractShortly after a push to promote China's 1950 Marriage Law in 1953, scholars from the Chinese Music Research Institute on a collection trip to a small locality in northern China encountered a large number of folksongs about extramarital affairs. They interpreted this as evidence of the need for marriage reform. The folksong lyrics highlighted controversial aspects of the Marriage Law by espousing one of the law's central tenets – free love – while also expressing women's desires to leave their husbands. In this article, I explore how the researchers placed the song lyrics in a liminal moral-temporal category between “feudal” arranged marriage and the new marriage system before declaring the songs to be relics of the victimization of women in a “feudal” past. I argue that additional light-hearted elements complicate the researchers’ conclusion and suggest that when the promotion of social agendas in the 1940s and 1950s cast songs about illicit affairs as morally ambiguous, Chinese scholars chose to ascribe the songs’ “roots” to other groups or to the “feudal” past of the people they sought to praise and/or transform.

Illegal logging is a global problem that cannot be addressed unambiguously and in all cases. Given that criminal acts about wood are not a new type of violation, but, having appeared long before the current century, remain one of the most common negative social phenomena, the author analyzed the process of formation and development of forest protection in Russia. The first conservation certificates, «green» forests, as well as the restrictions on forest management introduced by Peter I, caused by the need to form a new model of state defense, were the basis for the formation of legal protection of forests. At the same time, the author notes that the established regimes were interconnected and interdependent from a number of legal factors, the key of which was the form of ownership of the territory in which the trees grew. The study contains an analysis of the transformation of the institution of «forest guardians,» the rights, obligations and requirements for employees, the number of units, as well as their social security. The content of the article is divided into several blocks, which is due to the political system that prevailed at a certain time in the development of society: feudal grand-ducal power, the Russian state, the Russian Empire, the RSFSR, the Russian Federation. A brief analysis of law enforcement and judicial practice, a study of regulatory documents, coupled with reporting and archival documents based on the results of the activities of forest protection units, made it possible to conclude that it was impossible to exercise control over forest resources without the formation of specialized units, the functioning of which may be temporary.

Until very recently, women did not claim the attention of academicians in Pakistan. Short of cliche-ridden write-ups glorifying their exalted and sometimes imagined roles, little else was written to reveal the reality of women in the country's tribal, feudal, changing society. The exceptions have been reports and case studies, mostly commissioned by the Government or by international agencies. These, however, have remained confined to departmental files and a limited readership. The few titles which have appeared in the last ten years or so, besides a few autobiographies (e.g. Jahanara Shah Nawaz's, Shaista Ikramullah's), include Rashida Patel's book on the family laws, Parveen Shaukat Ali's study of women in the Muslim world and Kishwar Naheed's collection, in Urdu, of papers on some aspects of women in Pakistan.

The article is dedicated to the main aim of the Soviet archaeology, which was also its feature – to study social development of ancient societies basing on archaeological sources. It was stated at the beginning of 1930s and after the WW2 a list of actual tasks was specified. In the late 1940’s – the early 1970’s they included studying of regularities and features of ancient (from primitive to feudal) societies development, reconstruction of concrete history of folks from the USSR territory, which had no written language, researches on handicrafts, swap and trade, studies of the mediaeval village history, examination of primitive society ideology, improvement of the typological method and archaeological theory, preparation of fundamental publications. All these tasks were practically realized in work of archaeological research institutions during above mentioned period, in particular, research fellows of central and republican archaeological research establishments worked on topics related to study of social and historical problems of ancient societies basing on archaeological data. As well these problems were discussed at methodological workshops of the Institute of archaeology AS USSR and its Leningrad branch, at All-Union meetings and conferences. Soviet archaeologists completed resumptive archaeological publications with historical conclusions and chapters or even separate volumes of fundamental books dedicated to history of particular folks, regions or periods in the 1950’s – the early 1970’s. This work on social and historical problematique determined Soviet archaeologists’ requirement for methodology development which was a cause of appearance of a new subdiscipline. The Soviet theoretical archaeology institutionalized in the early 1970s.

The subject. The law of emphyteusis was studied in the Russian Empire in the middle of 19th – beginning of 20th century due to practical significance. The interest in this subject began to revive at the beginning of the 21st century, the first few publications appeared, but they were mostly replicas of Imperial period studies. The law of emphyteusis in Russia before the middle of the 19th century is not researched sufficiently. The purpose of the study is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the law of emphyteusis was initially implemented in the system of Russian law as a legislative institution, but since the middle of the 19th century it has acquired the status of a local legal custom. The Russian state, having preserved the former system of civil law (the Lithuanian Statute) in the Western lands annexed from Lithuania and Poland, created the basis for the formation of a different system of legal awareness among a part of the population, thereby consolidating the dichotomy of the Empire and the Western provinces. Since the issue of land ownership is a key issue for feudal society, the law of emphyteusis is the most striking example of the split in the unity of the legal system of the Russian state. The methodology. The study is based on a combination of formal-legal and historical-legal methods: the methods of historicism, synchronous and diachronic comparison allow us to get an idea of the socio-political conditions in which the law of emphyteusis was formed and functioned. The main results, scope of application. The institute of emphyteusis (Latin – сensus, German – zins, Polish – czynsz) was formed on the basis of the reception of Roman and Byzantine law in the feudal law of a number of European States. Emphyteusis comes to the PolishLithuanian lands as an element of German law. The article describes the socio-political processes in the territories annexed by Russia from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where the right of emphyteusis was preserved in the middle of 17th - first half of the 19th century as a local civil law under the Lithuanian Statute system. After the abolition of the Statute of Lithuania (1840) an emphyteusis preserved as a regional legal custom. The analysis of legislation and law enforcement practice on the issue of emphyteusis on the borderlands of the Russian state is carried out. The ineffectiveness of the state policy on the elimination of emphyteusis is noted. Conclusions. The revealed specifics of the development of emphyteusis in the Russian Empire are extremely poorly studied, although they indicate far-reaching consequences in the system of forming the legal consciousness of Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Jewish (Ashkenazi) and other peoples.

The historical failures of Marxism in the twentieth-century came in three forms: the inability to account for the rise of fascism and Nazism; the establishment of authoritarian regimes where “communist” revolutions had occurred, largely in pre-industrial societies from barely post-feudal Russia to peasant-based China and “developing” nations such as Vietnam; and the incapacity of the proletariat to develop class consciousness and foment class conflict in advanced industrial societies, where Marx and his followers knew capitalism to have arisen and where they assumed it would first be transcended. Seeking to understand these failures, yet to preserve and apply foundational elements of Marx's thought, the “critical theorists” of the Frankfurt Institute—at home and in exile—drew on additional sources including Hegel and Freud to diagnose the pathologies of modernity, though rarely to offer restorative treatments for Enlightenment values or Marxian transformation. Jürgen Habermas, the acknowledged leader of the “second generation” of critical theorists refused to succumb to the pessimism of his elders and reached out to increasingly diverse scholars in an effort to redeem the goals of reason, democracy and equity in modern life. His theoretical work—often abstract and dense—remains almost as marginal to mainstream thought as that of Adorno and Horkheimer before him; yet, it has influenced a minority of philosophers and social scientists still interested in education as an emancipatory human project. Using the specific context of contemporary community colleges, this contribution seeks to build bridges between Habermas' combination of basically Marxian, often Kantian, and always eclectic thought to show how educators could profitably reflect upon their professional lifeworlds, better comprehend the neoliberal ideology and power relations that entrap them, and find new inspiration and advice should they wish to interrogate and confront the corporate world in which they ply their trade.

- Timothy P. Barnard, Raja Ali Haji, Di dalam berkekalan persahabatan: ‘In everlasting friendship’; Letters from Raja Ali Haji, edited by Jan van der Putten and Al Azhar. Semaian 13. Leiden: Department of Languages and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania, 1995, 292 + x pp., maps. - Robert Blust, L. Smits, Irian Jaya source materials, no. 5, series B-no. 2. The J.C. Anceaux collection of wordlists of Irian Jaya Languages. A: Austronesian languages (part II). Leiden/Jakarta, 1992, 288 pp., C.L. Voorhoeve (eds.) - Peter Boomgaard, Mason C. Hoadley, Towards a feudal mode of production; West Java, 1680-1800. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies [ in cooperation with the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Copenhagen], 1994, x + 241 pp. - Freek Colombijn, Muriel Charras, Spontaneous settlements in Indonesia; Agricultural pioneers in southern Sumatra. Migrations spontanées en Indonésie; La colonisation agricole de sud de Sumatra. Jakarta: Departemen Transmigrasi; Paris: ORSTOM-CNRS, 1993, 405 pp., Marc Pain (eds.) - Dick Douwes, Hussin Mutalib, Islam, Muslims and the modern state; Case-studies of Muslims in thirteen countries. London: MacMillan; New York: St. Martin Press, 1994, 374 pp., Taj ul-Islam Hashimi (eds.) - J. van Goor, H.W. van den Doel, De stille macht; Het Europse binnenlands bestuur op Java en Madoera, 1808-1942. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1994, 578 pp. - Stuart Kirsch, J.W. Schoorl, Culture and change among the Muyu. Translated by G.J. van Exel. Translation Series 23. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1993, xiv + 322 pp. - Bernd Nothofer, Ger P. Resink, Topics in descriptive Papuan linguistics. Leiden: Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, 1994, viii + 154 pp. - Gerard Persoon, Robin Broad, Plundering paradise; The struggle for the environment in the Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993, xvi + 197 pp., John Cavanagh (eds.) - Gerard Persoon, Thomas N. Headland, The Tasaday controversy; Assessing the evidence. AAA 28 Special Publication. Washington: American Anthropological Association, 1992, xi + 255 pp. - Remco Raben, Peter Harmen van der Brug, Malaria en malaise; De VOC in Batavia in de achttiende eeuw. Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw, 1994, 256 pp. - Nico G. Schulte Nordholt, Marcel Bonneff, ‘L’Indonésie contemporaine; vue par ses intellectuels’. Un choix d’articles de la revue PRISMA (1971-1991). Cahier d’Archipel 21. L’Harmattan, 1994, 287 pp. - A. Teeuw, Henri Chambert-Loir, Littérature indonésienne, une introduction. Éditeur Henri Chambert-Loir. Cahier d’Archipel 22. Paris: Association Archipel, 1994, 237 pp. - A. Teeuw, Martina Heinschke, Angkatan 45. Literaturkonzeptionen im gesellschaftspolitischen Kontext; Zur Funktionsbestimmung von Literatur im postkolonialen Indonesien. Veröffentlichungen des Seminars für Indonesische und Südseesprachen der Universität Hamburg, Band 18. Berlin/Hamburg: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1993, viii + 365 pp., - Wim van Zanten, Philip Yampolsky, Music of Indonesia, Volumes 1-6. Series of CDs/cassette tapes with documentation. Washington: Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings. Vol. 1: ‘Songs before dawn: Gandrung Banyuwangi’ (1991; SF40055); Vol. 2: ‘Indonesian popular music: Kroncong, Dangdut, and Langgam Jawa’ (1991; SF40056); Vol. 3: ‘Music from the outskirts of Jakarta: Gambang Kromong’ (1991; SF40057); Vol. 4: ‘Music of Nias and North Sumatra: Hoho, Gendang Karo, Gondang Toba’ (1992; SF40420); Vol. 5: ‘Betawi and Sundanese music of the north coast of Java: Topeng Betawi, Tanjidor, Ajeng’ (1994; SF40421); Vol. 6: ‘Night music of West Sumatra: Saluang, Rabab Pariaman, Dendang Pauah’(1994; SF 40422).

Large-scale studies of medieval non-fortified points of Southern Rus conducted mainly during the last quarter of XX century within the framework of the targeted program developed by O. P. Motsya, demonstrated quite convincingly the high level of development of Old Russian settlement structures and fully parity relations in the mentioned period between the cities and their outskirts. Somewhat later, when the respective excavations were being deployed, similar conclusions were drawn by experts studying the settlements of Northern Rus. One of the components of this parity is the things in the cultural layers of the settlements which had been previously considered as the elements of urban culture, and some even as representing the feudal lifestyles. Glass bracelets were also attributed to the components of the wealthy town costume: despite the considerable excavations there were found in rural cemeteries and, because of lack of wide scale excavations on settlement structures, were not found on the latter. The data obtained from the mentioned researches of the end of XX — beginning of XXI centuries led to a decisive rejection of this approach and thinking of the «urban» nature of these garnishes in our time publications, if at all mentioned, either due to inertia or as a tribute to the historiographic tradition. Substantially, that before the XII century there were pieces of work of Byzantine craftsmen in Rus affordable mainly to the representatives of the wealthy society group. With the proliferation of mass handi-works of glass-makers in Kiev and other towns of Rus this category of garnishes found its consumer and in locations rather remote from where they were made. At the same time, at some points, the number of the said findings per area unit exceeds even the figures from capitals and it is not always possible to find an explanation for this phenomenon. Khodosivka-Roslavske settlement in the southern suburbs of the capital is one of the archeological sites where the number of fragments of these garnishes is much higher than other items. The settlement was opened by the Northern Expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 2007 and is studied annually within the framework of the relevant scientific planning topics. From the first season of excavations, the location has attracted the attention with a rather high level of material culture of its population (precious garnishes, expensive tableware, weapons, items of military equipment, etc.). For five years of work on the site 1041 m2 area was opened, which collected 566 fragments of glass bracelets, although the number of other traditional glass garnishes, i.e. beads, reaches only 8. It is noticeable that the named categories of things by characteristics correspond to the pieces of work traced at other points in Kyivan Rus. At the same time, the features of the bracelets from the settlement are quite substantially different from those of the Kyiv pieces of works, although certain aspects of the high level of development of this point were explained by the inclusion in the structure of the capital metropolis. As a result, neither the chronology of the point, the prosperity of which attributes to the peak of the bracelets making by Old Rus and, first of all, Kyiv craftsmen (though for quite a long time continues after the end of glass making in Rus as a result of the Batyi invasion), nor the neighborhood to the capital, nor significant amount of glazed tableware (the manufacturing technology of which is close to the processes associated with glass making, but the evidence of local development of this industry in the settlement is lacking) does provide an exhaustive explanation of the causes of the said phenomenon. Accordingly, at this stage of research, the traced feature of the point remains one of its specific features, but it testifies for the need of further research of both the Khodosian settlement and the medieval settlements in general, since the excavations of the said category of sites have potential of revealing so far unknown pages of the national Medieval studies.

The boundary dispute between Lovran and Mošćenice of 1646 quite recently received some attention in the literature and was simultaneously adequately elaborated form palaeographic and philological point of view. Despite the fact that it is substantially a legal act, its legal content did not receive adequate attention of the scholars, which may primarily be said with reference to its institutes, terms and expressions whose precision, accuracy and legal technical at first sight most evidently depart from the local feudal legal customs and legal traditions. Moreover, nevertheless that these terms and expressions were written down in Italian language of the time, they evidently represent Italianized version of terms, expression and legal concepts that originally belong to Latin language. Additionally, their mentions in the document at hand have no resemblance to the usual medieval descriptions of the legal phenomena which have a little in common with normative language or to administrativefunctional style of that time which distinctively shaped the legal documents. Because all these indications suggest that the key terms, expressions and institutes pertinent to the boundary dispute between Lovran and Mošćenice (and its resolution) might be borrowed from the Roman legal tradition (which outreached this territory by means of ius commune) and the Romano-canonical process, this paper examines origin, roles and functions which were achieved in practice by their use in this particular legal matter. The paper will specifically explore the procedural mechanism which was employed to reach settlement of the boundary dispute between Lovran and Mošćenice and will additionally provide a deeper insight into the possibility that in this particular case arbitration conceptually based on the Roman law was employed as the means of dispute resolution.

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Capes
A propriedade da terra e outros jura in re aliena é fato econômico, social e político de complexa tradução para o Direito. A enfiteuse é a modalidade de mais abrangentes poderes de propriedade. O acesso à propriedade e a sua função social a tornam central na efetivação dos direitos humanos, o uso produtivo. A enfiteuse realiza esse fim da propriedade, ela vai além dos modelos feudal e burguês de possuir o solo. A mutação é característica da enfiteuse, instituto de direitos reais milenar de origem grega (“im-plantar, plantar em”) resiste ou é reintroduzida em países como Espanha, França e Holanda. A enfiteuse cinde a propriedade em dois domínios, útil e direto, afetando o caráter exclusivo da propriedade liberal. Tem elementos constitutivos afinados à funcionalização da propriedade, as emponemata (melhoria e aproveitamento) da terra e a longa duração ou perpetuidade que lhe dão forte aspecto social, existencial e econômico. O “domínio eminente” do Estado (Obereigentum) sobre o território dá à enfiteuse uma categoria política e constitucional. Considerando sua característica de mutação e adaptabilidade da enfiteuse ao rural e urbano, ao privado e estatal, ao público e semipúblico, entre propriedade e território, se põe a questão de sua extinção ser conveniente ou não e o modo de proceder. O histórico de caos regulatório da propriedade no Brasil será trabalhada pela análise sistêmica, histórica e circular do direito. A perspectiva de sistêmica de Luhmann permite descrevê-la em termos não tautológicos mas histórico-evolutivo. Teorias de R. Koselleck, H. Berman, T. Merrill, Anna di Robilant, B. Akkermans e R. Aronne e outros em direitos fundamentais de propriedade, moradia, e gestão territorial, ajudarão a entender o aspecto transitivo e mutante do artigo 49 dos ADCT, dos Códigos de 2002 e 1916, e propor eixos de discussão do problema enfitêutico no Brasil.
Land ownership and others jura in re aliena are economic, social and political fact of complex translation into law. The long leasehold (emphyteusis) is the jura in re aliena broader ownership powers. The access to the property and its social function make it central to the realization of human rights, its productive use. The long lease accomplishes that target of the property, it goes beyond the feudal and bourgeois models of owning the land. The mutation is characteristic of the long lease (emphyteusis), ancient institute of Greek origin ("im-planting, planting in") it resists or is reintroduced in countries as Spain, France and Netherland. The emphyteusis splits the property in duplex dominium, utile and directum, affecting the exclusive ownership of Blackstonian concept of property. It has central components to the functionalization of property, emponemata (improvement and use) of land and long perpetuity or that give it a strong social, existential ans economic. By "eminent domain" of the State (Obereigentum) over the territory, give to emphyteusis political and constitutional category. Considering this central feature of change and adaptability of the emphyteusis rural and urban, private and state, the public and semi-public, between property and territory there is a question of its extinction be convenient or not and how to proceed. The regulatory chaos history of property in Brazil it will be worked out by the systemic, historical analysis and circular of the right. Luhmann's systemic perspective allows describe it in terms not tautological but historical evolution. Theories of R. Koselleck, H. Berman, T. Merrill, Anna di Robilant, B. Akkermans e R. Aronne and others auctors in fundamental rights involved in housing, work and land management leads to retake the transitive aspect and changing Article 49 of ADCT, the 2002 and 1916 codes by calling the Constitution, its telos normative discussion to propose axes of the problem of emphyteusis in Brazil.

The work submitted is focused on the issue of the feudal institute. Based on an analysis of the Latin terminology, the metamorphoses of the terminology and its context, it attempts to capture the form and importance of this phenomenon in 'everyday practice', as it is portrayed particularly by the diplomatic sources. The text is comprised of two basic parts. The first section deals with the composition of the image of the feudal institution on the background information of the sources of imperial provenience. It is not possible to treat the imperial sources as whole within this work and so attention is focused on the wider region spread in the area of Harz, which is delimited by five bishoprics - Miessen, Naumburg, Hildesheim, Halberstadt and Merseburg. The basic sources are the diplomatic materials of the mentioned dioceses, which complement the collection of documents of the two most powerful secular ducal families asserting influence in this area in the long term - the Houses of Welph and Ascania. The subject of the analysis is first of all the Latin, or German, terminology and its importance in the range from ca the 10th to the beginning of the 14th centuries. Considering the state of the preserved document production, however, the main attention focuses on the last two centuries of the period mentioned....

Markéta Novotná Abstract - The Feudo-vassal System on Royal Estates in Early Modern Bohemia The study is devoted to the topic of feudo-vassal relations in early modern Bohemia presented on a sample of specific royal and chamber domains at the castle Karlštejn. The first part of the thesis describes how the feudo-vassal tenures were treated in Czech and European historical studies, using impulses from the philosophy and sociology. The others chapters are dedicated to the main object of this analysis - to the Karlštejn vassal system - a group of small-sized estates connected to castle Karlštejn through feudo-vassal bonds. The second chapter of the thesis deals with the problem of historical consciousness, where the castle Karlštejn is imagined as the site of "the national memory", which strongly effected the interpretation of the Karlštejn vassal system. The third (main) part of the thesis presents the factual analysis of the Karlštejn vassal system from the last third of sixteenth century to the turn of the seventies and the eighties of the next century. At the end of the study the analysis of four chosen vassal estates is added. Key words: Karlštejn, historiography, vassals, feudal system, domain, chamber, lower nobility

This chapter highlights major trends in Ottoman and Syrian history affecting the ʻAlawi community in the nineteenth century. It begins by showing that the ʻAlawi notability increasingly came into conflict with semiautonomous local officials during the breakdown of Ottoman imperial authority at the start of the century, causing the community as a whole to be cast as heretics and outcasts from Ottoman society for the first time. Faced with increasing discrimination and abuse by provincial officials, ʻAlawi feudal leaders nonetheless continued to support the diffuse authority of the Ottoman Empire over the intrusive statism of the Egyptian regime between 1832 and 1840. The ʻAlawi community was then increasingly subjected to repressive social engineering measures under the Tanzimat and the reign of Abdülhamid II, including military conscription and conversion. At the same time, however, while resisting efforts at assimilation, the ʻAlawis also began to avail themselves of the benefits of modern public schooling and proportional representation on newly instituted municipal councils, thereby finding their voice as a political community for perhaps the first time.

El libro: Interaccionismo Sinérgico de Enfoques Educativos e Investigativos: Visión Estratégica en la Academia Posmoderna, de la colección: Entresijos de Saberes en Praxis Educativa, de la Unidad de Publicaciones de la Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador – Instituto Pedagógico Rural “Gervasio Rubio” (UPEL-IPRGR), en colaboración con el Fondo Editorial Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador (FEDUPEL), es el resultado del trabajo investigativo y colaborativo en distintas líneas de investigación, así como de docentes y universidades, que movidos por el deseo de aportar visiones alternativas sobre las problemáticas que se presentan a diario en el ámbito educativo, brindan propuestas para mejorarla, hacer la praxis pedagógica creativa, diversa y actualizada al uso de las innovaciones tecnológicas que puedan adaptarse al quehacer educativo, lo que redundará en el crecimiento tanto de discentes, docentes y entorno sociocultural. En el capítulo I: La creatividad del docente desde la complejidad, centrada en el aprendizaje a través de las competencias evaluativas, se revisa el proceso de la creatividad del docente como medio para la innovación en la enseñanza de los seres humanos y de los procesos evaluativos en tiempos de globalidad. La Integración de la participación de la política en la construcción de la cultura de paz desde la escuela, en el capítulo II, nos muestra a la escuela como el articulador en la ejecución de políticas públicas que facilitan la construcción de la cultura de paz, incorporando estrategias donde la paz sea el eje principal, donde los valores, las actitudes y los comportamientos, que lo fomentan, estén basados en el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico y la justicia social. En el III capítulo: Neuromitos en formación inicial docente. Una experiencia de aprendizaje desde la neurociencia, se hace una revisión acerca de los mitos que existen en cuanto a aprendizaje y neurociencia, así como al uso de la neuroeducación en la formación inicial docente, se propone el diseño de un plan de acción que diagnostica y desmitifica los neuromitos en estudiantes de pregrado, su relación con el cerebro, funcionamiento y el papel que juega en el aprendizaje del sujeto. El capítulo IV versa sobre la Realidad aumentada. Tecnología que promueve la formación para el emprendimiento e innovación en los estudiantes de educación secundaria, en el que se trata de comprender, la importancia de la integración de la realidad aumentada, como tecnología que promueve la Formación para el Emprendimiento y la Innovación, en estudiantes de educación secundaria, investigación realizada en el Liceo Bolivariano “Luís López Méndez” en Táriba, estado Táchira, Venezuela. En el capítulo V: Alianza universidad-empresa. Una experiencia socioeducativa y productiva a través de la investigación aplicada en el sector cacao. La investigación es acerca de la actividad social y productiva que se genera a través del cacao, el cual genera un conocimiento que se pone al servicio del sector productivo regional del Norte de Santander, Colombia. En él que se investiga sobre las características del producto, su origen, así como el contexto internacional, nacional y local en que se desarrolla; describiendo la experiencia de Somos Cacao SAS al producir y transformar el cacao en un producto de alto valor agregado. Capítulo VI: Interacción en los entornos virtuales. La clave para un proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje significativo. Se adentra en la poca efectividad de los entornos virtuales para desarrollar los procesos de enseñanza en las instituciones educativas, lo que ha puesto al descubierto, el alarmante vacío en la interacción, docente-alumno, en la construcción de conocimiento. Esta investigación desvela la importancia de los actores presentes en el proceso educativo, en la formación en entornos virtuales para el logro de un aprendizaje significativo. Cerrando con el capítulo VII, se presenta la Sistematización de experiencias significativas desde la evaluación. Una perspectiva de los profesores para el aprendizaje contextualizado, trabajo que se basa en el bajo rendimiento escolar presente en la asignatura de matemática, se muestran los resultados del diagnóstico en profesores y estudiantes, en el área de matemática de primer año, investigación llevada a cabo en el Liceo Monseñor Sanmiguel, municipio San Cristóbal, Estado Táchira, sistematización que se efectúa través de sus opiniones sobre cómo se aplica la evaluación en el área de matemática. Finalmente, conviene destacar que los contenidos descritos y argumentados en los capítulos del libro son responsabilidad única y exclusiva de sus autores; por lo tanto, los Coordinadores, la Unidad de Publicaciones de UPEL-IPRGR, FEUPEL, y demás instituciones que apoyan la obra, actúan como un tercero de buena fe.