Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Feuille de lumière'
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Atlas, Yoann. "Mécanotransduction de microtumeurs vascularisées en culture 3D. Apport de la microscopie à feuille de lumière." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS497.
Full textThe extracellular matrix (ECM), tumor secretome and tumor angiogenesis are highly dysregulated as a result of gene mutations and of the hypoxic microenvironment, promoting tumor progression. My PhD work aimed to investigate the impact of microenvironment on ccRCC tumor aggressiveness and its consequences on vascular morphogenesis, thanks to the simultaneous development of a digitally scanned laser fluorescent light-sheet microscope (DSLM) built in-house and of a 3-D vascularized microtumor model displaying perivascular coverage and controlled ECM physical properties.I first characterized a 3-D in vitro model of perivascular recruitment of mesemchymal stem cells, providing an essential tool for elucidating interactions of perivascular and tumor cells with endothelial cells.I then analyzed the ECM remodeling associated with angiogenesis, and developed a biomimetic strategy with LOXL2 for cross-linking collagen I hydrogels in order to modulate ECM physical properties and to enhance capillary formation. Once development of these tools achieved, I demonstrated the synergistic impact of EMT, paracrine factors and physical properties of the microenvironment on tumor invasion of ccRCC cell line. Vascularized tumor spheroids allowed observation of direct interactions between tumor cells and endothelial cells through a process reminiscent of vascular co-option by tumor cells.Altogether these data further understanding on the role of the microenvironment in modulation of angiogenesis and in tumor invasiveness driven by VHL mutation
Comar, Alexis. "Etude des interactions feuille/lumière et de leurs implications pour le phénotypage haut débit au champ." Thesis, Avignon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AVIG0652/document.
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Jorand, Raphaël. "Amélioration des voies de détection et d'illumination d'un microscope SPIM pour l'imagerie 3D des sphéroïdes." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2267/.
Full textThe aim of our thesis work was to improve spheroid imaging quality focusing on the study and development of both illumination and detection path of the SPIM. This work shows the possibility to improve deep image quality by using an adaptive optics loop consisting of a deformable mirror and a Shack Hartmann wavefront sensor. In order to work, the loop needs fluorescent source points known as "guide stars", which was also a part of our study. Furthermore, we have also compared different light sheet illumination modalities (1 photon versus 2 photons, Gaussian beam or Bessel beam. . . ) as well as developing an automated and standardized image analysis procedure
Ren, Kuan Fang. "Diffusion des faisceaux feuille laser par une particule sphérique et applications aux écoulements diphasiques." Rouen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ROUES012.
Full textGomes, Aurélie. "Évaluation de la prolifération dans les sphéroïdes tumoraux." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30342.
Full textIn vitro 3D models allow the role of the microenvironment to be taken into account by mimicking the organization and heterogeneity of an avascular microtumor. They thus make it possible to explore proliferation and pharmacological responses under conditions closer to the pathophysiological reality. My thesis work focused on the evaluation of proliferation in the 3D model of tumor spheroids and its regulation, particularly by oxygen. They were based on the implementation of experimental approaches in engineering and cell biology, microscopy and image processing and analysis. A first study carried out on spheroid sections has allowed us to show that partial oxygen pressure is a key parameter that influences the distribution of proliferation in time and space. We continued this study in whole spheroids in toto, by implementing a 3D immunofluorescence labelling methodology, combined with light sheet imaging and image processing quantification. The application of this procedure allowed us to explore the proliferation during the growth of MCF-7 spheroids grown in physioxia vs normoxia and to confirm the limiting role of oxygen for 3D proliferation. We have also shown the reversibility of anoxia-induced proliferation arrest and the possibility of using it to condition and preserve spheroids. Finally, the development of a 3D imaging strategy using structured illumination allowed us to evaluate the effectiveness of compounds by automated image analysis on spheroids grown in a matrix. All of our work has made it possible to develop methods and tools of interest in the study of cancer biology and response in anti-tumor pharmacology. Their application has made it possible to highlight the importance of physioxia for the study of proliferation and the evaluation of drug response. This work also opens up application perspectives for the IMACTIV-3D company
Morgado, Brajones Javier. "OPTO-MECA-SPIM : imagerie dynamique et interactive de phénomènes mécanobiologiques dans les tissus." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30252.
Full textIn recent years, tissue mimics (TMs) such as microtissues, spheroids, and organoid cultures have become increasingly important in life-science research, as they provide a physiologically relevant environment for cell growth, tissue morphogenesis, and stem cell differentiation. Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy (SPIM) is one of the most prominent microscopy modalities for three-dimensional tissue imaging, and a sine qua non tool to understand cell biology in TMs. However, while SPIM is regarded as a very powerful tool for TM imaging, optical microscopy suffers from certain limitations when imaging 3D samples. Indeed, scattering, absorption and optical aberrations limit the depth at which useful imaging can be done, typically no more than 100 µm. Adaptive Optics (AO) is a technique capable of improving image quality at depth by correcting the optical aberrations introduced by the sample which is seeing increasing use in fluorescence microscopes. For this thesis, I have incorporated a wavefront sensor AO scheme to SPIM, able to correct aberrations in optically thick TMs such as multi-cellular tumor spheroids (MCTS). Due to the low amount of light produced by non-linear guide stars such as the one used in our system, a custom high-sensitivity Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS) was developed for our needs. In this work, I characterize the performance of this SHWFS and the ability of our system to correct aberration in various conditions, including inside TMs. I show unprecedented image quality improvements for in-depth imaging of MCTS, in regard of high-frequency detail and resolution. This allowed us to identify biologically relevant features at depths inaccessible to conventional SPIM. Up-converting nanoparticles (UCNP) are rare-earth based particles that are able to undergo photon up-conversion when illuminated, emitting light of a shorter wavelength than that of the illumination. Guide stars made from UCNP are especially attractive due to the possibility of them being excited in the near-infrared while emitting visible light, reducing photodamage produced by the illumination light. The viability of using UCNP as guide stars in biological samples in explored in this thesis
Havaux, Michel C. "Emission de lumière et de chaleur par les feuilles végétales." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213488.
Full textBénard, Camille. "Étude de l'impact de la nutrition azotée et des conditions de culture sur le contenu en polyphénols chez la tomate." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL050N/document.
Full textDuring my PhD we studied the effects of nitrate supply on tomato polyphenolics content. Several cultural systems were used (hydroponic, rockwool culture, NFT). We quantified the main tomato phenolic compounds: chlorogenic acid, rutine, kaempferol rutinoside in vegetative parts (leaf, stem, root), together with some caffeic acid derivates and naringenine chalcone in fruits. These compounds were analyses by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. We noticed that leaves were the more responsive compartment of the plant, to the nutrition conditions. We observed a two-fold increase in polyphenolics concentrations when nitrate supply decrease from 15 to 0.05mM. We found, by drawing response curves, that this increase was more important when nitrate supply limited plant growth. Ten to 20 days seem necessary to observe a modification, at the plant level, of polyphenolics content. In tomato fruits, polyphenolics concentrations were modified by the nitrate supply, but we do not observed very significant increases. The effects of other environmental factors, such as climate conditions (light, temperature) were studied. Our results seem to indicate that climate is more important than nitrogen nutrition for the determination of the polyphenolic compounds concentrations
Bousquet, Laurent Alain. "Mesure et modélisation des propriétés optiques spectrales et directionnelles des feuilles." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077024.
Full textPlant leaves are the main organs where photosynthesis takes place. Their anatomy is adapted to this role, leading to particular optical properties. Leaf structure and biochemical content determine their reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance. Spectral properties are explained by absorption features of pigments, water and dry matter. Directional properties are associated with the numerous air spaces inside the blade causing isotropic scattering and leaf surface roughness affecting the specular reflection of light. Reciprocally, light climate influences leaf growth. Measurements and models are needed to describe thé light-leaf interaction. Our research is based on laboratory measurements. We designed a device to measure the leaf optical properties in the optical range from 500 nm to 880 nm and 200 viewing directions. The water, dry matter and chlorophyll contents have been determined using destructive methods. We examined the leaf tri-dimensional structure under a microscope to measure the cell size and the air space fraction for each tissue. We used these data to develop a physical model of light-leaf interaction based on geometric optics. Inversion of this model allowed us to estimate leaf anatomy and biochemistry, two parameters useful in remote sensing. From microscope observations, a virtual tri-dimensional leaf was built and its optical properties studied with ray-tracing techniques. Both the hemispherical and bidirectional reflectance, together with the transmittance, have been simulated and compared to measurements. As an original result, the tri-dimensional light fluxes within the leaf tissues have been determined
Epron, Daniel. "Effets des déficits hydriques et des forts éclairements sur la photosynthèse de jeunes semis de chênes en conditions contrôlées et de chênes adultes en conditions naturelles." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10010.
Full textPiboule, Alexandre. "Influence de la structure du peuplement forestier sur la distribution de l'éclairement sous couvert. Cas d'une forêt hétérogène feuillue sur plateau calcaire." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001666.
Full textVerpraet, Jacques. "Localisation et caractérisation des isoformes de la Glucose 6-phosphate déshydrogénase chez l'Épicéa (Picea abies L. Karsten)." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10274.
Full textBen, Baaziz Khaoula. "Modulation de la conductivité hydraulique foliaire par la lumière chez le Noyer (Juglans regia) : approches écophysiologique et moléculaire." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00735808.
Full textLaurans, Marilyne. "Rôle de la lumière dans la coexistence des espèces d’arbres de forêt tropicale humide : analyse des variations inter- et intra-spécifiques des performances et des traits fonctionnels." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0032/document.
Full textThis study explores the ecological significance of inter- and intraspecific variations of growth and functional traits found in tropical tree species of French Guiana in relation to light regime. We demonstrate that the syndrome of leaf traits associated with light -niche (longer life span, higher leaf mass per area of more shade tolerant species) holds among a set of 14 species comprising no pioneer nor any shade specialist species. Our results further suggest that plasticity of leaf mass per area expressed at the sapling stage may reflect adaptation to the spatial heterogeneity of light conditions encountered both at the sapling stage and later. Multivariate analysis provides evidence of a close linkage between leaf lifespan, relative crown depth and light-niche optimum. The plasticity in relative crown depth observed in shade-intolerant species can not be interpreted in terms of self-shading avoidance. Rather, crown depth adjustment was found to be a consequence of changes in growth rates and mortality rates of leaves and branches imposed by current light conditions and occurring at the whole-plant level. At the adult stage, our results point to competition for light making an unexpectedly low contribution to individual tree growth variations, contrasting with a major effect of species identity. We argue that this pattern of variation is likely to result from the vertical niche partitioning of species and the high abundance of small-statured species that are moderately responsive to light competition (consistent with their adaptation to understorey conditions). Light-niche differentiation of juvenile trees and vertical stratification of adult trees provide strong evidence for light niche partitioning in the three-dimensional space of tropical forests
Rivest, David. "Cultures intercalaires avec arbres feuillus : effets sur la disponibilité de la lumière, la qualité du sol et la productivité des plantes associées." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25845/25845.pdf.
Full textDellero, Younès. "L'Interactions entre la photorespiration avec le métabolisme primaire des feuilles d’Arabidopsis thaliana : Caractérisation de mutants pour la glycolate oxydase et la glutamate : glyoxylate aminotransférase 1." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS195/document.
Full textIn the light, the RuBisCO carboxylase activity assimilates inorganic CO2 into organic compounds, via the production of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) that is used for the biosynthesis of sugars, organic and amino acids, plant cell walls etc. However, it also has an oxygenase activity that makes 3-PGA and 2-phosphoglycolate (2-PG). The toxic 2-PG is metabolized to 3-PGA by the photorespiratory cycle, which takes place in chloroplasts, peroxisomes and mitochondria. Despite a partial loss of carbon and nitrogen, the importance of photorespiration for growth can be seen by the negative phenotypes exhibited by photorespiratory enzyme mutants in air (i.e. slow growth, leaf chlorosis, and sometimes lethality), which are not observed under high CO2 conditions. This may reflect the metabolic interactions between photorespiration and plant primary metabolism. To better understand such interactions and the development of photorespiratory phenotypes, mutants for glycolate oxidase (GOX) and glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase have been characterized by several complementary methods: analysis of gas exchanges, chlorophyll fluorescence,13C-labeling of metabolites, measurements of metabolites, cofactors and RuBisCO levels. The results show that, after a high CO2-to-air transfer, the inhibition of photosynthesis in the mutants is mainly due to a defect in photorespiratory carbon recycling leading to a decreased RuBisCO activity. The inhibition of carbon assimilation negatively impacts mutant leaf RuBisCO content when compared to wild-type plants. In the mutants, when photosynthetic inhibition is too high, the resulting carbon starvation triggers the onset of senescence in their old leaves. In parallel to this work, a comparison of the kinetic parameters of GOX from A. thaliana (C3 plant) and Z. mays (C4 plant) coupled to measurements of 13C and 2H kinetic isotopic effects showed that these enzymes share similar Michaelian parameters for glycolate, and a similar hydride transfer reaction mechanism
Goulet, André. "Épidémiologie du champignon Chondrostereum purpureum, agent de maîtrise biologique de la reproduction végétative des feuillus de lumière en milieu forestier, Epidemiology of the fungus Chondrostereum purpureum, a biological control agent of the asexual reproduction of deciduous tree species in forest environment." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq26214.pdf.
Full textLa, Chapelle Virginie de. "Etude du jaunissement à la chaleur des pâtes papetières chimiques blanchies par des séquences sans chlore." Grenoble INPG, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPG0155.
Full textVauclare, Pierre. "Structure, biogenèse et expression de la protéine T du complexe de la glycine décarboxylase des plantes supérieures." Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10051.
Full text"Cultures intercalaires avec arbres feuillus : effets sur la disponibilité de la lumière, la qualité du sol et la productivité des plantes associées." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25845/25845.pdf.
Full textBannon, Kim. "Compétivité de l'érable à sucre et du hêtre à grandes feuilles et dynamique de leur remplacement dans les érablières du sud ouest du Québec." Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5155/1/M12481.pdf.
Full textBouttier, Léa. "Distribution spatiale des racines fines, disponibilité de la lumière et rendement dans un système de culture intercalaire avec arbres feuillus en zone tempérée." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9840.
Full textSpatial distributions of fine roots were studied in a tree-based intercrop system (TBI) with Quercus rubra L. (CHR), Populus deltoides x nigra (DN3570) (PEH) and pasture species (FOUR) in southern Québec (Canada). Results didn’t show deeper root profiles for trees in TBI. Profiles were superficial as commonly found for tree species grown in conventional plantations or in natural ecosystems. More than 95 % of fine roots were found in 25 cm and 45 cm depth for CHR and PEH, and in 35 cm for pasture. However, spatial separation exists between CHR and pasture fine roots systems as CHR allocate less fine roots in the top 10 cm of soil, and more between 10 cm et 30 cm. PEH fine roots didn’t show any adaption when intercropped with pasture and a high value fine root length density (FRLD) in top soil layer near tree trunk reduces pasture FRLD by 45 %, suggesting strong competition interaction for resources. Pasture yield analysis revealed biomass reduction near trees, particularly near PEH. However results of a principal component analysis indicates stronger negative effect of light reduction on pasture yield than the presence of tree fines roots. PEH, a fast growing species, have stronger impact than CHR on pasture yield but they will be harvested sooner and larger alleys should benefit the intercrop. This dynamic aspect of TBI systems is close to natural ecosystems and should be further investigated for future success.
Lapointe, Mélanie. "L'enrichissement par la plantation sous couvert : les facteurs qui influencent le développement de plants de feuillus durant la phase d'établissement." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8129.
Full textMagnoux, Antoine. "Succès d’une plantation de feuillus en forêt post-agricole avec des protections contre les cervidés sous différentes largeurs d’ouvertures par bande." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18829.
Full textFollowing abandonment of agricultural land, regrowth forests typically show a low diversity of tree species. One possible solution, enrichment underplanting, must consider protection against browsing, which hinders sunlight from reaching the seedlings. We examined the effects on growth of three different widths of strip opening (3, 6 or 9 meters) mixed with two protective sleeves (a small mesh and a large one). In the experiment, light levels reaching seedlings of yellow birch and burr oak range from 8 to 46 %PAR. The nine meters strip was the best to promote diameter and height growth of yellow birch, regardless of the protective sleeves used. The small mesh sleeve produced a smaller growth in all the openings, for both species in diameter and only for yellow birch in height. Burr oak diameter was also reduced by the small mesh protection. With increased light, mean length of branches and leaf area for yellow birch increased, as well as diameter for burr oak. Good growth of yellow birch makes it a species of interest for enrichment planting. A strip opening of 6 meters width could be enough to ensure artificial regeneration of yellow birch, while limiting disturbances and reducing costs. Large mesh sleeve would be best to maximize growth.
Goulet, André. "Épidémiologie du champignon Chondrostereum purpureum, agent de maîtrise biologique de la reproduction végétative des feuillus de lumière en milieu forestier = Epidemiology of the fungus Chondrosterum purpureum, a biological control agent of the asexual reproduction of deciduous tree species in forest environment /." 1998. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=738223031&sid=24&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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