Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Feuilles de plante'
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Chevalier, Laure. "Facteurs influençant la composition du régime alimentaire de l'escargot petit-gris Hélix aspersa Müller (gastéropode terrestre)." Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN10099.
Full textAdam, Véronique. "Etude des chloroplastes isoles de feuilles de kalanchoe blossfeldiana, plante a metabolisme crassulaceen : isolement, caracterisation enzymatique et proprietes photosynthetiques." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066003.
Full textDang, Le Anh Tuan. "Ontogenetic variations in leaf traits of the homoblastic species Dipterocarpus alatus under two light conditions at Cat Tien national park, Vietnam." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20236/document.
Full textBackground and Aims:Attempts to explain variations in leaf parameters based solely on environmental factors, this will lead to significant errors if the plant shows substantial ontogenetic variations in leaf properties. We evaluated variations in 27 morpho-anatomical leaf traits of Dipterocarpus alatus over six architectural development stages and between axes at a given development stage under two different light conditions. Methods:An architectural analysis was conducted to distinguish precisely and objectively axis categories and developmental stages of Dipterocarpus alatus. Leaves were collected on the most recent complete growth unit on the top of the trunk and the outermost part of the middle-crown branch with branchlet and twig from trees growing under two different light conditions. Twenty two leaf traits were measured and calculated using ImageJ on images of leaf tracings and cross-sections. Stomatal density was calculated on nail varnish impression of the leaf lower surface. Four chlorophyll traits were determined. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests were used to determine differences between development stages and axes. The lmg relative contribution was calculated with R package relaimpo and compared with bootstrap analysis to determine ontogenetic stage, axis category or light intensity, which explained more the variations in leaf anatomy.Key results:Leaf morphology and anatomy differed strongly during ontogeny for all four axes in term of order and category under both light conditions. The axis effect was displayed at stages B, C, D and F but tend to be insignificant at stage E. Tree ontogeny explained more variations in leaf morphology and anatomy than light intensity. Axis category explained more variations in leaf morphology but not in leaf anatomy than tree ontogeny. Conclusions: Strong and significant intraspecific variations (during ontogeny and between axes) may influence the interspecific variations, and thus challenge the validity of the mean value of leaf traits between species. Tree ontogeny contributed more than light intensity in explanation of the variability in leaf morphology and anatomy both on the trunk and second axis order strongly recommends that studies on the responses of leaf anatomy to the environment need to correct for the ontogeny effect
Mricha, Abderrahmane. "Etude de la sensibilité au photopériodisme dans des cals issus de feuilles d'une plante à métabolisme crassulacéen le Kalanchoe blossfeldiana cultivar Montezuma /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376168278.
Full textMricha, Abderrahmane. "Etude de la sensibilite au photoperiodisme dans des cals issus de feuilles d'une plante a metabolisme crassulaceen : le kalanchoe blossfeldiana cultivar montezuma." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066432.
Full textMouton-Perronnet, Françoise. "Etude de protéines fongiques, inducteurs de nécroses et de protection chez le tabac." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10035.
Full textDiaz, Céline. "Bases génétiques et physiologie de la sénescence foliaire et de la remobilisation de l'azote chez la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS0005.
Full textLa sénescence débuterait dès la fin de l'expansion foliaire pour prendre fin avec la mort de l'organe. Elle est caractérisée par de nombreux bouleversements métaboliques impliqués dans la destruction ordonnée et systématique des constituants cellulaires. Une des fonctions de cette phase de développement serait de permettre le recyclage et la remobilisation de nutriments des organes sénescents vers les organes en croissance, et ce avant que les feuilles ne meurent ou se détachent de la plante. Parmi les facteurs environnementaux impliqués dans sa durée et dans l'intensité des symptômes associés, citons les limitations en azote, en phosphate ou encore en lumière Ce travail de thèse présente une étude de l'expression des symptômes de sénescence foliaire et des fonctions de mobilisation de l'azote chez Arabidopsis thaliana lorsque cette plante est cultivée en situation de nutrition limitante en azote. Grâce à l'étude de la population de lignées recombinantes Bay-0 x Shahdara, les bases génétiques contrôlant l'expression du jaunissement foliaire ou l'accumulation d'anthocyanes, sous l'effet de la limitation en azote, ont été étudiées. Nous avons identifié 5 QTL de jaunissement dont deux ont été confirmés par HIF (Heterozygous inbred Family) et 6 QTL en relation avec l'accumulation d'anthocyane. La caractérisation de différents degrés de sénescence foliaire, au travers de l'observation du jaunissement foliaire, nous a permis de choisir cinq lignées présentant des phénotypes différentiels afin (i) d'étudier et comparer l'expression de marqueurs de sénescence biochimiques et moléculaires connus ; (ii) de faire une étude comparative de l'évolution des contenus en métabolites dans les feuilles de ces lignées ; (iii) d'estimer et comparer l'intensité et l'expression temporelle des évènements de mobilisation de l'azote. Ces approches de physiologie moléculaire ont révélé de nouveaux marqueurs métaboliques de la sénescence foliaire et permettent aussi de supposer que les évènements de mobilisation de l'azote et de sénescence pourraient être dissociés. L'existence d'un point de rupture dans le développement des lignées suggère l'existence d'un senseur de la limitation en azote capable d'orienter le comportement métabolique des tissus foliaires
Body, Mélanie. "Manipulations des végétaux par les organismes endophytes : mécanismes physiologiques, signalisation et conséquences nutritionnelles chez un insecte mineur de feuilles." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4054.
Full textEndophytophagous insects, such as stem-boring, gall-forming and leaf-mining insects, live within plant tissues and feed internally. The selective feeding hypothesis states that this life-style presumably provides adaptive advantages for the insect over other external-feeding modes by allowing access to most nutritional tissues while avoiding main plant defensive compounds. This selective feeding behavior can be reinforced by manipulating the plant physiology which has been clearly demonstrated in gallers but also suggested in leaf-miner insects due to the autumnal formation of “green islands” around mining caterpillars in yellow leaves. This study aimed to investigate, under field conditions, the ability of insects to manipulate their host-plant in the Malus domestica / Phyllonorycter blancardella biological system. This insect is highly specialized and entirely develops within a restricted area of a single leaf. We first characterized the plant-insect interface by describing larval mouthparts and leaf anatomy alterations resulting from the insect feeding activity
Adroit, Benjamin. "Structures des paléoforêts européennes de la fin du Cénozoïque : apport des interactions plante-insecte." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG008/document.
Full textInsects are the most diverse animals on Earth, and neatly associated with plants they represent two of the major groups of organisms both in species diversity and biomass quantity. The majority of their interactions involves insect feeding and insect parasitism mostly on leaves. Plant and insect compose one of the main trophic levels in ecosystems over the 325 million years. Today, the continuous and fast rising of temperature mostly due to human activities since the last century is disturbing the balance of ecosystems on Earth. Consequently, to understand the role of plant and insect interactions, through time but also trophic networks, becomes crucial. The fossil record is an exceptional opportunity to survey responses of plant-insect interaction to climate variations over long time interval through traces of plants reactions caused by interaction with insects, as Earth has already experienced many climate changes. For the last 3 million years, oscillations between long cold periods and short warm periods have occurred. Europe ecosystems has been particularly impacted. The Lagerstätte of Willershausen (Germany) was specifically study. It is an exceptional fossil outcrop that contains ca. 8000 collected fossil leaves. These leaves testify a paleoforest developed there around 3—2.6 Ma ago in a climate warmer than today (ca. +5°C). Under these conditions, many plant species typical of the Mediterranean ecosystems were settled there, such as Montpellier maple or Olive tree. For comparison, other paleoforests were studied: Berga (similar in age and geographically close to Willershausen) and Bernasso (younger than Willershausen (2.16—1.96 Ma) and located in southern France close to Mediterranean. These forests were compared as many common plant taxa were similar between each other. Furthermore, some species today endemic to the Caucasian region, such as Persian ironwood or Caucasian elm, were also present in these outcrops. The aim of this study is to determine how far the climate differences could be involved in the changes of plant-insect interactions in European paleoforests of the late Pliocene – early Pleistocene. Results highlighted the impacts of both hydric and temperature seasonality, hitherto underestimated in the fossil record, on the patterns of plant-insect interaction in the European paleoforests. It appeared that ecosystems subject to intense hydric seasonality could led to higher specialization of plant-insect interaction inferred by higher rate of observed damages due to ‘specialists insects’. In parallel, the coolest temperature during the year seems to be a major factor in the low diversity of damage in paleoforest, presumably due to lower insect metabolism. Absence of convergent correlations between plant richness and damage richness could suggested that influence of climatic factors override impact of these local biotic factors. In order to understand the whole parameters that could have an impact on plant-insect interactions, our current knowledges are still insufficient. It would be wise to make more investigations on modern forests with the methods as applied in fossil record community structure studies. These investigations could help to understand the factors potentially involved in the establishment of a pattern of plant-insect interactions. It is in this perspective that a part of this study was precisely focused on one plant species (Parrotia persica) currently endemic to the Hyrcanian forest (Iran). This forest is supposed to be an analogue forest of the European paleoforests as those studied in this thesis. For now, observations made in Iran tend to corroborate our interpretation. Finally, the studies on plant-insect interactions in past and extant ecosystems, combined with the study of climatic changes, should permit us to better characterize the relations between plants and insects in forests through time
Daniere, Cécile. "Symbiose fixatrice d'azote aulne-frankia : essai de caractérisation des individus d'Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Betulaceae) par les aglycones flavoniques excrétés à la surface des feuilles : rôle de la plante-hôte dans le choix du partenaire microbien." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO10108.
Full textThéroux, Rancourt Guillaume. "Relations entre la conductance du mésophylle au CO₂ et l'hydraulique des tiges et des feuilles chez des clones de peupliers hybrides variant en sensibilité à la sécheresse." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25571.
Full textIncreasing water use efficiency (WUE) is a key objective to improve the sustainability of cultivated plants to drought. In that context, this thesis has studied the relation between leaf hydraulics and mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm), a component that restricts carbon assimilation, in hybrid poplar clones, plants with high growth rates and transpiration. It was first shown, using an improved measurement method, that gm remained constant during the early stages of water stress and declined only below a stomatal conductance (gs) threshold of ~0.15 mol m−2 s−1. Removing stomatal limitations experimentally did not improve gm or leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), which suggests a partial hydraulic isolation of the mesophyll. Furthermore, adding xylem-fed abscisic acid (ABA) or inducing xylem cavitation again showed a delayed gm response and hydraulic isolation of the mesophyll. Two mechanisms would be at play. First, in the case of ABA, hydraulic isolation would delay its delivery and eventually induce mesophyll aquaporins gating and a shift towards the apoplastic water pathway, thus decreasing gm. However, it is only with a decline in turgor caused by xylem cavitation that pressurizing water allows for a full restoration of gm, which suggests a reversible change at the plasma membrane level. Those two mechanisms can be observed during a longer water stress period. Thus, the delay in gm decline by a few days compared to gs suggests an ABA response and the partial hydraulic isolation of the mesophyll. After more than a week of water stress, diurnal changes in gm indicate a daily turgor variation. The variation in gs response to drought and the delay in the decline of gm increase the gm/gs ratio, which is positively correlated to transpiration efficiency, a foliar component of WUE. Thus, the gm/gs ratio was used to discriminate between five poplar genotypes, and the results suggest that it should be improved to increase WUE and the resilience of cultivated plants to drought, which is more than ever critical since drought events are predicted to increase in frequency and intensity under climate change.
Penot, Isabelle. "Induction de nécrose et de résistance chez le tabac par une famille de protéines fongiques : les élicitines, implication de certains acides aminés dans la modulation de ces activités étudiée par mutagénèse dirigée et expression dans un système hétérologue." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10180.
Full textGuiguet, Antoine. "Origine évolutive et bases moléculaires du mode de vie galligène chez les Gracillariidae." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4005.
Full textThe aim of my thesis was to study the evolutionary processes that led to the evolution of the gall-inducing lifestyle and to look for effectors involved in the induction of galls in the Gracillariidae family (Lepidoptera) with a particular focus on two species, Borboryctis euryae and Caloptilia cecidophora. We have demonstrated that these two species have a particular intermediate life-style between leaf-miner and gall-inducer. The proliferative tissue in the B. euryae mine is similar to a gall and the larvae of C. cecidophora undergo a transition from leaf-miner to gall-inducer during their development. Field work has uncovered new gall-inducing Caloptilia species, and their phylogenetic study has shown that they form a monophyletic group. Finally, exploiting the transition of feeding habit of C. cecidophora as well as its phylogenetic context, we applied a comparative intra- and inter-species transcriptomic approach to search for candidate effectors involved in gall induction
Ljutovac, Sreten. "Coordination dans l'extension des organes aériens et conséquence pour les relations entre les dimensions finales des organes chez le blé." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INAP0011.
Full textMonsion, Baptiste. "FLUCTUATIONS DEMOGRAPHIQUES AU COURS DU CYCLE DE VIE DU CaMV (Cauliflower mosaic virus). Estimation de la taille efficace des populations virales lors de la colonisation des feuilles de la plante hôte, évaluation de la multiplicité d'infection cellulaire au sein de ces feuilles, et estimation de la taille des goulots d'étranglement lors de sa transmission d'hôte à hôte par vecteur." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00681500.
Full textMonsion, Baptiste. "Fluctuations démographiques au cours du cycle de vie du CaMV (Cauliflower mosaic virus) : estimation de la taille efficace des populations virales lors de la colonisation des feuilles de la plante hôte, évaluation de la multiplicité d'infection cellulaire au sein de ces feuilles et estimation de la taille des goulots d'étranglement lors de sa transmission d'hôte à hôte par vecteur." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20013.
Full textThe Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV, a double-strand DNA plant virus) is non-circulatively transmitted by aphid vectors. As for many other viruses with a high mutation rate, ample demographic fluctuations along the life cycle, that are most often poorly defined, may have considerable impact on the evolution of fitness, due to intense genetic drift and associated Müller's ratchet. In order to monitor the CaMV populations we constructed 6 infectious clones, each containing a unique genetic marker at the same locus. We have developed and implemented a new analysis method: Quantitative Single-letter Sequencing (QSS) to determine the presence/absence and monitor the frequency of the markers in an infected plant. We first assessed the effective size of CaMV populations during host plant colonisation, and found that hundreds to thousands of genomes are founding the population in every single new leaf during systemic infection. This evaluation is 10 to 100 fold higher than that previously published for all other plant viruses, suggesting that ample demographic fluctuation during host infection is not a general rule for plant viruses. Then, we addressed the natural multiplicity of infection of cells (MOI) in CaMV infected plants, a trait that has never been investigated before in plant viruses, and very rarely in other virus species. We showed for the first time that the mean MOI value is not a constant, and increases along the course of the host infection, reaching a maximum value close to 7 for CaMV, largely exceeding the rare estimates available in the literature on animal viruses or phages. Indirect hints collected in the literature suggest that other plant viruses may have an oppositely very low MOI (close to 1), and the causes and/or consequences of this contrasted situation on the biology of viruses is discussed in depth. This represents a new field of investigation to be developed in the group in the next future. Finally, using the EPG technique, we have controlled the feeding behaviour of aphid vectors acquiring CaMV, and evaluated the impact of this vector behaviour on the size of the bottleneck induced on viral population during plant-to-plant transmission. Key words : Cauliflower mosaic virus, Bottleneck, Effective population size, Aphid transmission, Multiplicity of infection
Blein, Thomas. "The role of the NAM/CUC genes in leaf development." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112222.
Full textA wide diversity of leaf shapes exists ranging from simple leaves with smooth margin to compound leaves with highly incised margin. Despite this great variability all leaves are formed using similar mechanisms, at the exception of compound leaves which require the expression of meristematic genes to form leaflets. However, the mechanisms involved in the incision of the leaf are unknown. During embryonic and post-embryonic development, the separations between organs are realised by the action of NO APICAL MERISTEM (NAM)/CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC) genes. We have shown that the NAM/CUC genes have the same role in Eudicot leaves as they are involved in all levels of incision, from leaflets separation to margin serration. However, the NAM/CUC genes do not only have such an incisor role, but they also promote the growth of the leaf sub-unit (tooth or leaflet). Conversely, we have generated and analysed mutant combinations in which the simple, serrated Arabidopsis leaf is converted into a highly branched structures in which leaflet-like organs are formed. This leads us to propose a general model of leaf margin development that takes into account the diversity of leaf shapes
Bergez, Jacques-Eric. "Influence de protections individuelles à effet de serre sur la croissance de jeunes arbres : interprétations physiologiques et perspectives d'amélioration des protections." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20045.
Full textMarty, Charles. "Nutrition et réponses des plantes subalpines pyrénéennes à la contrainte azotée." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/603/.
Full textNitrogen is often assumed to be the most limiting element for plant productivity in most ecosystems, particularly in high altitude habitats where soil nitrogen availability is low. In this thesis, we study both the use and conservation mechanisms of nitrogen that are crucial for plants in these nitrogen-constrained habitats. Moreover we try to understand nitrogen influence on the structure of plant communities. In growth chamber experiments, we investigated the component ?uxes of 15NO3- and 15NH4+ uptake in a tussock grass (Festuca nigrescens) very common and representative of the dominant plant growth form in European alpine meadows. Our results show that mineral nitrogen uptake is very low because of very high nitrogen efflux (up to 80% of the influx for NH4+). It suggests that the ability of this typical alpine grass to respond to increasing nitrogen availability due to global changes is limited. 15N labeling experiments performed in glasshouse show that large 15N transfers occur from a nitrogen-fixer (Trifolium alpinum) to Festuca eskia (Poaceae). This transfer is significantly lower for Nardus stricta, another grass species living in Pyrenean subalpine meadows. In the field, both biomass and nitrogen content of the grasses increase when they are associated to T. Alpinum. However, the facilitation effect between the nitrogen-fixer and non-fixers are species specific and is modified according to the capacity of the receiver species to use nitrogen provided by the legume to the interacting plants. It has often been proposed that nitrogen availability can control leaf life span, nitrogen internal cycling and photosynthetic capacity. .
Dervaux, Julien. "Morphogénèse et élasticité en géométrie mince." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544143.
Full textD'Hooghe, Philippe. "Impacts de la disponibilité en sulfate sur la physiologie de la feuille et sur la qualité, le métabolisme soufré et la germination de la graine de colza." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937062.
Full textBeaumont, Pascale. "Réflectance foliaire et acclimatation à un déficit hydrique : cas des feuilles de tournesol." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30104.
Full textZhang, Hui. "Manipulation des végétaux par les organismes endophytes : dialogue chimique et moléculaire entre les insectes manipulateurs de plantes et leurs plantes hôtes." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4003/document.
Full textBecause phytohormones lie at the very core of molecular mechanisms controlling the plant physiology and development, they have long been hypothesized to be involved in insect-induced plant manipulations. Insects are using phytohormones to manipulate their host plants for their own benefit, regulating nutrient provisioning and plant defenses. However, a mechanistic understanding of how phytohormones operate in plant reconfigurations by plant-manipulating insects, especially by gall-inducing and leaf-minging insects, is lacking. The objective of my Ph.D. was to provide an extensive characterization of how plant-manipulating insects modulate the plant global hormonal balance with a specific focus on the leaf-mining moth Phyllonorycter blancardella. We thus developed a time course characterization of plant transcriptomic and biochemical responses following attack by leaf-mining larvae. A comparative analysis between different biological systems allowed us to estimate similarities in strategies developed leaf-mining and gall-inducing insects, to identify the possible origin of phytohormones involved in the plant manipulation and to estimate the role of insect endosymbiotic bacteria in these interactions
Gavinet, Jordane. "Installation d'espèces feuillues en forêt de pins d'Alep : interactions avec les strates arborées et arbustives." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4371.
Full textSeedling establishment is a critical demographic phase, strongly influenced by plant-plant interactions. This thesis shows that the effect of Aleppo pine and shrubs on broadleaved seedling establishment depends on vegetation cover density, target and nurse species strategies and local conditions. A dense vegetation cover strongly limits seedling establishment by light and water competition, seedlings water stress being worsened by a low biomass allocation to roots. At the other extreme, in the open, photoinhibition and competition with grasses can limit seedling establishment. Sclerophyllous species are poorly sensitive to high temperature, irradiance and evaporative demand and can take advantage of favorable conditions at any time of the year by polycyclism in the open: interactions with pine are thus mostly competitive. In contrast, deciduous species with high SLA are more sensitive to photo-inhibition and benefit from the protection of a moderate cover, under which they are able to grow faster. In a nursery experiment, pine and shrub litters modified soil chemical and microbiological properties but without feedback on oak seedlings, indicating a poor allelopathic effect. Pine thinning is a strategy to enhance broadleaved seedling establishment and increase Mediterranean forest diversity and fire-resilience. However, the optimum thinning intensity seems to decrease in harsher climatic or edaphic conditions and for deciduous species
Masson, Florence. "Hétérogénéité structurale et fonctionnelle de la membrane plasmique de feuilles de tabac (Nicotiana tabaccum c. V. Xanthi)." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20060.
Full textAttioua, Barthélemy. "Contribution à l'étude phytochimique des feuilles et des tiges de Croton Lobatus." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13023.
Full textCroton lobatus belongs to the Croton genus (Euphorbiaceae). It is commonly used in traditional medicine for drugs. In order to isolate molecules having physiological properties, five different extracts of grounded leaves and stems have been investigated. The following fractions of each extract using chromatography on silica gel followed by recrystallization have allowed to isolate and purify nineteen different compounds. Chemical elucidation tests have led to the identification of each compound. In each case, the complete structure relying on different analytical methods, for instance: NMR, mass spectra, IR and UV spectra, elementary analysis, melting point and polarimetry was established. Among the identified compounds, one may found steroids, nitrogen compounds, amphiphiles, one triterpene, one triglyceride, fatty acids, one aromatic compound and one hydrocarbon
Chahboun, Jamal Eddine. "La filière triterpénique dans les lipides de feuilles d' Argania Spinosa, L." Toulouse, INPT, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPT021G.
Full textCerutti, Guillaume. "Segmentation et interprétation d'images naturelles pour l'identification de feuilles d'arbres sur smartphone." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO22022/document.
Full textPlant species, and especially tree species, constitute a well adapted target for an automatic recognition process based on image analysis. The criteria that make their identification possible are indeed often morphological visual elements, which are well described and referenced by botany. This leads to think that a recognition through shape is worth considering. Leaves stand out in this context as the most accessible discriminative plant organs, and are subsequently the most often used for this problem recently receiving a particular attention. Automatic identification however gives rise to a fair amount of complex problems, linked with the processing of images, or in the difficult nature of the species classification itself, which make it an advanced application for pattern recognition.This thesis considers the problem of tree species identification from leaf images within the framework of a smartphone application intended for a non-specialist audience. The images on which we expect to work are then potentially very complex scenes and their acquisition rather unsupervised. We consequently propose dedicated methods for image analysis, in order to segment and interpret tree leaves, using an original shape modelling and deformable templates. The introduction on prior knowledge on the shape of objects enhances significatively the quality and the robustness of the information we extract from the image. All processing being carried out on the mobile device, we developed those algorithms with concern towards the material constraints of their exploitation. We also introduce a very specific description of leaf shapes, inspired by the determining characteristics listed in botanical references. These different descriptors constitute independent sources of high-level information that are fused at the end of the process to identify species, while providing the user with a possible semantic interpretation. The classification performance demonstrated over approximately 100 tree species are competitive with state-of-the-art methods of the domain, and show a particular robustness to difficult natural background images. Finally, we integrated the implementation of our recognition system into the \textbf{Folia} application for iPhone, which constitutes a validation of our approaches and methods in a real-world use
Wakrim, Rachida. "Contrôle de l'assimilation du nitrate dans la feuille de soja par le flux xylémique de l'anion." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20081.
Full textTurlier, Marie-France. "Contribution à l'analyse des modalités fondamentales de l'organogenèse végétale : la feuille des angiospermes dicotylédones." Dijon, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985DIJOS041.
Full textJewell, Mark. "Diversité des arbres, interactions aériennes et souterraines et décomposition des feuilles mortes." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/75.
Full textDesclos, Marie. "Modifications physiologique et protéomique associées à la remobilisation de l'azote foliaire au cours de la sénescence séquentielle chez le colza (Brassica napus L. )." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2078.
Full textSenescence, the faster proteolysis, and the increase of duration as well as intensity of N recycling. Brassica napus L. (oilseed rape) is an important crop plant with low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) due to a weak remobilization of nitrogen (N) during leaf senescence. In order to characterize the key processes able to improve the NUE, the objectives were to identify the physiological, proteomics and molecular events implied in N remobilization during leaf senescence, and to determine whether low mineral N availability impact on these events. Young leaves of nitrate-deprived plants presented a delay of senescence concomitant with the accumulation of a trypsin inhibitor corresponding to BnD22 (Brassica napus Drought 22 kDa), a protein capable of binding chlorophylls. The dual function of BnD22 could be involved in the protection of younger tissues by maintaining protein integrity and photosynthesis capacity in response to abiotic stresses. The analysis of proteomics and physiological events associated with N remobilization and leaf senescence revealed the involvement of proteins acting in energy metabolism, plant stress response and proteolysis. A chloroplastidial protease FtsH, an aspartic protease, a proteaosome subunit and a cysteine protease SAG12 were successively induced during leaf senescence. The N starvation led to accelerate the onset of leaf senescence but did not affect the sequence of events. The weak level of residual N observed in fallen leaves of oilseed rape deprived in N was explained by the premature
Edon-Jock, Carine. "Le virus de la feuille jaune de la canne à sucre : spécificités de la dissémination en Guadeloupe et en Martinique." Antilles-Guyane, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGUY0221.
Full textSymptoms of Sugarcane yellow leaf disease were first observed in 1988 in Hawaii. Meanwhile, yield losseson a cultivar exhibiting the same symptoms were found in Brazil in 1990. The Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus (SCYLV) has been identified as the casual agent of this disease in 1996. This virus is a member of the genus Polerovirus of the family Luteoviridae. The viruses of this family are transmitted to the plant by aphid vectors in a circulative persistent and non replicative manner. Yellow leaf can also be spread when planling cuttings obtained from infected stalks. M. Sacchari was the only vector of SCYLV observed during the studies conducted since 2001 in Guadeloupe. The three genotypes of SCYLV which can be differentiated by RTPCR were found on the CIRAD collection plots in Guadeloupe. However, the SCYLV genetic diversity in commercial fields in Guadeloupe and Martinique are still unknown. The specificity of the spread of the Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus in the French West Indies will be analyzed by: al studying of the SCYLV distribution and its vector, M. Sacchari, according to the different geographical locations and sugarcane cultivars, b/ characterizing of the different combination of SCYLV genotypes 1 aphid populations 1 cultivars present in Guadeloupe and Martinique, c/ modelling description of the sugarcane plots contamination, taking into account the spread of the virus by the vector and by infected cuttings
Picard, Sophie. "Les Phénolglucosides dans la feuille de peuplier : identification, dosage, synthèse et propriétés physico-chimiques : rôle dans l'interaction plante-insecte." Orléans, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ORLE2030.
Full textJewell, Mark. "Diversit?? des arbres, interactions a??riennes et souterraines et d??composition des feuilles mortes." Mémoire, Universit?? de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/75.
Full textGombert, Julie. "Efficience d’utilisation de l’azote par le colza d’hiver (Brassica napus L. ) : effet de la fertilisation azotée et variabilité génotypique." Caen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CAEN2081.
Full textThe increasing importance of oilseed rape requires improving the nitrogen use efficiency of this crop as well as its environmental impact. Dynamics of nitrogen uptake, partitioning and remobilization were studied using a 15N labelling in 3 genotypes of field-grown winter oilseed rape, under 2 or 3 levels of nitrogen fertilization. Genotypic differences observed in these dynamics reflected different plant nitrogen economies leading, however, to a similar yield. Nitrogen remobilization from vegetative organs (mostly leaves and stems) to pods, always constituted the major part of pod nitrogen. The asynchrony between nitrogen remobilization and pod development could explain, in part, the reduction of nitrogen uptake during flowering and the high nitrogen content in fallen leaves. The study of several indicators (metabolic and molecular) of leaf senescence was monitored in vegetative oilseed rape. The expression patterns of SAG12 and Cab genes accurately revealed the spatial and temporal progression of leaf senescence during developmental and induced senescence. Improving the duration of leaf activity (late senescence or longer period of senescence) could increase the direct allocation of nitrogen to developing pods and thus, improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency of oilseed rape
Delzon, Sylvain. "Causes fonctionnelles et structurales du déclin de productivité des forêts avec l'âge : analyse expérimentale d'une chronoséquence de peuplements de pin maritime." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12834.
Full textEscobar-Gutiérrez, Abraham. "Photosynthèse, partition du carbone et métabolisme du sorbitol dans les feuilles adultes de pêcher (Prunus persica (L. ) Batsch)." Poitiers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995POIT2273.
Full textCalliste, Claude-Alain. "Evaluation des potentiels antioxydant et antiprolifératif de plantes médicinales : valorisation des fractions de la feuille de châtaignier." Limoges, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LIMO309I.
Full textAlaphilippe, Aude. "Effets secondaires de l'utilisation d'un agent de lutte biologique : rôle des metabolites primaires de surfaces des feuilles dans l'interaction entre l'agent de lutte biologique et Cydia pomonella L." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGPT0039.
Full textDe, Mezzo Benoît. "Reconnaissance d'objets par la génération d'hypothèses de modèles de forme appliquée à l'extraction des feuilles de plantes dans des scènes naturelles complexes." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20153.
Full textKazakou, Elena. "Vie, mort et décomposition des feuilles d'espèces de succession secondaire méditerranéenne : vers une intégration de la gestion des éléments minéraux par les végétaux." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20041.
Full textThe main aim of this work is to determine the links between the processes occurring before, during and after leaf senescence. Two experiments were set up: one in a gradient of an old-field succession and a second one in a common garden experiment, where 18 species characterising the three stages of this succession were transplanted in two fertilisation levels. Our results demonstrate that leaf life span and nutrient resorption efficiency are two important and alternative strategies of nutrient conservation. Litter decomposability is successfully predicted by some traits of green leaves, especially those describing leaf robustness (leaf dry matter content, leaf tensile strength and leaf resistance to fracture). The leaf economic spectrum describing nutrient use in plants was found across species differing in successional stage. Species from early succession with high resource acquisition rates are replaced during succession by species which tend to conserve resources efficiently, the latter tending to produce leaves with low decomposition rates. Finally, in order to scale up from species to the ecosystem functioning, we propose to use leaf dry matter content as a functional marker of litter decomposability
Sasidharan, L. Swathy. "Modélisation de la croissance des plantes supérieures pour les systèmes de support-vie : modèle métabolique de la feuille de laitue considérant la conversion d'énergie et le métabolisme central du carbone." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00797968.
Full textFoucque, de Cambiaire Elisabeth. "Étude des espèces à feuilles odorantes du genre Pelargonium : interêt taxonomique de l'observation des trichomes et de l'analyse des huiles essentielles par chromatographie en phase gazeuse." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112006.
Full textChahed, El Ouazzani Chadia. "Isolement, caractérisation des sous-unités du complexe F1-ATPase mitochondriale de la betterave (Beta vulgaris L. ) : activité, structure, variation dans le genre Beta." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112319.
Full textLAPPARTIENT, ANNE. "Un modele de signaletique feuilles-racines chez les plantes : la regulation de l'absorption de so#4#2#- et de l'activite atp sulfurylase racinaire." Montpellier, ENSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENSA0020.
Full textPhilippe, Isabelle. "L'eutypiose de la vigne (Eutypa lata) : détection de l'eutypine dans les plantes malades et altérations cytologiques de la feuille." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT023A.
Full textPurbaningsih, Susiani. "Isolement et culture de protoplastes d'orchidées ("Phalaenipsis" et "Epidendrum") : implication de l'état vitreux des tissus et de l'éthylène." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20280.
Full textRasheed, Fahad. "Composantes de l'efficience de transpiration du peuplier : diversité génétique, stabilité avec l'âge et changement d'échelle de la feuille à la plante entière." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01057801.
Full textMoretti, Christian. "Contribution à l'étude de quatre Simaroubacées médicinales de la Guyane : Quasinoïdes de : Picrolemma pseudocoffea Ducke, Simaba cuspidata Spruce, Simaba multiflora Juss., Simaba morettii C Feuillet." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112286.
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