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Journal articles on the topic 'FFA4'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 15 March 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Freitas, Raquel D. S., Thaís C. Muradás, Ana Paula A. Dagnino, et al. "Targeting FFA1 and FFA4 receptors in cancer-induced cachexia." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 319, no. 5 (2020): E877—E892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00509.2019.

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Free fatty acid (FFA) receptors FFA1 and FFA4 are omega-3 molecular targets in metabolic diseases; however, their function in cancer cachexia remains unraveled. We assessed the role of FFA1 and FFA4 receptors in the mouse model of cachexia induced by Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell implantation. Naturally occurring ligands such as α-linolenic acid (ALA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the synthetic FFA1/FFA4 agonists GW9508 and TUG891, or the selective FFA1 GW1100 or FFA4 AH7614 antagonists were tested. FFA1 and FFA4 expression and other cachexia-related parameters were evaluated. GW9508 and T

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Ahn, Seong Hee, Sook-Young Park, Ji-Eun Baek, et al. "Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (GPR120) Stimulates Bone Formation and Suppresses Bone Resorption in the Presence of Elevated n-3 Fatty Acid Levels." Endocrinology 157, no. 7 (2016): 2621–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1855.

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Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4) has been reported to be a receptor for n-3 fatty acids (FAs). Although n-3 FAs are beneficial for bone health, a role of FFA4 in bone metabolism has been rarely investigated. We noted that FFA4 was more abundantly expressed in both mature osteoclasts and osteoblasts than their respective precursors and that it was activated by docosahexaenoic acid. FFA4 knockout (Ffar4−/−) and wild-type mice exhibited similar bone masses when fed a normal diet. Because fat-1 transgenic (fat-1Tg+) mice endogenously converting n-6 to n-3 FAs contain high n-3 FA levels, we crosse

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3

Prihandoko, Rudi, Davinder Kaur, Coen H. Wiegman, et al. "Pathophysiological regulation of lung function by the free fatty acid receptor FFA4." Science Translational Medicine 12, no. 557 (2020): eaaw9009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw9009.

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Increased prevalence of inflammatory airway diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) together with inadequate disease control by current frontline treatments means that there is a need to define therapeutic targets for these conditions. Here, we investigate a member of the G protein–coupled receptor family, FFA4, that responds to free circulating fatty acids including dietary omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils. We show that FFA4, although usually associated with metabolic responses linked with food intake, is expressed in the lung where it is coupled to Gq

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Velasco, Cristina, Marta Conde-Sieira, Sara Comesaña, et al. "The long-chain fatty acid receptors FFA1 and FFA4 are involved in food intake regulation in fish brain." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 17 (2020): jeb227330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.227330.

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ABSTRACTWe hypothesized that the free fatty acid receptors FFA1 and FFA4 might be involved in the anorectic response observed in fish after rising levels of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) such as oleate. In one experiment we demonstrated that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) treatment of rainbow trout with FFA1 and FFA4 agonists elicited an anorectic response 2, 6 and 24 h after treatment. In a second experiment, the same i.c.v. treatment resulted after 2 h in an enhancement in the mRNA abundance of anorexigenic neuropeptides pomca1 and cartpt and a decrease in the values of orexigenic peptide

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5

Christiansen, Elisabeth, Kenneth R. Watterson, Claire J. Stocker, et al. "Activity of dietary fatty acids on FFA1 and FFA4 and characterisation of pinolenic acid as a dual FFA1/FFA4 agonist with potential effect against metabolic diseases." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 11 (2015): 1677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451500118x.

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Various foods are associated with effects against metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes; however, their mechanisms of action are mostly unclear. Fatty acids may contribute by acting as precursors of signalling molecules or by direct activity on receptors. The medium- and long-chain NEFA receptor FFA1 (free fatty acid receptor 1, previously known as GPR40) has been linked to enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, whereas FFA4 (free fatty acid receptor 4, previously known as GPR120) has been associated with insulin-sensitising and anti-inflammatory effec

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6

Alharbi, Abdulrahman G., Andrew B. Tobin, and Graeme Milligan. "How Arrestins and GRKs Regulate the Function of Long Chain Fatty Acid Receptors." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20 (2022): 12237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012237.

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FFA1 and FFA4, two G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by long chain fatty acids, play crucial roles in mediating many biological functions in the body. As a result, these fatty acid receptors have gained considerable attention due to their potential to be targeted for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. However, the relative contribution of canonical G protein-mediated signalling versus the effects of agonist-induced phosphorylation and interactions with β-arrestins have yet to be fully defined. Recently, several reports have highlighted the ability of β-arrestins and GRKs to interac

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7

Xu, Fangfang, Han Zhou, Xiumei Liu, et al. "Label-free cell phenotypic study of FFA4 and FFA1 and discovery of novel agonists of FFA4 from natural products." RSC Advances 9, no. 26 (2019): 15073–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra02142f.

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8

Son, So-Eun, Jung-Min Koh, and Dong-Soon Im. "Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (FFA4) Activation Ameliorates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis in Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (2022): 4482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094482.

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Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) has been used as an adjunct therapy for psoriasis due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4 or GPR120) is a receptor-sensing n-3 PUFA. In the present study, we examined whether FFA4 acted as a therapeutic target for n-3 PUFA in psoriasis therapy. Experimentally, psoriasis-like skin lesions were induced by treatment with imiquimod for 6 consecutive days. A selective FFA4 agonist, Compound A (30 mg/kg), was used in FFA4 WT and FFA4 KO mice. Imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions, which

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9

Lee, Jung-Eun, Ju-Hyun Lee, Jung-Min Koh, and Dong-Soon Im. "Free Fatty Acid 4 Receptor Activation Attenuates Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Rebalancing Th1/Th17 and Treg Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 11 (2024): 5866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115866.

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Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been found to be beneficial in rodent rheumatoid arthritis models and human trials. However, the molecular targets of n-3 PUFAs and their beneficial effects on rheumatoid arthritis are under-researched. Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4, also known as GPR120) is a receptor for n-3 PUFA. We aim to investigate whether FFA4 activation reduces collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis (CIA) by using an FFA4 agonist, compound A (CpdA), in combination with DBA-1J Ffa4 gene wild-type (WT) and Ffa4 gene knock-out (KO) mice. CIA induced

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10

Kang, Saeromi, Jung-Min Koh, and Dong-Soon Im. "N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Protect against Alcoholic Liver Steatosis by Activating FFA4 in Kupffer Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 10 (2024): 5476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105476.

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Supplementation with fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) effectively reduces acute and chronic alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis. We aimed to find molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of n-3 PUFAs in alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis. Because free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4, also known as GPR120) has been found as a receptor for n-3 PUFAs in an ethanol-induced liver steatosis model, we investigated whether n-3 PUFAs protect against liver steatosis via FFA4 using AH7614, an FFA4 antagonist, and Ffa4 knockout (KO) mice. N-3 PUFAs and compound A (CpdA), a sele

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11

Son, So-Eun, Jung-Min Koh, and Dong-Soon Im. "Activation of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (FFA4) Ameliorates Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Asthma by Suppressing Activation of Dendritic and Mast Cells in Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (2022): 5270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095270.

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Epidemiological and clinical studies have suggested that intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) reduces the incidence of allergic airway diseases and improves pulmonary function in patients with allergic asthma. However, the pharmacological targets of PUFA have not been elucidated upon. We investigated whether free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4, also known as GPR120) is a molecular target for beneficial PUFA in asthma therapy. In an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma model, compound A (a selective agonist of FFA4) was administrated before OVA sensitization or OVA challenge in FFA4

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12

M. Motair, Hafed. "Modified Firefly Algorithm using Iterated Descent Method to Solve Machine Scheduling Problems." Al-Nahrain Journal of Science 26, no. 4 (2023): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22401/anjs.26.4.13.

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One of the most efficient metaheuristic algorithms that is used to solve hard optimization problems is the firefly algorithm (FFA). In this paper we use this algorithm to solve a single machine scheduling problem, we aim to minimize the sum of the two cost functions: the maximum tardiness and the maximum earliness. This problem (P) is NP-hard so we solve this problem using FFA as a metaheuristic algorithm. To explore the search space and get a good solution to a problem (Q), we hybridize FFA by Iterated Descent Method (IDM) in three ways and the results are FFA1, FFA2, and FFA3. In the computa

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13

Xu, Fangfang, Jun Wang, Pan Wang, et al. "Ursodesoxycholic acid is an FFA4 agonist and reduces hepatic steatosis via FFA4 signaling." European Journal of Pharmacology 917 (February 2022): 174760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174760.

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14

Freitas, Raquel D. S., and Maria M. Campos. "Understanding the appetite modulation pathways: The role of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors." Biochemical Pharmacology 186 (April 2021): 114503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114503.

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15

Lee, Kyoung-Pil, Soo-Jin Park, Saeromi Kang та ін. "ω-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids accelerate airway repair by activating FFA4 in club cells". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 312, № 6 (2017): L835—L844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00350.2016.

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A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) named free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4, also known as GPR120) was found to act as a GPCR for ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Its expression has been reported in lung epithelial club cells. We investigated whether supplementation of the ω-3 fatty acids benefits lung health. Omacor (7.75 mg/kg), clinically prescribed preparation of ω-3 fatty acids, and FFA4-knockout mice were utilized in a naphthalene-induced mouse model of acute airway injury (1 injection of 30 mg/kg ip). Naphthalene injection induced complete destruction of bronchiolar epithelial cells with

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16

Milligan, Graeme, Elisa Alvarez-Curto, Brian D. Hudson, Rudi Prihandoko, and Andrew B. Tobin. "FFA4/GPR120: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Opportunities." Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 38, no. 9 (2017): 809–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2017.06.006.

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17

Duarte Guimarães, Ana Rita, Adriana Modesto, and Alexandre Rezende Vieira. "Formation of alkali-soluble fluoride on the surface of human dental enamel after treatment with fluoridated gels: influence of the pH variation and of the treatmenttime." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 24, no. 4 (2000): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.24.4.1l437256773n453u.

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The aim of this study was to quantify, in vitro, the formation of CaF2 after the application of three fluoridated gels: one neutral, one acidulated and another highly acidulated, on a bovine enamel dental surface treated with a Dijkman's demineralizing solution (1990). 145 sections were utilized, obtained from 145 sound teeth and divided into seven groups: C (enamel without treatment); FN1 (enamel demineralized and treated with neutral gel for 1 minute); FN4 (enamel demineralized and treated with neutral gel for 4 minutes);FFA1 (enamel demineralized and treated with acidulated gel for 1 minute

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18

Milligan, G., E. Alvarez-Curto, K. R. Watterson, T. Ulven, and B. D. Hudson. "Characterizing pharmacological ligands to study the long-chain fatty acid receptors GPR40/FFA1 and GPR120/FFA4." British Journal of Pharmacology 172, no. 13 (2015): 3254–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.12879.

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19

Sørensen, Karina V., Mads H. Kaspersen, Jeppe H. Ekberg, Annette Bauer-Brandl, Trond Ulven, and Kurt Højlund. "Effects of Delayed-Release Olive Oil and Hydrolyzed Pine Nut Oil on Glucose Tolerance, Incretin Secretion and Appetite in Humans." Nutrients 13, no. 10 (2021): 3407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103407.

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Background: To investigate the potential synergistic effects of olive oil releasing 2-oleoylglycerol and hydrolyzed pine nut oil containing 20% pinolenic acid on GLP-1 secretion, glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and appetite in healthy individuals, when delivered to the small intestine as potential agonists of GPR119, FFA1 and FFA4. Methods: Nine overweight/obese individuals completed three 6-h oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in a crossover design. At −30 min, participants consumed either: no oil, 6 g of hydrolyzed pine nut oil (PNO-FFA), or a combination of 3 g hydrolyzed pine nut oi

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20

Sparks, Steven M., Christopher Aquino, Pierette Banker, et al. "Exploration of phenylpropanoic acids as agonists of the free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4): Identification of an orally efficacious FFA4 agonist." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 27, no. 5 (2017): 1278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.034.

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21

Kaspersen, Mads Holmgaard, Laura Jenkins, Julia Dunlop, Graeme Milligan, and Trond Ulven. "Succinct synthesis of saturated hydroxy fatty acids andin vitroevaluation of all hydroxylauric acids on FFA1, FFA4 and GPR84." MedChemComm 8, no. 6 (2017): 1360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7md00130d.

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22

Takahashi, Kaede, Kaori Fukushima, Yuka Onishi, et al. "Involvement of FFA1 and FFA4 in the regulation of cellular functions during tumor progression in colon cancer cells." Experimental Cell Research 369, no. 1 (2018): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.05.005.

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23

Priyadarshini, Medha, Guadalupe Navarro, and Brian T. Layden. "Gut Microbiota: FFAR Reaching Effects on Islets." Endocrinology 159, no. 6 (2018): 2495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2018-00296.

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Abstract The G protein–coupled receptors, free fatty acid (FFA) receptors 2 and 3 (FFA2 and FFA3), belonging to the free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) class, sense a distinct class of nutrients, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These receptors participate in both immune and metabolic regulation. The latter includes a role in regulating secretion of metabolic hormones. It was only recently that their role in pancreatic β cells was recognized; these receptors are known now to affect not only insulin secretion but also β-cell survival and proliferation. These observations make them excellent potenti

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24

Formicola, Rosa, Paolo Pevarello, Christina Kuhn, Chiara Liberati, Francesco Piscitelli, and Mariangela Sodano. "FFA4/GPR120 agonists: a survey of the recent patent literature." Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst 4, no. 6 (2015): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/ppa.15.33.

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25

Minami, Kanako, Nanami Ueda, Kaichi Ishimoto, and Toshifumi Tsujiuchi. "Regulation of cell survival through free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1) and FFA4 induced by endothelial cells in osteosarcoma cells." Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction 40, no. 2 (2020): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10799893.2020.1725047.

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26

Valenzuela, Pamela, Stefanie Teuber, Carolina Manosalva, et al. "Functional expression of the free fatty acids receptor-1 and -4 (FFA1/GPR40 and FFA4/GPR120) in bovine endometrial cells." Veterinary Research Communications 43, no. 3 (2019): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11259-019-09758-8.

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27

Villegas-Comonfort, S., Y. Takei, G. Tsujimoto, A. Hirasawa, and J. A. García-Sáinz. "Effects of arachidonic acid on FFA4 receptor: Signaling, phosphorylation and internalization." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 117 (February 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2017.01.013.

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28

Im, Dong-Soon. "Functions of omega-3 fatty acids and FFA4 (GPR120) in macrophages." European Journal of Pharmacology 785 (August 2016): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.094.

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29

Li, Ang, Duxiao Yang, Mengyuan Zhu та ін. "Discovery of novel FFA4 (GPR120) receptor agonists with β-arrestin2-biased characteristics". Future Medicinal Chemistry 7, № 18 (2015): 2429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc.15.160.

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30

Liu, Jiaxiang, Chengsen Tian, Tianyu Jiang, et al. "Discovery of the First Environment-Sensitive Fluorescent Probe for GPR120 (FFA4) Imaging." ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters 8, no. 4 (2017): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00023.

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31

Reininger, Laura, Marcus Flisher, Caroline Tremblay, et al. "FFA4 Regulates Insulin Secretion Via Inhibition of Somatostatin Secretion From Delta Cells." Canadian Journal of Diabetes 46, no. 7 (2022): S31—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2022.09.093.

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32

Son, So-Eun, Nam-Jung Kim, and Dong-Soon Im. "Development of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (FFA4/GPR120) Agonists in Health Science." Biomolecules & Therapeutics 29, no. 1 (2021): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2020.213.

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33

Liu, Hong-Da, Wen-bo Wang, Zhi-gang Xu, et al. "FFA4 receptor (GPR120): A hot target for the development of anti-diabetic therapies." European Journal of Pharmacology 763 (September 2015): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.028.

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34

Kytikova, O. Yu, T. P. Novgorodtseva, Yu K. Denisenko, M. V. Antonyuk, and T. A. Gvozdenko. "Medium and long chain free fatty acid receptors in the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases." Bulletin Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, no. 80 (July 16, 2021): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36604/1998-5029-2021-80-115-128.

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Chronic inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, are a global problem of our time due to the widespread prevalence and difficulty of controlling the course. The mechanism of chronic inflammation in the bronchopulmonary system is closely related to metabolic disorders of lipids and their derivatives. Lipids and their mediators play both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory role in chronic inflammatory bronchopulmonary pathology. In particular, free fatty acids (FFAs) perform important signaling and regu latory functions in t

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35

Lymperopoulos, Anastasios, Malka S. Suster, and Jordana I. Borges. "Short-Chain Fatty Acid Receptors and Cardiovascular Function." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (2022): 3303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063303.

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Increasing experimental and clinical evidence points toward a very important role for the gut microbiome and its associated metabolism in human health and disease, including in cardiovascular disorders. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are metabolically produced and utilized as energy substrates during almost every biological process in the human body. Contrary to long- and medium-chain FFAs, which are mainly synthesized from dietary triglycerides, short-chain FFAs (SCFAs) derive from the gut microbiota-mediated fermentation of indigestible dietary fiber. Originally thought to serve only as energy sour

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36

Al Mahri, Saeed, Shuja Shafi Malik, Maria Al Ibrahim, Esraa Haji, Ghida Dairi, and Sameer Mohammad. "Free Fatty Acid Receptors (FFARs) in Adipose: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Outlook." Cells 11, no. 4 (2022): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11040750.

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Fatty acids (FFAs) are important biological molecules that serve as a major energy source and are key components of biological membranes. In addition, FFAs play important roles in metabolic regulation and contribute to the development and progression of metabolic disorders like diabetes. Recent studies have shown that FFAs can act as important ligands of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the surface of cells and impact key physiological processes. Free fatty acid-activated receptors include FFAR1 (GPR40), FFAR2 (GPR43), FFAR3 (GPR41), and FFAR4 (GPR120). FFAR2 and FFAR3 are activated by s

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Hudson, Brian D., Bharat Shimpukade, Graeme Milligan, and Trond Ulven. "The Molecular Basis of Ligand Interaction at Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (FFA4/GPR120)." Journal of Biological Chemistry 289, no. 29 (2014): 20345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m114.561449.

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Watterson, Kenneth R., Steffen V. F. Hansen, Brian D. Hudson, et al. "Probe-Dependent Negative Allosteric Modulators of the Long-Chain Free Fatty Acid Receptor FFA4." Molecular Pharmacology 91, no. 6 (2017): 630–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.116.107821.

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39

Sparks, Steven M., Grace Chen, Jon L. Collins, et al. "Identification of diarylsulfonamides as agonists of the free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4/GPR120)." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 24, no. 14 (2014): 3100–3103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.012.

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40

Lee, S. J. L., and I. Dong-Soon. "Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Protect Endothelial Adhesion Of Monocytes Through Ffa4 In Monocytes." Atherosclerosis 287 (August 2019): e237-e238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.06.729.

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41

Patti, Angelo Maria, Rosaria Vincenza Giglio, Nikolaos Papanas, et al. "Experimental and Emerging Free Fatty Acid Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes." Medicina 58, no. 1 (2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58010109.

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The current management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) includes incretin-based treatments able to enhance insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity as well as improve body mass, inflammation, plasma lipids, blood pressure, and cardiovascular outcomes. Dietary Free Fatty Acids (FFA) regulate metabolic and anti-inflammatory processes through their action on incretins. Selective synthetic ligands for FFA1-4 receptors have been developed as potential treatments for T2DM. To comprehensively review the available evidence for the potential role of FFA receptor agonists in the treatment

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42

Freitas, Raquel, and Maria M. Campos. "Protective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cancer-Related Complications." Nutrients 11, no. 5 (2019): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11050945.

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Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered immunonutrients and are commonly used in the nutritional therapy of cancer patients due to their ample biological effects. Omega-3 PUFAs play essential roles in cell signaling and in the cell structure and fluidity of membranes. They participate in the resolution of inflammation and have anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. Additionally, they can act as agonists of G protein-coupled receptors, namely, GPR40/FFA1 and GPR120/FFA4. Cancer patients undergo complications, such as anorexia-cachexia syndrome, pain, depression, and p

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Grundmann, Manuel, Eckhard Bender, Jens Schamberger, and Frank Eitner. "Pharmacology of Free Fatty Acid Receptors and Their Allosteric Modulators." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (2021): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041763.

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The physiological function of free fatty acids (FFAs) has long been regarded as indirect in terms of their activities as educts and products in metabolic pathways. The observation that FFAs can also act as signaling molecules at FFA receptors (FFARs), a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), has changed the understanding of the interplay of metabolites and host responses. Free fatty acids of different chain lengths and saturation statuses activate FFARs as endogenous agonists via binding at the orthosteric receptor site. After FFAR deorphanization, researchers from the pharmaceutical i

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Ulven, Trond, and Elisabeth Christiansen. "Dietary Fatty Acids and Their Potential for Controlling Metabolic Diseases Through Activation of FFA4/GPR120." Annual Review of Nutrition 35, no. 1 (2015): 239–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034410.

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45

Kang, Saeromi, Jin Huang, Bo-Kyung Lee, et al. "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids protect human hepatoma cells from developing steatosis through FFA4 (GPR120)." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1863, no. 2 (2018): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.11.002.

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Im, Dong-Soon. "FFA4 (GPR120) as a fatty acid sensor involved in appetite control, insulin sensitivity and inflammation regulation." Molecular Aspects of Medicine 64 (December 2018): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2017.09.001.

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Senatorov, Ilya S., and Nader H. Moniri. "The role of free-fatty acid receptor-4 (FFA4) in human cancers and cancer cell lines." Biochemical Pharmacology 150 (April 2018): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.011.

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Son, So-Eun, Jung-Min Koh, and Dong-Soon Im. "Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4) activation attenuates obese asthma by suppressing adiposity and resolving metaflammation." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 174 (May 2024): 116509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116509.

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Teyani, Razan L., and Nader Moniri. "Free-Fatty Acid Receptor-4 (FFA4/GPR120) Modulates Cholesterol-Induced Responses in Macrophages (Abstract ID: 159270)." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 392, no. 3 (2025): 100578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpet.2024.100578.

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Liu, Ze, Mandi M. Hopkins, Zhihong Zhang, et al. "Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Other FFA4 Agonists Inhibit Growth Factor Signaling in Human Prostate Cancer Cells." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 352, no. 2 (2014): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.114.218974.

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