Relevant bibliographies by topics / FGM in Sierra Leone

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Academic literature on the topic 'FGM in Sierra Leone'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "FGM in Sierra Leone"

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Devi, Sharmila. "FGM in Sierra Leone." Lancet 391, no. 10119 (February 2018): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30189-2.

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Kusuma, Ardli Johan, and Isabella Putri Maharani. "Peran World Health Organization dalam Menangani Isu Female Genital Mutilation di Sierra Leone." Journal of Political Issues 2, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/jpi.v2i2.41.

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Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang peran WHO dalam menangani isu Female Genital Mutilation di Sierra Leone. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti berfokus pada implementasi peran WHO melalui CEDAW dan Maputo Protocol yang telah diratifikasi oleh Sierra Leone dalam penghapusan praktek FGM yang merupakan budaya dari masyarakat Sierra Leone untuk proses wanita menuju dewasa serta gerakan dari aktivisi internasional dan organisasi internasional yang berfokus pada penghapusan praktik FGM. Budaya FGM sendiri merupakan salah satu bentuk diskriminasi terhadap perempuan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan pendekatan deskriptif analitik, dimana data-data yang dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan studi pustaka. Dalam menjelaskan penelitian ini Peneliti memperoleh data melalui Jurnal, Buku, Tesis, Laporan Ilmiah, internet dan laporan pemerintah serta respon organisasi internasional yang berfokus pada FGM di Sierra Leone. Teori yang digunakan adalah HAM, Organisasi Internasional dan Peran. Data-data yang diperoleh kemudian diklasifikasikan untuk kemudian dianalsis dengan menggunakan teori yang digunakan untuk menarik kesimpulan. Dari hasil analisi, peneliti mengambil kesimpulan bahwa implementasi CEDAW oleh pemerintah Sierra Leone dalam masalah penghapusan Female Genital Mutilation tidak diterapkan secara baik oleh pemerintah Sierra Leone dikarenakan pemerintah tidak memasukan undang-undang kedalam hukum nasionalnya mengenai penghapusan praktik tradisional berbahaya yaitu FGM. Alasan pemerintah adalah dikhwatirkan mengancam kepentingan nasionalnya.
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Dalal, Koustuv, Zhanna Kalmatayeva, Sourav Mandal, Gainel Ussatayeva, Ming Shinn Lee, and Animesh Biswas. "Adolescent girls’ attitudes toward female genital mutilation: a study in seven African countries." F1000Research 7 (March 20, 2018): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14142.1.

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Background: The study’s aim is to examine adolescent girls’ attitudes toward the continuation or discontinuation of female genital mutilation (FGM) in association with their demographics in seven different countries in Africa. Methods: Data from the women’s survey of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted by the respective ministries (of Health and Family Welfare) in Egypt, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Sierra Leone were used. Adolescent girls (15–19 years) were included in the current analysis: Egypt (N=636), Guinea (N=1994), Kenya (N= 1767), Mali (N=2791), Niger (N=1835), Senegal (N=3604), Sierra Leone (N=1237). Results: Prevalence of supporting the continuation of FGM among adolescent girls was in Egypt 58%, Guinea 63%, Kenya 16%, Mali 72%, Niger 3%, Senegal 23%, and Sierra Leone 52%. Being Muslim and having low economic status were significantly associated with supporting the continuation of FGM in five of the participating countries. Girls having no education or only primary education in Guinea, Kenya, Mali and Sierra Leone exhibited a higher likelihood of supporting FGM than girls with secondary or higher education. In Egypt, Niger and Senegal there was no association between education and supporting FGM. The girls who stated that they had no exposure to media showed the higher likelihood of supporting FGM in Guinea, Kenya, and Senegal than those with exposure to media. Conclusions: The current study argues that increasing media coverage and education, and reducing poverty are of importance for shifting adolescent girls’ attitudes in favor of discontinuation of FGM.
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Bjälkander, Owolabi, Donald S. Grant, Vanja Berggren, Heli Bathija, and Lars Almroth. "Female Genital Mutilation in Sierra Leone: Forms, Reliability of Reported Status, and Accuracy of Related Demographic and Health Survey Questions." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/680926.

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Objective.To determine forms of female genital mutilation (FGM), assess consistency between self-reported and observed FGM status, and assess the accuracy of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) FGM questions in Sierra Leone.Methods.This cross-sectional study, conducted between October 2010 and April 2012, enrolled 558 females aged 12–47 from eleven antenatal clinics in northeast Sierra Leone. Data on demography, FGM status, and self-reported anatomical descriptions were collected. Genital inspection confirmed the occurrence and extent of cutting.Results.All participants reported FGM status; 4 refused genital inspection. Using the WHO classification of FGM, 31.7% had type Ib; 64.1% type IIb; and 4.2% type IIc. There was a high level of agreement between reported and observed FGM prevalence (81.2% and 81.4%, resp.). There was no correlation between DHS FGM responses and anatomic extent of cutting, as 2.7% reported pricking; 87.1% flesh removal; and 1.1% that genitalia was sewn closed.Conclusion.Types I and II are the main forms of FGM, with labia majora alterations in almost 5% of cases. Self-reports on FGM status could serve as a proxy measurement for FGM prevalence but not for FGM type. The DHS FGM questions are inaccurate for determining cutting extent.
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Ibrahim, Aisha Fofana. "The Bondo Society as a Political Tool: Examining Cultural Expertise in Sierra Leone from 1961 to 2018." Laws 8, no. 3 (August 12, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws8030017.

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This paper focuses on the politics of the Bondo—the competition among social groups for an exclusive influence on the National strategy for the reduction of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C). In the first part, this paper shows how the Bondo—a women’s only secret society—has become a site of contestation for not only pro- and anti-FGM/C advocates, but also elite male politicians who have, since independence in 1961, continued to use the Bondo space for political gains. The use of the Bondo for political leverage and influence pre-dates independence and is as old as the society itself. The second part of this paper discusses the legitimacy of expertise as central to this debate, in which each group competes to become the leading expert. Thus, even though human rights/choice discourse currently dominates the FGM/C debate, traditional expertise remains valid in the formulation of community by-laws as well as state policies and laws. This can be seen in the recent attempt by the state to develop a National Policy for the Reduction of FGM/C in which the expertise of all three groups was sought. Using data from existing literature and personal interviews, this paper interrogates this contention by describing how the role of cultural experts—especially the Soweis—has been politicized in the stalemate over the enactment of the National Policy for the Reduction of FGC. This paper concludes with considerations about the complexity of Bondo expertise, in which opposing parties use similar arguments to evoke the human rights discourses on women’s rights and bodily integrity/autonomy. It argues that a better knowledge of these dynamics as they develop in Sierra Leone and other African countries would be useful to the European jurisdiction.
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Small, Eusebius, Bonita B. Sharma, Silviya Pavlova Nikolova, and Betty C. Tonui. "Hegemonic Masculinity Attitudes Toward Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Among a Sample of College Students in Northern and Southern Sierra Leone." Journal of Transcultural Nursing 31, no. 5 (September 19, 2019): 468–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659619875499.

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Introduction: Female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) is a public health problem. Approximately three million women and girls undergo FGM/C every year, worldwide. The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of education on hegemonic masculinity attitudes between male and female students and whether parental education differentiated the groups. Method: A cross-section design was used. Data were collected through a survey response from 338 students in May 2017. The data were analyzed using chi-square and correlational tests. Results: Education did not change the attitudes of students toward FGM/C (χ2 = 3.64, p = .16); however, parental education had an influence on both male and female students’ attitudes toward FGM/C. Discussion: The study suggests that education alone may not be sufficient to end FGM/C practice. A comprehensive community-led strategy incorporating culturally congruent health care to involve multiple parties of health professionals, religious leaders, government, and policy makers may be needed to address the problem.
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Matanda, Dennis Juma, Pooja Sripad, and Charity Ndwiga. "Is there a relationship between female genital mutilation/cutting and fistula? A statistical analysis using cross-sectional data from Demographic and Health Surveys in 10 sub-Saharan Africa countries." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e025355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025355.

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ObjectivesLiterature on associations between female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and fistula points to a common belief that FGM/C predisposes women to developing fistula. This study explores this association using nationally representative survey data.DesignA secondary statistical analysis of cross-sectional data from Demographic and Health Surveys was conducted to explore the association between FGM/C and fistula.SettingSub-Saharan Africa.ParticipantsWomen aged 15–49 years in Burkina Faso (n=17 087), Chad (n=17 719), Côte d’Ivoire (n=10 060), Ethiopia (n=14 070), Guinea (n=9142), Kenya (n=31 079), Mali (n=10 424), Nigeria (n=33 385), Senegal (n=15 688) and Sierra Leone (n=16 658).Main outcome measuresFistula symptoms.ResultsMultivariate logit modelling using pooled data from 10 countries showed that the odds of reporting fistula symptoms were 1.5 times (CI 1.06 to 2.21) higher for women whose genitals were cut and sewn closed than those who had undergone other types of FGM/C. Women who attended antenatal care (ANC) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.51, CI 0.36 to 0.71) and those who lived in urban areas (AOR 0.62, CI 0.44 to 0.89) were less likely to report fistula symptoms than those who did not attend ANC or lived in rural areas.ConclusionsSevere forms of FGM/C (infibulation) may predispose women to fistula. Contextual and socioeconomic factors may increase the likelihood of fistula. Multisectoral interventions that concurrently address harmful traditional practices such as FGM/C and other contextual factors that drive the occurrence of fistula are warranted. Promotion of ANC utilisation could be a starting point in the prevention of fistulas.
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Koski, Alissa, and Jody Heymann. "Thirty-year trends in the prevalence and severity of female genital mutilation: a comparison of 22 countries." BMJ Global Health 2, no. 4 (November 2017): bmjgh—2017–000467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000467.

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IntroductionFemale genital mutilation (FGM) harms women’s health and well-being and is widely considered a violation of human rights. The United Nations has called for elimination of the practice by 2030.MethodsWe used household survey data to measure trends in the prevalence of FGM in 22 countries. We also examined trends in the severity of the practice by measuring changes in the prevalence of flesh removal, infibulation and symbolic ‘nicking’ of the genitals. We evaluated the extent to which measurement error may have influenced our estimates by observing the consistency of reports for the same birth cohorts over successive survey waves.ResultsThe prevalence of all types of FGM fell in 17 of 22 countries we examined. The vast majority of women who undergo FGM have flesh removed from their genitals, likely corresponding to the partial or total removal of the clitoris and labia. Infibulation is still practised throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa. Its prevalence has declined in most countries, but in Chad, Mali and Sierra Leone the prevalence has increased by 2–8 percentage points over 30 years. Symbolic nicking of the genitals is relatively rare but becoming more common in Burkina Faso, Chad, Guinea and Mali.ConclusionFGM is becoming less common over time, but it remains a pervasive practice in some countries: more than half of women in 7 of the 22 countries we examined still experience FGM. The severity of the procedures has not changed substantially over time. Rigorous evaluation of interventions aimed at eliminating or reducing the harms associated with the practice is needed.
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Konoyima, Komba Jossie, and Raymond Geoffrey Johnson. "Socio-Economic Status and Living Conditions of Coastal Communities: Impacts on the Mangrove Ecosystems in the Scarcies Estuaries, Sierra Leone, West Africa." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 88 (March 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.88.1.

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This research was conducted between the periods of March 2015 to December 2015 in the Scarcies Estuary, Sierra Leone. Participatory methods such as Focused Group Discussion (FGD), Interviews and ranking exercises were used for the assessment. The objective of this study is to assess the social and economic constraints of coastal communities, and how such constraints have influenced mangrove loss in the area. Knowledge on those is scarce for this region. The study will contribute to improving sustainable management agenda for mangrove forests in the Scarcies Estuaries. Results show a more active and productive age range of respondents (31-40 years), capable enough to make decisions that could influence resource use. A Student’s t-test showed no significant difference in sex at (P>0.05) for male (70%) and female (30%) mangrove dependents. In addition, of the various mangroves related economic activities, oyster collection and farming remained the most important with income above One Million Leones (>115USD) per week and per farming season respectively. Further, key constraints in the communities included inadequate health centers, educational facilities and lack of basic material assets. Multiple households in a dwelling unit are also a common residential arrangement in these areas. Such living conditions are in the context of the definition of poverty with such outcomes as deprived resources such as money and assets, poor health and illiteracy. Hence, it is increasingly evident that the conservation of mangroves in this region cannot be done without considering the varying impacts of poverty, gender roles and resource utilisation patterns.
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Suri, Devika J., Isabel Potani, Akriti Singh, Stacy Griswold, William W. Wong, Breanne Langlois, Ye Shen, et al. "Body Composition Changes in Children during Treatment for Moderate Acute Malnutrition: Findings from a 4-Arm Cluster-Randomized Trial in Sierra Leone." Journal of Nutrition 151, no. 7 (April 20, 2021): 2043–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab080.

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ABSTRACT Background Measures that better describe “healthy” and sustainable recovery during nutritional treatment of children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) are needed. Objectives We compared changes to body composition among children receiving 1 of 4 specialized nutritious food (SNFs) during treatment of MAM and by recovery and relapse outcomes. Methods The study was nested within a prospective, cluster-randomized, community-based, cost-effectiveness trial assessing 4 SNFs to treat children aged 6–59 mo with MAM [midupper arm circumference (MUAC) ≥11.5 cm and <12.5 cm without bipedal edema] in Sierra Leone. Biweekly SNF rations (1 of 3 fortified-blended foods or a lipid-based nutrient supplement) were given until children recovered (MUAC ≥12.5 cm), or up to 7 rations (∼12 wk). Deuterium dilution was used to estimate fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) at enrollment and after 4 wk of treatment to ensure similar treatment exposure among the participants. Another MUAC measurement was performed among recovered children 4 wk after program exit to determine whether recovery was sustained. ANOVA, paired t tests, and linear regression models were used to determine significant differences in changes from baseline to 4 wk. Results Among 312 analyzed participants, mean baseline weight comprised ∼80% FFM; mean weight gained after 4 wk comprised ∼82% FFM. Changes in FM and FFM among 4 SNFs were similar. Children who recovered gained more weight (241%), FFM (179%), and weight-for-height z score (0.44 compared with 0) compared with those who did not recover; sustainers gained 150% more weight. FM gains were positive among recovered children and sustainers, as well as negative among those who did not recover or sustain recovery, but not significantly different. Conclusions Four SNFs had similar effects on body composition in children after 4 wk of treatment for MAM, showing a healthy pattern of weight gain, the majority being FFM. Differential responses to treatment underscore a need for further research to provide targets for healthy, sustainable recovery. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03146897.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "FGM in Sierra Leone"

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Kalokoh, Nenneh Kalokoh. "The Effects of Female Genital Mutilation on Women of Sierra Leone." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3897.

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Female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C), a common practice among Sierra Leonean women, carries significant psychological and physical risks. Prior to this study, a substantial need existed for inquiry of the experiences and belief systems within this cultural group to better understand the effects of FGM/C on women and girls. Guided by feminist theory and the theory of cultural relativism, the goal of this phenomenological study was to review the cultural perspectives and experiences of Sierra Leonean women who underwent FGM/C to investigate their concerns about safety and their perceptions of the practices. In addition, this study explored concerns among Sierra Leonean women about the procedure performed on their daughters and to what they attributed the continued practice of FGM/C. Participants included a purposeful sample of 12 women from Sierra Leone who had experienced FGM/C. Data were collected via in-person, semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically. Analysis revealed differences in participant definitions of FGM/C, cultural and social aspects of the procedure, personal beliefs and perceptions of the procedures. Results provide new understandings to help health and human rights organizations implement proactive safety measures for these women and girls. Positive social change from this investigation may occur via proper education about FGM/C. Goals include helping women understand the risks associated with the practice and to make their own informed decisions regarding the procedure. Findings revealed that a powerful strategy for protecting women's health and well-being related to FGM/C may be through education on the facts of the procedure.
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Cele, Thabile Lorraine Sheila. "Do men have any influence in stopping women and girls from undergoing FGM in Sierra Leone? The case of Mabonkani Village in Bombali District." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-415561.

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ABSTRACT “FGM is known to have no health benefits and has serious, immediate and long-term physical and psychological health consequences, which can be severe, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and reduced desire or sexual satisfaction” (28 Too Many, 2014, p5). This master thesis is an attempt to gain male perspectives in strategies to eradicate Female Genital Mutilation, FGM. The aim is to gain an understanding on how men view the concept of FGM in relation to existing norms such as gender, social and international norms. Literature tends to focus less on men’s roles and views compared to on women´s for how to end FGM. The male perspective is very important especially as literature shows that cultural practices in most cases benefit men compared to women as is shown in the case of FGM. Men are held in high esteem as the ones with a final deciding voice in the homes, institutions and the general community. This was also the case in the village of Mabonkani. Men hold powers to enable or prohibit actions and practices.  Therefore, if FGM is to end, men can, because of their positionality spearhead effective campaigns and awareness raising messages. Focus groups and interviews were used to obtain information. The empirical findings were analysed and categorised and then presented in tables, graphs and themes. The findings revealed a conflictual decision making that men face if/when they decide to abandon FGM as it is heavily tied to their cultural and social identity. Abandoning the practice also means that they face ostracism by their own community members, loss of identity as a family man and community member, breaking up social cohesion among other reasons. Men are keen on ending FGM after lengthy discussions on its complications at a personal and social level. Men expressed that they preferred the training of women than the removal of clitoris. They offered various solutions including sending girls to schools to address issues of informed consent/age as well as getting young people to be more involved in and to include all actors instead of picking just a few. The views of household men and youth were different. The youth embraced international norms. They suggested that it is up to them to change the future of the next generation through the information available and they no longer claim ignorance about FGM as was the case earlier.  All men interviewed cited challenges of identity, ostracism by their own community and lack of national laws to support their actions. The analysis looked at the human rights approach, how local communities can be influenced to abandon traditional harmful practices in favour of international norms that will promote gender equality and breakdown structural and systematic norms that discriminate.
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Lestander, Sofia. "Upprorsbekämpning i Sierra Leone : Counterinsurgency in Sierra Leone." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-1615.

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Peace operations are considered to be hard to solve but Sierra Leone is by many thought to be a success despite major problems during the operations. Solving this conflict involved several dif-ferent actors which all contributed to the creating of peace. The purpose of this essay is to examine whether similarities between the way the conflict in Sierra Leone was solved and the method that Galula presents led to the positive outcome. This will be done by a qualitative textual analysis to demonstrate presence and absence of those parts that Galula claim are crucial to counter an insur-gency. Similarities between the method used at the solving of the conflict in Sierra Leone and Galulas method for counterinsurgency can be found. The similarities are not sufficient enough to claim that it was thanks to similarities to Galulas methods that peace was restored in Sierra Leone.
Fredsoperationer anses av många vara svåra att lösa men i Sierra Leone lyckades man trots att man stötte på stora problem under historiens gång. Vid lösandet av denna konflikt användes ett flertal olika aktörer som alla bidrog till skapandet av fred. Syftet med denna uppsats är att under-söka huruvida likheter mellan sättet man löste konflikten på och Galulas metod för upprorsbe-kämpning ledde till den positiva utgång man hade i fallet. Detta kommer att genomföras genom en kvalitativ textanalys för att påvisa förekomster och avsaknad av de delar som Galula menar är avgörande för att stävja ett uppror. Likheter mellan metoden som man använde sig av vid lösandet av konflikten i Sierra Leone och Galulas metod för upprorsbekämpning går att finna. Likheterna är inte tillräckligt stora för att kunna påstå att det beror på likheter med Galulas arbetssätt som man lyckades uppnå fred i landet.
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Trittin, Antje, and Norman Weiß. "Das Sondergericht in Sierra Leone." Universität Potsdam, 2003. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4054/.

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Rodríguez-Noyola, Joanna. "School construction in Sierra Leone." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61212.

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Thesis (S.B. in Art and Design)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 71).
After years of British rule and a decade of civil unrest, rural communities in Sierra Leone were left with the residues of a colonial mentality and the psychological, physical and economic ravages of war. As a result, people are trapped in a mindset that discards vernacular architecture as obsolete and unpractical, and that associates modernity with the "concrete and zinc" model. Thriving to overcome extreme poverty, these villages plan to develop stronger economies and encourage education by building permanent school structures. The aim of this thesis is not to just provide villages with an economical school design, but to inspire a new mentality towards architecture and a construction system that can adapt to a diverse range of situations and be applied in Sierra Leone and beyond. In order for them to propose a new architecture; I suggest they 5 look back to their roots. The only way to produce sustainable and practically cost-free buildings is by making the most of locally abundant and renewable resources, such as earth to their full potential, thus giving an effective and interesting twist to traditional architecture. The new system breaks up the school into subunits that serve as a "kit of parts" that may be arranged to suit any condition. Furthermore, these individual units must take into consideration function, daylighting, waterproofing, and ventilation. When an entire community comes together to create exciting and innovative architecture, a new window of opportunity will be opened and a better standard of living can be reached.
by Joanna Rodriguez-Noyola.
S.B.in Art and Design
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Harris, David. "Sierra Leone: A Political History." Hurst, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17555.

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No
Sierra Leone came to world attention in the 1990s when a catastrophic civil war linked to the diamond trade was reported globally. This fleeting and particular interest, however, obscured two crucial processes in this small West African state. On the one hand, while the civil war was momentous and brutal, affecting all Sierra Leoneans, it was also just one element in the long and faltering attempt to build a nation and state, given the country’s immensely problematic pre-colonial and British colonial legacies. On the other, the aftermath of the war precipitated a huge international effort to construct a ‘liberal peace’, with mixed results, and interrupted by the devastating Ebola pandemic. This made Sierra Leone a laboratory for both post-conflict and health crisis interventions. Sierra Leone examines over 230 years of its history and sixty years of independence, placing state–society relations at the centre of an original and revealing investigation of those who have tried to rule or change Sierra Leone and its inhabitants, and the responses engendered. It interweaves the historical narrative with sketches of politicians, anecdotes, the landscape and environment and key turning-points, alongside theoretical and other comparisons with the rest of Africa. It is a new contribution to the debate for those who already know Sierra Leone and a solid point of entry for those who wish to.
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Mukonoweshuro, Eliphas G. "Colonialism, class formation, and underdevelopment in Sierra Leone /." Lanham (Md.) : University Press of America, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38902560r.

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Wallace, James P. "Stabilization lessons learned from Sierra Leone." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/39032.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
This thesis examines the near failure and ultimate success of the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone. This operation is an interesting case study as it followed failed attempts at regional peacekeeping, in many ways mirrored them, but ultimately ended the conflict. This was the last operation the UN started before the Brahimi report and was effectively a tipping point for UN operations in general. This research analyzes the strategy and actions of the UN force as the situation progressively deteriorated to near total failure and the changes made to both that led to the dramatic turnaround in a short period of time. The overall strategy of the UN mission, mandates and their interpretation, troop levels, and responses to threats are considered. The shift from a peacekeeping to peace enforcement strategy and the simultaneous shift in tactics to favor aggressive response to threats earned the credibility necessary to deter aggression. This underscores the need to tailor strategy and mandate to the specific conditions on the ground and to allow the force the flexibility to adapt quickly.
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Cole, Festus. "Sierra Leone and World War I." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1994. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26223/.

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Warrener, Lyn. "The 'invisible' girls of Sierra Leone." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.742530.

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Over the past decade, child soldiers have inundated the media. Images of boys armed with AK-47s appear ever-present, providing a cautionary story of innocent childhood gone awry (Rosen, 2005). As these representations turn commonly held assumptions of a protected and innocent childhood on its head, what they conceal is as challenging as what they reveal. These media images tell us little about the children behind the guns or the complexity of their wartime and post-war experiences. I was concerned with girl soldiers in Sierra Leone as an unexplored group of ‘war affected’ citizens. I quickly discovered that this was a growing and global phenomenon, one that few analysts and policy makers were aware of. Little was understood of the issue of girl soldiers, not only where, why, and how the practice of using girls in war came about, but also what it means for girls and, most importantly, what to do about it. in the aftermath of conflict, there is often the expectation that people’s lives will improve. Girl soldiers’ post-conflict reality in Sierra Leone was somewhat different. In a rapid time span countless girls unlike boys’ were confronted with the reality of establishing new identities that depended not on the rebel forces, but on factors such as access to family and community support — factors that were lacking for girl soldiers at war’s end.
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Books on the topic "FGM in Sierra Leone"

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Politics of female genital cutting (FGC), human rights and the Sierra Leone state: The case of Bondo secret society. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.

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Sierra Leone. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988.

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Sierra Leone. Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers, 2012.

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Valentin, Christophe. Sierra Leone. Paris, France: Richer, 1985.

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Hasday, Judy L. Sierra Leone. Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers, 2008.

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Hasday, Judy L. Sierra Leone. Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers, 2008.

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Tony, Binns, ed. Sierra Leone. Oxford, England: Clio Press, 1992.

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Manson, Katrina. Sierra Leone. S.l: Bradt Travel Guides, 2008.

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Puy-Denis, Patrick. La Sierra Leone. Paris: Karthala, 1998.

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Party, Sierra Leone People's. Sierra Leone People's Party. Sierra Leone: Sierra Leone People's Party, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "FGM in Sierra Leone"

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Taylor, Ann C. M. "Sierra Leone." In International Handbook of Universities, 801. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12912-6_130.

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Körner, Peter. "Sierra Leone." In Afrika Jahrbuch 2000, 159–62. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-09223-0_22.

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Morrison, Donald George, Robert Cameron Mitchell, and John Naber Paden. "Sierra Leone." In Black Africa, 611–19. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11023-0_44.

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Harcourt, Caroline. "Sierra Leone." In The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests Africa, 244–50. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12961-4_29.

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Turner, Barry. "Sierra Leone." In The Statesman’s Yearbook 2010, 1100–1103. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-58632-5_264.

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Turner, Barry. "Sierra Leone." In The Statesman’s Yearbook, 1100–1103. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-58635-6_262.

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Meister, Shawna. "Sierra Leone." In Responding to Conflict in Africa, 231–56. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137367587_11.

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Körner, Peter. "Sierra Leone." In Afrika Jahrbuch 2003, 155–57. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-08087-9_21.

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Brown, Desmond O. "Sierra Leone." In Encyclopedia of Tourism, 850–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01384-8_625.

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Turner, Barry. "Sierra Leone." In The Statesman’s Yearbook 2005, 1430–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230271333_259.

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Conference papers on the topic "FGM in Sierra Leone"

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Hebert, Emma, William Ferguson, Spencer McCullough, Margaret Chan, Arsen Drobakha, Sarah Ritter, and Khanjan Mehta. "mBody health: Digitizing disabilities in Sierra Leone." In 2016 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ghtc.2016.7857357.

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Saebo, Johan, Edem Kwame Kossi, Romain Tohouri Golly-Kobrissa, Ola Titlestad, and Jorn Braa. "Integrating health information systems in Sierra Leone." In 2009 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictd.2009.5426691.

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Rusk, D. C., K. C. Bennett, and K. W. Mohn. "Petroleum Systems in Offshore Sierra Leone and Liberia." In 64th EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.5.p204.

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Jones, E. J. W., B. A. Clayton, C. C. S. Mgbatogu, and C. G. Stevenson. "A Geophysical Survey Of The Sierra Leone Continental Margin." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/5713-ms.

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KOROMA, David Kanume, Yujie WANG, and Cintia Betiza KOROMA. "Mineral Resources Development and Management Strategy in Sierra Leone." In 2016 International Conference on Economics and Management Innovations. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemi-16.2016.34.

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Xie, Xiangjie. "Drug Delivery and Distribution System of Ebola in Sierra Leone." In 2015 International Conference on Economics, Social Science, Arts, Education and Management Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/essaeme-15.2015.142.

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Peña-Fernández, Antonio, Umar Anjum, Sylvester Koroma, Raoul E. Guetiya Wadoum, Fernando Izquierdo, Angela Magnet, Lucrecia Acosta, Maria Berghs, and Maria Del Carmen Lobo-Bedmar. "INTRODUCING MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MAKENI, SIERRA LEONE." In 12th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2019.2594.

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Morton, Ty, Brian DiLuca, and Sandra Rolfe-Dickinson. "Distribution System Condition Assessment for Guma Valley Water Company, Sierra Leone." In Pipelines 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483206.007.

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Kansal, Mitthan Lal, and Augustine Amara. "Resilience Study of Water Supply System in Freetown of Sierra Leone." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2018. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481394.007.

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Bennett, K. C., D. C. Rusk, and K. W. Mohn. "Structural Framework and Potential Hydrocarbon Plays in Offshore Sierra Leone and Liberia." In 64th EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.5.g008.

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Reports on the topic "FGM in Sierra Leone"

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Pinheiro, Yetunde A., Zhuzhi Moore, and David Gathara. Associations between FGM/C and HIV in Ethiopia, the Gambia, Kenya, and Sierra Leone: A limited analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data. Population Council, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh11.1022.

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Georgalakis, James, and Michael Wessells. Reducing Teenage Pregnancy in Sierra Leone. The Impact Initiative, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii290.

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Glennerster, Rachel, Edward Miguel, and Alexander Rothenberg. Collective Action in Diverse Sierra Leone Communities. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16196.

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Mullan, Joel, and Abeba Taddese. EdTech in Sierra Leone: A Rapid Scan. EdTech Hub, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53832/edtechhub.0038.

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Abstract:
EdTech Hub country scans explore factors that enable and hinder the use of technology in education. This includes policies, government leadership, private sector partnerships, and digital infrastructure for education. The scans are intended to be comprehensive but are by no means exhaustive; nonetheless, we hope they will serve as a useful starting point for more in-depth discussions about opportunities and barriers in EdTech in specific countries and in this case, in Sierra Leone. This report is based primarily on desk research, with quality assurance provided by a country expert.
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Mocan, Naci, and Colin Cannonier. Empowering Women Through Education: Evidence from Sierra Leone. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18016.

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Kukushkina, Nataliya. Political administrative map of the Republic of Sierra Leone. Edited by Nikolay Komedchikov, Aleksandr Khropov, and Larisa Loginova. Entsiklopediya, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/dm2015-12-12-2.

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Sturgess, Patricia, and Christopher Flower. Land and conflict in Sierra Leone: A rapid desk-based study. Evidence on Demand, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12774/eod_hd.dec2013.sturgess_flower.

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Mahy, Brian W. Maintenance Support of a Field Station in Sierra Leone, West Africa. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada279136.

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Mahy, Brian W. Maintenance Support of a Field Station in Sierra Leone, West Africa. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada254536.

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Toubia, Nahid, and Grace Delano. Doing more with less: The Marie Stopes Clinics in Sierra Leone. Population Council, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy4.1009.

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