Academic literature on the topic 'Fiars prices'

This article examines Scottish commodity market integration from 1630 to 1815. The Scottish economy developed rapidly in this period, with expansion driven by specialisation in agricultural production and the development of markets. We test for price convergence and market efficiency using grain prices from Scotland's fiars courts records. Our results suggest that in the long run price convergence increased across the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries but experienced temporary declines in times of famine and war. The civil war and Cromwellian occupation of the Scottish Lowlands in the 1640s and 1650s, famine in the 1690s, the American War of Independence, and the Napoleonic Wars all caused declines in price convergence. Using a dynamic factor model, we find that market efficiency increased substantially in Scottish markets from the late seventeenth century. This analysis shows that price changes followed distinct regional trends in the east and west of the country in the late seventeenth century but had become strongly integrated at a national level by the eighteenth century.

Some of the work on the substructure of the building, namely foundations (pile, bore pile, sole), soil excavation, pile cap and sloof, raft foundation, retaining wall, waterproofing, backfill and compaction. Based on the implementation method, the sub-building structure has complex and complex work characteristics, so it is very vulnerable to the occurrence of risks in the construction implementation. The PROMETHEE method is used in research to follow up the Risk Breakdown Structure method in order to obtain a comprehensive or comprehensive rating of the main risks in a project. The results showed that the unpredictable external risks, namely inflation/price increases and the decline in people's purchasing power are the highest potential risks. Risk mitigation related to inflation/price increases should be carried out more slowly at the beginning of the project because inflation is national. Then wait until the economy improves and if funds are still available, all materials can be purchased or contracted firs

The importance of excellent tax policies in increasing foreign direct investment inflows should be stressed in all growing economies. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is critical to increasing productivity, particularly in developing nations. Taxes emanating from energy related business have also triggered this inquiry due to fumes being contended within the environment and the effect on human existence. Prior researchers have investigated a variety of issues including trade liberalisation, property taxes, market shares, corporate taxation, and rising prices. Fewer researchers have examined the tax implications of energy and information and communication technology (ICT) development as a predictor of FDI in low-income countries. Following the introduction of taxes on energy and ICT activities in Nigeria, foreign investments’ responses have not been tried out in studies and yet the dwindling level has been an issue of policy concern. As a result, this study seeks to fill the gaps by evaluating the effects of energy and ICT taxes on FDI from 2010 to 2020. The data applied for this analysis are obtained from World Bank, Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) and Central Bank of Nigeria. Considering the outcome of this investigation, the paper concludes that the ICT development tax is detrimental to FDI inflows using the econometric approach of regression analysis. The correlational analysis also provides evidence that ICT taxation has a strong negative association with FDI. Other factors, such as trade openness and energy taxes, neither have a substantial relationship nor impact on FDI. The study indicates that improving policies to minimise ICT taxation will benefit the expanding economy by recruiting new foreign investors and retaining those who are currently present in the country

Abstract This article presents a dataset comprising Scottish agricultural prices for the period 1826–1974. The data are derived from an archived source in which prices set at meetings of courts held across each of Scotland’s 32 historic counties were recorded. The courts, convened by county sheriffs, met once a year to gather evidence relating to county-wide prices for crops grown within each locality. Once set, the prices were used, primarily, to determine the annual stipends of the clergy of the established Church of Scotland. Prices varied according to crop variety and quality, with some counties setting up to three prices in any one year for one type of grain. The most widely grown crop was oatmeal, with wheat, peas and barley also extensively farmed. The system operated without interruption until the abolition of the ‘fiars’ courts in 1974. The dataset opens two key areas of research. First it enables the further development of analyses of the integration and operation of Scottish regional grain markets in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Second it facilitates empirical analyses of the operation of the clerical labour market in Scotland for which long runs of stipend (wage) data collected on a consistent basis are required.