Journal articles: 'Fiber metal laminates'

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Stoll, Matthias, Franziska Stemmer, Sergej Ilinzeer, and Kay André Weidenmann. "Optimization of Corrosive Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Laminates due to Integration of an Elastomer Interlayer." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.287.

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Fiber-Metal-Laminates (FML) show superior dynamic mechanical properties combined with low densities. The mechanical performance of for example commercially available fiber-metal-laminate, glass laminate aluminum reinforced epoxy, can be improved by the substitution of glass fibers with carbon fibers. However, carbon fiber reinforced aluminum laminate introduces a mismatch of coefficients of thermal expansion and the possibility of galvanic corrosion. The fiber-metal-laminate is altered by the integration of an elastomer interlayer which is desired to solve both problems. The high electrical resistance is supposed to inhibit the corrosion. This study focuses on the effect of galvanic corrosion caused by neutral salt spray tests on fiber-metal-laminates, the influence of an elastomer interlayer and the quantification of the residual mechanical properties. The galvanic corrosion affects the interfaces of the laminates, therefore in this study edge shear tests and flexural tests were carried out to quantify the residual properties and thereby the corrosive damage. The elastomer interlayer was found to inhibit galvanic corrosion in the salt spray chamber, whereas the fiber-metal-laminate without interlayer showed corrosive damage. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the fiber-metal-laminate with elastomer interlayer remained constant after the corrosion tests, whilst the fiber-metal-laminate’s properties decreased with corrosive loads.

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Rubio-González, C., E. José-Trujillo, F. Chávez, and A. Ruiz. "Low velocity impact response of composites and fiber metal laminates with open holes." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 6 (July 28, 2016): 797–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316653817.

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Low-velocity impact response of glass/epoxy composite plates and fiber metal laminates with and without holes is investigated. The critical parameters that affect the delamination characteristics of laminates are impact energy, holes separation distance, type and directionality of fibers. An experimental investigation has been conducted to evaluate the effect of the presence of holes and the incorporation of aluminum layers in the extent of delamination. The extent of damage introduced during the impact event was observed on images obtained from C-scan non-destructive ultrasonic technique. Results indicate that fiber metal laminate made with aluminum layers exhibits an improved dynamic response in comparison with that of conventional laminates. The beneficial effect of using aluminum layers to reduce the extent of delamination produced by impact loading especially on laminates with holes is demonstrated. Furthermore, fiber metal laminates show better load carrying capability than conventional composite plates. The better response of fiber metal laminate with multidirectional fabric in comparison with fiber metal laminate with woven fabric is also examined. These results may be useful to better design the location of holes in composite structures.

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Arpatappeh, Fardin Asghari, Mehdi Abdollahi Azghan, and Reza Eslami-Farsani. "The effect of stacking sequence of basalt and Kevlar fibers on the Charpy impact behavior of hybrid composites and fiber metal laminates." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 16 (March 25, 2020): 3270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220914325.

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In this study, the effect of the arrangement of Kevlar and basalt fibers as the reinforcements on the Charpy impact behavior of hybrid epoxy composites was investigated. Also, the effect of adding metal plates (aluminum 2024-T3 and stainless steel 316L) into the basalt/ Kevlar fibers reinforced epoxy composites to fabricate fiber metal laminates under Charpy impact loads was studied. The fabricated fiber metal laminates in this research consisted of three metal plates and two groups of composite layers placed between them and were fabricated by the hand lay-up technique. Results indicated that the stacking sequence of fibers due to the hybridization effect caused a considerable improvement in the energy absorption value (99%) of hybrid composites, compared to specimens with one kind of fibers. Moreover, the effect of adding aluminum plates for the fabrication of fiber metal laminate was greater than adding steel plates. Considering the weight of composites, fiber metal laminates with aluminum and steel sheets, it was found that the average specific energy absorption value of aluminum fiber metal laminates was about 2.5 times higher than those of steel fiber metal laminates and composites.

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Salve, Aniket, Ratnakar Kulkarni, and Ashok Mache. "A Review: Fiber Metal Laminates (FML’s) - Manufacturing, Test methods and Numerical modeling." International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences 3, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijets.6.2016.1.10.1060.

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Weight reduction of components is the main aim of different industrial sectors. This leads to increasing application areas of fiber composites for primary structural components. Aiming this objective, a new lightweight Fiber/Metal Laminate (FML) has been developed. Fiber metal laminate is one such material which is being widely investigated for its performance compared to existing material.. The most commercially available fiber metal laminates (FML’s) are ARALL (Aramid Reinforced Aluminium Laminate), based on aramid fibers, GLARE (Glass Reinforced Aluminium Laminate), based on high strength glass fibers and CARALL (Carbon Reinforced Aluminium Laminate), based on carbon fibers. The mechanical properties of FML show advantages over the properties of both aluminium alloys and composite materials individual. This paper reviews relevant literature which deals with different manufacturing techniques for FML’s with excellent properties under tensile, flexure and impact conditions. It also reviewed recent modeling techniques on FML’s. Modeling of tensile, flexure and impacts behavior on fiber metal laminates requires understanding the bonding between the metal and composite layer. Further research is necessary in the assessment of mechanical performance of complex structures in real world conditions.

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Saadatfard, Alireza, Mahdi Gerdooei, and Abdolhossein Jalali Aghchai. "Drawing potential of fiber metal laminates in hydromechanical forming: A numerical and experimental study." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 22, no. 5 (June 27, 2018): 1386–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636218785208.

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It is known that fiber metal laminates as one of hybrid materials with thin metal sheets and fiber/resin layers have limited formability in conventional forming methods. This paper presents an experimental and numerical study for drawability of glass fiber-reinforced aluminum laminates under hydromechanical drawing technique. Fiber metal laminates comprised of a layer of woven glass fiber-reinforced prepreg, sandwiched between two layers of aluminum alloy. In order to produce fiber metal laminates, the laminates were subjected to a sufficient squeezing pressure under a controlled heating time and temperature by using a hydraulic hot press. A hydromechanical tooling equipped with blank-holder force and fluid pressure control system was used to form the initial circular fiber metal laminate blank. Finally, the effect of parameters such as pre-bulging pressure, final chamber pressure, and drawing ratio on process variables was evaluated. Also, the characteristic curve of hydromechanical drawing of fiber metal laminate i.e. chamber pressure in terms of drawing ratio was achieved by means of experimental tests and numerical simulations. The results showed that the maximum drawing ratio of defect-free fiber metal laminates, namely without any tearing, wrinkling, and delamination was obtained at pre-bulging and chamber pressure of 35 and 80 bar, respectively.

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Vilas Boas, Cristiane, Felipe Moreno, and Demetrio Jackson dos Santos. "Mechanical Analysis of Polybenzoxazine Matrix in Fiber Metal Laminates." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.215.

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In this work we investigated the application of a novel high performance polymer, polybenzoxazine, as a polymeric matrix in Fiber Metal Laminates (FML). This polymer, when applied on the development of FMLs, generated higher mechanical properties in comparison to fiber metal laminates obtained with epoxy. To investigate the mechanical performance of the polybenzoxazine matrix in FMLs, a mechanical behavior comparison was carried out among epoxy matrix laminates - glass fiber reinforced aluminum laminate (GLARE) and carbon fiber reinforced aluminum laminate (CARALL) - and FML constructed with aluminum and carbon fiber reinforced polybenzoxazine. The mechanical properties were characterized by drop weight impact and flexural methods, and the polybenzoxazine curing behavior through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Polybenzoxazine FML generated increasing of: 18% of maximum load, 11% of maximum elongation under flexure and 7.5% of impact energy absorption compared to other fiber metal laminates.

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Mohamad, Mawarni, Haslan Fadli Ahmad Marzuki, E. A. E. Ubaidillah, M. F. Z. Abidin, S. Omar, and I. M. Rozi. "Effect of Surface Roughness on Mechanical Properties of Aluminium-Carbon Laminates Composites." Advanced Materials Research 879 (January 2014): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.879.51.

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Fiber Metal laminates, FML, is a combination of metal with fiber/resin laminates and it is a well-known application in composite laminates due to its dimension stability and properties consistency. Generally, the strength of these laminates systems is much depends on the mechanical interlocking mechanism between the metal surface and the composite laminates. Therefore, surface treatment is needed to enhance the laminates strength. In this research, aluminum plates with different surface roughness were laminated with carbon-fiber/epoxy laminates. The strength of these hybrid systems was then characterized to study the effect of surface roughness on the interfacial strength. It shows that the higher surface roughness will result in better interfacial interaction between the metal surface and the fiber laminates.

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Xu, Zhuo, Hui Li, Wen-yu Wang, Yuan-ning Liu, and Bang-chun Wen. "Inverse identification of mechanical parameters of fiber metal laminates." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 8 (December 30, 2019): 1516–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219893719.

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In this paper, an inverse method to identify the mechanical parameters of fiber metal laminates is proposed on the basis of the measured and calculated frequency response functions. The classical laminates theory, orthogonal polynomial method, and energy method are employed to characterize the theoretical modal of a fiber metal-laminated thin plate under pulse excitation. And, an iterative solution on the basis of frequency response functions and least square method is proposed to identify the mechanical parameters of fiber metal laminates, which conclude the elastic modulus, Poisson's ratios, and loss factors. As an example to demonstrate the feasibility of the developed inverse method, the experimental test of a TA2/TC 300 fiber metal-laminated thin plate is implemented to identify the mechanical parameters. Moreover, the influences of approximation points and calculation step sizes on the identification accuracy and efficiency are discussed.

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Thirukumaran, M., I. Siva, JT Winowlin Jappes, and V. Manikandan. "Forming and drilling of fiber metal laminates – A review." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 37, no. 14 (April 27, 2018): 981–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684418771194.

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In aviation industries, most of the stiffened structural components are manufactured by forming and laminating process. Combination of several conventional manufacturing processes is required in modern industries in hybrid laminate production. Fiber metal laminates undergo various joining process during assembly of aero-structures. Among them, forming and drilling are often required during assembly. Understanding the significance of various process parameters enables quality production and assembly of fiber metal laminates structures. Many researchers explored the cause and effect of few parameters and mechanisms which significantly alter the quality of form and drill. This review describes the progress in forming and drilling of fiber metal laminates for aerospace applications. Especially towards the process parameters, defects and their causes along with the preferred solutions recommended by the researcher society in forming and drilling processes. Numerous factors have controlled the quality of forming and drilling processes. Due to the machining parameters, different failure modes will occur in different layup of the laminates. To overcome the failures in machining/forming of fiber metal laminates, choosing the optimum parameter for the selection based procedure is needed to improve quality of fiber metal laminates.

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Safari, M., M. Salamat-Talab, A. Abdollahzade, A. Akhavan-Safar, and LFM da Silva. "Experimental investigation, statistical modeling and multi-objective optimization of creep age forming of fiber metal laminates." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 234, no. 11 (July 27, 2020): 1389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420720943537.

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The experimental assessment of the creep age forming performance of fiber metal laminates was considered in this study. To this end, different fiber metal laminates with the stacking sequence of [Al/02/Al] were manufactured using aluminum alloy 6061 sheets as skins along with E-glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene and E-glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 as two different cores. Next, a comprehensive investigation was conducted on the impacts of two main parameters in the creep forming process, i.e. the effect of time and temperature on the spring-back properties of deformed fiber metal laminates. Initially, using the design of experiments and based on the response surface methodology, an imposed spring-back of the creep age formed fiber metal laminates was modeled and the governing linear regression equations were derived and verified. Then, to find the best combination yielding the minimum spring-back, the process inputs (time and temperature) were optimized. The results proved that with an increase in either time or temperature, the spring-backs of the two types of creep age formed fiber metal laminates decreased due to the decrease in elastic strains and the increase of creep strains. Also, to achieve a creep age formed fiber metal laminate with minimum spring-back according to multi-objective optimization in both fiber metal laminates, the most proper values of time and temperature should be taken as 6 h and approximately 160°C, respectively.

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11

Sharma, Ankush P., Sanan H. Khan, and Venkitanarayanan Parameswaran. "Response and failure of fiber metal laminates subjected to high strain rate tensile loading." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 11 (October 11, 2018): 1489–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318804620.

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The tensile behavior of fiber metal laminates consisting of layers of aluminum 2024-T3 alloy and glass fiber reinforced composites under high strain rate loading is investigated. Fiber metal laminates having four different layups, but all having the same total metal layer thickness, were fabricated using a combined hand lay-up cum vacuum bagging method. The fiber metal laminate specimens were loaded in high strain rate tension using a split Hopkinson tensile bar. The rate-dependent behavior of the glass fiber composite was also obtained as baseline data. The strain on the gage area of the specimen was measured directly using high-speed digital image correlation. Another high-speed camera was used to capture the sequence of damage by viewing the specimen edgewise. The results indicated that the strength of the fiber metal laminates increased at high strain rates primarily due to the rate-dependent behavior of the composite used. The response was also influenced by the distribution of the metallic layers in the fiber metal laminates. The failure in the case where the individual composite layers were separated by metallic layers was more progressive in nature.

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Jakubczak, Patryk, Jarosław Bieniaś, Magda Droździel, Piotr Podolak, and Aleksandra Harmasz. "The Effect of Layer Thicknesses in Hybrid Titanium–Carbon Laminates on Low-Velocity Impact Response." Materials 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13010103.

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The purpose of the work was the effect of metal volume fraction of fiber metal laminates on damage after dynamic loads based upon the example of innovative hybrid titanium–carbon composite laminates. The subject of the study was metal–fiber hybrid titanium–carbon composite laminates. Four types of hybrid titanium–carbon laminates were designed with various metal volume fraction coefficient but constant thickness. Based on the results, it can be stated that changes in the metal volume fraction coefficient in the range of 0.375–0.6 in constant thickness titanium–carbon composite laminates do not significantly affect their resistance to impacts in the energy range of 5–45 J. It was concluded that there were no significant differences in maximum force values, total contact time, and damage range. Some tendency towards a reduction in the energy accumulation capacity was observed with an increase in thickness of the metal part in relation to the total thickness of the laminate, especially in the lower impact energy range. This can result in the lower bending stiffness of laminates with lower metal content and potential elastic strain of the composite part before the initiation of the fiber damage process.

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Sherkatghanad, Ehsan, Li Hui Lang, and Shi Chen Liu. "Multilayer and Fiber Metal Laminate Materials Hydro-Bulging." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 1996–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.1996.

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Advanced materials such as aluminum alloys and composites offer great potential for weight reduction applications in automotive and aerospace vehicles construction. In order to investigate the feasibility of using such materials in the form of laminates, sheet bulging with single-layer aluminum and the aluminum/Composite laminate with the carbon cloth as the middle layer is investigated under uniform liquid pressure conditions. The aluminum sheet stress-strain, wall thickness distribution, carbon fiber radius stress-strain distribution and the effect of die entrance radius etc. are discussed and compared in details. FE results validate that the numerical method can predict the same fracture regions for bulging-blank as observed in experimental tests. Furthermore, the study validates that multi-layer sheet hydro-bulging process with composite fiber as a middle layer is not feasible to form laminates due to rupture of composite fibers near edge regions. Further study is needed to improve the methodology.

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Huang, Xiao, and Jian Zhong Liu. "Study on Delamination Propagation Behavior and Measurement Method for One Kind of New Fiber Metal Laminates." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 1773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.1773.

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The delamination at the interface between the aluminium and prepreg layers has greater influence on the fatigue crack growth in fiber metal laminates. To study delamination propagation property of one kind of new fiber metal laminates, by using 2/1 lay-up specimen, this article accomplished delamination propagation test under various stress levels at R=0.1 by optical method and compliance method respectively. The delamination propagation property of this laminate is obtained by analyzing and calculating. A modified compliance equation is created to calculate the delamination size of this laminate more accurately by adding a non-dimensional factor.

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Sessner, Vincent, Matthias Stoll, Arnaud Feuvrier, and Kay André Weidenmann. "Determination of the Damping Characteristics of Fiber-Metal-Elastomer Laminates Using Piezo-Indicated-Loss-Factor Experiments." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.325.

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. In technical applications components are often exposed to vibrations with a broad range of frequencies. To ensure structural integrity and a convenient usage for the customer, materials with good damping characteristics are desirable. Especially stiff and lightweight structures tend to be prone to vibrations. Fibre metal laminates (FML) offer great potential for lightweight design applications due to their good fatigue behavior. By using carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) as part of the laminates very good strength and stiffness to weight ratios can be obtained. To improve the damping characteristics of this hybrid material an additional layer of elastomer can be added between the CFRP and the metal, generating a fiber-metal-elastomer laminate (FMEL). In this present study the damping behavior of different layups of FMEL was examined. Two different metal sheets and two types of elastomer were used, also the layup of the constituents was variated. Vibrations were induced with a frequency range from 100 Hz to 20 kHz by mounting the laminates onto a speaker. The vibration response was measured with a piezoelectric accelerometer. Eventually the different laminate layups were compared with each other to determine the influence of the individual constituents regarding the damping characteristics. The different elastomer types and prepreg layups affected the damping of vibrations, whereas the use of different metal sheet materials showed only little influence.

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Yang, Yong Xiang, Guo Liang Zhu, and Yan Ping Xiao. "Recycling of Fiber-Metal Laminates." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 2329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.2329.

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Fiber metal laminates provide superior mechanical properties over conventional metal alloys. However, they show a very poor recyclability due to its composite nature. Unique recycling technique is developed to recycle both the glass fiber and the aluminum alloy. The process consists of a thermal delamination and an alloy refining step. In this paper, two fiber metal laminates were presented for their thermal delamination behavior and metal recyclability: Lacomet and GLARE. The results indicate that the thermal delamination is robust and energy-efficient, and the aluminum alloy has very high recovery rate and can be used in its original applications. The recovered glass fiber can be re-used in similar or non-critical applications.

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Stefaniak, Daniel, and Robert Prussak. "Chances And Challenges In The Application Of Fiber Metal Laminates." Advanced Materials Letters 10, no. 2 (December 19, 2018): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2019.2155.

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M. Merzuki, M. N., M. R. M. Rejab, M. S. M. Sani, Bo Zhang, and Ma Quanjin. "Experimental investigation of free vibration analysis on fibre metal composite laminates." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 13, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 5753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.13.4.2019.03.0459.

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Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) offer significant improvement over current available materials for structure materials due the excellent mechanical properties. In this work, the dynamical mechanical properties of the carbon fiber/epoxy, glass fiber/epoxy, aluminium 2024-T0, and fiber metal laminates was carried out. The composite materials have been manufactured by hot press machine. Non-destructive testing techniques are being used in the characterization of composite materials. In this work, free vibration analyses by striking an impact hammer at the free end were conducted to determine the dynamic characteristics of the samples. The results show that combination glass fiber/epoxy with aluminium 2024-T0 offer greater natural frequency value compare to carbon fiber/epoxy with aluminium 2024-T0. The laminate thickness of play a dominant role in differences of natural frequency values.

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Zhang, Xiaochen, Weiying Meng, Jiancheng Guo, and Yu Zhang. "Available Relevant Study on Stress Analysis and Static Strength Prediction of Fiber Metal Laminates." Scanning 2020 (November 30, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8874830.

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Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) are a novel type of structural material that has been extensively applied in the aerospace field. These laminates are sandwich-type composite materials that comprise alternate metal and fiber-reinforced resin layers. Because of the structural characteristics of the material, it has high-impact resistance from the metal layer and increased fracture toughness and excellent fatigue and damage tolerance properties from the fiber layer. To further develop and apply this new composite material, it is essential to understand the research status on the stress analysis of each component in FMLs and the tensile strength properties of FMLs. Therefore, in this study, the current research status on the residual stress and applied stress of the component materials in FMLs and the tensile strength of the laminates is summarized. The relationship between the applied stress of each layer and the remote stress of laminates and the relationship between the tensile properties of laminates and the component material properties in laminates are clarified. Additionally, the theoretical basis and direction of development of the related models are analyzed and studied. Consequently, all of the above are aimed at laying a foundation for further investigations of the laminate theory and for the improvement of the theoretical research system.

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Najafi, M., A. Darvizeh, and R. Ansari. "Effect of salt water conditioning on novel fiber metal laminates for marine applications." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 8 (April 4, 2018): 1542–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420718767946.

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One of the issues with the widespread use of polymer matrix composites in marine applications is their high susceptibility to environmental degradation, particularly hygrothermal conditions. Therefore, the present research intends to contribute to the better protection of the marine polymer matrix composites through the introduction of a newly developed fiber metal laminate for marine applications. This type of fiber metal laminate consists of a marine aluminum alloy of 5083 alternating with glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite layers. In order to evaluate the characterization of the environmental durability of this novel material, the specimens made of fiber metal laminates as well as commercial woven glass–epoxy composites were exposed to hygrothermal aging and hygrothermal cycling in boiling salt water. Then, to study the structural degradation caused by exposure to salt water, the mechanical properties of fiber metal laminate and woven glass–epoxy specimens under three-point bending and impact loading were evaluated. Results show that exposure to the saline environment generally decreased the flexural strength of woven glass–epoxy and fiber metal laminate specimens, whereas a smaller deterioration in flexural stiffness of both laminate types was found. Moreover, it was observed that the hygrothermal conditioning in salt water did not affect significantly the impact properties of both the fiber metal laminate and woven glass–epoxy specimens as compared to the flexural properties.

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Straznicky, P. V., J. F. Laliberté, C. Poon, and A. Fahr. "Applications of fiber-metal laminates." Polymer Composites 21, no. 4 (August 2000): 558–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10211.

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Tong, An Shi, Li Yang Xie, Xin Bai, Ming Li, and Wei Ying Meng. "Damage Monitoring and Analysis of Fiber-Metal Laminates with an Open Hole Using Digital Image Correlation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 868 (July 2017): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.868.323.

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Notched fiber-mental laminates are susceptible to damage. Nowadays, damage detection mainly depends on visual inspection and C scan. But the two methods are limited to the technical skill of the inspectors, causing missed detection or even fault detection. This paper devotes to exploring the DIC monitoring technique to assess of the damage process taking place in notched (open hole) specimens under uniaxial tensile loading. Two-dimensional (2D) Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques are employed to obtain full-field surface strain measurements of GLARE3-3/2 and GLARE6-3/2 laminate with an open circular hole under tensile loading. Failure modes,damage initiation and progression of notched fiber-metal laminates are characterized and discussed.

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Ostapiuk, Monika, Jarosław Bieniaś, and Barbara Surowska. "Analysis of the bending and failure of fiber metal laminates based on glass and carbon fibers." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 25, no. 6 (November 27, 2018): 1095–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2017-0180.

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AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the mechanisms of cracking and failure in fiber metal laminates (FMLs) subjected to 3-point bending. Two types of laminates, based on the glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy composites, were selected for the study. The paper presents the failures of matrix and fibers as well as the effects of different thicknesses of metal layers on the tested laminates. The mechanisms of failure observed for the two tested types of fibers with uniform thickness of aluminum sheets seem similar. The results demonstrate that the tested laminates exhibit the following failure modes: fiber breakage, matrix cracking, fiber/matrix debonding, delamination, and anodic layer failure. Given the behavior of aluminum under the compressive and tensile stresses, the aluminum layer acts as a barrier preventing FML failure during bending. In addition to aluminum layer thickness, the fiber type and composite layer directions are also important factors to be considered.

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Ergun, Hale, Benjamin M. Liaw, and Feridun Delale. "Experimental-theoretical predictions of stress–strain curves of Glare fiber metal laminates." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 1 (April 6, 2017): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317702954.

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Monotonic tensile tests are conducted on seven different Glare grades of fiber metal laminates. In-situ stress–strain curves of glass/epoxy laminate interleaved in Glare 2(3/2) are exposed with the application of metal volume fraction method using the stress–strain curves of Glare 2(3/2) and Aluminum 2024-T3 in unidirectional and transverse directions. The strain–stress curves of cross-ply Glares are predicted by the modification of this method with an empirical parameter and a second parameter considering the relative glass/epoxy laminate thickness ratios of Glare grades. Modified metal volume fraction method presented in this study can be used as a preliminary estimation of stress–strain curves of multiple possible fiber metal laminate configurations without testing.

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Zal, Vahid, Hassan Moslemi Naeini, Ahmad Reza Bahramian, and Hadi Abdollahi. "Evaluation of the effect of aluminum surface treatment on mechanical and dynamic properties of PVC/aluminum/fiber glass fiber metal laminates." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 231, no. 6 (June 29, 2016): 1197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408916657371.

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A study on new materials usage to produce fiber metal laminates is presented in this work. Amorphous polyvinyl chloride thermoplastic and aluminum 3550 sheets are used to fabricate the fiber metal laminates. Different surface treatments were carried out on the aluminum sheets and the fiber metal laminates were produced using the film stacking procedure. Flexural strength and modulus of the products and also shear strength of bonding were measured using three-point bending test, and their failure mechanisms were evaluated using optical microscope images. Also, the effects of aluminum layer and aluminum/composite laminates bonding on the dynamic properties of the fiber metal laminates were studied using Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis. It was concluded that mechanical roughening of the aluminum sheet has the maximum effect on the aluminum/matrix bonding strength such that simultaneous fracture of composite laminates and aluminum layer in the bending condition was observed in the produced fiber metal laminates without any delamination.

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Majzoobi, Gholam Hossein, Mohammad Kashfi, Nicola Bonora, Gianluca Iannitti, Andrew Ruggiero, and Ehsan Khademi. "A new constitutive bulk material model to predict the uniaxial tensile nonlinear behavior of fiber metal laminates." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 53, no. 1 (November 5, 2017): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309324717738630.

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In this investigation, a constitutive material model to predict elastic–plastic behavior of fiber metal laminates is introduced. The constants of the model can be obtained from the geometry and mechanical properties of the sublayers. This model can significantly reduce the computational efforts and central processing unit time by ignoring the contact between the fiber metal laminate layers. The ability of the model to predict plastic behavior of material makes it applicable to different metallic layers. Mechanical properties of each sublayer are obtained from tensile tests. The results of finite element analysis of the fiber metal laminate specimens using layered and bulk models revealed that the influence of glue was ignorable. The proposed model was validated by performing tensile tests on fiber metal laminate grades I and II and also on low and high metal volume fraction.

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He, Wentao, Changzi Wang, Shuqing Wang, Lu Yao, Jun Wu, and De Xie. "Tensile mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of multihole fiber metal laminates—Experimental characterization and numerical prediction." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 39, no. 13-14 (April 8, 2020): 499–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684420915996.

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This work mainly investigates the effects of the hole number and layer direction on the tensile mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of multihole fiber metal laminates by experimental and numerical methods. With the aid of digital image correlation technique, tensile tests are implemented to obtain mechanical responses of different multihole fiber metal laminates. Subsequently, numerical simulation considering thermal residual stress is conducted to elucidate the failure modes and progressive damage evolution of multihole fiber metal laminates, which integrates the progressive damage model of composite laminates and a cohesive zone model between aluminum sheet/composite laminates. Finally, numerical predictions are found in a good agreement with experimental measurements, in terms of mechanical responses and fracture morphologies. Results demonstrate that the number of holes has negligible influence on the ultimate tensile strength, whereas affects the final failure strain of multihole fiber metal laminates evidently. With the increase of layer direction, the fracture morphology changes from evident brittle fracture to fiber pull-out and matrix damage, which indicates that the critical failure mechanism of multihole fiber metal laminates changes from tension dominated to tension–shear dominated. Additionally, the longer loading history from initial damage to final failure of composite laminates demonstrates the significance of considering progressive damage behavior in numerical simulation.

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Wenjie Peng, Jianqiao Chen, Junhong Wei, and Wenqiong Tu. "Optimal Strength Design for Fiber-Metal Laminates and Fiber-reinforced Plastic Laminates." Journal of Composite Materials 45, no. 2 (August 12, 2010): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998310373521.

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Sessner, Vincent, Alexander Jackstadt, Wilfried V. Liebig, Luise Kärger, and Kay A. Weidenmann. "Damping Characterization of Hybrid Carbon Fiber Elastomer Metal Laminates using Experimental and Numerical Dynamic Mechanical Analysis." Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs3010003.

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Lightweight structures which consist to a large extent of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), often lack sufficient damping behavior. This also applies to hybrid laminates such as fiber metal laminates made of CFRP and aluminum. Since they are usually prone to vibrations due to their high stiffness and low mass, additional damping material is required to meet noise, vibration and harshness comfort demands in automotive or aviation industry. In the present study, hybrid carbon fiber elastomer metal laminates (HyCEML) are investigated which are intended to influence the damping behavior of the laminates by an elastomer interlayer between the CFRP ply and the aluminum sheets. The damping behavior is based on the principle of constrained layer damping. To characterize the damping behavior, dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA) are performed under tension on the elastomer and the CFRP, and under three point bending on the hybrid laminate. Different laminate lay-ups, with and without elastomer, and two different elastomer types are examined. The temperature and frequency dependent damping behavior is related to the bending stiffness and master curves are generated by using the time temperature superposition to analyze the damping behavior at higher frequencies. A numerical model is built up on the basis of DMA experiments on the constituents and micro mechanical studies. Subsequently, three point bending DMA experiments on hybrids are simulated and the results are compared with the experimental investigations. In addition, a parameter study on different lay-ups is done numerically. Increasing vibration damping is correlated to increasing elastomer content and decreasing elastomer modulus in the laminate. A rule of mixture is used to estimate the laminate loss factor for varying elastomer content.

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Najafi, Moslem, Reza Ansari, and Abolfazl Darvizeh. "Influence of thermal aging on mechanical properties of fiber metal laminates hybridized with nanoclay." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 19-20 (August 1, 2019): 7003–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219866871.

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One of the main problems of polymer matrix composites in critical applications is their high sensitivity to thermal conditions. Therefore, an experimental study was performed to evaluate the thermal durability of traditional plain weave E-glass/epoxy as well as fiber metal laminates as a possible alternative in this case. In this way, both the laminate types were exposed to thermal aging at 130 ℃ for five weeks, and the plausible degradation is investigated through weight loss analyzes and mechanical testing. The possibility of improving the mechanical behavior of the studied laminates by nanoclay was also studied. The results demonstrated that the weight loss and mechanical degradation were more pronounced in thermally aged plain weave E-glass/epoxy composites. The results also indicated that nanoclay could enhance the mechanical properties of both laminates. On the basis of the results, the shielding role of aluminum layers and thermal resistance of nanoclay can synergistically offer a novel class of nano-fiber metal laminates with high thermal tolerance in thermo-oxidative conditions.

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Vlot, A., E. Kroon, and G. La Rocca. "Impact Response of Fiber Metal Laminates." Key Engineering Materials 141-143 (September 1997): 235–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.141-143.235.

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Ostapiuk, Monika, Barbara Surowska, and Jarosław Bieniaś. "Interface analysis of fiber metal laminates." Composite Interfaces 21, no. 4 (November 4, 2013): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15685543.2014.854527.

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Lisowski, Bartłomiej. "Impact of Fiber Metal Laminates - Literature Research." Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 22, no. 4 (September 2, 2020): 1355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mme-2018-0106.

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AbstractThe paper refers the general idea of composite materials especially Fiber Metal Laminates (FMLs) with respect to low-velocity impact incidents. This phenomenon was characterized by basic parameters and energy dissipation mechanisms. Further considerations are matched with analytical procedures with reference to linearized spring-mass models, impact characteristics divided into energy correlations (global flexure, delamination, tensile fracture and petaling absorbed energies) and set of motion second order differential equations. Experimental tests were based on analytical solutions for different types of FML - GLARE type plates and were held in accordance to ASTM standards. The structure model reveals plenty of dependences related to strain rate effect, deflection represented by the correlations among plate and intender deformation, separate flexure characteristics for aluminium and composite, contact definition based on intender end-radius shape stress analysis supported by FSDT, von Karman strains as well as CLT. Failure criteria were conformed to layers specifications with respect to von Misses stress-strain criterion for aluminium matched with Tsai-Hill or Puck criterion for unidirectional laminate. At the final stage numerical simulation were made in FEM programs such as ABAQUS and ANSYS. Future prospects were based on the experiments held over 3D-fiberglass (3DFG) FMLs with magnesium alloy layers which covers more favorable mechanical properties than FMLs.

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Ramya Devi, G., and K. Palanikumar. "Tensile Property Evaluation of Woven Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic and Aluminium Stack." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.44.

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The desire of weight reduction and improved damage tolerance characteristics of the aircraft structures throws a light on the development on Fiber Metal Laminates (FML), one of the hybrid composites, with the combination of metallic and non-metallic layers. In this study, laminates of alternating layers of aluminium (metal) and glass fibers with Woven Roving mat is fabricated. Tensile test based on ASTM standard are then conducted on the laminates to study their yield properties. The interfacial bonding between the layers are analyzed using the Scanning Electron Microscopy of tested specimens.

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Kvam, David J., Yi Yu Duan, Erica Donnelly, and Alicia Restrepo. "Finite Element Method and Analytical Studies on Fiber-Metal Laminates under Multiaxial Loadings." Advanced Engineering Forum 23 (July 2017): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.23.63.

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Fiber-metal laminates (FMLs) are composites materials that are commonly used in areas such as aircraft industry. They are composed of ductile metal layers with high strength fiber reinforced polymer layers. So far, however, only uniaxial tests have been used to characterize the quasistatic mechanical properties, which cannot reflect the real loading situation of the FML applications. In this work biaxial tensile behavior of FMLs with glass and Kevlar fibers based on aluminum alloy is studied with finite element method simulation. The simulation is run to find the stress-strain relationship for FMLs at the off-axis angles of 0˚ and 45˚ for glass and Kevlar fibers. The “composites layups” are constructed for the 3D FML part. Two different elements C3D8R (8-node linear) and C3D20R (20-node quadratic) are used to carry out the simulation. The results show that C3D20R shows major advantages. Analytical solutions based on the classical laminate theory are obtained to compare with the finite element method (FEM) solutions. The results show good consistency.

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Zhu, Gong Zhi, Chang Liang Zheng, and Xiao Feng Lu. "The Influence of Loading Rate on the Interfacial Fracture Toughness of Carbon Fiber-Metal Laminates Based on Magnesium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 1373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.1373.

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Glass fiber reinforced aluminum alloy laminates, such as ARALL, GLARE are used widely for aeronautics and astronautics industry with excellent mechanical properties such as high specific strength, specific Young’s Modulus, high damage tolerance, high resistance to fatigue crack growth and good impact resistance. In order to obtain better mechanical properties, aluminum alloy plates and glass fibers were replaced by magnesium alloy plates and carbon fibers to get carbon fiber-metal laminates based on magnesium alloy. Single cantilever beams were used to examine the influence of loading rate on the interfacial fracture toughness of carbon fiber-metal laminates based on magnesium alloy. The results show that crack propagation is stable at low loading rates whereas unstable at high rates. And loading rates have slight influence on interfacial fracture toughness at low rates range from 1mm/min to 1000mm/min. The fracture toughness at high rates in impact tests is greater than at low rate.

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Ding, Guoping, Wenhao Song, Xiaoling Gao, and Hao Cao. "Damage Detection in Holed Carbon Fiber Composite Laminates Using Embedded Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors Based on Strain Information." Shock and Vibration 2020 (December 7, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8813213.

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Compared with metal materials, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) is more excellent in performance, with high specific strength and high specific modulus. And among various CFRP structural elements, CFRP laminated plates have widespread applications. However, some indiscernible and hidden primary damage always appears on the CFRP laminated plate and will continuously evolve and expand after being loaded. This work starts with the analysis of the relationship between the changes of the strain distribution and damage expansion of CFRP laminated plates and proposes the damage recognition method of CFRP laminated plates based on strain information. Then, the CFRP laminate damage monitoring system based on Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor is established, and the CFRP laminate damage identification experiment based on FBG sensor is made to verify the accuracy of the CFRP laminate damage identification method. The results show that the maximum error between the load when the damage appears on the FBG sensor and that when the damage of CFRP laminated plates expands based on the simulated analysis does not exceed 16%. The accuracy of the damage recognition method of CFRP laminated plates is verified and the damage recognition of CFRP laminated plates and their expansion process is achieved.

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Hasan, Md Zahid. "Interface Failure of Heated GLARETM Fiber–Metal Laminates under Bird Strike." Aerospace 7, no. 3 (March 17, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7030028.

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Many high-strength composite materials have been developed for aircraft structures. GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum (GLARE) is one of the high-performance composites. The review of articles, however, yielded no study on the impact damage of heated GLARE laminates. This study, therefore, aimed at developing a numerical model that can delineate the continuum damage of GLARE 5A-3/2-0.3 laminates at elevated temperatures. In the first stage, the inter-laminar interface failure of heated GLARE laminate had been investigated at room temperature and 80 °C. The numerical analysis employed a three-dimensional GLARE 5A-3/2-0.3 model that accommodated volumetric cohesive interfaces between mating material layers. Lagrangian smoothed particles populated the projectile. The model considered the degradation of tensile and shear modulus of glass fiber reinforced epoxy (GF/EP) at 80 °C, while incorporated temperature-dependent critical strain energy release rate of cohesive interfaces. When coupled with the material particulars, an 82 m/s bird impact at room temperature exhibited delamination first in the GF/EP 90°/0° interface farthest from the impacted side. Keeping the impact velocity, interface failure propagated at a slower rate at 80 °C than that at room temperature, which was in agreement with the impact damage determined in the experiments. The outcomes of this study will help optimize a GLARE laminate based on the anti-icing temperature of aircraft.

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Rauf, Obaid Ur, Aqeel A. Khurram, Rizwan Hussain, Anjum Tauqir, Fahim Hashmi, Owais Ur Rehman Shah, M. Shahzeb Khokhar, and Madni Shifa. "Nanoparticles enhanced interfaces of Glass fiber laminate aluminum reinforced epoxy ( GLARE ) fiber metal laminates." Polymer Composites 42, no. 8 (May 5, 2021): 3954–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.26107.

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40

Mennecart, Thomas, Soeren Gies, Noomane Ben Khalifa, and A. Erman Tekkaya. "Analysis of the Influence of Fibers on the Formability of Metal Blanks in Manufacturing Processes for Fiber Metal Laminates." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3010002.

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In the one-step manufacturing process for fiber metal laminate parts, the so-called in situ hybridization process, the fabrics are interacting with metal blanks. During deep drawing, the liquid matrix is injected between the metal sheets through the woven fiber layers. The metal blanks can be in contact with dry or with infiltrated fibers. The formability of the blanks is influenced by the variation of the starting time of injection. The reason for that is that, due to high contact forces, the fibers are able to deform the metal surface locally, so that movement and the strain of the blanks is inhibited. To investigate the influence of different fibers on the formability of metals, Nakazima tests are performed. In these tests, two metal blanks are formed with an interlayer of fibers. The results are compared with the formability of two blanks without any interlayer. It is shown that in with fibers between sheets, the formability decreases compared to the formability of two metal blanks without interlayers. Based on a simplified numerical model for different types of fibers, the interactions of the fibers with the metal blank are analyzed. It could be shown that the friction due to contact has more influence than the friction due to the form fit caused by the imprints.

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41

Glushchenkov, Vladimir, Dmitrii Chernikov, Yaroslav Erisov, Ilia Petrov, Sergei Alexandrov, and Li Hui Lang. "Electro-Magnetic Forming of Fiber Metal Laminates." Key Engineering Materials 794 (February 2019): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.794.107.

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The paper presents the results of forming rifts in five-layer metal polymer laminates by electro-magnetic forming. During the experimental studies the discharge energy of the electro-magnetic machine was varied in such a way as to achieve different depths of the rift. Samples obtained by electro-magnetic forming were compared with control samples obtained by forming using a rubber pad under static loading. The strain state of the samples was analyzed using an digital image correlation system Vic-3D.

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42

Van Rooijen, R. G. J., J. Sinke, T. J. De Vries, and S. Van Der Zwaag. "The Bearing Strength of Fiber Metal Laminates." Journal of Composite Materials 40, no. 1 (June 14, 2005): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998305053509.

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43

Kulkarni, R. R., K. K. Chawla, U. K. Vaidya, M. C. Koopman, and A. W. Eberhardt. "Characterization of long fiber thermoplastic/metal laminates." Journal of Materials Science 43, no. 13 (July 2008): 4391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-2437-5.

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44

Schubert, Fabian, Norma Karla Minar, Markus Sause, and Andreas Monden. "Thermoplastic Fiber Metal Laminates for Automated Production." Lightweight Design worldwide 12, no. 4 (September 2019): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41777-019-0031-6.

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45

Zamani Zakaria, Afshin, and Karim Shelesh-nezhad. "Introduction of nanoclay-modified fiber metal laminates." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 186 (December 2017): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.10.023.

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46

Ma, YuE, ZhongChun Xia, and XiaoFeng Xiong. "Fatigue crack growth in fiber-metal laminates." Science China Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy 57, no. 1 (December 16, 2013): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11433-013-5336-6.

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Yeh, J. R. "Fatigue crack growth in fiber-metal laminates." International Journal of Solids and Structures 32, no. 14 (July 1995): 2063–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(94)00221-h.

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48

Jin, Kai, Shanyong Xuan, Jie Tao, and Yujie Chen. "The Synergistic Effect of Temperature and Loading Rate on Deformation for Thermoplastic Fiber Metal Laminates." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 4210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154210.

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The glass fiber reinforced polypropylene/AA2024 hybrid laminates (short for Al/Gf/PP laminates) as structural materials were prepared and formed by hot pressing. The synergistic effects of temperature and loading speed on the laminate deformation under tensile and bending conditions were investigated and analyzed in this study. In tension, stress–strain curves presented bimodal types effected by tensile rates and temperatures. The state of PP resin determines the mechanical behavior of the FMLs. The tensile rate has no effect on FML deformation without heating or over the melting point of PP resin (about 170 °C). The softening point of PP resin (about 100 °C) is characteristic temperature. When the temperature exceeds the softening point but does not reach the melting point, the tensile strength and elongation will demonstrate coordinated growth at a relatively high tensile speed. The efficiency of fiber bridging is affected significantly since the resin is the medium that transfers load from the metal to the fiber. Under bending, the curves presented a waterfall decrement with temperature increment. The softening point of resin matrix is the key in a bending process. When the temperature is near the softening point, deformation is sensitive to both the temperature and the loading speed to a certain extent. If temperature is lower than softening point, deformation is mainly guided by temperature. If the temperature is beyond the softening point, loading speed is in a leading position of deformation. The bending strength gradually increases with loading rate. By using these deformation characteristics, the deformation of the thermoplastic laminates can be controlled in stamping or other plastic forming processes for thermoplastic fiber metal laminates.

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Bikakis, George, Nikolaos Tsigkros, Emilios Sideridis, and Alexander Savaidis. "Ballistic impact of steel fiber-metal laminates and plates." International Journal of Structural Integrity 10, no. 3 (June 10, 2019): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-10-2018-0060.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ballistic impact response of square clamped fiber-metal laminates and monolithic plates consisting of different metal alloys using the ANSYS LS-DYNA explicit nonlinear analysis software. The panels are subjected to central normal high velocity ballistic impact by a cylindrical projectile. Design/methodology/approach Using validated finite element models, the influence of the constituent metal alloy on the ballistic resistance of the fiber-metal laminates and the monolithic plates is studied. Six steel alloys are examined, namely, 304 stainless steel, 1010, 1080, 4340, A36 steel and DP 590 dual phase steel. A comparison with the response of GLAss REinforced plates is also implemented. Findings It is found that the ballistic limits of the panels can be substantially affected by the constituent alloy. The stainless steel based panels offer the highest ballistic resistance followed by the A36 steel based panels which in turn have higher ballistic resistance than the 2024-T3 aluminum based panels. The A36 steel based panels have higher ballistic limit than the 1010 steel based panels which in turn have higher ballistic limit than the 1080 steel based panels. The behavior of characteristic impact variables such as the impact load, the absorbed impact energy and the projectile’s displacement during the ballistic impact phenomenon is analyzed. Originality/value The ballistic resistance of the aforementioned steel fiber-metal laminates has not been studied previously. This study contributes to the scientific knowledge concerning the impact response of steel-based fiber-metal laminates and to the construction of impact resistant structures.

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Kadum, Ahmed Mohammad, Ali A. Al-katawy, Saad T. Faris, and Ehklas E. Kader. "Improving the Mechanical Properties of Fiber Metal Laminate Composite Used in Aircraft Wing." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 22, no. 1 (March 24, 2019): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.22010009.

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The purpose of this study is to reduce weight and improve the mechanical properties of aircraft wing using Hybrid materials known as fiber metal laminates (FMLs). In this study, seven layers were used to produce the FMLs that consist of aluminum alloy2024-T3 reinforced by carbon and glass fibers bonded with blend of epoxy-resole. The Carbon Glass Reinforced Aluminum Laminates (CAGRALLs) was used as FMLs. The results showed that The CAGRALLs gave good mechanical properties because of increasing in tensile strength, elongation at fracture and impact toughness except flexural strength by comparing with other FMLs using commercial epoxy. The increasing in layers led to weaken adhesion force between layers of FMLs caused decreasing almost mechanical properties. The FMLs has good mechanical properties by using carbon and glass fibers by comparing with carbon and jute fibers. The CAGRALLs have higher numbers of cycles at failure under cyclic loadings than Aramid Reinforced Aluminum Laminates (ARALLs). The CAGRALLs have lower density by comparing with aluminum alloy 2024-T3 that used in manufacturing of aircraft wing.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fiber metal laminates'

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