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Dr.Shehab, A. Kadhim1 Dr.Abdulkareem H. Dagher2 Gufran Z. Kalaf3 &. Lubna G. Abdul Latif4. "PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF FIBER OPTIC SPECTROMETER." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 7, no. 6 (2018): 41–48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1255714.
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The multimode optical fiber can be used as a high resolution fiber optic based spectrometer (FOS). After calibration the wavelength dependent speckle patterns produced by interference between the guided modes of the fiber. A performance analysis of the effects of the fiber geometry and length on the spectral resolution and bandwidth, also the additional limitation on the bandwidth imposed by speckle contrast reduction when measuring dense spectra has been demonstrated. A laboratory model using multi-mode optical fiber was designed and implemented for the purpose of spectral analysis based on the recording of the speckle pattern emerging from the other side of the optical fiber. Different prepared concentrations of both Sucrose and NaCl solutions samples tested by different approaches, high resolution and broadband fiber based spectrometer systems. The beam distribution can be represented by the speckle pattern, which can be detected by using a CCD camera placed at the end of the multimode optical fiber. The results of this study demonstrate the advantage of using a multimode optical fiber based spectrometer.
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Gu, Yu Hai, Jian Ming Jiang, and Xiao Li Xu. "FPGA-Based Micro Fiber-Optic Spectrometer Hardware Circuit System." Advanced Materials Research 422 (December 2011): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.422.224.
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Portability has become an inevitable trend of spectrometer. Faced with the trend, one micro fiber-optic spectrometer hardware circuit system, which regarded XC3S250E as master chip to control CCD scan, A/D conversion and USB data transmission, etc, was designed, and the corresponding circuits were designed. After consecutive spectral scan test, we can find that the designed spectrometer is able to complete the acquisition, conversion and transmission of spectrum. The system stability is very good and the scanning accuracy can reach 1nm.
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Qiao, Hou, Zhen Lin, Xiangtao Sun, Wei Li, Yangping Zhao, and Chuanrui Guo. "Fiber Optic-Based Durability Monitoring in Smart Concrete: A State-of-Art Review." Sensors 23, no. 18 (2023): 7810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23187810.
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Concrete is the most commonly used construction material nowadays. With emerging cutting-edge technologies such as nanomaterials (graphene, carbon nanotubes, etc.), advanced sensing (fiber optics, computer tomography, etc.), and artificial intelligence, concrete can now achieve self-sensing, self-healing, and ultrahigh performance. The concept and functions of smart concrete have thus been partially realized. However, due to the wider application location (coastal areas, cold regions, offshore, and deep ocean scenarios) and changing climate (temperature increase, more CO2 emissions, higher moisture, etc.), durability monitoring (pH, ion penetration, carbonation, corrosion, etc.) becomes an essential component for smart concrete. Fiber optic sensors (FOS) have been widely explored in recent years for concrete durability monitoring due to their advantages of high sensitivity, immunity to harsh environments, small size, and superior sensitivity. The purpose of this review is to summarize FOS development and its application in concrete durability monitoring in recent years. The objectives of this study are to (1) introduce the working principle of FOS, including fiber Bragg grating (FBG), long-period fiber grating (LPFG), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fluorescence-based sensors, and distributed fiber optic sensors (DFOS); (2) compare the sensitivity, resolution, and application scenarios of each sensor; and (3) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of FOS in concrete durability monitoring. This review is expected to promote technical development and provide potential research paths in the future for FOS in durability monitoring in smart concrete.
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Aniskovich, V. A., O. N. Budadin, S. O. Kozelskaya, et al. "INTEGRATION OF FOS INTO A COMPOSITE CYLINDRICAL BODY MADE OF CFRP BY CONTINUOUS WINDING." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 284 (February 2022): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2022.02.pp.016-023.
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The paper presents the results of integrating of the fiber optic sensors (FOS) into the material of a metal-composite tank. It has been established, that FOS remain operable after all cycles of the technological processing. It was carry out technological development alternative technique for FOS location on end product and configuration output sensor on various segment of tank. It is shown that the integration of the FOS into the material of the structure makes it possible to analyze the changes of the structure deformations depending on the location of the FOS. Comparison of data display for FOS, located on outside surface and inside material of tank, to show possibility estimate evolution of defomation on time along depth tank. It was found that the readings of the FOS based on Rayleigh scattering and fiber-optic Bragg gratings (FBG) correlate well with each other, in case that the readings of the FOS are thermally compensated.
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Bertulessi, Manuel, Daniele Fabrizio Bignami, Ilaria Boschini, et al. "Monitoring Strategic Hydraulic Infrastructures by Brillouin Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors." Water 14, no. 2 (2022): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14020188.
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We present a case study of a Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) hybrid system based on Brillouin Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors (D-FOS), Vibrating Wire (VW) extensometers and temperature probes for an existing historical water penstock bridge positioned in a mountain valley in Valle d’Aosta Region, Northwestern Italy. We assessed Brillouin D-FOS performances for this kind of infrastructure, characterized by a complex structural layout and located in a harsh environment. A comparison with the more traditional strain monitoring technology offered by VW strain gauges was performed. The D-FOS strain cable has been bonded to the concrete members using a polyurethane-base adhesive, ensuring a rigid strain transfer. The raw data from all sensors are interpolated on a unique general timestamp with hourly resolution. Strain data from D-FOS and VW strain gauges are then corrected from temperature effects and compared. Considering the inherent differences between the two monitoring technologies, results show a good overall matching between strain time series collected by D-FOS and VW sensors. Brillouin D-FOS proves to be a good solution in terms of performance and economic investment for SHM systems on complex infrastructures such as hydropower plants, which involve extensive geometry combined with the need for detailed and continuous strain monitoring.
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Volkov, Petr, Andrey Lukyanov, Alexander Goryunov, Daniil Semikov, Evgeniy Vopilkin, and Stanislav Kraev. "Fiber Optic Impact Location System Based on a Tracking Tandem Low-Coherence Interferometer." Sensors 23, no. 2 (2023): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020772.
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This study proposes a method for detecting small-length fluctuations for fiber-optic sensors (FOS). The method is based on a tracking tandem low-coherence interferometer and enables the ability to compensate for temperature and deformation drifts in FOS. As a result, the constant high sensitivity of FOS over a wide frequency range is guaranteed. Sensitivity to the level of 2 nm in the frequency range of 200 kHz has been demonstrated. The operation of the circuit is demonstrated on the example of the 2D location of acoustic signals using a correlation algorithm for signal processing, known as the time reversal method. It is shown that this system enables us to determine the place of the impact on the sample under the test with an accuracy of about 2 cm using a single sensor.
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Choi, Sang-Jin, Seong-Yong Jeong, Changhyun Lee, Kwon Gyu Park, and Jae-Kyung Pan. "Twisted Dual-Cycle Fiber Optic Bending Loss Characteristics for Strain Measurement." Sensors 18, no. 11 (2018): 4009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18114009.
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The intensity-based fiber optic sensor (FOS) head using twisted dual-cycle bending loss is proposed and experimentally demonstrate. The bending loss characteristics depend on the steel wire radius, number, and distance. To determine the effects of these parameters, two samples in each of seven configuration cases of the proposed FOS head were bonded to fiber reinforced plastics coupons, and tensile and flexural strain tests were repeated five times for each coupon. The bending loss of the manufactured FOS heads was measured and converted to the tensile and flexural strain as a function of configuration cases. The measurement range, sensitivity, and average measurement errors of the tensile load and flexural strain were 4.5 kN and 1,760 με, 0.70 to 3.99 dB/kN and 0.930 to 6.554 dB/mm, and 57.7 N, and 42.6 με, respectively. The sensing range of FOS head were 82 to 138 mm according to configuration cases. These results indicate that it is possible to measure load, tensile strain, and flexural strain using the proposed FOS head, and demonstrate that the sensitivities, the operating ranges, and the sensing range can be adjusted depending on the deformation characteristics of the measurement target.
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Wójcik, Waldemar. "MATHEMATICAL JUSTIFICATION OF FIBER SENSORS BASED ON FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS." Вестник КазАТК 117, no. 2 (2021): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52167/1609-1817-2021-117-2-129-135.
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Nowadays, the most promising approach is the use of fiber-optic sensors as a key element of the monitoring system. Fiber-optic sensors (FOS) have a number of advantages, the most important of which include immunity to electromagnetic interference, low weight and the possibility of their inclusion in the measured structure. The use of such sensors in the monitoring system will make it possible to simplify the measurement and obtain reliable data, as well as to obtain all new possibilities for measuring various quantities simultaneously.The most perspective are the sensors based on the Bragg fiber gratings. Bragg fiber gratings have several advantages, for instance, they allow creating the distributed measuring massifs, which contain several sensors. As well, they are insensitive to the optic power source vibrations. Variety of using the fiber sensors based on the Bragg fiber gratings has led to producing the Bragg fiber gratings with different spectral characteristics.The article herein considers the issues of the Bragg fiber gratings mathematical modeling using the transfer matrix method. Transfer matrix method allows defining the optical components spectral characteristics based on the bound modes theory and description of electromagnetic wave, passing through an optic fiber. In the article there have been analyzed the Bragg fiber gratings in compliance with spectral features, such as transmission and reflectance spectra.
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Zhu, Xiaojuan. "Fiber Optic Sensor-Based Bearing Defect Detection and Its Usages in Computer Vision." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 18, no. 12 (2023): 1466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2023.3543.
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This work focuses on the investigation of surface defects in small bearings. Based on the theory of rough surface scattering and the dual-beam ratio measurement method, fiber optic sensing technology is applied in identifying surface defects in bearings. To facilitate the extraction of features for surface defects in bearings, a sensor probe fiber array with three concentric circles around the central emission is determined. A reflective intensity-modulated fiber optic sensor (FOS) is employed to detect surface defects on bearings. The structural parameters of the FOS are simulated through Matlab, considering the inner/outer diameter, numerical aperture, and axial spacing of the sensor. This work involves designing modulation light source excitation circuits, photoelectric conversion module circuits, pre-amplification differential amplifier circuits, infinite gain bandpass filtering circuits, and window function comparison circuits. This effectively amplifies the defect feature signals and eliminates noise interference. In experiments, the sensor probe is fixed on the support of a micro-displacement measurement platform. By adjusting the distance between the probe and the side surface through rotation, initial tests are conducted using standard roughness samples. The results indicate that installing the sensor probe at a distance of 0.92 mm from the side surface provides better measurement of surface roughness. The oscilloscope waveform reveals that the FOS can identify defects on different bearing surfaces. Furthermore, the bearing surface is divided into sections with engraved text (seal cover part) and without engraved text (inner and outer rings of the bearing). Using computer vision (CV) technology, a FOS detection system is designed, achieving a defect recognition rate of 99% for bearings, in line with the intended design goals.
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Bastianini, Filippo, Raffaella Di Sante, Francesco Falcetelli, Diego Marini, and Gabriele Bolognini. "Optical Fiber Sensing Cables for Brillouin-Based Distributed Measurements." Sensors 19, no. 23 (2019): 5172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235172.
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Brillouin distributed optical fiber sensing (Brillouin D-FOS) is a powerful technology for real-time in situ monitoring of various physical quantities, such as strain, temperature, and pressure. Compared to local or multi-point fiber optic sensing techniques, in Brillouin-based sensing, the optical fiber is interrogated along its complete length with a resolution down to decimeters and with a frequency encoding of the measure information that is not affected by changes in the optical attenuation. The fiber sensing cable plays a significant role since it must ensure a low optical loss and optimal transfer of the measured parameters for a long time and in harsh conditions, e.g., the presence of moisture, corrosion, and relevant mechanical or thermal stresses. In this paper, research and application regarding optical fiber cables for Brillouin distributed sensing are reviewed, connected, and extended. It is shown how appropriate cable design can give a significant contribution toward the successful exploitation of the Brillouin D-FOS technique.
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Huang, Liqiang. "A Portable Fiber Optic Real-time Smartphone-based Visible Spectrometer." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 1 (2024): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/vhyraq52.
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A portable and cost-effective smartphone spectrometer was designed and tested for colorimetric analysis. The ambient light sensor of smartphone was applied as a detector, and an external light-emitting diode (LED) was used as a light source. An optical fiber is used to connect the cuvette and the mobile phone. Additionally, an Android smartphone application was designed for automatically quantifying the spectral parameters, such as absorbance and transmittance based on transmitted light intensity detected by the smartphone ambient light sensor. Determination data can be quickly verified on the spot and be displayed immediately on the phone screen. The device was evaluated by determining malachite green samples and compared with a commercial spectrophotometer. Results showed that this device can perform well with a simple structure and low-cost. The absorbance data read by this device were as high as that of commercial device. A linear regression (R2=0.999) was achieved with a linear range(0~75mg/L) in the experiment of quantifying malachite green, with RSDs ranged from 0.12% to 0.48 %. Results demonstrated that our device showed good accuracy and stability in fast speed. With the advantages of cost-effective, user friendly and portability, this smartphone spectrometer holds great application potential in many application fields.
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Gilmore, Daniel A., Donald Gurka, and M. Bonner Denton. "Quantitative Detection of Environmentally Important Dyes Using Diode Laser/Fiber-Optic Raman Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 49, no. 4 (1995): 508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953964390.
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A compact diode laser/fiber-optic Raman spectrometer is used for quantitative detection of environmentally important dyes. This system is based on diode laser excitation at 782 nm, fiber-optic probe technology, an imaging spectrometer, and a state-of-the-art scientific CCD camera. The dyes studied include trypan blue, acid black 1, acid blue 40, and basic blue 7. Detection sensitivities (at rms S/N = 2) ranged from 0.2 ppm (3.24 × 10−7 M) for acid black 1, to 25 ppm (4.86 × 10−5 M) for basic blue 7.
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Gao, Yuxiang, and Qixin Cai. "Application of Smart Fiber Optic Sensor Technology in Feature Extraction, Recognition, and Detection." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (February 8, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4552388.
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To improve the signal recognition effect of the security system, this paper studies the security system based on intelligent Fiber Optic Sensor (FOS) technology. Firstly, the research background of intelligent FOS is introduced, and its current situation in feature extraction, recognition, and detection is introduced. Secondly, the double Mach–Zehnder (M-Z) Optical Fiber- (OF-) based interferometer model is implemented, and the Wavelet Analysis (WA) theory is introduced to analyze the characteristic threshold and Frequency (F) characteristics of intrusion signal. Finally, the distributed intelligent FOS-based perimeter security system is constructed, and an empirical study is conducted to verify its performance. The results show that the intruder knocking-induced signal F, intruder climbing-induced signal F, noiseless environment-induced signal F, and rainy environment-induced signal F are 0–250 kHz, 0–25 kHz, 0–1.5 kHz, and 0–3.5 kHz, respectively; in all the four cases, excellent results have been obtained after wavelet threshold denoising. Meanwhile, the received signal is decomposed into seven layers through multiscale WA theory. The signal feature classification is based on WA and takes variance as the representation, and the clear classification results are obtained; when the False Alarm Rate (FAR) = 1%, the detection probability of the proposed system is about 99%, while the detection probability of the traditional system is about 3%. The reference arm and sensing arm of the distributed OF-based perimeter security system can be laid in the same optical cable. Therefore, the designed wavelet threshold filtering method is feasible, and the detection probability of the designed WA-based system is higher than that of the traditional security system. The research content provides a reference for the development of intelligent FOS technology in the field of security.
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Vicca, D., M. A. Caponero, C. Mazzotta, A. Polimadei, S. Giovinazzi, and M. L. Villani. "Fiber optic river navigability monitoring system." Journal of Instrumentation 20, no. 05 (2025): C05018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/20/05/c05018.
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Abstract Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor systems are widely used to monitor mechanical parameters for structural health monitoring (SHM) of civil engineering structures. Among many applications, FBG technology allows the development of weighing pads with a fully passive optical working principle, with no need for electrical power at the measuring point. In this contribution, a technical solution for monitoring the navigability of the “Po” river, proposed in the framework of the European project CRISTAL (Climate resilient and environmentally sustainable transport infrastructure, with a focus on inland waterways) is investigated. The preliminary laboratory test to assess the feasibility of a procedure based on FBG technology to monitor sand accumulation on the riverbed is exposed, by using a weighing pad instrumented with FBGs. Indeed, its design and prototype realization are under development in the ENEA FOS (Fiber Optic Sensor) laboratory.
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Mihailovic, Pedja, and Slobodan Petricevic. "Fiber Optic Sensors Based on the Faraday Effect." Sensors 21, no. 19 (2021): 6564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196564.
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Some 175 years ago Michael Faraday discovered magnetic circular birefringence, now commonly known as the Faraday effect. Sensing the magnetic field through the influence that the field has on light within the fiber optic sensor offers several advantages, one of them fundamental. These advantages find application in the measurement of electric current at high voltages by measuring the induced magnetic field, thus warranting application for this kind of fiber optic sensor (FOS) in future smart grids. Difficulties in designing and manufacturing high-performance FOSs were greatly alleviated by developments in optical telecommunication technology, thus giving new impetus to magnetometry based on the Faraday effect. Some of the major problems in the processing of optical signals and temperature dependence have been resolved, yet much effort is still needed to implement all solutions into a single commercial device. Artificial structures with giant Faraday rotation, reported in the literature in the 21st century, will further improve the performance of FOSs based on the Faraday effect. This paper will consider obstacles and limits imposed by the available technology and review solutions proposed so far for fiber optic sensors based on the Faraday effect.
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Richards-Kortum, Rebecca, Anthony Durkin, and Jing Zeng. "Description and Performance of a Fiber-Optic Confocal Fluorescence Spectrometer." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 3 (1994): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702944028227.
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We describe a fiber-optic-based confocal fluorescence spectrometer for obtaining depth-resolved, attenuated fluorescence emission spectra with lateral resolution of several microns and depth resolution of tens of microns. The confocal optics of the spectrometer are small, inexpensive, and easy to construct and to interface to existing spectrometers. We compare the performance of this system to that of conventional fluorescence spectrometers for nonscattering homogeneous and inhomogeneous samples. We demonstrate that the confocal measurements readily provide information about the sample geometry and optical properties not available from nonconfocal measurements. Potential applications of the technique are discussed.
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Fedotov, M. Yu, and A. A. Larin. "FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE SPATIAL TOPOLOGY OF THE FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEM OF MONITORING PILE FOUNDATIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FAR NORTH." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 296 (February 2023): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2023.02.pp.042-051.
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The article substantiates the relevance of the widespread introduction of fiber-optic systems for monitoring the stress-strain state of engineering structures operated in the Far North. The results of experimental researches illustrating the technological aspects of the implementation of a monitoring system on a pile foundation of an industrial building are presented. A design based on a steel hexagon with installed fiber-optic sensors (FOS) of deformation and temperature based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) was chosen as a measuring device (MD) installed on a monitoring object (OM). The results of the development of the spatial topology, the switching scheme and the implementation of the proposed technical solution on the pile foundation of the OM, operated in the Norilsk industrial region, are shown.
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Zhao, Baolin, Kaihua Zhang, Yaxin Yu, Kun Yu, and Yufang Liu. "An Improved Method for Accurate Radiation Measurement Based on Dark Output Noise Drift Compensation." Sensors 23, no. 13 (2023): 6157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23136157.
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This paper verified through experiments that change in ambient temperature are the main cause of dark output noise drift. Additionally, the impact of dark output noise drift in fiber optic spectrometers on emissivity measurements has been investigated in this work. Based on an improved fiber optic spectrometer, two methods were proposed for characterizing and correcting the dark output noise offset in fiber optic spectrometers: the mean correction scheme and the linear fitting correction scheme. Compared to the mean correction scheme, the linear fitting correction scheme is more effective in solving the problem of dark output noise drift. When the wavelength is greater than 1600 nm, the calibration relative error of silicon carbide (SIC) emissivity is less than 0.8% by the mean correction scheme, while the calibration relative error of silicon carbide emissivity is less than 0.62% by the linear fitting correction scheme. This work solves the problem of dark output noise drift in prolonged measurement based on fiber optic spectrometers, improving the accuracy and reliability of emissivity and quantitative radiation measurement.
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Marrazzo, Vincenzo Romano, Francesco Fienga, Dario Laezza, et al. "Innovative safety monitoring system based on fiber optic sensors technology compatible with 4-20mA standard." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, no. 1 (2022): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012082.
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In this contribution an innovative, full analog, fiber optic sensors (FOS) interrogator is designed which, being fully compatible with the 4-20 mA standard of the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), enable the integration of the FOS technology in safety framework, such as the Detector Safety System (DSS) of the LHC Experiments. It is composed by a full analog electrical circuitry, capable to directly transduce the signal coming from the arrayed waveguide grating (AWG), into a monotonic electrical current in the range of 4-20mA. In a first experimental analysis, a temperature of 50°C was detected, exhibiting an output trend which can be fitted with a 3rd order polynomial equation over the whole range. Furthermore, in a reduced range of 20°C, the trend behaves linearly. The proposed system has the potential to be fully integrated in the DSS of the LHC experiments. Indeed, a validation on field is foreseen in the framework of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment DSS.
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Wang, Hangzhou, Ying Chen, Hong Song, and Samuel R. Laney. "A Fiber Optic Spectrometry System for Measuring Irradiance Distributions in Sea Ice Environments." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 12 (2014): 2844–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00108.1.
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Abstract A fiber optic–based spectrometry system was developed to enable automated, long-term measurements of spectral irradiance in sea ice environments. This system utilizes a single spectrometer module that measures the irradiance transmitted by multiple optical fibers, each coupled to the input fiber of the module via a mechanical rotary multiplexer. Small custom-printed optical diffusers, fixed to the input end of each fiber, allow these probes to be frozen into ice auger holes as small as 5 cm in diameter. Temperature-dependent biases in the spectrometer module and associated electronics were examined down to −40°C using an environmental chamber to identify any artifacts that might arise when operating these electronic and optical components below their vendor-defined lower temperature limits. The optical performance of the entire system was assessed by freezing multiple fiber probes in a 1.2-m-tall ice column, illuminating from above with a light source, and measuring spectral irradiance distributions at different depths within the ice column. Results indicated that the radiometric sensitivity of this fiber-based system is comparable to that of commercially available oceanographic spectroradiometers.
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Li-ping, Jiang, Sui Cheng-hua, and Chen Xiao-ming. "Design of optical system for fiber optic spectrometer based on holographic optical elements." Journal of Applied Optics 36, no. 1 (2015): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5768/jao201536.0101009.
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Van Damme, Stephan, Bob Boons, Johan Vlekken, Jonas Bentell, and Jan Vermeiren. "Dynamic fiber optic strain measurements and aliasing suppression with a PDA-based spectrometer." Measurement Science and Technology 18, no. 10 (2007): 3263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/18/10/s33.
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Vikulov, Viktor, Aleksandr V. Todorov, Aleksey V. Faustov, and Nikolay L. Lvov. "Selection of the Optimal FBG Length for Use in Stress-Strain State Diagnostic Systems." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 12 (2019): 2700–2707. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091442.
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The article discusses fiber-optic sensors (FOS) based on the Bragg gratings for measuring systems for diagnostics of stress-strain state. Currently, such diagnostic systems are widely used in construction, industry and civil engineering. The physical principle of deformation diagnostics using FOS. The issues of mounting the sensor on the measured area (detail) are separately discussed. The principle of processing the hardware and software of sensors based on Bragg gratings is described. Research method - bench experiments that were carried out on an equal-deformation beam in order to evaluate the change in the width of the reflected FOS peak at different lengths recorded by the Bragg gratings in order to determine the optimal one. The change in the spectrum of the reflected peak under various deforming influences was monitored. Based on the results obtained, recommendations are made on the use of gratings of various lengths in the diagnostic systems for the stress-strain state of parts and assemblies for civil engineering tasks.
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Wang, Li Dong, Zhen Hua Mao, Zhe Min Chen, and Bing Hui Ma. "Development of High-Resolution Fiber Spectrometer for LIBS Detection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.49.
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This paper introduces a homemade high-resolution miniature fiber optic spectrometer for LIBS detection. The circuit part of the system is mainly controlled by a cortex-M3 chip, transmits data to the personal computer (PC) through the Universal Serial BUS (USB2.0), and a set of spectrometer test software is finished. The optical system is based on Czerny-Turner imaging system, using 1800grv/mm plane diffraction grating, 16μm slit and 2048 pixels linear array CCD as detector, high-resolution spectral output in the range of 335-455nm is required. By precisely calibration and testing, the precision of the system is 0.05nm, and the resolution of the wavelength at the blaze wavelength can up to 0.1nm which can fulfill the general LIBS detection.
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Yue, Pinliang, Mingyu Yang, Qingbin Jiao, et al. "Compact Numerical Aperture 0.5 Fiber Optic Spectrometer Design Using Active Image Plane Tilt." Sensors 24, no. 12 (2024): 3883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24123883.
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The numerical aperture of the spectrometer is crucial for weak signal detection. The transmission lens-based configuration has more optimization variations, and the grating can work approximately in the Littrow condition; thus, it is easier to acquire high numerical aperture (NA). However, designing a large aperture focusing lens remains challenging, and thus, ultra-high NA spectrometers are still difficult to acquire. In this paper, we propose a method of setting image plane tilt ahead directly when designing the large aperture focusing lens to simplify the high NA spectrometer design. By analyzing the accurate demands of the focusing lens, it can be concluded that a focusing lens with image plane tilt has much weaker demand for achromatism, and other monochromatic aberration can also be reduced, which is helpful to increase the NA. An NA0.5 fiber optic spectrometer design is given to demonstrate the proposed method. The design results show that the NA can achieve 0.5 using four lenses of two materials, and the MTF is higher than 0.5 when the spectral dispersion length is 12.5 mm and the pixel size is 25 μm, and thus, the spectral resolution can achieve 6.5 nm when the spectral sampling ratio is 2:1. The proposed method can provide reference for applications when appropriate materials are limited and high sensitivity is necessary.
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Rakhmatullaev, Ilyos, Nikolay Bunkin, Isakul Urunov, Tulkin Nurmurodov, and Hayotjon Botirov. "Raman spectra of powders of aromatic compounds." EPJ Web of Conferences 321 (2025): 02008. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202532102008.
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A method for fiber-optic recording of Raman spectra has been developed based on the use of fiber-optic cells, photon traps, a copper vapor laser, a small-sized spectrometer, and a data processing system. The Raman spectra of micropowders of a number of aromatic compounds and pharmaceuticals (C15H11NO, C14H12, C9H8O4) were studied. It was established that by using resonator cells and fiber optics technology in micropowders of the studied compounds at room temperature, a Raman opalescence regime can be realised, consisting of a significant increase in the intensity of Raman scattering. It was found that, under the recording conditions used, the intensity of the Raman lines of the compounds studied was comparable to the intensity of the excitation line. Subsequently, such studies will open up broad opportunities for recording and studying weak Raman signals.
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Liu, Chun Tong, Yang Zhang, Zhen Xin He, and Hong Cai Li. "Design of Remote Test System for Fiber Bragg Grating Based on LabVIEW." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 992–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.992.
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As a new type of wavelength modulated fiber optic sensor, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) has been widely used in many fields. The majority of FBG demodulation device just detect the absolute wavelength, however, the change of wavelength is often concerned in actual use. For the purpose of realizing the FBG sensing system automated test, using the remote control port of the Q8384 spectrometer and the LabVIEW language to develop the remote automation testing system, and with the friendly interface of FBG sensing test interface. Realized the real-time monitoring and data storage capabilities by the processing of the collecting data and the FBG sensing remote test system is more practical.
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Michael Angel, S., H. Trey Skinner, and Brian J. Marquardt. "Imaging Spectroscopy Using Fiber Optics." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (1997): 845–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600011119.
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Optical fiber probes are routinely used with optical spectrometers to allow measurements to be made on remotely located samples. In most of these systems, however, the optical fibers are used as non-imaging “light pipes” for the transmission of laser light, and luminescence or Raman signals to and from the sample. Thus, while these systems are suitable for remote spectroscopy, they are limited to single-point measurements. In a recent paper, we showed that a small-diameter (i.e., 350 μm) coherent optical fiber bundle can be combined with an AOTF-based imaging spectrometer for fluorescence and Raman spectral micro-imaging with increased flexibility in terms of sample positioning and in-situ capabilities. The previous paper described the operation of the fiber-optic microimaging probe and AOTF imaging system and showed preliminary Raman and fluorescence images for model compounds with 4 μm resolution. We have extended this work to include a discussion of the lateral and vertical spatial resolution of the fiber-optic microprobe in a non-contact proximity-focused configuration.
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Lu, Ping, Xiaoyi Bao, Kellie Brown, and Narayan Kulkarni. "Gamma-induced attenuation in normal single-mode and multimode, Ge-doped and P-doped optical fibers: A fiber optic dosimeter for low dose levels." Canadian Journal of Physics 78, no. 2 (2000): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p00-012.
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Ge-doped, P-doped, normal single-mode (SM) and multimode (MM) optical fibers were exposed to Cobalt-60 gamma radiation at dose rates of 0.5 and 3.0 Gy/min, typical radiotherapy dose rates. A CCD-based fiber optic spectrometer was used to measure the real-time absorption spectra of these fibers in the visible region. Experimental results have shown that P-doped fiber is the most radiation-sensitive of the fibers tested. At the wavelength of 502 nm, the radiation-induced loss in P-doped fiber shows a linear relationship with the total dose with no dose-rate dependence. This indicates that dose rates have no influence on a fiber optic dosimeter operating at this wavelength. The radiation-induced losses in normal MM fibers, Ge-doped MM fibers, and Ge-doped SM fibers are shownto be dose-rate dependent. PACS No.: 42.62nBe, 42.81-i
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Нуреев, И. И., А. Д. Проскуряков, Н. Д. Смирнов та ін. "Пассивная волоконно-оптическая квазираспределённая сенсорная сеть контроля уровня воды в дискретных точках резервуара с адресным мультиплексированием". Vestnik of Volga State University of Technology. Series Radio Engineering and Infocommunication Systems, № 1(61) (3 травня 2024): 77–90. https://doi.org/10.25686/2306-2819.2024.1.77.
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Предложена и продемонстрирована простая сенсорная квазираспределённая сеть контроля уровня воды на основе адресного мультиплексирования волоконно-оптических датчиков в дискретных точках расходного бака подготовки растворов реагентов для очистных сооружений химического производства. Основной принцип работы сенсорной сети основан на измерении оптической мощности сигнала биений двух компонент фазовой адресной волоконной брэгговской структуры, амплитуды которых зависят от коэффициента френелевского отражения на торце волоконно-оптических датчиков при изменении показателя преломления окружающей его среды (воздух или вода). Разработана математическая модель и оценены характеристики сети, проанализированы её преимущества по сравнению с самым распространенным аналогом – сенсорной сетью на основе плотного волнового мультиплексирования. По результатам статистической обработки данных, полученных при двадцатидневном цикле испытаний, относительная погрешность измерения уровня составила 0,3 %, а в абсолютных значениях погрешность измерений составила 2 мм. Данные значения по первой величине соответствуют группе электронных уровнемеров, работающих по давлению в дискретных точках, а по второй – группе микроволновых уровнемеров-радаров. При этом обе указанные группы измерителей не всегда могут быть применены в условиях химических производств. Introduction. Monitoring water levels at discrete points in reservoirs is crucial for various industries such as nuclear fuel and energy, chemical, and agriculture. Fiber-optic sensors (FOS) have become essential for remote water level sensing over the past twenty-five years. However, the drawback of quasi-distributed multiplexed FOS networks lies in the use of expensive multiplexing technologies, typically wave technology, as well as interrogation. These technologies require costly and temperature-sensitive components like wideband light sources for the entire C-band and ordered waveguide gratings, for instance, fiber Bragg gratings with different central wavelengths. This study aims at addressing these challenges by designing a passive multiplexed quasi-distributed fiber-optic sensor network for water level monitoring in reservoirs. This network offers improved metrological and functional characteristics while enabling inexpensive address multiplexing and interrogation of FOSs based on addressable fiber Bragg structures (AFBS) using radio-photonic technologies. Methods.Fresnel-type water pumps generate reflected radiation whose power varies depending on its location in water or air. Each FOS channel contains an AFBS with a common central wavelength and a unique address frequency formed by two symmetrical transparency windows with different spacings, achieved by introducing two phase π-shifts. The output of the channel combiner connects to a photodetector via a fiber-optic backbone, and the information is sent to a radio-photonic interrogator. This interrogator allocates the power of the received signal at a specific address frequency, allowing determination of whether the FOS is in water or air. The address of the FOS is determined by the AFBS's address frequency in its measuring channel. Conclusion. A simple, fully optical quasi-distributed sensor network for monitoring water levels at discrete points, based on the address multiplexing method, is proposed. This system was demonstrated for monitoring a supply tank for preparing reagent solutions for wastewater treatment plants. Simulation and experimental studies confirmed the feasibility of this system. Statistical analysis of data obtained during a twenty-day test cycle showed a relative error in level measurement of 0.3% and an absolute measurement error of 2 mm. These results are comparable to standard continuous electronic level gauges operating on pressure and microwave radars.
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Морозов, О. Г., Рус Ш. Мисбахов, Рин Ш. Мисбахов та ін. "Поляризационный волоконно-оптический датчик контроля силы сжатия обмоток трансформатора с радиофотонным адресным опросом". Vestnik of Volga State University of Technology. Series Radio Engineering and Infocommunication Systems, № 4(56) (7 березня 2023): 38–50. https://doi.org/10.25686/2306-2819.2022.4.38.
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Силовые трансформаторы играют жизненно важную роль в системах передачи электроэнергии от источника до потребителя. Учитывая, что силовой трансформатор является наиболее важным и дорогостоящим оборудованием, используемым в электроэнергетике, диагностика его дефектов и контроль параметров на месте дают множество преимуществ для обеспечения её надёжной передачи. Невосприимчивость к электромагнитным помехам, высокая чувствительность, высокая изоляция, а также малые габариты волоконно-оптических датчиков делают их очень привлекательными для применения в мониторинге силовых трансформаторов. Наиболее широкий спектр приложений в силовых трансформаторах нашли волоконно-оптические датчики температуры, влажности и деформации обмоток. В статье представлен волоконно-оптический датчик контроля силы сжатия обмоток трансформатора нового типа с радиофотонным адресным опросом, построенный на двух адресных волоконных брэгговских структурах волнового и фазового типов. Статическая чувствительность, полученная для датчиков на основе одномодового телекоммуникационного волокна SMF-28, составила 0,1 ГГц/Н в диапазоне от 1 до 100 Н. Эта чувствительность может быть увеличена практически на порядок при использовании специального волокна, поддерживающего поляризацию. Introduction. The authors' attention is focused on the most expensive component of power transmission links - the power transformer (PT) - and specifically, on the task of controlling its winding deformations and compression force through the use of fiber optic sensors (FOS). The main market for PT winding control in Russia is primarily centered on temperature control systems. However, lightning and arc discharges, as well as short circuits, can generate large currents that result in significant mechanical deformation of the PT windings, even more so than temperature. There are three types of optical methods for detecting PT winding deformations, based on intrafiber Fabry-Perot interferometers, fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), and distributed FOS that utilize the Brillouin or Raman effect. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. The goal of this paper is to establish scientifically sound principles for designing a fiber-optic sensor (FOS) for controlling the compression force of a new type of PT windings. The proposed FOS uses radio photon interrogation and two AFBS of various types (wave and phase) to enhance the measurement resolution, sensitivity, and temperature compensation. Methods.This paper introduces the use of phase-type AFBS (2π-AFBS) as a transverse compression force sensor for the first time. When exposed to transverse compression force, it becomes possible to measure the frequency separation of the 2π-AFBS transparency windows into two orthogonal components while maintaining sensor addressability. The relationship between shear force and the beat frequency between the components, which lies in the microwave range, is highly linear. The compression zone also includes a wave AFBS (2π-AFBS) that serves to balance functions and measure temperature. Unlike the phase-type AFBS, the polarization separation in the wave AFBS is not significant due to a much larger reflection band than the transmission bandwidth of the transparency windows. Conclusion. In this study, we presented and evaluated the performance of a polarization fiber-optic sensor (FOS) for controlling the compression force of power transformer (PT) windings using wave and phase types of addressable fiber Bragg structures (AFBS) with radio photon interrogation and temperature compensation. Experimental results showed that the frequency separation sensitivity for SMF-28 telecommunication fiber was 0.1 GHz/N for compression forces up to 100 N. By using a specialized polarization-supporting fiber, the frequency separation sensitivity can be increased by almost an order of magnitude, albeit at a higher cost. We have addressed several challenges with wave and phase type AFBS that can also be applied to PTs. Given the ongoing developments in AFBS standard structures, they have the potential to provide more advanced and efficient monitoring of PT reliability parameters.
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Chen Ke, 陈珂, 袁帅 Yuan Shuai, 宫振峰 Gong Zhenfeng, and 于清旭 Yu Qingxu. "Ultra-High Sensitive Photoacoustic Spectrometer for Trace Gas Detection Based on Fiber-Optic Acoustic Sensors." Acta Optica Sinica 38, no. 3 (2018): 0328015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201838.0328015.
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Chai, Liuying, Jianwei Zhang, Lili Zhang, and Tongsheng Chen. "Miniature fiber optic spectrometer-based quantitative fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurement in single living cells." Journal of Biomedical Optics 20, no. 3 (2015): 037008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jbo.20.3.037008.
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Tseng, Ching-Hui, Charles K. Mann, and Thomas J. Vickers. "Determination of Organics on Metal Surfaces by Raman Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 11 (1993): 1767–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934066000.
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Detection limits of about 1 g/m2 are demonstrated for the Raman determination of two organic materials, polydimethylsiloxane and dimethyl methylphosphonate, on an aluminum surface. A fiber-optic-based system is used. A large sample area is scanned to overcome heterogeneity in sample coverage. Measurements are made without use of an internal standard. Results are reported for both a Hadamard transform technique with argon-ion laser excitation and a conventional spectrometer with diode laser excitation.
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Kek, Tomaž, Primož Potočnik, Martin Misson, et al. "Characterization of Biocomposites and Glass Fiber Epoxy Composites Based on Acoustic Emission Signals, Deep Feature Extraction, and Machine Learning." Sensors 22, no. 18 (2022): 6886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186886.
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This study presents the results of acoustic emission (AE) measurements and characterization in the loading of biocomposites at room and low temperatures that can be observed in the aviation industry. The fiber optic sensors (FOS) that can outperform electrical sensors in challenging operational environments were used. Standard features were extracted from AE measurements, and a convolutional autoencoder (CAE) was applied to extract deep features from AE signals. Different machine learning methods including discriminant analysis (DA), neural networks (NN), and extreme learning machines (ELM) were used for the construction of classifiers. The analysis is focused on the classification of extracted AE features to classify the source material, to evaluate the predictive importance of extracted features, and to evaluate the ability of used FOS for the evaluation of material behavior under challenging low-temperature environments. The results show the robustness of different CAE configurations for deep feature extraction. The combination of classic and deep features always significantly improves classification accuracy. The best classification accuracy (80.9%) was achieved with a neural network model and generally, more complex nonlinear models (NN, ELM) outperform simple models (DA). In all the considered models, the selected combined features always contain both classic and deep features.
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Zhang, Lian Shun, and Ai Juan Shi. "Classification of Biological Spectrum Based on Principal Component Cluster Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 2245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.2245.
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Spectrums of 17 biological tissue phantoms were measured using the fiber-optic spectrometer. Then, the spectrum was preprocessed by multiplicative scatter correction method to devoice the spectrum. Afterwards the features of the spectrum were extracted via principal component analysis. Ultimately, we applied cluster analysis for the spectral features. The results showed that the accumulated credibility of the first 12 spectral principal components was 99.86% for the spectrum after preprocessing; indicating that this spectrum feature extraction might be done in the case of losing no key information. And the results showed that the 17 biological tissue phantoms can be divided into four main categories according their optical features.
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Zhao, Ming Fu, Jian Gan Hu, Xiao Li Quan, Jie Hui Liu, and Xue Mei Cao. "Study on Quantitative Detection of Pesticide Residue Based on Spectroscopy Technology of Differential Absorption." Applied Mechanics and Materials 128-129 (October 2011): 1054–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.128-129.1054.
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For the domestic food safety problem that caused by the pesticide residues in food, it’s very important to find a convenient and cost-appropriate detection technology. At present, spectroscopy absorption technology has been used for detection of pesticide residues in food. However, there are some deficiencies such as the quantitative detection and the measurement precision. This experiment that based on differential absorption is completed by using miniature fiber optic spectrometer and spectrophotometer, and then the pesticide DDVP is also measured quantitatively. Thus the pesticide residue detection technology that based on spectroscopy absorption is improved to adjust to the practical application.
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Joža, Ana V., Dragan Z. Stupar, Jovan S. Bajić, et al. "An End-Type Fiber-Optic UV Sensor Covered with Mixture of Two UV Sensitive Materials." Key Engineering Materials 543 (March 2013): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.543.265.
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An end-type fiber-optic UV sensor based on the principle of fluorescence is proposed and demonstrated. The sensor is made of large-core plastic optical fiber with one end covered with mixture of hot melt adhesive and small amount of chlorophyll. As sources of ultraviolet radiation solar simulator and UV lamp are used. Spectra on the sensor output are measured with spectrometer and compared for different UV light sources. Both hot melt adhesive and chlorophyll reacted to UV radiation. The peaks of fluorescent emission are obtained in visible spectrum in range of blue wavelengths (for hot melt adhesive) and in range of red wavelengths (for chlorophyll), which makes this sensor configuration a good solution for signal multiplexing.
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Becks, Henrik, Daniel Brockmann, Josef Hegger, and Martin Classen. "Monitoring the Fatigue‐Induced Strain Evolution of Concrete Bridges using Fiber Optic Sensors." ce/papers 6, no. 5 (2023): 1119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2033.
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AbstractConcrete bridges with low shear reinforcement ratios erected in the mid‐20th century are subjected to rapidly increasing traffic loads in the last decades. In the absence of precise methods for assessing the remaining service life, the detection of the slightest damage (e.g., cracks and corrosion) immediately leads to a partial or complete restriction of traffic. Major parts of the ultimate fatigue capacity are therefore not yet utilized. Addressing the aspects of sustainability and capacity of traffic infrastructure, it is crucial to extend the service life of existing bridges by optimized assessment concepts that cover the development of the actual damage state of the critical structural components. Therefore, this paper presents a novel monitoring concept for the strain development of pre‐damaged concrete structures. First experimental studies demonstrate that Fiber Optic Sensors (FOS) are ideally suited to capture the strain development of concrete structures under fatigue loading. Therefore, the developed measurement concept is based on this technology and can contribute to extend the service life of concrete bridges through comprehensive monitoring strategies.
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Young, Matthew A., Douglas A. Stuart, Olga Lyandres, Matthew R. Glucksberg, and Richard P. Van Duyne. "Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with a laser pointer light source and miniature spectrometer." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, no. 10 (2004): 1435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v04-098.
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The initial steps toward a miniature, field portable sensor based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) are presented. It is demonstrated that a low-cost miniaturized Raman system can be used in place of a larger, higher-cost conventional Raman system. This system was developed by sequentially replacing components of a laboratory scale Raman spectroscopy system with smaller, lower-cost, commercially available components. For example, a green laser pointer was used as the excitation source, a reflectance probe fiber-optic cable was used for laser delivery and collection, and a compact card-based spectrometer was used for dispersion and detection. Spectra, collected with the laser pointer Raman system, are presented of a resonant (Rhodamine 6G) and a non-resonant (trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene) molecule as well as a self-assembled monolayer (1-decanethiol). Small, low-cost sensors are in demand for a variety of applications, and SERS is positioned to contribute significantly with its remarkable sensitivity and molecular specificity.Key words: Raman, SERS, fiber-optics, sensor.
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Dunkers, Joy P., Kathleen M. Flynn, Mitchell T. Huang, and Walter G. McDonough. "Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Monitoring of Reacting Resins Using an Evanescent Wave High-Index Fiber-Optic Sensor." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 4 (1998): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981943860.
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In this work, a high-index silica-based fiber-optic mini-bundle sensor was constructed and implemented with a Fourier transform near-infrared spectrometer in the spectral region from 10 000 to 4500 cm−1. The refractive index of the multimode step index fiber was 1.618. This arrangement allows the propagation of waveguiding modes when the sensor is immersed in most resin systems. The reactions of a polyisocyanurate resin system and an epoxy resin system were monitored and peak assignments were made and discussed with respect to their potential for use in real-time analysis to be applied to cure control. Last, cure monitoring with this sensor was successfully demonstrated in a glass-reinforced resin transfer molded epoxy part.
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Zhirnov, Andrey A., Konstantin V. Stepanov, Stanislav G. Sazonkin, et al. "Study of Intra-Chamber Processes in Solid Rocket Motors by Fiber Optic Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 23 (2021): 7836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21237836.
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In this study, an experimental study of the burning rate of solid fuel in a model solid propellant rocket motor (SRM) E-5-0 was conducted using a non-invasive control method with fiber-optic sensors (FOSs). Three sensors based on the Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), fixed on the SRM E-5-0, recorded the vibration signal during the entire cycle of solid fuel burning. The results showed that, when using MZI sensors, the non-invasive control of solid fuel burnout is made possible both by recording the time of arrival of the combustion front to the sensor and by analyzing the peaks on the spectrogram of the recorded FOS signal. The main mode of acoustic vibrations of the chamber of the model SRM is longitudinal, and it changes with time, depending on the chamber length. Longitudinal modes of the combustion chamber were detected by MZI only after the combustion front passed its fixing point, and the microphone was unable to register them at all. The results showed that the combustion rate was practically constant after the first second, which was confirmed by the graph of the pressure versus time at the nozzle exit.
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Uddin, Nezam, Qiwen Sheng, Seungsup Lee, et al. "Multichannel Fiber-Optic Silicon Fabry–Pérot Interferometric Bolometer System for Plasma Radiation Measurements." Photonics 8, no. 9 (2021): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8090344.
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A single-channel fiber-optic bolometer system based on a high-finesse silicon Fabry–Pérot interferometer (FPI) was previously reported, intended to measure plasma radiation from the magnetically confined fusion chamber. Recently, we developed a multichannel fiber-optic bolometer system with five bolometers multiplexed using a coarse wavelength division multiplexer (CWDM) and interrogated with a white-light system involving a superluminescent light-emission diode source and a high-speed spectrometer. One of the bolometers was used as the reference bolometer to compensate for the ambient temperature variations, and the other four bolometers were used for radiation measurement. The bolometers have a simple structure with a silicon pillar at the end of the single-mode fiber and a gold disk on the other side of the silicon pillar. They are also easy to fabricate without stringent requirements on the optical alignment. Analysis of the system optimization was performed to improve the noise performance and to mitigate the vibration effect that may present in the practical application. The system had a significantly enhanced measurement range compared to the previous high-finesse FPI bolometer system for measuring radiation. Test results performed in air using a 405 nm laser as the radiation source showed that the temperature resolution and the noise-equivalent power density of the sensing bolometers connected to each channel of the CWDM were, respectively, ~0.4 mK and ~0.1 W/m2, with a time constant of ~220 ms, which is comparable to the previous more complicated fiber-optic bolometer systems based on high-finesse FPIs that were interrogated using wavelength-scanning lasers.
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Karim, Mohammad Farid Abd, Marlia Morsin, Suratun Nafisah, Norhayati Abu Bakar, and Munirah Ab Rahman. "Designing of 3D Sensor Chamber for Plasmonic-based Toxic Sensor Detection." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.30 (2018): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.30.22119.
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Plasmonic sensor implementing an optical phenomenon called Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) resulting from the interaction of free electron with electromagnetic field of light at the metal nanoparticles surface. In this study, the plasmonic sensor has been developed for toxic detection in solution form. This system consists of five components which are the light source, duplex fiber optic, sensor chamber, spectrometer and computer. The sensor chamber has been specially designed using SolidWork software and printed using 3D printer with polylactic acid (PLA) material. The sensing activity was done in the sensor chamber with a sliding drawer which is used to place the sensing material or sample. OceanView software was used to analyze the recorded spectrum from the spectrometer. For this project, the experiment of the plasmonic sensor was carried out using targeted analyte namely chlorpyrifos with deionized (DI) water was set as a reference medium. Gold nanoparticles with nanospheres shape used as sensing materials. The sensing parameters are based on changing its intensity and resonance peak position. This plasmonic sensor was compared with UV-VIS spectrometer data to make sure it standardize and function correctly. Besides, the sensing process toward different concentrations of chlorpyrifos from 7.15 mM to 28.60 mM have been done. As a conclusion, the plasmonic sensor was successfully developed for toxic detection in solution form.
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Marrazzo, Vincenzo Romano, Francesco Fienga, Michele Riccio, Andrea Irace, and Giovanni Breglio. "Multichannel Approach for Arrayed Waveguide Grating-Based FBG Interrogation Systems." Sensors 21, no. 18 (2021): 6214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186214.
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In this manuscript, an optically passive fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogation system able to perform high-frequency measurement is proposed. The idea is mainly based on the use of an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) device which is used to discriminate the fiber optic sensor (FOS) wavelength encoded response under test in function of its output channels. As made clear by the theoretical model studied in the proposed manuscript, the Bragg wavelength shift can be detected as in linear dependence with the proposed interrogation function which changes with the voltage produced by two (or more) adjacent AWG output channels. To prove the feasibility of the system, some experimental analyses are conducted with a custom electrical module characterized by high-speed and low-noise operational amplifiers. As static measurements, three FBGs with different full width at half maximum (FWHM) have been monitored under wide-range wavelength variation; while, as dynamic measurement, one FBG, glued onto a metal plate, in order to sense the vibration at low and high frequency, was detected. The output signals have been processed by a digital acquisition (DAQ) board and a graphical user interface (GUI). The presented work highlights the characteristics of the proposed idea as competitor among the entire class of interrogation systems currently used. This is because here, the main device, that is the AWG, is passive and reliable, without the need to use modulation signals, or moving parts, that affect the speed of the system. In addition, the innovative multi-channel detection algorithm allows the use of any type of FOS without the need to have a perfectly match of spectra. Moreover, it is also characterized by a high dynamic range without loss of sensitivity.
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Everall, Neil, Harry Owen, and Joe Slater. "Performance Analysis of an Integrated Process Raman Analyzer Using a Multiplexed Transmission Holographic Grating, CCD Detection, and Confocal Fiber-Optic Sampling." Applied Spectroscopy 49, no. 5 (1995): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953964093.
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The performance of an integrated turn-key on-line Raman spectrometer based upon a multiplexed transmission holographic grating, holographic laser rejection filters, and a charge-coupled-device (CCD) detector is described and compared with a laboratory-based research-grade FT-Raman spectrometer. Data for the dispersive system were acquired with a noncontacting, confocal dual-fiber probe of up to 100-m length, with Raman shifts down to 50 cm−1 and no apparent fiber background features. Despite the fact that the FT-Raman system was directly coupled to the sample (i.e., not through fibers), the sensitivity of the dispersive system was almost three orders of magnitude greater for equivalent incident laser powers and accumulation times. The potential for performing multivariate calibrations with the dispersive equipment was also investigated. With samples of known density, it was possible to produce a partial least-squares calibration for poly(thylene terephthalate) (PET) density with a precision of 0.002 g cm−3, with the use of a two-factor model. This precision compared favorably with previous calibrations using FT-Raman data. The effect of changing the f-number of the collection optics of the fiber probe head (to allow variation in the working distance) was also examined. It was found that, for transparent samples, the f-number could be changed by a factor of three without greatly affecting the Raman signal intensity, whereas for an opaque solid increasing the f-number greatly reduced the detected intensity. The reasons for this difference are discussed
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Bellon, Véronique, Jean Louis Vigneau, and Michel Leclercq. "Feasibility and Performances of a New, Multiplexed, Fast and Low-Cost Fiber-Optic NIR Spectrometer for the On-Line Measurement of Sugar in Fruits." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 7 (1993): 1079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934415255.
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This paper describes an attempt to develop a new NIR spectrometer to sort fruits according to the sugar content in the conditioning stations. This spectrometer, ranging from 800 to 1050 nm, is based on diode array technology. It is coupled with fiber optics, which allow multiplexing; 20 fibers have been detected by the camera, showing the potential multiplexing of 20 different points. The acquisition time is 40 ms per image (i.e., 2 ms per spectrum). A good signal-to-noise ratio has been recorded in the 820–1010 nm range. This spectrometer has been tested with a set of 79 peaches. Partial least-squares processing is applied to different wavelength ranges. The best coefficient of correlation, achieved with a reduced wavelength range (from 847 to 977 nm), is 0.81, and the standard error of prediction is 1.04°Brix. With this calibration, the fruits can be sorted into three maturity classes with a reliability of 76%. This performance, as well as the other characteristics of the instrument, is in accordance with the requirements of the conditioning station managers.
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Inman, Guy W. "Quantitative Assessment of Probe and Spectrometer Performance for a Multi-Channel CCD-based Fiber Optic Dissolution Testing System." Dissolution Technologies 10, no. 4 (2003): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14227/dt100403p26.
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Jiang, Wei, Guang Ting Han, Yuan Ming Zhang, and Jian Hua Chen. "Fast Evaluation of Pectin Content in Ramie Using NIR Techniques." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 2689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.2689.
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Near-infrared (NIR) prediction model of ramie pectin content was established in this research. Wet chemical analysis method which was based on Chinese national standard was conducted for getting calibration data, and NIR data of 60 ramie samples were collected using acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) near-infrared spectrometer. The NIR model of pectin of ramie were derived by partial least square (PLS) regression. Prediction of chemical composition of independent ramie samples showed that R/SEP values of pectin is 17.87. Such NIR calibration model can be utilized by ramie fiber manufacturers and breeding workers, in order to better manage the degumming process and evaluate the quality of ramie varieties.
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Kashaganova, Gulzhan, Ainur Kozbakova, Timur Kartbayev, et al. "Research of a Fiber Sensor Based on Fiber Bragg Grating for Road Surface Monitoring." Electronics 12, no. 11 (2023): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12112491.
Full textAbstract:
Road infrastructure is a key public asset because it benefits the social and economic development of any country. It plays an important role in the development of the industrial complex and the production sector, and the surfaces of transport roads should be of high quality and have a long service life. Road infrastructure, like all infrastructure, requires preservation, maintenance and repair. There are special requirements for roadways that must be observed during construction or repair. The uncertainty of the composition, temperature sensitivity and viscoelastic characteristics of road materials make the structural analysis of pavement very difficult compared to other civil structures, such as bridges, tunnels and buildings. For this reason, the question of how to improve fiber sensors based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) arose. The novelty of this study is to modernize fiber sensors based on FBG so that they display deformation, stress and displacement, temperature and other parameters with much greater accuracy, which would provide a reliable scientific basis for modifying the theory, as well as the use of a fiber sensor based on FBG for simultaneous measurement of deformation and temperature when monitoring the road surface. This article is devoted to a detailed study of the use of fiber-optic sensors (FOS) based on fiber Bragg grating for road surface monitoring. Such a fiber sensor, consisting of a fiber Bragg grating and a pair of grids, can offer the possibility of simultaneous measurement of deformation and temperature for monitoring the pavement. Temperature and deformation measurements were carried out by installing a sensor on the surface of a made asphalt sample. The built-in fiber sensor based on FBG provides important information about how the pavement structure can withstand the load and subsidence of soil and implement road safety and stability measures in a timely manner to evaluate and predict the service life of the pavement. The results of the study showed that the synchronicity, repeatability and linearity of the characteristics of the fiber sensor are excellent. The difference between the experimental and theoretical results was about 7%. Thus, based on the results of the obtained data, the fiber sensor on the FBG can be used for monitoring and designing road surfaces and in general transport infrastructure.