Journal articles: 'Fiber optic distributed temperature sensing'

1

OKAMOTO, Kazuhiro. "Special Issue on Fiber-Optics. Fiber-Optic Distributed-Temperature Sensing." Review of Laser Engineering 22, no. 4 (1994): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.22.276.

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Roman, Muhammad, Damilola Balogun, Yiyang Zhuang, Rex E. Gerald, Laura Bartlett, Ronald J. O’Malley, and Jie Huang. "A Spatially Distributed Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensor for Applications in the Steel Industry." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 13, 2020): 3900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143900.

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This paper presents a spatially distributed fiber-optic sensor system designed for demanding applications, like temperature measurements in the steel industry. The sensor system employed optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) to interrogate Rayleigh backscattering signals in single-mode optical fibers. Temperature measurements employing the OFDR system were compared with conventional thermocouple measurements, accentuating the spatially distributed sensing capability of the fiber-optic system. Experiments were designed and conducted to test the spatial thermal mapping capability of the fiber-optic temperature measurement system. Experimental simulations provided evidence that the optical fiber system could resolve closely spaced temperature features, due to the high spatial resolution and fast measurement rates of the OFDR system. The ability of the fiber-optic system to perform temperature measurements in a metal casting was tested by monitoring aluminum solidification in a sand mold. The optical fiber, encased in a stainless steel tube, survived both mechanically and optically at temperatures exceeding 700 °C. The ability to distinguish between closely spaced temperature features that generate information-rich thermal maps opens up many applications in the steel industry.

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Orrell, Peter R. "DISTRIBUTED FIBRE OPTIC TEMPERATURE SENSING." Sensor Review 12, no. 2 (February 1992): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb007876.

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Pan Liang, 潘亮, 刘琨 Liu Kun, 江俊峰 Jiang Junfeng, 马春宇 Ma Chunyu, 马鹏飞 Ma Pengfei, and 刘铁根 Liu Tiegen. "Distributed Fiber-Optic Vibration and Temperature Sensing System." Chinese Journal of Lasers 45, no. 1 (2018): 0110002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl201845.0110002.

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Thomas, Christoph K., Jannis-Michael Huss, Mohammad Abdoli, Tim Huttarsch, and Johann Schneider. "Solid-Phase Reference Baths for Fiber-Optic Distributed Sensing." Sensors 22, no. 11 (June 2, 2022): 4244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114244.

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Observations from Raman backscatter-based Fiber-Optic Distributed Sensing (FODS) require reference sections of the fiber-optic cable sensor of known temperature to translate the primary measured intensities of Stokes and anti-Stokes photons to the secondary desired temperature signal, which also commonly forms the basis for other derived quantities. Here, we present the design and the results from laboratory and field evaluations of a novel Solid-Phase Bath (SoPhaB) using ultrafine copper instead of the traditional mechanically stirred liquid-phase water bath. This novel type is suitable for all FODS applications in geosciences and industry when high accuracy and precision are needed. The SoPhaB fully encloses the fiber-optic cable which is coiled around the inner core and surrounded by tightly interlocking parts with a total weight of 22 kg. The SoPhaB is thermoelectrically heated and/or cooled using Peltier elements to control the copper body temperature within ±0.04 K using commercially available electronic components. It features two built-in reference platinum wire thermometers which can be connected to the distributed temperature sensing instrument and/or external measurement and logging devices. The SoPhaB is enclosed in an insulated carrying case, which limits the heat loss to or gains from the outside environment and allows for mobile applications. For thermally stationary outside conditions the measured spatial temperature differences across SoPhaB parts touching the fiber-optic cable are <0.05 K even for stark contrasting temperatures of ΔT> 40 K between the SoPhaB’s setpoint and outside conditions. The uniform, stationary known temperature of the SoPhaB allows for substantially shorter sections of the fiber-optic cable sensors of less than <5 bins at spatial measurement resolution to achieve an even much reduced calibration bias and spatiotemporal uncertainty compared to traditional water baths. Field evaluations include deployments in contrasting environments including the Arctic polar night as well as peak summertime conditions to showcase the wide range of the SoPhaB’s applicability.

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de Jong, S. A. P., J. D. Slingerland, and N. C. van de Giesen. "Fiber optic distributed temperature sensing for the determination of air temperature." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 6 (June 23, 2014): 6287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-6287-2014.

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Abstract. This paper describes a method to correct for the effect of solar radiation in atmospheric Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) applications. By using two cables with different diameters, one can determine what temperature a zero diameter cable would have. Such virtual cable would not be affected by solar heating and would take on the temperature of the surrounding air. The results for a pair of black cables and a pair of white cables were very good. The correlations between standard air temperature measurements and air temperatures derived from both colors had a high correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.99). A thin white cable measured temperatures that were close to air temperature. The temperatures were measured along horizontal cables but the results are especially interesting for vertical atmospheric profiling.

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de Jong, S. A. P., J. D. Slingerland, and N. C. van de Giesen. "Fiber optic distributed temperature sensing for the determination of air temperature." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-335-2015.

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Abstract. This paper describes a method to correct for the effect of solar radiation in atmospheric distributed temperature sensing (DTS) applications. By using two cables with different diameters, one can determine what temperature a zero diameter cable would have. Such a virtual cable would not be affected by solar heating and would take on the temperature of the surrounding air. With two unshielded cable pairs, one black pair and one white pair, good results were obtained given the general consensus that shielding is needed to avoid radiation errors (WMO, 2010). The correlations between standard air temperature measurements and air temperatures derived from both cables of colors had a high correlation coefficient (r2=0.99) and a RMSE of 0.38 °C, compared to a RMSE of 2.40 °C for a 3.0 mm uncorrected black cable. A thin white cable measured temperatures that were close to air temperature measured with a nearby shielded thermometer (RMSE of 0.61 °C). The temperatures were measured along horizontal cables with an eye to temperature measurements in urban areas, but the same method can be applied to any atmospheric DTS measurements, and for profile measurements along towers or with balloons and quadcopters.

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Denney, Dennis. "Real-Time Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing: Oilfield Applications." Journal of Petroleum Technology 59, no. 09 (September 1, 2007): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0907-0065-jpt.

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Carpenter, Chris. "SAGD and Fiber-Optic Distributed Acoustic and Temperature Sensing." Journal of Petroleum Technology 68, no. 09 (September 1, 2016): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0916-0078-jpt.

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Becker, Matthew W., Brian Bauer, and Adam Hutchinson. "Measuring Artificial Recharge with Fiber Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing." Groundwater 51, no. 5 (October 30, 2012): 670–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.01006.x.

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Sun, Miao, Yuquan Tang, Shuang Yang, Markus W. Sigrist, Jun Li, and Fengzhong Dong. "Fiber optic distributed temperature sensing for fire source localization." Measurement Science and Technology 28, no. 8 (July 14, 2017): 085102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aa7436.

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Bai, Hedan, Shuo Li, Jose Barreiros, Yaqi Tu, Clifford R. Pollock, and Robert F. Shepherd. "Stretchable distributed fiber-optic sensors." Science 370, no. 6518 (November 12, 2020): 848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba5504.

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Silica-based distributed fiber-optic sensor (DFOS) systems have been a powerful tool for sensing strain, pressure, vibration, acceleration, temperature, and humidity in inextensible structures. DFOS systems, however, are incompatible with the large strains associated with soft robotics and stretchable electronics. We develop a sensor composed of parallel assemblies of elastomeric lightguides that incorporate continuum or discrete chromatic patterns. By exploiting a combination of frustrated total internal reflection and absorption, stretchable DFOSs can distinguish and measure the locations, magnitudes, and modes (stretch, bend, or press) of mechanical deformation. We further demonstrate multilocation decoupling and multimodal deformation decoupling through a stretchable DFOS–integrated wireless glove that can reconfigure all types of finger joint movements and external presses simultaneously, with only a single sensor in real time.

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Rajeev, Pathmanathan, Jayantha Kodikara, Wing Kong Chiu, and Thomas Kuen. "Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors and their Applications in Pipeline Monitoring." Key Engineering Materials 558 (June 2013): 424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.558.424.

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Health monitoring of civil infrastructure systems has recently emerged as a powerful tool for condition assessment of infrastructure performance. With the widespread use of modern telecommunication technologies, structures could be monitored periodically from a central station located several kilometres away from the field. This remote capability allows immediate damage detection, so that necessary actions are taken to reduce the risk. Optical fiber sensors offer a relatively new technology for monitoring the performance of spatially distributed structures such as pipelines. In this regards, several commercially available strain and temperature sensing equipment such as discrete FBGs (Fibre Bragg Gratings) and fully distributed sensing techniques such as Raman DTS (distributed temperature sensor) and Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (BOTDR) typically offer sensing lengths of the order of 100 km's. Distributed fiber optic sensing offers the ability to measure temperatures and/or strains at thousands of points along a single fiber. In this paper, the authors will give a brief overview of these optical fiber technologies, outline potential applications of these technologies for geotechnical engineering applications and experience in utilising BOTDR in water pipeline monitoring application.

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Ma, Shaonian, Yanping Xu, Yuxi Pang, Xian Zhao, Yongfu Li, Zengguang Qin, Zhaojun Liu, Ping Lu, and Xiaoyi Bao. "Optical Fiber Sensors for High-Temperature Monitoring: A Review." Sensors 22, no. 15 (July 30, 2022): 5722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155722.

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High-temperature measurements above 1000 °C are critical in harsh environments such as aerospace, metallurgy, fossil fuel, and power production. Fiber-optic high-temperature sensors are gradually replacing traditional electronic sensors due to their small size, resistance to electromagnetic interference, remote detection, multiplexing, and distributed measurement advantages. This paper reviews the sensing principle, structural design, and temperature measurement performance of fiber-optic high-temperature sensors, as well as recent significant progress in the transition of sensing solutions from glass to crystal fiber. Finally, future prospects and challenges in developing fiber-optic high-temperature sensors are also discussed.

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Fan, Xinyu, Bin Wang, Guangyao Yang, and Zuyuan He. "Slope-Assisted Brillouin-Based Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensing Techniques." Advanced Devices & Instrumentation 2021 (July 14, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9756875.

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Brillouin-based fiber-optic sensing has been regarded as a powerful distributed measurement tool for monitoring the conditions of modern large civil and geotechnical structures, since it provides continuous environmental information (e.g., temperature and strain) along the whole fiber used for sensing applications. In the past few decades, great research efforts were devoted to improve its performance in terms of measurement range, spatial resolution, measurement speed, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness, of which the slope-assisted measurement scheme, achieved by exploiting the linear slope of the Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS), have paved the way for dynamic distributed fiber-optic sensing. In this article, slope-assisted Brillouin-based distributed fiber-optic sensing techniques demonstrated in the past few years will be reviewed, including the slope-assisted Brillouin optical time-domain analysis/reflectometry (SA-BOTDA/SA-BOTDR), the slope-assisted Brillouin dynamic grating (BDG) sensor, and the slope-assisted Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis/reflectometry (SA-BOCDA/SA-BOCDR). Avenues for future research and development of slope-assisted Brillouin-based fiber-optic sensors are also prospected.

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Monsberger, Christoph M., and Werner Lienhart. "Distributed Fiber Optic Shape Sensing of Concrete Structures." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 11, 2021): 6098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186098.

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Civil structural health monitoring (CSHM) has become significantly more important within the last decades due to rapidly growing construction volume worldwide as well as aging infrastructure and longer service lifetimes of the structures. The utilization of distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS) allows the assessment of strain and temperature distributions continuously along the installed sensing fiber and is widely used for testing of concrete structures to detect and quantify local deficiencies like cracks. Relations to the curvature and bending behavior are however mostly excluded. This paper presents a comprehensive study of different approaches for distributed fiber optic shape sensing of concrete structures. Different DFOS sensors and installation techniques were tested within load tests of concrete beams as well as real-scale tunnel lining segments, where the installations were interrogated using fully-distributed sensing units as well as by fiber Bragg grating interrogators. The results point out significant deviations between the capabilities of the different sensing systems, but demonstrate that DFOS can enable highly reliable shape sensing of concrete structures, if the system is appropriately designed depending on the CSHM application.

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des Tombe, Bas, Bart Schilperoort, and Mark Bakker. "Estimation of Temperature and Associated Uncertainty from Fiber-Optic Raman-Spectrum Distributed Temperature Sensing." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 2235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082235.

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Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) systems can be used to estimate the temperature along optic fibers of several kilometers at a sub-meter interval. DTS systems function by shooting laser pulses through a fiber and measuring its backscatter intensity at two distinct wavelengths in the Raman spectrum. The scattering-loss coefficients for these wavelengths are temperature-dependent, so that the temperature along the fiber can be estimated using calibration to fiber sections with a known temperature. A new calibration approach is developed that allows for an estimate of the uncertainty of the estimated temperature, which varies along the fiber and with time. The uncertainty is a result of the noise from the detectors and the uncertainty in the calibrated parameters that relate the backscatter intensity to temperature. Estimation of the confidence interval of the temperature requires an estimate of the distribution of the noise from the detectors and an estimate of the multi-variate distribution of the parameters. Both distributions are propagated with Monte Carlo sampling to approximate the probability density function of the estimated temperature, which is different at each point along the fiber and varies over time. Various summarizing statistics are computed from the approximate probability density function, such as the confidence intervals and the standard uncertainty (the estimated standard deviation) of the estimated temperature. An example is presented to demonstrate the approach and to assess the reasonableness of the estimated confidence intervals. The approach is implemented in the open-source Python package “dtscalibration”.

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Hausner, Mark B., and Scott Kobs. "Identifying and Correcting Step Losses in Single-Ended Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing Data." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7073619.

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Fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) makes it possible to observe temperatures on spatial scales as fine as centimeters and at frequencies up to 1 Hz. Over the past decade, fiber-optic DTS instruments have increasingly been employed to monitor environmental temperatures, from oceans to atmospheric monitoring. Because of the nature of environmental deployments, optical fibers deployed for research purposes often encounter step losses in the Raman spectra signal. Whether these phenomena occur due to cable damage or impingements, sharp bends in the deployed cable, or connections and splices, the step losses are usually not adequately addressed by the calibration routines provided by instrument manufacturers and can be overlooked in postprocessing calibration routines as well. Here we provide a method to identify and correct for the effects of step losses in raw Raman spectra data. The utility of the correction is demonstrated with case studies, including synthetic and laboratory data sets.

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Karrenbach, Martin, Steve Cole, Andrew Ridge, Kevin Boone, Dan Kahn, Jamie Rich, Ken Silver, and David Langton. "Fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing of microseismicity, strain and temperature during hydraulic fracturing." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): D11—D23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0396.1.

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Hydraulic fracturing operations in unconventional reservoirs are typically monitored using geophones located either at the surface or in the adjacent wellbores. A new approach to record hydraulic stimulations uses fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS). A fiber-optic cable was installed in a treatment well in the Meramec formation to monitor the hydraulic fracture stimulation of an unconventional reservoir. A variety of physical effects, such as temperature, strain, and microseismicity are measured and correlated with the treatment program during hydraulic fracturing of the well containing the fiber and also an adjacent well. The analysis of this DAS data set demonstrates that current fiber-optic technology provides enough sensitivity to detect a considerable number of microseismic events and that these events can be integrated with temperature and strain measurements for comprehensive hydraulic fracture monitoring.

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Bao, Yi, Ying Huang, Matthew Hoehler, and Genda Chen. "Review of Fiber Optic Sensors for Structural Fire Engineering." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040877.

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Reliable and accurate measurements of temperature and strain in structures subjected to fire can be difficult to obtain using traditional sensing technologies based on electrical signals. Fiber optic sensors, which are based on light signals, solve many of the problems of monitoring structures in high temperature environments; however, they present their own challenges. This paper, which is intended for structural engineers new to fiber optic sensors, reviews various fiber optic sensors that have been used to make measurements in structure fires, including the sensing principles, fabrication, key characteristics, and recently-reported applications. Three categories of fiber optic sensors are reviewed: Grating-based sensors, interferometer sensors, and distributed sensors.

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Li, Yiqiang, and Junrong Liu. "Distributed FiberOptic Sensing for Hydraulic-Fracturing Monitoring and Diagnostics." E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 02046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911802046.

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Fiber-optic sensing (FOS) are an emerging technology in hydraulic fracture diagnosis. Fiber-optic sensing technologies mainly include distributed temperature sensing (DTS) and distributed sound sensing (DAS). During hydraulic fracturing, the perforation cluster efficiency for cemented plug and perforation (PnP) wells, points of fracture initiation for packer and sleeve (PnS), and fluid channelling between fractured intervals caused by either tubular or annular leaks could be quantitatively evaluated by DTS data. Combined with DAS data, fluid distributions for each fracturing stage along the entire horizontal wellbore could be obtained. The roles of DTS and DAS in different hydraulic fracture stages are comprehensively analyzed in this paper. It provides a guidance for application of FOs in oil industry.

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Seabrook, Brian C., Andreas Ellmauthaler, Michel LeBlanc, Mikko Jaaskelainen, John L. Maida, and Glenn A. Wilson. "Comparison of Raman, Brillouin, and Rayleigh Distributed Temperature Measurements in High-Rate Wells." Petrophysics – The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description 63, no. 6 (December 1, 2022): 685–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/pjv63n6-2022a8.

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With the maturity of and demand for fiber-optic sensing technology growing steadily over the last few years across multiple basins, operators are seeking fiber-optic sensing solutions that address the technology challenges associated with the life-of-field monitoring of subsea developments. Single-ended distributed temperature sensing (DTS) measurements have been acquired for decades now, typically using Raman optical time-domain reflectometry (OTDR) on multimode fiber. However, for topside interrogation of subsea completions, Raman DTS performs poorly. This is due to the available optical power budget and the potential wavelength dependency of optical attenuation across multiple connectors and splices comprising the optical subsea infrastructure. Any wavelength-dependent attenuation as the signals pass through connectors, splices, and optical feedthrough systems will generate step changes in the measured Raman DTS temperature profile. Brillouin OTDR can provide a DTS alternative that overcomes these challenges and operates on single-mode fiber. Brillouin OTDR operates with a large dynamic range to measure a wavelength (frequency) shift of the Stokes/anti-Stokes components that is proportional to both strain and temperature. Since downhole cables are manufactured with optical fibers suspended in a gel and with appropriate extra fiber length (EFL), any fiber strain relaxes, and the Brillouin wavelength shift is an absolute temperature measurement. An additional alternative is also explored here. We typically associate coherent Rayleigh OTDR with distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) on single-mode fibers, but low frequencies also contain a relative temperature dependence. The low-pass filtering of DAS data can then be used as a form of Rayleigh DTS with appropriate data processing. In this paper, we report on a comparison of Raman, Brillouin, and Rayleigh DTS simultaneously acquired in the same high-rate producer and injector wells. We validate that, with appropriate cable design, Brillouin DTS can be simultaneously operated on the same single-mode fiber with DAS and can deliver absolute temperature measurements suitable for production analysis. We also use a laboratory experiment to show that Rayleigh DTS provides an accurate measure of temperature changes comparable in precision to a traditional thermocouple. We conclude with a discussion about the implementation of this DAS-DTS solution for sensing subsea completions.

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O'Donnell Meininger, T., and J. S. Selker. "Bed conduction impact on fiber optic distributed temperature sensing water temperature measurements." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 4, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-4-19-2015.

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Abstract. Error in distributed temperature sensing (DTS) water temperature measurements may be introduced by contact of the fiber optic cable sensor with bed materials (e.g., seafloor, lakebed, streambed). Heat conduction from the bed materials can affect cable temperature and the resulting DTS measurements. In the Middle Fork John Day River, apparent water temperature measurements were influenced by cable sensor contact with aquatic vegetation and fine sediment bed materials. Affected cable segments measured a diurnal temperature range reduced by 10% and lagged by 20–40 min relative to that of ambient stream temperature. The diurnal temperature range deeper within the vegetation–sediment bed material was reduced 70% and lagged 240 min relative to ambient stream temperature. These site-specific results illustrate the potential magnitude of bed-conduction impacts with buried DTS measurements. Researchers who deploy DTS for water temperature monitoring should understand the importance of the environment into which the cable is placed on the range and phase of temperature measurements.

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Leggett, Smith Edward, Ding Zhu, and Alfred Daniel Hill. "Thermal Effects on Far-Field Distributed Acoustic Strain-Rate Sensors." SPE Journal 27, no. 02 (November 23, 2021): 1036–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205178-pa.

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Summary Fiber-optic cables cemented outside of the casing of an unconventional well measure crosswell strain changes during fracturing of neighboring wells with low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing (LF-DAS). As a hydraulic fracture intersects an observation well instrumented with fiber-optic cables, the fracture fluid injected at ambient temperatures can cool a section of the sensing fiber. Often, LF-DAS and distributed temperature sensing (DTS) cables are run in tandem, enabling the detection of such cooling events. The increasing use of LF-DAS for characterizing unconventional hydraulic fracture completions demands an investigation of the effects of temperature on the measured strain response by LF-DAS. Researchers have demonstrated that LF-DAS can be used to extract the temporal derivative of temperature for use as a differential-temperature-gradient sensor. However, differential-temperature-gradient sensing is predicated on the ability to filter strain components out of the optical signal. In this work, beginning with an equation for optical phase shift of LF-DAS signals, a model relating strain, temperature, and optical phase shift is explicitly developed. The formula provides insights into the relative strength of strain and temperature effects on the phase shift. The uncertainty in the strain-rate measurements due to thermal effects is estimated. The relationship can also be used to quantify uncertainties in differential-temperature-gradient sensors due to strain perturbations. Additionally, a workflow is presented to simulate the LF-DAS response accounting for both strain and temperature effects. Hydraulic fracture geometries are generated with a 3D fracture simulator for a multistage unconventional completion. The fracture width distributions are imported by a displacement discontinuity method (DDM) program to compute the strain rates along an observation well. An analytic model is used to approximate the temperature in the fracture. Using the derived formulae for optical phase shift, the model outputs are then used to compute the LF-DAS response at a fiber-optic cable, enabling the generation of waterfall plots including both strain and thermal effects. The model results suggest that before, during, and immediately following a fracture intersecting a well instrumented with fiber, the strain on the fiber drives the LF-DAS signal. However, at later times, as completion fluid cools the observation well, the temperature component of the LF-DAS signal can be equal to or exceed the strain component. The modeled results are compared to a published field case in an attempt to enhance the interpretation of LF-DAS waterfall plots. Finally, we propose a sensing configuration to identify the events when “wet fractures” (fractures with fluids) intersect the observation well.

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Westhoff, M. C., H. H. G. Savenije, W. M. J. Luxemburg, G. S. Stelling, N. C. van de Giesen, J. S. Selker, L. Pfister, and S. Uhlenbrook. "A distributed stream temperature model using high resolution temperature observations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 4 (July 30, 2007): 1469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1469-2007.

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Abstract. Distributed temperature data are used as input and as calibration data for an energy based temperature model of a first order stream in Luxembourg. A DTS (Distributed Temperature Sensing) system with a fiber optic cable of 1500 m was used to measure stream water temperature with 1 m resolution each 2 min. Four groundwater inflows were identified and quantified (both temperature and relative discharge). The temperature model calculates the total energy balance including solar radiation (with shading effects), longwave radiation, latent heat, sensible heat and river bed conduction. The simulated temperature is compared with the observed temperature at all points along the stream. Knowledge of the lateral inflow appears to be crucial to simulate the temperature distribution and conversely, that stream temperature can be used successfully to identify sources of lateral inflow. The DTS fiber optic is an excellent tool to provide this knowledge.

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Großwig, Stephan, Eckart Hurtig, and Katrin Kühn. "Fibre optic temperature sensing: A new tool for temperature measurements in boreholes." GEOPHYSICS 61, no. 4 (July 1996): 1065–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444027.

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Usually, the temperature in boreholes is determined using a standard temperature probe. The logging technique is either “stop and go”, or the probe is lowered as a moving probe into the borehole using a controlled speed. Distributed temperature probe arrays installed permanently in a borehole are an alternative to moving probes and can be applied especially for temperature monitoring even under conditions where moving probes cannot be used. The distributed optical fiber sensing technique represents a new approach for temperature measurements. The basis for this method is given in Boiarski (1993), Dakin et al. (1985), Farries and Rogers (1984), Hartog and Gamble (1991), Rogers (1988), Rogers (1993). First results using fiber optic temperature sensing in boreholes and temperature monitoring for studying geotechnical and environmental problems (e.g., waste deposits) are published in Hurtig et al. (1993; 1994; 1995) and Hurtig and Schrötter (1993).

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Schilperoort, R. P. S., and F. H. L. R. Clemens. "Fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing in combined sewer systems." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 1127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.467.

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This paper introduces the application of fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) in combined sewer systems. The DTS-technique uses a fibre-optic cable that is inserted into a combined sewer system in combination with a laser instrument that performs measurements and logs the data. The DTS-technique allows monitoring in-sewer temperatures with dense spatial and temporal resolutions. The installation of a fibre-optic cable in a combined sewer system has proven feasible. The use of a single instrument in an easy accessible and safe location that can simultaneously monitor up to several hundreds of monitoring locations makes the DTS set-up easy in use and nearly free of maintenance. Temperature data from a one-week monitoring campaign in an 1,850 m combined sewer system shows the level of detail with which in-sewer processes that affect wastewater temperatures can be studied. Individual discharges from house-connections can be tracked in time and space. With a dedicated cable configuration the confluence of wastewater flows can be observed with a potential to derive the relative contributions of contributary flows to a total flow. Also, the inflow and in-sewer propagation of stormwater can be monitored.

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Wosniok, Aleksander, and Katerina Krebber. "Distributed fiber optic radiation sensors." Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 1 (November 10, 2021): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-15-2021.

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Abstract. The international research efforts focused on the development of radiation sensors based on optic fibers have their origins in the 1970s (Evans et al., 1978). Generally, the lightweight fiber optic sensors are immune to electromagnetic field interference and high voltages making them deployable in harsh environments at hard to reach areas where conventional sensors usually will not work at all. A further advantage of such radiation sensors is the possibility of remote and real-time monitoring (Huston et al., 2001). In this work, we present our results achieved in several research activities for development of fiber optic dosimeters. The findings show that both the measurement of the radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) along the entire sensing fiber and the accompanying change in the refractive index of the fiber core can be used for distributed radiation monitoring in the kGy and MGy range, respectively. Depending on the fiber type and material the RIA shows varying response to dose rates, environmental temperatures and the wavelength of the laser source used. Thereby, an operation with visible laser light provides most favorable performance in terms of high radiation sensitivity. Operating at these wavelengths, RIA monitoring could yield high-sensitivity dose measurement with sub-gray resolution and accuracy (Stajanca and Krebber, 2017b); however, conventional optical time-domain reflectometry (OTDR) systems for RIA measurements operating in the visible range suffer from low-spatial resolution, long measurement times and poor signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. The limitations of the OTDR performance can be overcome by the incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (I-OFDR) developed by the Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing (BAM, Liehr et al., 2009) with potential for dynamic real-time measurement. Over the years, several highly radiation sensitive fibers, such as perfluorinated polymer optical fibers (PF-POF, Stajanca and Krebber, 2017a), phosphorous-doped silica optical fibers (SOF, Paul et al., 2009), aluminium-doped SOF (Faustov et al., 2013) and erbium-doped SOF (Wosniok et al., 2016) have been identified and are commercially available. As mentioned before, the radiation-induced RIA increase is associated with an increase in the refractive index leading also to material compaction in the fiber core. The latter two effects can be used for measuring radiation distribution based on Brillouin scattering in the range of high radiation doses of several MGy (Phéron et al., 2012; Wosniok et al., 2016). When using fiber optic sensors for radiation monitoring, the existing post-irradiation annealing behavior of the optical fiber sensors must also be considered.

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Nishiyama, M., H. Sasaki, S. Nose, K. Takami, and K. Watanabe. "Distributed Pressure Sensing as Smart Mat Applications with Hetero-Core Fiber Optic Nerve Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.391.

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Distributed pressure sensing schemes for human positioning and plantar mapping is desired to be unconstrained for human activity in their daily life in the form of a floor and mat. On the other hand, an optical fiber has several advantages such as lightweight, minimal material, and resistance to corrosion and electromagnetic interference. Additionally, a novel hetero-core optic fiber nerve sensor is only sensitive to be bending action of the sensor portion and the fiber transmission line is unaffected to external disturbance as pressure and temperature fluctuation because of its single-mode stable propagation scheme. Therefore, the hetero-core fiber optic sensor could be suitable for the distributed pressure sensing in human natural activity and be placed in various sites. In this paper, we proposed several smart mat applications in the form of a thin mat in the floor for human positioning and sole pressure mapping mat using the hetero-core optic fiber sensors. We successfully demonstrated the distributed pressure sensing mat using hetero-core sensors to detect human positioning with their circumstance and sole pressure mapping.

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Wu, Robert, Pierrick Lamontagne-Hallé, and Jeffrey M. McKenzie. "Uncertainties in Measuring Soil Moisture Content with Actively Heated Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 3723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113723.

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Actively heated fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (aFO-DTS) measures soil moisture content at sub-meter intervals across kilometres of fiber-optic cable. The technology has great potential for environmental monitoring but calibration at field scales with variable soil conditions is challenging. To better understand and quantify the errors associated with aFO-DTS soil moisture measurements, we use a parametric numerical modeling approach to evaluate different error factors for uniform soil. A thermo-hydrogeologic, unsaturated numerical model is used to simulate a 0.01 m by 0.01 m two-dimensional domain, including soil and a fiber-optic cable. Results from the model are compared to soil moisture values calculated using the commonly used Tcum calibration method for aFO-DTS. The model is found to have high accuracy between measured and observed saturations for static hydrologic conditions but shows discrepancies for more realistic settings with active recharge. We evaluate the performance of aFO-DTS soil moisture calculations for various scenarios, including varying recharge duration and heterogeneous soils. The aFO-DTS accuracy decreases as the variability in soil properties and intensity of recharge events increases. Further, we show that the burial of the fiber-optic cable within soil may adversely affect calculated results. The results demonstrate the need for careful selection of calibration data for this emerging method of measuring soil moisture content.

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Raab, T., T. Reinsch, S. R. Aldaz Cifuentes, and J. Henninges. "Real-Time Well-Integrity Monitoring Using Fiber-Optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing." SPE Journal 24, no. 05 (May 30, 2019): 1997–2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/195678-pa.

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Summary Proper cemented casing strings are a key requirement for maintaining well integrity, guaranteeing optimal operation and safe provision of hydrocarbon and geothermal resources from the pay zone to surface facilities. Throughout the life cycle of a well, high–temperature/high–pressure changes in addition to shut–in cyclic periods can lead to strong variations in thermal and mechanical load on the well architecture. The current procedures to evaluate cement quality and to measure downhole temperature are mainly dependent on wireline–logging campaigns. In this paper, we investigate the application of the fiber–optic distributed–acoustic–sensing (DAS) technology to acquire dynamic axial–strain changes caused by propagating elastic waves along the wellbore structure. The signals are recorded by a permanently installed fiber–optic cable and are studied for the possibility of real–time well–integrity monitoring. The fiber–optic cable was installed along the 18⅝–in. anchor casing and the 21–in.–hole section of a geothermal well in Iceland. During cementing operations, temperature was continuously measured using distributed–temperature–sensing (DTS) technology to monitor the cement placement. DAS data were acquired continuously for 9 days during drilling and injection testing of the reservoir interval in the 12¼–in. openhole section. The DAS data were used to calculate average–axial–strain–rate profiles during different operations on the drillsite. Signals recorded along the optical fiber result from elastic deformation caused by mechanical energy applied from inside (e.g., pressure fluctuations, drilling activities) or outside (e.g., seismic signals) of the well. The results indicate that the average–axial–strain rate of a fiber–optic cable installed behind a casing string generates trends similar to those of a conventional cement–bond log (CBL). The obtained trends along well depth therefore indicate that DAS data acquired during different drilling and testing operations can be used to monitor the mechanical coupling between cemented casing strings and the surrounding formations, hence the cement integrity. The potential use of DTS and DAS technology in downhole evaluations would extend the portfolio to monitor and evaluate qualitatively in real time cement–integrity changes without the necessity of executing costly well–intervention programs throughout the well's life cycle.

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Liu, Z., G. Ferrier, X. Bao, X. Zeng, Q. Yu, and Andrew Kim. "Brillouin Scattering Based Distributed Fiber Optic Temperature Sensing For Fire Detection." Fire Safety Science 7 (2003): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.7-221.

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Hausner, Mark B., Francisco Suárez, Kenneth E. Glander, Nick van de Giesen, John S. Selker, and Scott W. Tyler. "Calibrating Single-Ended Fiber-Optic Raman Spectra Distributed Temperature Sensing Data." Sensors 11, no. 11 (November 21, 2011): 10859–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s111110859.

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Voigt, Dirk, Jan L. W. A. van Geel, and Oswin Kerkhof. "Spatio-temporal noise and drift in fiber optic distributed temperature sensing." Measurement Science and Technology 22, no. 8 (July 7, 2011): 085203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/22/8/085203.

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Boiarski, A. A., G. Pilate, T. Fink, and N. Nilsson. "Temperature measurements in power plant equipment using distributed fiber optic sensing." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 10, no. 4 (1995): 1771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.473381.

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Wang, Dorothy Y., Yunmiao Wang, Jianmin Gong, and Anbo Wang. "Fully distributed fiber-optic temperature sensing using acoustically-induced rocking grating." Optics Letters 36, no. 17 (August 25, 2011): 3392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.36.003392.

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Blume, Theresa, Stefan Krause, Karin Meinikmann, and Jörg Lewandowski. "Upscaling lacustrine groundwater discharge rates by fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing." Water Resources Research 49, no. 12 (December 2013): 7929–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2012wr013215.

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Lipus, Martin Peter, Felix Schölderle, Thomas Reinsch, Christopher Wollin, Charlotte Krawczyk, Daniela Pfrang, and Kai Zosseder. "Dynamic motion monitoring of a 3.6 km long steel rod in a borehole during cold-water injection with distributed fiber-optic sensing." Solid Earth 13, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-13-161-2022.

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Abstract. Fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) data find many applications in wellbore monitoring such as flow monitoring, formation evaluation and well integrity studies. For horizontal or highly deviated wells, wellbore fiber-optic installations can be conducted by mounting the sensing cable to a rigid structure (casing/tubing) which allows for a controlled landing of the cable. We analyze a cold-water injection phase in a geothermal well with a 3.6 km long fiber-optic installation mounted to a 3/4 in. sucker rod by using both DAS and distributed temperature sensing (DTS) data. During cold-water injection, we observe distinct vibrational events (shock waves) which originate in the reservoir interval and migrate up- and downwards. We use temperature differences from the DTS data to determine the theoretical thermal contraction and integrated DAS data to estimate the actual deformation of the rod construction. The results suggest that the rod experiences thermal stresses along the installation length – partly in the compressional and partly in the extensional regime. We find strong evidence that the observed vibrational events originate from the release of the thermal stresses when the friction of the rod against the borehole wall is overcome. Within this study, we show the influence of temperature changes on the acquisition of distributed acoustic/strain sensing data along a fiber-optic cable suspended along a rigid but freely hanging rod. We show that observed vibrational events do not necessarily originate from induced seismicity in the reservoir but instead can originate from stick–slip behavior of the rod construction that holds the measurement equipment.

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Westhoff, M. C., H. H. G. Savenije, W. M. J. Luxemburg, G. S. Stelling, N. C. van de Giesen, J. S. Selker, L. Pfister, and S. Uhlenbrook. "A distributed stream temperature model using high resolution temperature observations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 1 (January 26, 2007): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-125-2007.

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Abstract. Highly distributed temperature data are used as input and as calibration data for a temperature model of a first order stream in Luxembourg. A DTS (Distributed Temperature Sensing) fiber optic cable with a length of 1500 m is used to measure stream water temperature with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m and a temporal resolution of 2 min. With the observations four groundwater inflows are found and quantified (both temperature and relative discharge). They are used as input for the distributed temperature model presented here. The model calculates the total energy balance including solar radiation (with shading effects), longwave radiation, latent heat, sensible heat and river bed conduction. The simulated temperature along the whole stream is compared with the measured temperature at all points along the stream. It shows that proper knowledge of the lateral inflow is crucial to simulate the temperature distribution along the stream, and, the other way around stream temperature can be used successfully to identify runoff components. The DTS fiber optic is an excellent tool to provide this knowledge.

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Li, Xiao Juan, Zhi Yong Xie, Xiao Bin Liang, Xian Long Zhao, and Ze Gui Chen. "Application Situation of Distributed Optical Fiber Temperature Measurement Technology in Power System." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.918.

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Temperature is an important operating parameter of electrical equipment, electrical equipment operating condition obtained by monitoring the temperature information has become research focus for power system fault prediction and diagnosis[1-. Distributed fiber optic temperature measurement system is a method for real-time measurement of the spatial distribution of temperature field sensing system. The system uses optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) and laser Raman spectroscopy, amplifies temperature information and processes signal from wavelength division multiplexer and optical detectors, then the temperature information is displayed in real time[4-. Distributed fiber optic temperature measurement technology has several characteristics with insulation, anti-electromagnetic interference, resistance to high voltage, resistance to chemical corrosion, and security[6-. This article outlines the basic power system temperature monitoring content, studies the current distributed optical fiber temperature measurement technology applications in power system and prospects for its development trend.

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Goetz, J. Douglas, Lars E. Kalnajs, Terry Deshler, Sean M. Davis, Martina Bramberger, and M. Joan Alexander. "A fiber-optic distributed temperature sensor for continuous in situ profiling up to 2 km beneath constant-altitude scientific balloons." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 16, no. 3 (February 10, 2023): 791–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-791-2023.

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Abstract. A novel fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing instrument, the Fiber-optic Laser Operated Atmospheric Temperature Sensor (FLOATS), was developed for continuous in situ profiling of the atmosphere up to 2 km below constant-altitude scientific balloons. The temperature-sensing system uses a suspended fiber-optic cable and temperature-dependent scattering of pulsed laser light in the Raman regime to retrieve continuous 3 m vertical-resolution profiles at a minimum sampling period of 20 s. FLOATS was designed for operation aboard drifting super-pressure balloons in the tropical tropopause layer at altitudes around 18 km as part of the Stratéole 2 campaign. A short test flight of the system was conducted from Laramie, Wyoming, in January 2021 to check the optical, electrical, and mechanical systems at altitude and to validate a four-reference temperature calibration procedure with a fiber-optic deployment length of 1170 m. During the 4 h flight aboard a vented balloon, FLOATS retrieved temperature profiles during ascent and while at a float altitude of about 19 km. The FLOATS retrievals provided differences of less than 1.0 ∘C compared to a commercial radiosonde aboard the flight payload during ascent. At float altitude, a comparison of optical length and GPS position at the bottom of the fiber-optic revealed little to no curvature in the fiber-optic cable, suggesting that the position of any distributed temperature measurement can be effectively modeled. Comparisons of the distributed temperature retrievals to the reference temperature sensors show strong agreement with root-mean-square-error values less than 0.4 ∘C. The instrument also demonstrated good agreement with nearby meteorological observations and COSMIC-2 satellite profiles. Observations of temperature and wind perturbations compared to the nearby radiosounding profiles provide evidence of inertial gravity wave activity during the test flight. Spectral analysis of the observed temperature perturbations shows that FLOATS is an effective and pioneering tool for the investigation of small-scale gravity waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.

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Seyfried, Mark, Timothy Link, Danny Marks, and Mark Murdock. "Soil Temperature Variability in Complex Terrain Measured Using Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing." Vadose Zone Journal 15, no. 6 (June 2016): vzj2015.09.0128. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2015.09.0128.

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Carpenter, Chris. "Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensing Enhances Flow Diagnostics in Gas Condensate Well." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 03 (March 1, 2022): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0322-0073-jpt.

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 205435, “Flow Diagnostics in High-Rate Gas Condensate Well Using Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensing and Its Validation With Conventional Production Log,” by Fuad Aziz Atakishiyev, SPE, BP, and Alessandro Delfino and Cagri Cerrahoglu, Lytt, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The authors describe a machine-learning (ML) approach for processing distributed-fiber-optic-sensing (DFOS) data that enables dynamic flow-profile monitoring using a fiber-optic electric-line cable deployed in a gas condensate well and compare the method with a conventional approach. DFOS technology has the potential to provide more-efficient and dynamic flow profiles compared with traditional methods, particularly in high-rate gas wells where production logs (PL) are recorded at reduced rates to avoid tool lifting. Technology and Field Introduction DFOS surface acquisition systems launch short pulses of light into an optical fiber, then receive its backscatter and convert it into physical measurements: temperature in the case of distributed temperature sensing (DTS) and acoustic intensity in the case of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS). These systems essentially turn a fiber-optic cable into a long array of thermometers (DTS) or multifrequency microphones (DAS). The DFOS systems record the backscatter signal continuously and measure at multiple points along the fiber. The major advantage of DFOS acquisition is the ability to record data throughout time at a very high sampling frequency. Unlike traditional PL tools, insights provided by DFOS offer a real-time view of changes in production without intervention. A successful trial was performed in a high-rate gas-producing well to test the quantitative inflow profiling algorithm on DFOS data. As part of the work, conventional PL data were acquired in high-rate gas production Well A01. An electric-line cable with built-in multimode and single-mode fiber-optic line was used to acquire conventional PL data. DAS and DTS data were acquired simultaneously for approximately 30 minutes while the well produced at a gas rate of approximately 70 MMscf/D. No sand-control completions were planned for Well A01 or for other wells in the field; therefore, in addition to the identification of a quantitative inflow profile, another main objective of the study was to identify intervals with sand production.

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Griffiths, Richard W., and Herbert I. Chatterton. "Continuously Distributed Fiber Optic Monitoring System for Shipboard Applications." Marine Technology and SNAME News 25, no. 03 (July 1, 1988): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1988.25.3.209.

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This paper suggests several areas of applicability wherein continuously monitored fiber optic cables of composite construction will improve the sensing ability of locating and reporting the conditions extant on ships of various types. By using continuous fiber cables strategically located throughout the ship that are compositely clad with different coatings to detect temperature, pressure and strain, an optically attenuated profile can be continuously monitored on a cyclical basis to report the specific conditions on a real-time basis. Preliminary bench test results of prototype jacketed fiber optic cable indicate that strains of 0.0004 to 0.003 in./in. can be detected as well as pressure changes of similar sensitivity. Currently, tests are being run to determine temperature sensitivity, and it is expected that comparable results will be achieved. With the development of the systems and improvement in jacketing materials, further refinements and expansion of capabilities are expected.

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Kwon, Il Bum, Chi Yeop Kim, and Dae Cheol Seo. "Application of Fiber Optic BOTDA Sensor for Fire Detection in a Building." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.212.

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Smart structures are to be possessed many functions to sense the external effects, such as seismic loads, temperature, and impact by some explosion, influenced on the safety of structures. This work was focused on the development of a sensing function of smart structures to get the temperature distribution on structures to detect fire occurrences. A fiber optic BOTDA (Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis) sensor system was developed to detect the fire occurrence by measuring the temperature distribution of a building’s exterior surfaces. This fiber optic sensor system was constructed with a laser diode and two electro-optic modulators, which made this system faster than systems using only one electro-optic modulator. The temperature distributed on an optical fiber can be measured by this fiber optic BOTDA sensor. An optical fiber, 1400 m in length, was installed on the surface of a building. Using real-time processing of the sensor system, we were able to monitor temperature distribution on the building’s surfaces, and changes in temperature distribution were also measured accurately with this fiber optic sensor.

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Bastianini, Filippo, Raffaella Di Sante, Francesco Falcetelli, Diego Marini, and Gabriele Bolognini. "Optical Fiber Sensing Cables for Brillouin-Based Distributed Measurements." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 26, 2019): 5172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235172.

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Brillouin distributed optical fiber sensing (Brillouin D-FOS) is a powerful technology for real-time in situ monitoring of various physical quantities, such as strain, temperature, and pressure. Compared to local or multi-point fiber optic sensing techniques, in Brillouin-based sensing, the optical fiber is interrogated along its complete length with a resolution down to decimeters and with a frequency encoding of the measure information that is not affected by changes in the optical attenuation. The fiber sensing cable plays a significant role since it must ensure a low optical loss and optimal transfer of the measured parameters for a long time and in harsh conditions, e.g., the presence of moisture, corrosion, and relevant mechanical or thermal stresses. In this paper, research and application regarding optical fiber cables for Brillouin distributed sensing are reviewed, connected, and extended. It is shown how appropriate cable design can give a significant contribution toward the successful exploitation of the Brillouin D-FOS technique.

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Shirdel, M., R. S. Buell, M. J. Wells, C. Muharam, and J. C. Sims. "Horizontal-Steam-Injection-Flow Profiling Using Fiber Optics." SPE Journal 24, no. 02 (February 14, 2019): 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/181431-pa.

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Summary Steam-conformance control in horizontal injectors is important for efficient reservoir-heat management in heavy-oil fields. Suboptimal conformance and nonuniform heating of the reservoir can substantially affect the economics of the field development and oil-production response and result in nonuniform steam breakthrough. To achieve the required control, it is essential to have an appropriate well-completion architecture and robust surveillance. Five fiber-optic systems, each with a unique steam-conformance-control-completion configuration, have been installed in two horizontal steam injectors to help mature steam-injection-flow profiling and conformance-control solutions. These fiber-optic systems have used custom-designed fiber-optic bundles of multimode and single-mode fibers for distributed-temperature sensing (DTS) and distributed-acoustic sensing (DAS), respectively. Fiber-optic systems were also installed in a steam-injection-test-flow loop. All the optical fibers successfully acquired data in the wells and flow loop, measuring temperature and acoustic energy. A portfolio of algorithms and signal-processing techniques was developed to interpret the DTS and DAS data for quantitative steam-injection-flow profiling. The heavily instrumented flow-loop environment was used to characterize DTS and DAS response in a design-of-experiment (DOE) matrix to improve the flow-profiling algorithms. These algorithms are dependent on independent physical principles derived from multiphase flow, thermal hydraulic models, acoustic effects, large-data-array processing, and combinations of these methods for both transient and steady-state steam flow. A high-confidence flow profile is computed using the convergence of the algorithms. The flow-profiling-algorithm results were further validated using 11 short-offset injector observation wells wells in the reservoir that confirmed steam movement near the injectors.

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Feder, Judy. "Study Reviews Advances in Downhole Fiber-Optic Modeling and Analytics." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 05 (May 1, 2021): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0521-0054-jpt.

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 200826, “Recent Advances in Downhole Fiber-Optics Modeling and Analytics: Case Studies,” by Derek S. Bale, SPE, Rajani P. Satti, SPE, and Roberto Failla, SPE, Baker Hughes, et al., prepared for the 2020 SPE Western Regional Meeting, originally scheduled to be held in Bakersfield, California, 27 April–1 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The upstream industry has witnessed significant breakthroughs in developing and deploying permanent, on-demand, and distributed temperature and acoustic fiber-optic monitoring systems to optimize well completions and enhance production. Beyond steady advances in hardware, challenges associated with the analysis of distributed optical data are being addressed to enable delivery of value-driven solutions and services. The complete paper discusses a methodology for integrating intelligent completion and production systems with a modeling and analytics framework for efficient development of fiber-optic-based data-interpretation services for complex downhole environments. Introduction During the last 30 years, the industry has found novel ways to apply fiber-optic technology to monitor in-well events, operations, and critical parameters. Recently, applications including the need to maximize hydrocarbon recovery, remotely manage assets for improved cost-efficiency and safety, and reduce carbon footprint have accelerated the adoption of fiber-optic-based systems. Specific to wellbore completions, the confluence of increased durability and reliability of downhole fiber-optic systems, computer processing speed, and the ability to couple fiber sensors to completion and production equipment has led to significant growth in several applications. Fiber-optic techniques such as distributed temperature sensing (DTS) and distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) have proved particularly successful for applications such as injection and production profiling, well-integrity monitoring, leak detection, perforation cluster efficiency, and fracture monitoring. For all the benefits delivered by downhole fiber-optic technology, challenges specific to data transmission and storage remain, in particular with regard to data analysis and interpretation, that must be understood to fully enable delivery of value-generating solutions. These challenges are illustrated in Fig. 1 of the complete paper. Philosophy and Description of Solutions The solutions to the challenges described previously need to be downhole-tool-centric, cost-effective, and time-efficient. The complete paper is focused on presenting a methodology that follows a scientific and pragmatic work flow and demonstrating successful applications using a combination of intelligent downhole hardware and advanced modeling and analytics. The methodology begins with designing and developing intelligent downhole tools capable of providing the necessary data to enhance or optimize production, mitigate risk, and improve operational efficiency. Intelligent downhole tools can include interval control valves, downhole pressure and temperature gauges, connectors, control units, and cables, and are deployed into a complex downhole environment. As these smart tools are run downhole, fiber-optic cables are deployed in tandem to acquire continuous, spatially distributed data (i.e., strain, temperature, or acoustic) along the completion.

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van de Giesen, Nick, Susan C. Steele-Dunne, Jop Jansen, Olivier Hoes, Mark B. Hausner, Scott Tyler, and John Selker. "Double-Ended Calibration of Fiber-Optic Raman Spectra Distributed Temperature Sensing Data." Sensors 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2012): 5471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120505471.

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Benítez-Buelga, Javier, Chadi Sayde, Leonor Rodríguez-Sinobas, and John S. Selker. "Heated Fiber Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing: A Dual-Probe Heat-Pulse Approach." Vadose Zone Journal 13, no. 11 (November 2014): vzj2014.02.0014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2014.02.0014.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fiber optic distributed temperature sensing'

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