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Journal articles on the topic 'Fiber optic instrumentation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Lee, Wanku, Jongseo Lee, Craig Henderson, Henry F. Taylor, Ray James, Chung E. Lee, Victor Swenson, Robert A. Atkins, and William G. Gemeiner. "Railroad bridge instrumentation with fiber-optic sensors." Applied Optics 38, no. 7 (March 1, 1999): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.38.001110.

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2

Lowry, S., T. May, A. Bornstein, Y. Weissman, R. Harman, and I. Tugenthaft. "New Accessory for Characterizing Optical Fibers with an FT-IR Spectrometer." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 7 (July 1994): 852–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702944030017.

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An accessory has been designed for FT-IR spectroscopy that can be used to measure the optical properties of fiber-optic cables or serve as an interface for remote sensing probes that use fiber optics. This accessory utilizes compound parabolic concentrators (CPCs) to focus the energy from the spectrometer into the optical fiber and to also refocus the energy returning to the spectrometer onto the detector. The design was optimized for the high acceptance angle of chalcogenide mid-IR fibers. However, the use of nonimaging concentrators yields an all-reflecting system that can be used to characterize fibers with different spectral transmission ranges. This accessory has been used to investigate the spectral response, cladding effects, and impurities in various optical fibers.

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3

Avdoshin, E. S. "Fiber-optic refractometer." Measurement Techniques 33, no. 4 (April 1990): 330–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00867819.

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4

Lee, Seunghun, Hyerin Song, Heesang Ahn, Seungchul Kim, Jong-ryul Choi, and Kyujung Kim. "Fiber-Optic Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors Based on Nanomaterials." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030819.

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Applying fiber-optics on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors is aimed at practical usability over conventional SPR sensors. Recently, field localization techniques using nanostructures or nanoparticles have been investigated on optical fibers for further sensitivity enhancement and significant target selectivity. In this review article, we explored varied recent research approaches of fiber-optics based localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensors. The article contains interesting experimental results using fiber-optic LSPR sensors for three different application categories: (1) chemical reactions measurements, (2) physical properties measurements, and (3) biological events monitoring. In addition, novel techniques which can create synergy combined with fiber-optic LSPR sensors were introduced. The review article suggests fiber-optic LSPR sensors have lots of potential for measurements of varied targets with high sensitivity. Moreover, the previous results show that the sensitivity enhancements which can be applied with creative varied plasmonic nanomaterials make it possible to detect minute changes including quick chemical reactions and tiny molecular activities.

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5

Carroll, Mary K., and Gary M. Hieftje. "New Fiber-Optic-Based Instrumentation for the Measurement of Low-Temperature Phosphorescence Intensities and Lifetimes." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 1 (January 1992): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924444326.

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New fiber-optic instrumentation for phosphorescence-lifetime determinations and for steady-state phosphorescence measurements is shown to perform comparably to conventional instrumentation. The importance of optimal glass formation in the fiber-optic sample cell is considered in some detail. Detection limits for acetophenone, benzophenone, and p-nitrophenol are reported, and phosphorescence lifetimes are measured for several compounds, with values ranging from 2.5 ms to 4.7 s.

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6

Hochberg, Richard C. "Fiber-optic sensors." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement IM-35, no. 4 (December 1986): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.1986.6499114.

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7

Kulchin, Yu N., S. S. Voznesenskiy, E. L. Gamayunov, A. S. Gurin, A. A. Korotenko, and A. Yu Maior. "An immersible fiber-optic fluorometer." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 50, no. 6 (November 2007): 828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020441207060206.

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8

Ferrell, Douglas J. "Instrumentation systems for passive fiber optic chemical sensors." Optical Engineering 32, no. 3 (1993): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.60858.

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9

Zasovin, �. A. "Amplitude fiber-optic sensors." Measurement Techniques 35, no. 1 (January 1992): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00977882.

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10

Michael Angel, S., H. Trey Skinner, and Brian J. Marquardt. "Imaging Spectroscopy Using Fiber Optics." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 845–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600011119.

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Optical fiber probes are routinely used with optical spectrometers to allow measurements to be made on remotely located samples. In most of these systems, however, the optical fibers are used as non-imaging “light pipes” for the transmission of laser light, and luminescence or Raman signals to and from the sample. Thus, while these systems are suitable for remote spectroscopy, they are limited to single-point measurements. In a recent paper, we showed that a small-diameter (i.e., 350 μm) coherent optical fiber bundle can be combined with an AOTF-based imaging spectrometer for fluorescence and Raman spectral micro-imaging with increased flexibility in terms of sample positioning and in-situ capabilities. The previous paper described the operation of the fiber-optic microimaging probe and AOTF imaging system and showed preliminary Raman and fluorescence images for model compounds with 4 μm resolution. We have extended this work to include a discussion of the lateral and vertical spatial resolution of the fiber-optic microprobe in a non-contact proximity-focused configuration.

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11

Moreau, Frédérick, Sandrine M. Moreau, Dennis M. Hueber, and Tuan Vo-Dinh. "Fiber-Optic Remote Multisensor System Based on an Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter (AOTF)." Applied Spectroscopy 50, no. 10 (October 1996): 1295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963904917.

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This paper describes a new fiber-optic multisensor based on an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) and capable of remote sensing using a multioptical fiber array (MOFA). A two-dimensional charge-coupled device (CCD) was used as a detector, and the AOTF was used as a wavelength selector. Unlike a tunable grating or prism-based monochromator, an AOTF has no moving parts, and an AOTF can be rapidly tuned to any wavelength in its operating range within microseconds. The large aperture of the AOTF allows the optical signal from over 100 fiber-optic sensors to be measured simultaneously. These characteristics, combined with their small size, make AOTFs an important new alternative to conventional monochromators, especially for spectral multisensing and imaging. A prototype fiber-optic multisensor system has been developed, and its feasibility for simultaneous detection of molecular luminescence signal via fiber-optic probes is demonstrated.

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12

Bello, J. M., and T. Vo-Dinh. "Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Fiber-Optic Sensor." Applied Spectroscopy 44, no. 1 (January 1990): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702904085877.

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A fiber-optic system was developed for exciting and collecting surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals generated from a sensing plate tip having silver-coated microparticles deposited on a glass support. Various fiber parameters, such as fiber type, fiber-substrate geometry, and other experimental parameters, were investigated to obtain the optimum conditions for the SERS fiber-optic device. In addition, analytical figures of merit relevant to the performance of the SERS fiber-optic sensor, such as SERS spectral characteristics, reproducibility, linear dynamic range, and limit of detection, were also investigated.

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13

Alarie, J. P., D. L. Stokes, W. S. Sutherland, A. C. Edwards, and T. Vo-Dinh. "Intensified Charge Coupled Device-Based Fiber-Optic Monitor for Rapid Remote Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensing." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 11 (November 1992): 1608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924926736.

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This paper describes the development of an intensified charge coupled device (ICCD)-based fiber-optic monitor for remote Raman and surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) sensing. Both Raman and SERS data were obtained with the use of a fiber-optic probe design incorporating 20-m optical fibers carrying the Raman signal. Spectra were obtained in 5 milliseconds for Raman and 9 ms for SERS. The proposed system could be used for a highly sensitive portable Raman system for rapid and remote chemical sensing.

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14

Chiuchiolo, A., H. Bajas, M. Bajko, B. Castaldo, M. Consales, A. Cusano, M. Giordano, et al. "Cryogenic test facility instrumentation with fiber optic and fiber optic sensors for testing superconducting accelerator magnets." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 278 (December 2017): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/278/1/012082.

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15

Fu, Tairan, Peng Tan, Chuanhe Pang, Huan Zhao, and Yi Shen. "Fast fiber-optic multi-wavelength pyrometer." Review of Scientific Instruments 82, no. 6 (June 2011): 064902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3596567.

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16

Meyer, G. D., T. P. Ortiz, A. L. Costello, J. A. Brozik, and J. W. Kenney. "Simple fiber optic coupled luminescence cryostat." Review of Scientific Instruments 73, no. 12 (December 2002): 4369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1520730.

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17

Denisov, I. V., V. A. Sedov, and N. A. Rybal'chenko. "A Fiber-Optic Microbending Temperature Sensor." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 48, no. 5 (September 2005): 683–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10786-005-0123-x.

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18

Zhao, Jinlei, Tengfei Bao, and Tribikram Kundu. "Wide Range Fiber Displacement Sensor Based on Bending Loss." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4201870.

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A wide range fiber optic sensor system for displacement and crack monitoring is developed. In the proposed fiber optic sensor system, a number of fiber loops are formed from a single fiber and each fiber loop is used as a crack or displacement sensor. The feasibility and the dynamic range of the fiber sensor developed in this manner are investigated experimentally. Both glass fibers and plastic fibers are used in the experiments. Experimental results show that the new fiber optic sensor has a wide range (maximum range is 88 mm) and this sensor also has a high sensitivity for displacement and crack monitoring when an appropriate diameter of the fiber loop is selected as the sensor. Moreover, the proposed method is very simple and has low cost, so in situ application potential of the proposed sensor is high.

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19

Lin, Jie, and Chris W. Brown. "Near-IR Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensor." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 1 (January 1993): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934048424.

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A fiber-optic temperature sensor based on the perturbations of near-IR water bands has been developed. These fiber-optic sensors are very simple and readily fabricated. Models for expressing temperature can be developed by linear regression (LR) of the absorbance at one selected wavenumber, by multilinear regression (MLR) of the absorbances at several selected wavenumbers, or by principal component regression (PCR) using entire spectra. The standard errors of prediction for temperature are 0.53 to 1.64°C for the LR model, 0.22 to 0.85°C for the MLR model, and 0.16 to 0.32°C for the PCR model over a temperature range of 5 to 85°C. Potentially, these fiber-optic sensors can be used in the remote sensing of temperature and in hostile electrical environments.

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20

Prince, Barry J., Nadejda T. Kaltcheva, Alan W. Schwabacher, and Peter Geissinger. "Fluorescent Fiber-Optic Sensor Arrays Probed Utilizing Evanescent Fiber-Fiber Coupling." Applied Spectroscopy 55, no. 8 (August 2001): 1018–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702011952910.

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21

Iwasaki, T. "Coherent fiber optic relectometer." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 40, no. 2 (April 1991): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.1990.1032921.

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22

Mann, M. P., S. Mark, Y. Raichlin, A. Katzir, and S. Mordechai. "Optimization of Fiber-Optic Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy: A Monte Carlo Approach." Applied Spectroscopy 63, no. 9 (September 2009): 1057–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370209789379349.

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The absorbance of the evanescent waves of infrared radiation transmitted through an optical fiber depends on the geometry of the fiber in addition to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation. The signal can thus be enhanced by flattening the midsection of the fiber. While the dependence of the absorbance on the thickness of the midsection has already been studied and experimented upon, we demonstrate that similar results are obtained using Monte Carlo methods based simply on geometrical optics, given the dimensions of the fiber and the power distribution of the fired rays. The optimization can be extended to fibers with more complex geometries of the sensor.

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23

Shen, Wei, Xiaowei Wu, Hongyun Meng, Guanbin Zhang, and Xuguang Huang. "Long distance fiber-optic displacement sensor based on fiber collimator." Review of Scientific Instruments 81, no. 12 (December 2010): 123104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3518971.

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24

Belotserkovskii, �. N. "Fiber-optic liquid level meter." Measurement Techniques 31, no. 5 (May 1988): 462–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00864473.

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25

Kul'chin, Yu N., O. B. Vitrik, O. V. Kirichenko, and Yu S. Petrov. "Quasidistributed fiber-optic interferometric pickups." Measurement Techniques 37, no. 1 (January 1994): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01418903.

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26

Potapov, V. T., D. A. Sedykh, and A. A. Sokolovskii. "Fiber-optic interferometric displacement sensor." Measurement Techniques 31, no. 6 (June 1988): 561–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00867531.

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27

Richards-Kortum, Rebecca, Anthony Durkin, and Jing Zeng. "Description and Performance of a Fiber-Optic Confocal Fluorescence Spectrometer." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 3 (March 1994): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702944028227.

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We describe a fiber-optic-based confocal fluorescence spectrometer for obtaining depth-resolved, attenuated fluorescence emission spectra with lateral resolution of several microns and depth resolution of tens of microns. The confocal optics of the spectrometer are small, inexpensive, and easy to construct and to interface to existing spectrometers. We compare the performance of this system to that of conventional fluorescence spectrometers for nonscattering homogeneous and inhomogeneous samples. We demonstrate that the confocal measurements readily provide information about the sample geometry and optical properties not available from nonconfocal measurements. Potential applications of the technique are discussed.

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28

Thompson, Richard B., Michael Levine, and Lynne Kondracki. "Component Selection for Fiber-Optic Fluorometry." Applied Spectroscopy 44, no. 1 (January 1990): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702904085958.

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A wide variety of fiber-optic sensors based on fluorescence have been developed for important applications in the last few years. Unfortunately, no systematic study describing an optimized design has appeared. A fiber-optic fluorescence sensor testbed was constructed, and different optical designs and components were compared for sensitivity in detecting fluorescence. Different beamsplitters, launching objectives, filters, detectors, and configurations were evaluated on the basis of their measured signal-to-noise ratio in detecting 100 picomolar fluorescein. Sources of noise and background were identified, and generally applicable means for minimizing them are described.

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29

Krska, R., K. Taga, and R. Kellner. "New IR Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensor for in Situ Measurements of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Water." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 9 (September 1993): 1484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067423.

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In this work the development and validation of a new MIR fiber-optic physicochemical sensor system for the continuous in situ analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) in water is described. This study took advantage of the selectivity and sensitivity of fiber evanescent wave spectroscopy (FEWS) and the recent development of polycrystalline silver halide fibers. Since these fibers are transparent up to 20 μm, it was possible for the first time to develop a fiber-optic sensing system for CHCs, which have their strongest absorption bands > 10 μm. The silver halide fibers were coated with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to enrich the CHC within the evanescent wave and to exclude the IR absorbing water from the measurement. For the quantitative in situ FEWS measurements, the coated silver halide fibers were coupled to a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer using an off-axis parabolic mirror and a fiber-detector coupling system. This setup enabled the simultaneous in situ detection of the most common chlorinated hydrocarbons in concentrations between 1 to 50 mg/L in water by employing a fiber sensing part only 10 cm in length. A comparative analysis of waste water samples under participation of two experienced head space-gas chromatography (HSGC) laboratories showed good agreement of this continuous sensor system with the established standard techniques. The resulting working curve for tetrachloroethylene showed a correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.968 and a relative standard deviation of 17% in the range from 1 to 10 ppm.

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30

Woerdeman, Dara L., and Richard S. Parnas. "Model of a Fiber-Optic Evanescent-Wave Fluorescence Sensor." Applied Spectroscopy 55, no. 3 (March 2001): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702011951731.

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A fiber-optic cure sensor based on evanescent-wave fluorescence spectroscopy has been designed to probe the interphase region of glass-reinforced composites. The size of the interphase can vary significantly, depending on the exact nature of the fiber surface treatment and its interaction with the surrounding resin matrix. In this study, a model based on mode coupling theory is developed to determine whether the fiber provides information about the bulk resin or the interphase between the fiber and the matrix. Model predictions include the fraction of fluorescence signal collected as a function of radial distance from the optical fiber surface. In all cases the refractive index of the fiber is 1.617, the value measured for the fiber used in experiments, while the refractive index of the resin varies from 1.56 to 1.615, values representative of curing epoxy resin. In addition, the penetration depths of the excitation modes are analyzed as a function of the mode group number, as well as the root number, for two resin refractive indices. The dependence of the fluorescence signal on selected excitation and fluorescence modes is also investigated. Finally, we examine the role of coupling optics by analyzing the relationship between penetration depth and the angle between the excitation beam and fiber axis.

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31

Cooney, Thomas F., H. Trey Skinner, and S. M. Angel. "Comparative Study of Some Fiber-Optic Remote Raman Probe Designs. Part I: Model for Liquids and Transparent Solids." Applied Spectroscopy 50, no. 7 (July 1996): 836–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963905592.

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We have developed models describing the sensitivity and sampling volume of various remote fiber-optic Raman probes—single-fiber, lensed, dual-fiber beveled-tip, dual-fiber flat-tipped, and multi-fiber flat-tipped. The models assume clear samples and incorporate radii, separation, bevel angle, and numerical aperture of the fibers; overlap geometry of illumination and excitation light cones; and refractive index of immersion medium. For the Raman spectra of solid samples in air, single-fiber and lensed probes are predicted to yield the highest Raman signal. Beveled probes should provide greater Raman signal strength than do flat-tipped probes because beveled probes can collect light from a restricted volume closer to the probe end. Although multiple collection fibers improve Raman signal strength, progressively distant concentric fiber rings contribute less and sample material further from the probe.

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32

Phillips, Brennan T., Nicholas Chaloux, Russell Shomberg, Adriana Muñoz-Soto, and Jim Owens. "The Fiber Optic Reel System: A Compact Deployment Solution for Tethered Live-Telemetry Deep-Sea Robots and Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 7 (April 4, 2021): 2526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072526.

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Tethered deep-sea robots and instrument platforms, such as Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and vertical-profiling or towed instrument arrays, commonly rely on fiber optics for real-time data transmission. Fiber optic tethers used for these applications are either heavily reinforced load-bearing cables used to support lifting and pulling, or bare optical fibers used in non-load bearing applications. Load-bearing tethers directly scale operations for deep-sea robots as the cable diameter, mass, and length typically require heavy winches and large surface support vessels to operate, and also guide the design of the deep-sea robot itself. In an effort to dramatically reduce the physical scale and operational overhead of tethered live-telemetry deep-sea robots and sensors, we have developed the Fiber Optic Reel System (FOReelS). FOReelS utilizes a customized electric fishing reel outfitted with a proprietary hollow-core braided fiber optic fishing line and mechanical termination assembly (FOFL), which offers an extremely small diameter (750 μm) load-bearing (90 lb/400 N breaking strength) tether to support live high-bandwidth data transmission as well as fiber optic sensing applications. The system incorporates a novel epoxy potted data payload system (DPS) that includes high-definition video, integrated lighting, rechargeable battery power, and gigabit ethernet fiber optic telemetry. In this paper we present the complete FOReelS design and field demonstrations to depths exceeding 780 m using small coastal support vessels of opportunity. FOReelS is likely the smallest form factor live-telemetry deep-sea exploration tool currently in existence, with a broad range of future applications envisioned for oceanographic sensing and communication.

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33

Lewis, Ian R., and Peter R. Griffiths. "Raman Spectrometry with Fiber-Optic Sampling." Applied Spectroscopy 50, no. 10 (October 1996): 12A—30A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963904908.

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34

Perry, Alexander S., and George M. Murray. "In-Line Fiber-Optic Light Filter." Applied Spectroscopy 57, no. 6 (June 2003): 722–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370203322005445.

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35

Tenge, Brad, B. R. Buchanan, and D. E. Honigs. "Calibration in the Fiber Optic Region of the Near-Infrared." Applied Spectroscopy 41, no. 5 (July 1987): 779–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702874448409.

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Chemical sensing in remote, hostile environments is possible with optical fiber technology. Telecommunications optical fiber transmits light in the near-infrared region. The least amount of attenuation of transmitted power is between 1050 nm and 1600 nm. It is a natural step to apply near-infrared analysis techniques to data remotely collected over optical fibers. A feasibility study is conducted to see how well calibration techniques, Multiple Linear Regression with either Step-up search or All Possible Combinations search, perform in the fiber optic region of the near-infrared. Calibration in the 1131–1531 nm region is compared to calibration in the 1131–2531 nm region. The latter region is considered more information-rich than the former. In spite of this, examination of the predictive power of calibration models formed strictly from fiberoptic-region absorbance data indicates that this region contains useful analytical informaton.

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36

Weisbrich, Martin, Klaus Holschemacher, and Thomas Bier. "Comparison of different fiber coatings for distributed strain measurement in cementitious matrices." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 9, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-189-2020.

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Abstract. Distributed fiber optic strain measurement based on Rayleigh scattering has recently become increasingly popular in automotive and mechanical engineering for strain monitoring and in the construction industry, especially structural health monitoring. This technology enables the monitoring of strain along the entire fiber length. This article addresses integrating optical fibers of different coatings into the concrete matrix to measure the shrinkage deformations. However, previous studies do not give a clear statement about the strain transfer losses of fiber optic sensors in this application. In this context, three different coating types were investigated regarding their strain transfer. The fibers were integrated into fine-grained concrete prisms, and the shrinkage strain was compared with a precise dial gauge. The analysis shows a high correlation between the reference method and the fiber measurement, especially with the ORMOCER® coating. The acrylate coating used is also consistent in the middle area of the specimen but requires a certain strain introduction length to indicate the actual strain. The main result of this study is a recommendation for fiber coatings for shrinkage measurement in fine-grain concretes using the distributed fiber optic strain measurement. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the measurement method are presented.

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37

Garrido-Varo, Ana, Ana Sánchez-Bonilla, Francisco Maroto-Molina, Cecilia Riccioli, and Dolores Pérez-Marín. "Long-Length Fiber Optic Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy Probes for On-Line Quality Control of Processed Land Animal Proteins." Applied Spectroscopy 72, no. 8 (June 13, 2018): 1170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702817752111.

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This research was conducted using a spectral database comprising 346 samples of processed animal proteins (PAPs) with a range of compositions, analyzed using a Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy multichannel instrument (Matrix-F, Bruker Optics) coupled to a 100 m fiber optic cable. Using both its static and dynamic operating modes (on a conveyor belt), simulating the movement of the product in the plant, the predictive capabilities of both modes of analysis were assessed and compared, for the purposes of predicting moisture, protein, and ashes. The results show that both exhibit highly similar degrees of precision and accuracy for predicting these parameters. This research provides a foundation of scientific-technical knowledge, hitherto unknown, regarding the “on-line” incorporation of an instrument (equipped with a 100 m fiber optic cable) into a processing plant of by-products of animal origin.

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38

Zhu, Zhong Yuan, and M. Cecilia Yappert. "Determination of the Effective Depth for Double-Fiber Fluorometric Sensors." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 6 (June 1992): 919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924124358.

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The relationship between the relative fluorescence signal excited and collected with a double-fiber optic sensor and the sample depth has been investigated. The complexity of the analytical expressions for the relative fluorescence signal and the effective depth was reduced by deriving a set of semi-empirical equations which can be evaluated in a simple fashion. These expressions take into account the configuration of the sensor, i.e., fiber diameter, acceptance angle, and separation between fibers. The expressions were tested with the use of double-fiber sensors with different diameters and separations between fibers. The reduction of the effective depth in solutions with significant absorbance was evaluated.

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39

Victor, Mark A., and Stanley R. Crouch. "Absorbance-Corrected Synchronous Fluorescence with a Fiber-Optic-Based Fluorometer." Applied Spectroscopy 49, no. 7 (July 1995): 1041–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953964778.

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Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy is frequently used to resolve multiple components in mixtures without separation. However, uncompensated inner-filter effects can lead to unexpected and/or large quantitative errors. An instrument and a method that correct for primary and secondary inner-filter effects in synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy have been designed and characterized. A bifurcated fiber-optic-based diode array fluorometer that simultaneously measures front-surface fluorescence and absorbance was constructed. A transfer function that mathematically describes the coupling efficiency between the excitation and emission legs of the fiber optics is defined and characterized. Once characterized, such a fluorometer is capable of calculating what the fluorescence measurement would be in the absence of inner-filter effects. Several experimental procedures for determining the instrument's transfer function are compared and discussed. Applications of the various procedures to experimental fluorescence inner-filter corrections to problematic samples are demonstrated.

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40

Del Villar, I., I. R. Matias, F. J. Arregui, and R. O. Claus. "Fiber-optic hydrogen peroxide nanosensor." IEEE Sensors Journal 5, no. 3 (June 2005): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2005.846182.

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41

Berg, John M., Karen C. Rau, D. Kirk Veirs, Laura A. Worl, James T. McFarlan, and Dallas D. Hill. "Performance of Fiber-Optic Raman Probes for Analysis of Gas Mixtures in Enclosures." Applied Spectroscopy 56, no. 1 (January 2002): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702021954250.

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The feasibility of using fiber-optic Raman probes to identify and quantify gases in enclosures is investigated by measuring and comparing detection thresholds using several probe and enclosure designs. Unfiltered, non-imaging, fiber-optic probes are shown to achieve lower detection thresholds than a filtered, imaging, fiberoptic probe, provided that light scattering within the sample enclosure is minimized and provided that a window is not used between the probe and the analyte gas. Achievable thresholds for hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane in gas mixtures are demonstrated to be below 1 kPa with ten seconds signal acquisition and 0.1 kPa with twenty minutes signal acquisition with the use of 0.4 W of 532-nm excitation. Ambient carbon dioxide in air (.03 kPa) is shown to be detectable in a twenty minute acquisition, and ambient water vapor is well above the detection threshold. Background signals generated within the optical fibers remain the principal factors limiting detection thresholds. Factors affecting the magnitudes of these signals reaching the detector are investigated and discussed. A flat piece of light-absorbing colored glass tilted to direct reflected light away from the fiber-optic probe performs well as a beam stop to reduce background signal in a simple, cylindrical sample enclosure.

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Zak, E. A., and A. L. Tub. "Designing reflectometric fiber-optic displacement sensors." Measurement Techniques 40, no. 1 (January 1997): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02505162.

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Zhminchenko, S. M., V. L. Nazarov, and N. N. Sebekina. "Fiber-optic sensors with UHF subcarriers." Measurement Techniques 34, no. 12 (December 1991): 1264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00982570.

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44

Kul’chin, Yu N., S. S. Voznesenskii, E. L. Gamayunov, A. S. Gurin, A. A. Korotenko, A. Yu Mayor, and O. A. Bukin. "Fiber optic fluorometer with dipping module." Measurement Techniques 51, no. 1 (January 2008): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-008-0008-z.

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45

Mirovitskii, D. I. "Multiplexing systems for fiber-optic sensors." Measurement Techniques 35, no. 1 (January 1992): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00977883.

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46

Sorokovikov, V. N., and V. T. Novikov. "A fiber-optic pressure-gradient sensor." Measurement Techniques 34, no. 11 (November 1991): 1139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00979693.

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47

Ernst, Wolfgang E., Dave F. Farson, and D. Jason Sames. "Determination of Copper in A533b Steel for the Assessment of Radiation Embrittlement Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 50, no. 3 (March 1996): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963906294.

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Determination of radiation embrittlement in nuclear reactor pressure vessels is crucial to assessing safe operative lifetimes for many aging nuclear power plants. Conservative nuclear fluence estimates and trace impurity diagnosis of the weldment material are the basis of radiation embrittlement analysis. Copper is thought to be a key impurity contributing to radiation embrittlement. In this paper, the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a means to assess radiation embrittlement by the detection and quantification of copper in A553b steel was investigated. A LIBS configuration completely coupled by fiber optics was attempted, but because of low laser power and fiber losses, fiber-optic delivery of the laser beam was unsuccessful. Consequently, hard optics (lenses and mirrors) were employed for laser beam delivery. The plasma emission was delivered successfully via fiber optics to the detection apparatus. Copper measurements were made from custom-fabricated steel samples. Comparison of the LIBS results to an independent atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) analysis showed LIBS to be of comparable accuracy, especially in low-level copper samples.

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48

Angel, S. M., D. G. Garvis, S. K. Sharma, and A. Seki. "Field Applications of Fiber-Optic Sensors. Part I: Temperature Measurements in a Geothermal Well." Applied Spectroscopy 43, no. 3 (March 1989): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894202922.

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We have initiated a program for developing and field testing fiber-optics-based sensors to monitor in situ physical and chemical parameters in highly corrosive environments, such as geothermal wells, oil wells, and hot-water boiler reactors. Inability to sample hot geothermal wells or to measure the chemical composition of hot brines limits our understanding of in situ conditions in geothermal fields. In this communication, we report preliminary results obtained with a temperature optrode to profile the temperature in a geothermal steam well. To our best knowledge, this is the first time in situ geothermal well measurements have been made with the use of a fiber-optic sensor.

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Koch, Cosima, Andreas E. Posch, Christoph Herwig, and Bernhard Lendl. "Comparison of Fiber Optic and Conduit Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Setup for In-Line Fermentation Monitoring." Applied Spectroscopy 70, no. 12 (November 19, 2016): 1965–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702816662618.

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The performance of a fiber optic and an optical conduit in-line attenuated total reflection mid-infrared (IR) probe during in situ monitoring of Penicillium chrysogenum fermentation were compared. The fiber optic probe was connected to a sealed, portable, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) process spectrometer via a plug-and-play interface. The optical conduit, on the other hand, was connected to a FT-IR process spectrometer via a knuckled probe with mirrors that had to be adjusted prior to each fermentation, which were purged with dry air. Penicillin V (PenV) and its precursor phenoxyacetic acid (POX) concentrations were determined by online high-performance liquid chromatography and the obtained concentrations were used as reference to build partial least squares regression models. Cross-validated root-mean-square errors of prediction were found to be 0.2 g L−1 (POX) and 0.19 g L−1 (PenV) for the fiber optic setup and 0.17 g L−1 (both POX and PenV) for the conduit setup. Higher noise-levels and spectrum-to-spectrum variations of the fiber optic setup lead to higher noise of estimated (i.e., unknown) POX and PenV concentrations than was found for the conduit setup. It seems that trade-off has to be made between ease of handling (fiber optic setup) and measurement accuracy (optical conduit setup) when choosing one of these systems for bioprocess monitoring.

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Forsyth, D. I., T. Sun, K. T. V. Grattan, S. A. Wade, and S. F. Collins. "Characteristics of doped optical fiber for fluorescence-based fiber optic temperature systems." Review of Scientific Instruments 74, no. 12 (December 2003): 5212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1623624.

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