Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fiber ropes'

Energy is lost when a rope transfers from a slack state to a taut state. This transfer is called a snap load and can be very violent. It is proposed to use synthetic fiber ropes as a type of passive control device in new or existing structures to mitigate seismic response. Experimental static and snap load (dynamic) tests were conducted on various synthetic fiber ropes. An eleven-foot-tall drop tower was built in the Virginia Tech Structures and Materials Laboratory in order to conduct these tests. Force and acceleration of the drop plate, which slides vertically within the drop tower, were measured with respect to time for all dynamic tests. Acceleration data was integrated using the trapezoidal or midpoint rule to obtain velocity and displacement values. Plots were made for each test in order to give a better representation of the results. These plots include representations of force and acceleration vs. time, force vs. absolute displacement, force vs. velocity, and force, acceleration, velocity, and displacement vs. time (during the initial taut phase only). Test results show that energy was dissipated in all of the dynamic drop tests, which was expected. Also, the displacement of each rope did not return to zero at the same time that the force returned to zero after the initial snap load. This proves that the ropes undergo some permanent elongation under load. The stiffness of each rope increased with continuous testing. As more tests are conducted on each rope, the strands are pulled tighter into the braided configuration, which causes the rope to become stiffer.
Master of Science

When a rope quickly transfers from a slack state to a taut state, a snapping action occurs and produces a large tensile force which is known as a snap load. Energy is dissipated during this snap load, and it is proposed to use synthetic fiber ropes as a type of passive earthquake damper in order to take advantage of this phenomenon. This thesis is the second phase of a multi-stage research project whose goal is to investigate and develop what will be known as Snapping-Cable Energy Dissipators (SCEDs). The experimental data that was collected in the Master'­s Thesis of Nicholas Pearson was organized and analyzed as a part of this research in order to evaluate the behavior of the ropes during the snapping action. Additional tests were also conducted for this project under more controlled conditions in order to better understand how the ropes change throughout a sequence of similar snap loadings and also to determine the amount of energy that is dissipated. The data from both projects was then used as input parameters for a mathematical model that was developed to characterize the behavior of the ropes during a snap load. This model will be utilized in subsequent research involving the finite element analysis of the seismic response of structural frames containing SCEDs.
Master of Science

Blast resistance has recently become increasingly relevant for structural engineers. Blast loads are created by explosive devices that, upon detonation, create pressure loads that are much higher than most that a structure would ever experience. While there are many types of blast loads that are impossible to adequately prepare for, methods are presently being developed to mitigate these loads. This research investigates the possibility of using synthetic fiber ropes as a means of blast resistance. This is the third phase of a multi-stage research endeavor whose goal is to analyze Snapping-Cable Energy Dissipators (SCEDs) for reducing the effects of large-scale lateral loads.

Finite element models of portal frames were developed using the commercial finite element program ABAQUS and dynamic models were run for varying blasts and frame systems. Blast pressures of 100, 2,000, and 4,000 psi were applied to a steel portal frame and comparisons were made between unbraced frames and frames braced with springs of different stiffnesses. Additional tests were run to examine the effects of strain rate dependent yield on the results of the models. Parallel research is being conducted on the specific material behavior of the synthetic fiber ropes so that the models developed for this research can be revised for a more accurate determination of the effects of the ropes on structural systems subjected to blast loads.
Master of Science

Movement of a bridge superstructure during a seismic event can result in damage to the bridge or even collapse of the span. An incapacitated bridge is a life-safety issue due directly to the damaged bridge and the possible loss of a life-line. A lost bridge can be expensive to repair at a time when a region's resources are most strained and a compromised commercial route could result in losses to the regional economy. This thesis investigates the use of Snapping-Cable Energy Dissipators (SCEDs) to restrain a simply supported single span bridge subjected to three-dimensional seismic loads. SCEDs are synthetic fiber ropes that undergo a slack to taut transition when loaded. Finite element models of six simply supported spans were developed in the commercial finite element program ABAQUS. Two seismic records of the 1940 Imperial Valley and 1994 Northridge earthquakes were scaled to 0.7g PGA and applied at the boundaries of the structure. The SCEDs were modeled as nonlinear springs with an initial slackness of 12.7mm. Comparisons of analyses without SCEDs were made to determine how one-dimensional, axial ground motion and three-dimensional ground motion affect bridge response. Analysis were then run to determine the effectiveness of the SCEDs at restraining bridge motion during strong ground motion. The SCEDs were found to be effective at restraining the spans during strong three-dimensional ground motion.
Master of Science

The presented research investigated the viability of a double-braided synthetic fiber rope for providing improved performance of steel moment frames subjected to earthquake-induced ground motions. A series of experimental tests, including a 1:3-scale dynamic test and 1:6-scale shaking table tests, was conducted using Northridge ground-motion input. A series of nonlinear dynamic analytical studies, using DRAIN-2DX, was conducted to develop the experimental tests. Throughout experimental testing, the ropes exhibited a hyper-elastic loading response and a reduced-stiffness unloading response. A conditioning cycle was defined as a loading cycle induced in the rope above the highest load expected to be experienced by the rope, and was determined to be requisite for ropes intended to be used for the stated objectives of the research program. After experiencing a conditioning cycle, the rope response returned to initial conditions without permanent deformation, demonstrating repeatability of response through several loading cycles below the conditioning load. In the 1:6-scale shaking-table experiments, the ropes drastically improved the performance of the steel moment frames. Maximum and residual drift were reduced significantly, with a corresponding minimal increase to the maximum base shear. Base shear was reduced at several peaks subsequent to the initial pulse of the Northridge ground-motion input. The analytical model developed was excellent for predicting elastic response of the 1:6-scale shaking table experiments and adequate for the purpose of planning shaking table studies. Correlation of peak rope forces between the analytical model and experimental results was poor, and was attributed to limitations of the pre-defined elements used to represent the rope devices in the software program. The inability of the elements to capture the complex unloading response of the rope was specifically noted.
Ph. D.

Seismic design of guyed masts, commonly used in the broadcasting and telecommunications industries, has not been fully addressed in the United States. There is no specific design code, and only a limited amount of research has been reported on the subject. This research investigates the behavior of guyed masts incorporating synthetic ropes as guys, with a particular focus on the effect of snap loads on the mast behavior. This is the third phase of a multi-stage project aimed at analyzing the potential for Snapping-Cable Energy Dissipators (SCEDs) to minimize lateral response in structures. A finite element model of a 120-m-tall guyed mast was developed with the commercial program ABAQUS. The three-dimensional behavior of the mast was observed when subjected to two ground motion records: Northridge and El Centro. Three orthogonal earthquake components were input, two horizontal and one vertical. A series of parametric studies was conducted to determine the sensitivity of the response to guy pretension, which is a measure of the potential slackness in the guys during response. Additionally, the studies examined the effects of guy stiffness, mast properties, and directionality of input motion. Deflections, bending moments, guy tensions, and base shears were examined. The results were used to characterize the trends in the structural response of guyed masts. The level of slackness in the guys changed the behavior, and the lessons learned will be used to continue research on the application of SCEDs in structures.
Master of Science

Seile aus synthetischen Fasern gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung für fördertechnische Anwendungen. Wegen ihrer geringen Dichte und Biegesteifigkeit sowie den gleichzeitig mit Stahl vergleichbaren Zugfestigkeiten, haben sich Seile aus ultrahochmolekularen Polyethylenfasern (UHMW-PE) in vielen Anwendungen in der Seefahrt und im Offshore-Bereich durchgesetzt. Die grundsätzliche Eignung solcher Seile für technische Anwendungen, wie z.B. Kräne, Aufzüge, Windenanwendungen, wurde in wissenschaftlichen Studien bereits nachgewiesen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden hochfeste Polyethylenfasern verschiedener Hersteller daraufhin untersucht, in wie weit diese durch ihre Eigenschaftsprofile ebenfalls grundsätzlich für technische Anwendungen mit auftretenden Biegewechselbelastungen geeignet sind und welche Anwendungspotentiale sie bieten. Beginnend mit einem kurzen geschichtlichen Abriss über die Entwicklung von synthetischen Polymerfasern und den Einsatz der Fasern in Seilen für technische Anwendungen, sollen grundlegend die Herstellungsverfahren und Eigenschaften von Garnen aus ausgewählten UHMW Polyethylen verglichen werden. Im weiteren Verlauf werden Faserseile aus den gewählten Fasern hinsichtlich Zugfestigkeit, Biegewechselverhalten und Eignung zum Thermofixieren untersucht. Auftretende Effekte werden analysiert und auf die Eigenschaften der Fasern bzw. Garne zurückgeführt. Eine vergleichende Betrachtung der Materialkosten als Teil der gesamten Herstellungskosten der Seile bildet den Abschluss der Arbeit
This thesis covers investigations on the properties of ultrahigh-molecular-weight (UHMW) polyethylene fibers for use of manufacturing braided fiber ropes for conveyor and hoisting applications. The importance of synthetic fibres for conveying applications has increased during the last years. Due to the low density and bending stiffness at a strength that is comparable to steel, ropes made from high-strength UHMW polyethylene fibres have found their ways into several shipping and off-shore applications. The basic aptitude of UHMW polyethylene fibres to be used in applications like cranes, elevators and winch applications has already been proven in scientific works. Within this thesis, selected UHMW polyethylene fibres are investigated to determine how much their differing property profiles do influence their aptitude to be used in technical applications with cyclic bending loads and for which potentials for fields of application they might be appropriate. Starting with a short overview on the history of synthetic fibres and the use of such fibres in technical applications, manufacturing processes and properties of these fibres are to be compared. Further, fibre ropes, made from the selected fibres, are going to be investigated concerning their tensile strength, behaviour in cyclic bend-over-sheave tests and their aptitude to increase the strength by thermosetting. Occurring effects are going to be analysed and related to the properties of the yarns. A competitive view on the prices of the yarns regarding their portion of the total costs of rope manufacturing is finalising this work

This thesis presents the results of an investigation into the process of damage and failure in small diameter high performance synthetic fibre ropes namely Dyneema, Vectran and Technora ropes. This study was prompted by a series of fatal accidents on paragliders as a result of the line failure. All the different rope materials, including the rope with cover, without cover and the core with different number of strands, have been tensile tested. The transfer of loading and subsequent damage in different rope constituents, fibres and strands, are also discussed. The residual strength of the rope after static and cyclic preloading regimes is discussed and possible mechanisms for the damage accumulation in the rope are given. The acoustic emission monitoring of the tensile and residual strength tests shows distinctive differences between the different types of rope and permits the identification of characteristic effects of preloading on the tensile damage and failure mechanisms of all three materials. The process of damage in the Dyneema and Vectran is similar, in which damage progresses in steps during the loading history whereas Technora rope accumulates gradual increase in damage until the catastrophic failure. The application of the static preloading improves the strength of Dyneema and Vectran ropes whereas it deteriorates the mechanical properties of Technora rope. The cyclic response of Dyneema rope shows a dramatic downturn at lives in excess of 1000 cycles, but moderate cyclic loading improves the strength. The variation in surface temperature of Dyneema rope during tensile loading has been measured analysed and related to the process of damage. Dyneema fibres melt and fuse together under loading, since Dyneema is disadvantaged by its low melting temperature. Rope on rope abrasion tests, carried out on covered and uncovered Dyneema and Technora ropes, show that Dyneema rope has superior abrasion properties compared to Technora. This is due to the low compression properties of Technora, as abrasion process involves compressing the fibres. The effect of exposure to different environments, including natural weathering, -22'C, +54'C and seawater on tensile performance is discussed. The tensile properties of the Dyneema ropes are little affected by the environmental conditioning except the effect of synthetic sea water, in which case the salt crystals damage the rope fibres, once the water has evaporated.

Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons étudié l'effet des rayonnements ionisants (rayons X et γ) jusqu'à une dose maximale de 1 Grad sur différents types de fibres multimodes (dopées -P, -P-Ce, -Ge, -Ge-F, -Ge-Ce et -N). Les caractérisations ont été réalisées principalement avec trois techniques expérimentales : online Atténuation Induite par Radiation en temps réel (RIA), Résonance Paramagnétique Electronique (EPR), Micro-Luminescence (ML). Dans la première partie du travail de cette thèse, nous avons étudié la réponse aux radiations de différents types de fibres optiques. L'absorption liée aux défauts du phosphore induits par irradiation a été étudiée par des mesures RIA dans le domaine spectral UV-Visible. Les mesures EPR nous permis de détecter les défauts POHC, P1 et P2. En particulier, pour la détection de P1 et P2, nous avons utilisé le mode de détection de la seconde harmonique pour déterminer la cinétique de croissance des P1 et P2 en fonction de la dose. Nous avons également étudié les effets dus au changement des conditions de fibrage et ceux liés à la variation de la température d'irradiation (25-280 ° C). Nous avons aussi étudié l’effet du codopage du coeur de la fibre avec du Cérium. Dans ce cas, nous avons observé une production moins importante de centres POHC et P2 sous irradiation. De plus, les mesures EPR ont montré que la génération des défauts P1 n’est pas sensiblement influencée par le codopage avec le Cérium. En ce qui concerne les fibres optiques dopées Ge, on a étudié trois types de dopage : Ge seul, co-dopage Ge-F et Ge-Ce. Pour chaque type, nous avons examiné trois conditions de fibrage. La réponse à l’irradiation de ces fibres a été étudiée par les trois techniques utilisées. Plus particulièrement la ML, nous a permis d'obtenir une vision plus complète du rôle du codopant et des précurseurs dans la formation des défauts induits par l'irradiation. Nous avons également étudié la réponse au rayonnement de la fibre dopée N avec trois différentes conditions de fibrage. Les réponses à l’irradiation dans les régions spectrales UV-visible ont été obtenues par des mesures RIA. Par EPR, nous avons pu détecter deux défauts liés à l'azote pour les doses élevées de radiation. Enfin, les mesures ML sur les fibres irradiées ont montré trois bandes d'émission dans le visible qui ont été attribuées clairement à des centres émetteurs liés à l'azote. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous avons étudié les effets liés au chargement en oxygène des fibres étudiées. Par des mesures en microspectroscopie Raman, nous démontrons qu'un traitement à haute température et haute pression peut favoriser l’introduction d’une grande quantité de O2 dans les fibres optiques à cœur de silice pure (PSC) ou dopées F, Ge ou P. Les réponses à l’irradiation de certaines des fibres optiques chargées en O2 ont été étudiés (et en particulier PSC et celle dopée F. Sur la base des données de la littérature, nous avons effectué les décompositions des spectres RIA en fonction de la dose. De plus, l'étude EPR des fibres optiques dopées P et chargées en O2 a montré une forte réduction des défauts P1 et P2 comparées aux fibres non traitées. Dans cette partie de la thèse, j’ai également présenté les résultats concernant la radioluminescence infrarouge (1272 nm) des molécules O2 dans la fibre optique. La faisabilité d'un capteur de radiation pour des environnements sous fortes doses et forts débits de dose a été discutée
In this Thesis work we have investigated the effect of ionizing irradiation (X and γ rays) up to 1 Grad on different types of multimode optical fibers (P-doped, P-Ce-doped , Ge-doped, Ge-F-doped, Ge-Ce-doped, and N-doped). The experiments were carried out by three main experimental techniques: online Radiation Induced Attenuation (RIA), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and Confocal Micro-Luminescence (CML). In the first part of the Thesis work we report on the radiation response of several types of optical fibers. The absorption due to radiation induced P-related defects was studied by RIA in the UV-Visible domain. Moreover, by EPR measurements we were able to detect POHC, P1 and P2 defects. In particular, for the detection of P1 and P2 defects we have validated the use of EPR second-harmonic detection mode which allowed us to obtain the growth kinetics of P1 and P2 with the dose. The effects due to the variation of the drawing conditions of the fibers were investigated as well as the ones due to the change of the temperature of irradiation (from 25 to 280 °C). Finally, concerning the P-doped OFs, we report on the effects due to the Cerium codoping of the core of the optical fiber. We observed a reduced generation of POHC and P2 centers under irradiation. However, EPR investigation has shown that the generation of P1 defects is essentially unaffected by the Ce-codoping. Regarding Ge-doped optical fibers we report on three basic typologies: Ge-doped, Ge-F-doped and Ge-Ce-doped. For each fiber typology we investigated three drawing conditions. The radiation responses of these fibers were characterized by RIA and EPR measurements. Furthermore, performing CML measurements we were able to obtain further insight on the role of the co-dopants and of the defect precursors in determining the radiation induced defects. We have also investigated the radiation response of N-doped OFs (three drawing conditions). The radiation responses in the UV-Visible domains were obtained by RIA, and by EPR measurements we were able to detect the signals of two N-related defects at high radiation doses. Finally, CML measurements on irradiated samples have shown three emission bands in the visible domain which are tentatively assigned to N-related centers. In the second part of the Thesis we report on the effects of an O2 loading treatment produces on some of the investigated samples. By micro-Raman measurements we demonstrate that a high pressure high temperature treatment can incorporate high quantity of O2 into Pure-Silica-Core (PSC), F, Ge and P doped optical fibers. The radiation responses of some of the O2-loaded optical fibers were investigated with particular regard to the fluorine doped and pure-silica-core optical fibers. On the basis of literature data we performed band decompositions of the RIA spectra as a function of the dose. Moreover, the EPR study of the O2 loaded P-doped optical fiber have shown a strong reduction of the signals associated to the P1 and P2 defects as compared to the untreated fibers. In this part of the thesis we also report on the characterization of the near infrared radioluminescence (1272 nm) of O2 molecules embedded in the optical fiber matrix and the feasibility of a radiation sensor based on this phenomenon for environments characterized by high radiation doses and high dose-rates

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der Untersuchung des Reibwertes zwischen Seil und Seilrille, von hochfesten synthetischen Faserseilen, in Treibscheibensystemen. Im Grundlagenteil werden Aufbau, Funktion und Berechnung derartiger Fördersysteme nach dem Stand der Technik dargestellt. In den letzten Jahren haben als Zugmittel verstärkt Seile auf Basis hochfester, synthetischer Fasern Einzug gehalten. Diese Seile sind deutlich leichter als die bekannten Drahtseile und weisen dabei zum Teil höhere Festigkeitswerte auf. Um solche hochfesten Seile gezielt in fördertechnischen Anlagen einsetzen zu können, ist es erforderlich, diese Seile grundlegenden Untersuchungen zu unterziehen. Geprüft wird dabei z.B. auch die Treibfähigkeit. Der Wissenstand auf diesem Gebiet kann im Vergleich zu den Drahtseilen als mangelhaft angesehen werden. Um eine ausreichende Treibfähigkeit (u.a. eine Funktion des Reibwertes) zu gewährleisten, ist es notwendig die Reibwerte in Abhängigkeit des Verschleißzustandes des Seils und der Seilscheiben zu ermitteln und zu analysieren. Bei diesen Untersuchungen werden Parameter wie der Seilwerkstoff, die Rillengeometrie und die Drehzahl der Treibscheibe oder die Vorlast variiert. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist die Ermittlung vorteilhafter Kombinationen von Seil und Scheibe in Bezug auf die Treibfähigkeit. Abschließend erfolgt die kurze Darstellung einer neuen Berechnungsmethodik, welche den Stand der Technik um die Besonderheiten der Faserseile erweitert. Damit lassen sich neue Anwendungsfelder generieren
During the last years, high-strength synthetic fibre ropes have found there ways into the sector of tension members and traction mechanisms. These ropes are significant lighter than known steel wire ropes and, beside this, do show a higher strength. For using such ropes pointedly in conveyors and conveying systems, basic research has to be done on the ropes. The behaviour in cyclic bending, the creep behaviour and wear mechanisms are to be examined. The knowledge on these fields is, compared to the knowledge on steel wire ropes, insufficient. A study on the friction coefficient of high-strength synthetic fibre ropes working on drive sheaves are to be presented within this paper. To ensure an adequate drive capability (which is a function of the coefficient of friction and the wrap-around angle), it is necessary to investigate and analyse the coefficients of friction in dependency of the state of wear. During the investigations, parameters like groove dimension, number of revolutions per minute and initial load have been varied. Target of the investigations is, to evaluate an optimised combination of rope and drive sheave in terms of drive capability. Appropriate applications in conveying engineering can be derived from this optimised combination

How can we live and work with craft as people in an age of global climate crisis? What must we change in order to work empathically and in harmony with our surrounding world? While not in need to actively ensure our survival, it is easy for us to forget to stay humble to our own needs, thus taking our lives and our surroundings for granted. We forget our bodies and we forget the bodies of others, animals and objects alike. We forget that we need each other in order to become. This text is a complementary exploration in how awareness of the soul, body and Spirit may help bring back a balance that we've lost in town based cultures of the west. I am looking for balance as I twist fibre into thread and into rope and as I suspend rock- and human bodies into temporary sculptures. I look for inspiration in phenomenologist thought, alchemy, shamanism and daoism, as well as in the active making of craft and art. My work centers around telling stories, crafting and material exploration as well as bodily awareness and performance. In the work, body and material are synonymous concepts drifting in and out of each other, enabling and shaping each other, becoming together. I am looking to meet my surroundings not always on my own terms, but by changing, adapting and compromising myself. This helps bring an awareness that unites me with the bodies around me, placing me not above but amidst constant becomings.

The mooring of vessels and other floating bodies at sea, such as offshore platforms has necessitated the development of specialised moorings technology. The marine renewable energy (MRE) sector is now at a stage in its development whereby floating devices are adding new challenges to the moorings industries. Floating MRE devices are smaller than, for instance offshore platforms, and are usually targeted for deployment in highly energetic environments. The extreme conditions and the highly dynamic response of an MRE device present challenges in terms of peak loading within the mooring system itself and load transfer to the floating body. Compliant mooring systems provide advantages by reducing the peak loads and fibre ropes are an important asset in achieving such compliance. However, the extent to which existing fibre ropes can safely extend axially to provide compliance is insufficient and is strongly associated to the minimum breaking load (MBL) of the rope. A novel fibre rope mooring tether is presented here that provides advantages over existing ropes. The tether employs a hollow fibre rope containing an elastomeric core, this mechanism de-coupling the extension properties from the strength of the line. The load path is carried through the polyester rope which is terminated conventionally by eye splices, thus minimising any new risks to reliability. Very low axial stiffness is achieved and is shown to be selectable within limits. For comparison, the prototype tether’s MBL of 222 kN is assigned to polyester and Nylon reference ropes. The axial stiifness of these ropes are 590 kN and 463 kN respectively when measured by a secant between the origin and 30% MBL; the novel tether displays an axial stiffness of 72 kN by the same method. This enables the novel tether to achieve more than two and a half times the extension of a comparable Nylon rope in its working range. Numerical modelling of a moored installation demonstrates a threefold reduction in peak load magnitude compared to the existing Nylon rope solution. The tether exhibits two distinct stages of extension, the first having very low axial stiffness. It is demonstrated that the extent of this soft phase can be selected by design and that this might add another useful element of control to moorings design work.

Les cordes textiles torsadées à fibres continues sont couramment utilisées en tant que renforts dans une grande variété d'applications industrielles et plus spécifiquement comme renforts dans le caoutchouc des pneumatiques. Les cordes concernées sont fabriquées à partir de fibres de nylon, de polyester ou d’aramide en les torsadant ensemble (de 200 à 1000 fibres de même matériau) pour obtenir ce qu’on appelle un surtors. L’assemblage de deux ou trois surtors en les torsadant ensemble permet de construire un retors qui sera dit hybride si les surtors initiaux sont composés de fibres différentes. L’ensemble des configurations donne une large gamme de propriétés mécaniques possibles impliquant à la fois les effets propres au comportement du matériau, à l’orientation locale des fibres ainsi qu’aux pressions transverses induisant des déséquilibres dans le cas de la présence de différentes natures de fibres. Cette thèse présente une étude structurelle précise des orientations de fibres par microtomographie aux rayons X dans les surtors et les retors ainsi qu’un outil original permettant d’analyser les fréquences spatiales caractéristiques des trajectoires de fibre. Un modèle mécanique de surtors en extension de la littérature est enrichi à partir de ces travaux appuyés d’une étude expérimentale supplémentaire de leur contraction latérale sous traction. L’influence du désordre du paquet de fibres initial sur le comportement mécanique du surtors final est analysée numériquement par la méthode des éléments finis en simulant le processus physique ayant lieu au cours de la prise de torsion. Enfin, un modèle mécanique général est proposé pour prédire le comportement mécanique en extension des retors hybrides constitué de trois surtors pouvant chacun afficher des torsions différentes entre elles
Twisted continuous filament yarns are commonly used as reinforcements in a wide variety of industrial applications and more specifically as reinforcements in tyre rubber. The yarns concerned are made of nylon, polyester or aramid fibres by twisting them together (from 200 to 1000 fibres of the same material) to obtain what is called a single yarn. The assembly of two or three single yarns by twisting them together makes it possible to build a multiply yarn that will be called hybrid if the initial single yarns are made of different fibres. All configurations give a wide range of possible mechanical properties involving the effects of the material's behaviour, the local orientation of the fibres and the transverse pressures inducing an imbalance in the case of the presence of different types of fibres. This thesis presents a precise structural study of fiber orientations by X-ray microtomography of single and multiply yarns and an original tool to analyze the spatial frequencies characteristic of fiber trajectories. A mechanical model of single yarn in extension from the literature is enriched from this work supported by an additional experimental study of their lateral contraction under extension. The influence of the disorder of the initial fibre bundle on the mechanical behaviour of the final single yarns is analysed numerically by the finite element method by simulating the physical process taking place during twisting. Finally, a general mechanical model is proposed to predict the mechanical behaviour in extension of the hybrid multiply yarns, consisting of three single yarns showing different torsions

Seile aus synthetischen Fasern gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung für fördertechnische Anwendungen. Wegen ihrer geringen Dichte und Biegesteifigkeit sowie den gleichzeitig mit Stahl vergleichbaren Zugfestigkeiten, haben sich Seile aus ultrahochmolekularen Polyethylenfasern (UHMW-PE) in vielen Anwendungen in der Seefahrt und im Offshore-Bereich durchgesetzt. Die grundsätzliche Eignung solcher Seile für technische Anwendungen, wie z.B. Kräne, Aufzüge, Windenanwendungen, wurde in wissenschaftlichen Studien bereits nachgewiesen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden hochfeste Polyethylenfasern verschiedener Hersteller daraufhin untersucht, in wie weit diese durch ihre Eigenschaftsprofile ebenfalls grundsätzlich für technische Anwendungen mit auftretenden Biegewechselbelastungen geeignet sind und welche Anwendungspotentiale sie bieten. Beginnend mit einem kurzen geschichtlichen Abriss über die Entwicklung von synthetischen Polymerfasern und den Einsatz der Fasern in Seilen für technische Anwendungen, sollen grundlegend die Herstellungsverfahren und Eigenschaften von Garnen aus ausgewählten UHMW Polyethylen verglichen werden. Im weiteren Verlauf werden Faserseile aus den gewählten Fasern hinsichtlich Zugfestigkeit, Biegewechselverhalten und Eignung zum Thermofixieren untersucht. Auftretende Effekte werden analysiert und auf die Eigenschaften der Fasern bzw. Garne zurückgeführt. Eine vergleichende Betrachtung der Materialkosten als Teil der gesamten Herstellungskosten der Seile bildet den Abschluss der Arbeit.
This thesis covers investigations on the properties of ultrahigh-molecular-weight (UHMW) polyethylene fibers for use of manufacturing braided fiber ropes for conveyor and hoisting applications. The importance of synthetic fibres for conveying applications has increased during the last years. Due to the low density and bending stiffness at a strength that is comparable to steel, ropes made from high-strength UHMW polyethylene fibres have found their ways into several shipping and off-shore applications. The basic aptitude of UHMW polyethylene fibres to be used in applications like cranes, elevators and winch applications has already been proven in scientific works. Within this thesis, selected UHMW polyethylene fibres are investigated to determine how much their differing property profiles do influence their aptitude to be used in technical applications with cyclic bending loads and for which potentials for fields of application they might be appropriate. Starting with a short overview on the history of synthetic fibres and the use of such fibres in technical applications, manufacturing processes and properties of these fibres are to be compared. Further, fibre ropes, made from the selected fibres, are going to be investigated concerning their tensile strength, behaviour in cyclic bend-over-sheave tests and their aptitude to increase the strength by thermosetting. Occurring effects are going to be analysed and related to the properties of the yarns. A competitive view on the prices of the yarns regarding their portion of the total costs of rope manufacturing is finalising this work.

In this study, the deformation and fracture behavior of short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics are examined. Emphases are given to the roles of fiber reinforcements on thermoplastic matrices with varying ductility. The results indicate that in the amorphous matrices of SAN and ABS composites, the addition of glass fibers does not influence the morphology of the matrix materials. In the semi-crystalline matrix of nylon 6,6, however, the glass fiber reinforcements are found to reduce the spherulite size and lower composite's matrix crystallinity. The tensile properties of a short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics are found to be more influenced by glass fibers than by the matrix ductility. The fracture toughness of the thermoplastic composites, on the other hand, are found to depend both on the glass fiber reinforcement and on the matrix ductility. In this study, the toughness dependence is further separated into two stages of crack initiation and crack propagation. In the crack initiation stage, the initiation toughness of a thermoplastic composite strongly depends on its matrix ductility. In the crack propagation stage, the propagation toughness of a thermoplastic composite is found to be dominated by matrix ductility and by fiber/matrix interfaces. The fracture and toughening mechanisms of a glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites are found to relate to the deformation mechanisms of the matrix, to the fiber-matrix interactions, and to the fiber-fiber interactions. In the brittle SAN composite the fracture occurs by debonding and void formation at fiber ends. In the rubber toughened ABS composites, the fracture at crack tip is associated with the matrix crazing deformation at larger rubber particles and is facilitated by the void formation at fiber ends. In the nylon 6,6 composites, on the other hand, the fracture mechanism is strongly associated with fiber-fiber interactions and the observed toughening mechanism is resulted from enhanced matrix crystallographic shear plasticity due to stress field interactions of nearby glass fiber ends. A strong relationship between the fracture toughness, fracture mechanisms, and microstructures are also observed in thermoplastic composites. The fracture toughness parameters, J-integral toughness or $K\sb{IC}$ values, are therefore microstructure sensitive and can be used to provide general guidance of toughness improvement in thermoplastic composites. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

碩士
國立勤益科技大學
工業工程與管理系
101
Nowadays Manufacturing increasingly biased High-Tech orientation and high investment in the industry, its production patterns also less like from large amounts of production, into a small and diverse modes of production. How to get more orders and consumed ,a test of the competitiveness of enterprises, so companies in the pursuit of maximum profit, how to derive optimum performance, will also become an important issue. More commonly used scheduling method Earliest Due Date (EDD) be scheduled in tradition, advantage of this method is simple and convenient, but not the actual capacity of the facility to display, in this study used Drum-Buffer-Rope (DBR) floor scheduling management method can effectively manage production scheduling and improve the order number of delays, the use of simulation system to verify the improved results. In this study the domestic technology factory fiber connector processing as the research object, the research process first with the case company currently used scheduling method-EDD scheduling technique to do the actual scheduling and changes in production environments the process will be changed to mixed lines production environment EDD scheduling methods and DBR scheduling method set order scheduling, and use the simulation software to obtained the schedule results in delivery date and processing time etc. performance indicators on the performance, do the relevant comparison, finally used a different machine utilization to do the performance comparison for delivery of orders.

Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
We studied how fertigation of cut-roses affects coconut fiber over the time roses are installed in this culture medium. Coconut fiber, being an organic substrate, has a cation exchange complex, and is likely to undergo changes in its composition. To this end, samples were taken from the nutrient solution, coconut fiber and the drainage solution, a total of five modalities of a variety and another 2 of other variety for comparison. Later, laboratory analyzes were performed to determine the pH, electrical conductivity and key nutrients of those samples, and analyzes of variance to investigate the differences between modalities. The results of the nutrient solution did not differ between sectors of irrigation, but differed between the collections. The results of coconut fiber and drainage solution were constant showing that the chemical composition increased from the newest to oldest modalities, stabilizing, except some differences in some specific nutrients and the last modality. Therefore we concluded that there is a problem in the formulation of the nutritive solution, and that at the beginning, the substrate competes with the plant nutrients by filling its CEC, and that there were no significant differences between the behaviors of the two varieties

Stahldrahtseile haben sich aufgrund ihrer hohen Bruchkraft und Betriebssicherheit sowie langjähriger Erfahrungen als Übertragungs-, Verbindungs- und Sicherheitselemente in intermittierenden Förderern, wie Kranen und Aufzügen etabliert. Sie weisen jedoch Nachteile, wie hohe Eigenmasse, geringe Biegeelastizität und Korrosionsempfindlichkeit auf. Steigende Anforderungen an ein energieeffizientes und ressourcenschonendes Betreiben von technischen Anlagen erfordern zunehmend neue Materialien, Technologien und Verfahren. Demzufolge rücken auch textile Maschinenelemente in Form von HM-HT-Faserseilen (engl.: high modulus - high tenacity) in den Fokus der Betrachtungen. Diese bieten aufgrund ihres günstigen Bruchkraft-Masse-Verhältnisses eine vielversprechende Alternative zu den Stahldrahtseilen. Mit den wachsenden Innovationen gehen jedoch auch neue Schadensfälle einher, da es an Erfahrungswerten und Langzeitstudien textiler Zug- und Tragmittel fehlt. Das umfassende Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, den Forschungsstand hinsichtlich des Verschleiß- und Alterungszustandes und Einflussgrößen auf die Lebensdauer und Kriterien zur Ablegereifeerkennung hochfester Faserseile zu erweitern. Hierfür wurde eine Herangehensweise zur Schadensanalyse sowie eine Kategorisierung von Schadensarten, Schadensursachen, Verschleiß- und Alterungserscheinungen von Faserseilen erarbeitet. Weiterhin erfolgte die Entwicklung neuer Prüfmethoden zur Ermittlung des Gebrauchszustandes der Lebensdauer und Ablegekriterien von laufenden Faserseilen auf Basis spezifischer visueller Verschleißerscheinungen sowie elektrisch leitfähiger Merkmale der Faserseile.
Steel wire ropes have a high breaking strength and operational reliability as well as many years of experience. For these reasons steel wire ropes are used as transmission, connection and safety elements in intermittent conveyors, such as cranes and elevators. However, they have disadvantages such as high intrinsic mass, low bending elasticity and corrosion sensitivity. Increasing demands on energy-efficient and resource-efficient operation of technical systems require new materials, technologies and processes. Therefore, textile machine elements such as HM-HT fibre ropes (high modulus - high tenacity) are also in the focus of considerations. Due to their favorable breaking force-mass ratio fibre ropes offer a promising alternative to the steel wire ropes. However, new cases of damage also go hand in hand with the growing innovations. It lacks on experience and long-term studies of textile tensile elements. The aim of this study is to extend the state of research regarding of wear and ageing phenomena as well as influencing factors of the lifetime and discard criteria for high-strength fibre ropes. For these reasons an approach of a damage analysis for fibre ropes worked out. Furthermore new test methods to determine the state of use and define discard criteria of running fibre ropes developed and carried out.

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der Untersuchung des Reibwertes zwischen Seil und Seilrille, von hochfesten synthetischen Faserseilen, in Treibscheibensystemen. Im Grundlagenteil werden Aufbau, Funktion und Berechnung derartiger Fördersysteme nach dem Stand der Technik dargestellt. In den letzten Jahren haben als Zugmittel verstärkt Seile auf Basis hochfester, synthetischer Fasern Einzug gehalten. Diese Seile sind deutlich leichter als die bekannten Drahtseile und weisen dabei zum Teil höhere Festigkeitswerte auf. Um solche hochfesten Seile gezielt in fördertechnischen Anlagen einsetzen zu können, ist es erforderlich, diese Seile grundlegenden Untersuchungen zu unterziehen. Geprüft wird dabei z.B. auch die Treibfähigkeit. Der Wissenstand auf diesem Gebiet kann im Vergleich zu den Drahtseilen als mangelhaft angesehen werden. Um eine ausreichende Treibfähigkeit (u.a. eine Funktion des Reibwertes) zu gewährleisten, ist es notwendig die Reibwerte in Abhängigkeit des Verschleißzustandes des Seils und der Seilscheiben zu ermitteln und zu analysieren. Bei diesen Untersuchungen werden Parameter wie der Seilwerkstoff, die Rillengeometrie und die Drehzahl der Treibscheibe oder die Vorlast variiert. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist die Ermittlung vorteilhafter Kombinationen von Seil und Scheibe in Bezug auf die Treibfähigkeit. Abschließend erfolgt die kurze Darstellung einer neuen Berechnungsmethodik, welche den Stand der Technik um die Besonderheiten der Faserseile erweitert. Damit lassen sich neue Anwendungsfelder generieren.
During the last years, high-strength synthetic fibre ropes have found there ways into the sector of tension members and traction mechanisms. These ropes are significant lighter than known steel wire ropes and, beside this, do show a higher strength. For using such ropes pointedly in conveyors and conveying systems, basic research has to be done on the ropes. The behaviour in cyclic bending, the creep behaviour and wear mechanisms are to be examined. The knowledge on these fields is, compared to the knowledge on steel wire ropes, insufficient. A study on the friction coefficient of high-strength synthetic fibre ropes working on drive sheaves are to be presented within this paper. To ensure an adequate drive capability (which is a function of the coefficient of friction and the wrap-around angle), it is necessary to investigate and analyse the coefficients of friction in dependency of the state of wear. During the investigations, parameters like groove dimension, number of revolutions per minute and initial load have been varied. Target of the investigations is, to evaluate an optimised combination of rope and drive sheave in terms of drive capability. Appropriate applications in conveying engineering can be derived from this optimised combination.