Academic literature on the topic 'Fibre Channel (Standard)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fibre Channel (Standard)"
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Volavy, Jaroslav, Árpád Farkas, Frantisek Lizal, Jakub Elcner, and Miroslav Jicha. "Lagrangian tracking of fibres in a channel flow." EPJ Web of Conferences 213 (2019): 02098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921302098.
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Tracking of fibres in a fluid flow is much more complicated than tracking of spherical particles. In fibre motion, the orientation of fibre against the flow direction plays a very important role. In addition to the standard equation of motion, additional equations for orientation and angular velocity must be solved during the tracking of fibres. A mathematical model describing fibre motion is introduced in this work. Capabilities of this model are demonstrated through simulations of fibre transportation by air in a channel flow. The importance of the terms in the equation of angular velocity are discussed.
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Morita, I., K. Tanaka, N. Edagawa, and M. Suzuki. "40 Gbit/s single-channel transmission over standard singlemode fibre using distributed Raman amplification." Electronics Letters 36, no. 25 (2000): 2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20001479.
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Alleston, S. B., P. Harper, I. S. Penketh, I. Bennion, and N. J. Doran. "40 Gbit/s single channel dispersion managed pulse propagation in standard fibre over 509 km." Electronics Letters 35, no. 1 (1999): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19990006.
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Mezentsev, V. K., S. K. Turitsyn, and N. J. Doran. "System optimisation of 80 Gbit/s single channel transmission over 1000 km of standard fibre." Electronics Letters 36, no. 23 (2000): 1949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20001364.
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Swamy, L. Radha, Chinnasamy Senthamaraikannan, and R. Ramesh. "Investigation of the Elastic Modulus Effect on Free Vibration Characteristics of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Beams Made of Various Fundamental Shapes." Advanced Materials Research 1088 (February 2015): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.401.
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Woven fiber reinforced polymer composites plays major role in structural applications. Structures subjected to dynamic situations, this leads to increased attention in finding characteristic behaviour/performance of FRP composites beams under vibrating conditions. The objective of this work is to understand and investigate the influence of cross sectional shapes of beams on successive vibration resonance frequencies and its damping performance under cantilever end conditions. The beams were fabricated by hand lay-up method in two different modulus material and cross sections like I and channel; maintaining uniform cross sectional area and moment of inertia apart from length of the beams using woven carbon fibre. The investigation was performed by impulse frequency response method using standard test procedure on low modulus Glass/epoxy composite beams and compared with high modulus Carbon/epoxy beams. Frequency response curve of I and channel shaped beams were compared for their damping performance. The modal frequencies of all fabricated beams were obtained using MEScopeVES® software and modal resonant frequencies, loss factor were compared against shapes.
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Mary Joseph, Nisha, and C. Puttamadappa. "Estimation of channel distortion in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system using pilot technique." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i1.pp106-114.
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Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is resistant to frequency selective fading due to the longer symbol duration. However, mobile applications channel timing fluctuations in one OFDM signal cause intercarrier-interference (ICI), which reduces performance. This research presented the support vector regression (SVR) model-based channel estimation technique for coherent optical communication systems. Due to the coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division-multiplexed (COOFDM) system, a channel model is developed that includes linear fibre dispersion effects, noise from optical amplifiers, and inter-carrier interference generated by laser phase noise. As a result, for such a system, an accurate channel estimate is essential. Based on this concept, derivation of channel estimation and phase estimation for the system of CO-OFDM. The proposed method is tested and evaluated using MATLAB software. Computer simulation results for several standard methods such as extreme learning machines (ELM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) validate the feasibility of the suggested methodology. The CO-OFDM system’s transmission experiments and computer simulations prove that the support vector machine-based model following pilot-assisted phase estimation gives the optimal performance. Therefore, results depicted that the channel estimation utilizing the SVR model gives good performance than the other methods, thus the proposed model gives an accurate CE process, respectively.
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Alleston, S. B., P. Harper, I. S. Penketh, I. Bennion, N. J. Doran, and A. D. Ellis. "1000 km transmission of 40 Gbit/s single channel RZ data over dispersion managed standard (non-dispersion shifted) fibre." Electronics Letters 35, no. 10 (1999): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19990566.
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Bahaweres, Rizal, Tjetjep Rony Budiman, and Andi Adriansyah. "ANALISIS KINERJA ISCSI TARGET PADA WIRELESS LAN MEMAKAI STANDAR LIO." SINERGI 19, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/sinergi.2015.1.005.
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Semakin banyaknya kebutuhan data center maupun laboratorium komputer di Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh semakin banyaknya pengguna yang memanfaatkan komputer baik untuk bisnis maupun pendidikan. Salah satu kebutuhan utama yang tidak bisa dilepaskan dari pemakaian komputer adalah tempat penyimpanan baik berupa USB Flash Disk, HD Eksternal, HD Internal sampai HD untuk kebutuhan skala besar untuk komputer server yang berada di data center, laboratorium atau jaringan komputer. Ruang penyimpanan data atau data storage semakin berkembang dengan munculnya teknologi komputer jaringan yang memunculkan alternatif data storage berupa DAS, NAS, FC, FcoE dan iSCSI. iSCSI menggunakan standard TCP/IP protocol over Ethernet untuk menyediakan penyimpanan berbasis block. Saat ini ada 2 jenis multiprotocol SCSI Target utama di industri yaitu LIO dan COMSTAR yang menggantikan teknologi sebelumnya yaitu iET, SCST dan STGT. LIO (linux-iscsi.org) merupakan standard open source iSCSI Target untuk berbagi ruang penyimpanan di Linux. LIO mendukung storage fabrics, yaitu Fibre Channel (QLogic), FCoE, iEEE 1394, iSCSI, iSER (Mellanox InfiniBand), SRP (Mellanox InfiniBand), USB, vHost, dan lain-lain.
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Ludwig, R., W. Pieper, H. G. Weber, D. Breuer, K. Petermann, F. Küppers, and A. Mattheus. "Unrepeatered 40 Gbit/s RZ single channel transmission over 150 km of standard singlemode fibre at 1.55 [micro sign]m." Electronics Letters 33, no. 1 (1997): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19970032.
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Bracknell, D. R. "The MIL-STD-1553B data bus: What does the future hold?" Aeronautical Journal 111, no. 1118 (April 2007): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000004486.
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Numerous military platforms (land, sea and air) feature serial data bus technology based on the US MIL-STD-1553B data bus standard for integration of their digital systems. Many of these platforms have 15-20 years of operational life remaining, but the installed 1553B data buses (data networks) having only a 1Mbit/sec transfer rate are unable to meet many of the future data networking requirements. Research into new, higher performance data networks has concentrated on modern alternatives with throughput increases of two to three orders of magnitude (100Mbit/sec to 1Gbit/sec). These are generally based on modern commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) standards, good examples being Ethernet and Fibre Channel. Some are already being employed in military platforms having been ruggedised for the harsh physical and electro-magnetic environment. However these COTS systems while being a natural choice for new platforms may not be cost effective for upgrading older platforms. This paper plots the history of MIL-STD-1553, possibly the most successful military platform standard of all time, and discusses some of the options for increasing its performance and economically extending its life into the future.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fibre Channel (Standard)"
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Miles, Joseph A. "Large fabric storage area networks fabric simulator development and preliminary analysis /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1798480901&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Baleshan, Balachandren. "Numerical and experimental studies of cold-formed steel floor systems under standard fire conditions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/53096/1/Balachandren_Baleshan_Thesis.pdf.
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Light gauge cold-formed steel frame (LSF) structures are increasingly used in industrial, commercial and residential buildings because of their non-combustibility, dimensional stability, and ease of installation. A floor-ceiling system is an example of its applications. LSF floor-ceiling systems must be designed to serve as fire compartment boundaries and provide adequate fire resistance. Fire rated floor-ceiling assemblies formed with new materials and construction methodologies have been increasingly used in buildings. However, limited research has been undertaken in the past and hence a thorough understanding of their fire resistance behaviour is not available. Recently a new composite panel in which an external insulation layer is used between two plasterboards has been developed at QUT to provide a higher fire rating to LSF floors under standard fire conditions. But its increased fire rating could not be determined using the currently available design methods. Research on LSF floor systems under fire conditions is relatively recent and the behaviour of floor joists and other components in the systems is not fully understood. The present design methods thus require the use of expensive fire protection materials to protect them from excessive heat increase during a fire. This leads to uneconomical and conservative designs. Fire rating of these floor systems is provided simply by adding more plasterboard sheets to the steel joists and such an approach is totally inefficient. Hence a detailed fire research study was undertaken into the structural and thermal performance of LSF floor systems including those protected by the new composite panel system using full scale fire tests and extensive numerical studies.
Experimental study included both the conventional and the new steel floor-ceiling systems under structural and fire loads using a gas furnace designed to deliver heat in accordance with the standard time- temperature curve in AS 1530.4 (SA, 2005). Fire tests included the behavioural and deflection characteristics of LSF floor joists until failure as well as related time-temperature measurements across the section and along the length of all the specimens. Full scale fire tests have shown that the structural and thermal performance of externally insulated LSF floor system was superior than traditional LSF floors with or without cavity insulation. Therefore this research recommends the use of the new composite panel system for cold-formed LSF floor-ceiling systems.
The numerical analyses of LSF floor joists were undertaken using the finite element program ABAQUS based on the measured time-temperature profiles obtained from fire tests under both steady state and transient state conditions. Mechanical properties at elevated temperatures were considered based on the equations proposed by Dolamune Kankanamge and Mahendran (2011). Finite element models were calibrated using the full scale test results and used to further provide a detailed understanding of the structural fire behaviour of the LSF floor-ceiling systems. The models also confirmed the superior performance of the new composite panel system. The validated model was then used in a detailed parametric study.
Fire tests and the numerical studies showed that plasterboards provided sufficient lateral restraint to LSF floor joists until their failure. Hence only the section moment capacity of LSF floor joists subjected to local buckling effects was considered in this research. To predict the section moment capacity at elevated temperatures, the effective section modulus of joists at ambient temperature is generally considered adequate. However, this research has shown that it leads to considerable over- estimation of the local buckling capacity of joist subject to non-uniform temperature distributions under fire conditions. Therefore new simplified fire design rules were proposed for LSF floor joist to determine the section moment capacity at elevated temperature based on AS/NZS 4600 (SA, 2005), NAS (AISI, 2007) and Eurocode 3 Part 1.3 (ECS, 2006). The accuracy of the proposed fire design rules was verified with finite element analysis results. A spread sheet based design tool was also developed based on these design rules to predict the failure load ratio versus time, moment capacity versus time and temperature for various LSF floor configurations.
Idealised time-temperature profiles of LSF floor joists were developed based on fire test measurements. They were used in the detailed parametric study to fully understand the structural and fire behaviour of LSF floor panels. Simple design rules were also proposed to predict both critical average joist temperatures and failure times (fire rating) of LSF floor systems with various floor configurations and structural parameters under any given load ratio.
Findings from this research have led to a comprehensive understanding of the structural and fire behaviour of LSF floor systems including those protected by the new composite panel, and simple design methods. These design rules were proposed within the guidelines of the Australian/New Zealand, American and European cold- formed steel structures standard codes of practice. These may also lead to further improvements to fire resistance through suitable modifications to the current composite panel system.
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Steau, Edward. "Behaviour of cold-formed light gauge steel frame floor-ceiling systems in fire." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/135182/1/Edward_Steau_Thesis.pdf.
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This research has advanced the knowledge and understanding of the behaviour of Light gauge Steel Frame (LSF) floor-ceiling systems in fire based on material and component level fire testing and associated numerical modelling. It has shown that LSF floor-ceiling systems made of innovative rectangular hollow flange channel beams and steel sheathing on one or both sides of gypsum plasterboard linings improve their fire resistance. These floor-ceiling systems are suitable for a range of applications in the building industry.
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Kesawan, Sivakumar. "Fire performance and design of light gauge steel frame wall systems made of hollow flange sections." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/120153/1/Kesawan_Sivakumar_Thesis.pdf.
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Load bearing Light Gauge Steel Frame (LSF) wall system is a cold-formed steel structure made of cold-formed steel studs and lined on both sides by gypsum plasterboards. In recent times its use and demand in the building industry has significantly increased due to their advantages such as light weight, acoustic performance, aesthetic quality of finished wall, ease of fabrication and rapid constructability. Fire Resistant Rating (FRR) of these walls is given more attention due to the increasing number and severity of fire related accidents in residential buildings that have caused significant loss of lives and properties.
LSF walls are commonly made of conventional lipped channel section studs lined with fire resistant gypsum plasterboards on both sides. Recently, greater attention has been given to innovative cold-formed steel sections such as hollow flange sections due to their improved structural efficiency. The reliance on expensive and time consuming full scale fire tests, and the complexity involved in predicting the fire performance of LSF wall studs due to their thin-walled nature and their exposure to non-uniform temperature distributions in fire on one side, have been the main barriers in using different cold-formed steel stud sections in LSF wall systems. This research overcomes this and proposes the new hollow flange section studs as vertical load bearing elements in LSF wall systems based on a thorough investigation into their fire (structural and thermal) performance using full scale fire tests and extensive numerical studies.
Test wall frames made of hollow flange section studs were lined with fire resistant gypsum plasterboards on both sides, and were subjected to increasing temperatures as given by the standard fire curve in AS 1530.4 (SA, 2005) on one side. Both uninsulated and cavity insulated walls were tested with varying load ratios from 0.2 to 0.6. LiteSteel Beam (LSB), a welded hollow flange section, which was available in the industry was used to fabricate the test wall panels. Axial deformations and lateral displacements along with the time-temperature profiles of the steel stud and plasterboard surfaces were measured. Five full scale tests were performed, and the test results were compared with those of LSF walls made of lipped channel section studs, which proved the superior fire performance of LSF walls made of hollow flange section studs. The reasons for the superior fire performance are presented in this thesis. The effects of load ratio and plasterboard joint on the fire performance of LSF walls and temperature distribution across the stud cross-sections were identified.
Improved plasterboard joints were also proposed.
The elevated temperature mechanical properties of cold-formed steels appear to vary significantly as shown by past research. LSBs were manufactured using a combined cold-forming and electric resistance welding process. Elevated temperature mechanical properties of LSB plate elements are unknown. Therefore an experimental study was undertaken to determine the elevated temperature mechanical properties of LSB plate elements. Based on the test results and previous researchers' proposed values, suitable predictive equations were proposed for the elastic modulus and yield strength reduction factors and stress-strain models of LSB web and flange elements.
Uninsulated and insulated 2D finite element models of LSF walls were developed in SAFIR using GiD as a pre- and post processor to predict the thermal performance under fire conditions. A new set of apparent thermal conductivity values was proposed for gypsum plasterboards for this purpose. These models were then validated by comparing the time-temperature profiles of stud and plasterboard surfaces with corresponding experimental results. The developed models were then used to conduct an extensive parametric study. Uninsulated and insulated LSF walls with superior fire performances were also proposed.
Finite element models of tested walls were also developed and analysed under both transient and steady state conditions to predict the structural performance under fire conditions using ABAQUS. In these analyses, the measured elevated temperature properties of LSB plate elements were used to improve their accuracy. Finite element analysis results were compared with fire test results to validate the developed models. Following this, a detailed finite element analysis based study was conducted to investigate the effects of stud dimensions such as web depths and thicknesses, elevated temperature mechanical properties, types of wall configurations, stud section profiles, plasterboards to stud connections and realistic design fire curves on the fire performance of LSF walls. It was also shown that the commonly used critical temperature method is not appropriate in determining the FRR of LSF walls.
Gunalan and Mahendran's (2013) design rules based on AS/NZS 4600 (SA, 2005), and Eurocode 3 Part 1.3 (ECS, 2006) were further improved to predict the structural capacity of hollow flange section studs subjected to non-uniform temperature distributions caused by fire on one side. Two improved methods were proposed and they predicted the FRRs with a reasonable accuracy. Direct Strength Method (DSM) based design rules were then established and they also predicted the FRR of LSF walls made of hollow flange section studs accurately. Finally, spread sheet based design tools were developed based on the proposed design rules.
Overall, this research has developed comprehensive fire performance data of LSF walls made of hollow flange section studs, accurate design rules to predict their fire rating and associated design tools. Thus it has enabled the use of innovative hollow flange sections as studs in LSF wall systems. Structural and fire engineers can now use these tools to undertake complex calculations of determining the structural capacities and fire rating of hollow flange section studs subjected to non-uniform temperature distributions, and successfully design them for safe and efficient use in LSF walls of residential and office buildings.
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"A quasi-static routing scheme for cross-connected storage area network." 2001. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890845.
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Yang Qin.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves [65]-[67]).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Thesis Overview --- p.7
Chapter 2 --- Storage Area Network(SAN) --- p.9
Chapter 2.1 --- Fibre Channel Protocol --- p.11
Chapter 2.2 --- Switched Fibre Channel SAN --- p.16
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Cascaded Topology --- p.17
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Meshed Topology --- p.17
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Cross-Connected Topology --- p.19
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Routing Scheme in Cross-Connected SAN --- p.21
Chapter 3 --- Path Switching --- p.24
Chapter 3.1 --- Cross-path Switching Principle --- p.24
Chapter 3.2 --- Capacity Assignment --- p.28
Chapter 3.3 --- Route Assignment --- p.31
Chapter 4 --- Path Switching in Cross-Connected SAN --- p.34
Chapter 4.1 --- Path Switching in SAN --- p.34
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Connectionless Traffic --- p.36
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Connection-Oriented Traffic --- p.39
Chapter 4.1.3 --- Mixed Traffic --- p.47
Chapter 4.2 --- Measurement Based Algorithm --- p.53
Chapter 4.3 --- Repetition Rate --- p.59
Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.63
Books on the topic "Fibre Channel (Standard)"
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Association, Fibre Channel Industry, ed. Fibre channel storage area networks. Eagle Rock, Va: LLH Technology Pub., 2001.
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Association, Fibre Channel, ed. Fibre channel: Connection to the future. 2nd ed. Eagle Rock, VA: LLH Technology Pub., 1998.
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Corporation, International Business Machines, ed. FICON planning and implementation guide. [Poughkeepsie, N.Y.?]: IBM Corp., International Technical Support Organization, 2009.
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Barry, Mellish, and International Business Machines Corporation. International Technical Support Center, eds. Implementing fibre channel attachment on the ESS: September 2000. San Jose, Calif: IBM Corp., 2000.
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Chen, Shenze. A fibre channel based architecture for internet multimedia server clusters. Palo Alto, CA: Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Technical Publications Department, 1996.
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Gai, Silvano. Data center networks and Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE). [U.S.]: Lulu.com, 2008.
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Alex, Osuna, and International Business Machines Corporation. International Technical Support Organization., eds. IBM System storage N series Fibre Channel and iSCSI configuration guide. [Poughkeepsie, NY]: IBM International Technical Support Organization, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Fibre Channel (Standard)"
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Weik, Martin H. "Fiber Channel Standard." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 581. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_6895.
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Laude, J. P. "Wavelength Division Multiplexers and the Measurement of the Channel Wavelengths." In Trends in Optical Fibre Metrology and Standards, 193–208. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0035-9_10.
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Michelotti, F., T. Gabler, H. H. Hörhold, R. Waldhäusl, and A. Bräuer. "Nonlinear M-Lines Spectroscopy of DMOP-PPV Polymer Planar Optical Waveguides: Quasi-Permanent and Fast Electronic Refractive Index Changes." In Trends in Optical Fibre Metrology and Standards, 825–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0035-9_44.
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Butry, David T. "The Economics of Residential Fire Sprinklers and the Potential Impact of Recent Code Changes." In Ideas to Impact: How Building Economic Standards Keep You on Track, 149–63. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp158620140038.
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Filek, Severin, Harald Gründl, Viktoria Lea Heinrich, Marco Kellhammer, and Tamara König. "Product Re-Design Guidelines." In Systemic Circular Economy Solutions for Fiber Reinforced Composites, 259–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22352-5_13.
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Abstract‘Product re-design guidelines’ outline the rethinking of consumer and capital goods design in a context of a transition from a current linear economy towards a circular-oriented economy. These guidelines deliver generalized quality standards addressing various target groups who are to be engaged in order to achieve sustainable results. The definition of crucial counterparts of a system or beneficiaries, respectively, changes the guidelines’ discuss factors that are fundamental for the integration of sustainability aspects into existing and/or novel business models. With regard to the circular progression in future, awareness building for improvements in disassembling and remanufacturing will remain essential among designers and producers.
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Neimi, Seija A. "Chapter 4. The Changing Status of Birch Trees in Finnish Forests from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century." In Green Development or Greenwashing?, 48–72. Winwick, Cambs.: The White Horse Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/63824846758018.ch04.
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This chapter illuminates the changing status of the birch tree, how the Finns have perceived it, and what have Finnish standards of environmental literacy have been from the seventeenth century to the twentieth century. This period covers both pre-industrial and industrial socio-economic changes, from the ancient hunters and slash-and-burn cultivators to modern architecture, art and wood processing industries. Finland’s forests are relatively the largest in Europe: 86 % of the country’s surface is covered with the woods. The three most common tree species are pine, spruce and birch. The value of pine and spruce grew significantly when the wood processing industry began to use wood fibres in production, while birch has had its ups and downs which makes it an interesting tree to study.
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Guendert, Stephen R. "Fibre Channel Standard." In Handbook of Fiber Optic Data Communication, 169–209. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-401673-6.00008-8.
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Benner, Alan F. "Fibre Channel Standard." In Handbook of Fiber Optic Data Communication, 464–505. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012207891-0/50014-4.
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Sharma, Neeraj. "WDM Systems." In Advances in IT Standards and Standardization Research, 238–60. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9795-8.ch016.
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A communication system transmits and receives information from one place to another, where the separation between transmitter and receiver may be of few kilometers or transoceanic distances. Fiber-optic communication is one of such communication systems where optical fibers are deployed for information transmission. The capacity of a fiber-optic communication system is very high since it has large carrier frequency (Capacity~100 THz) in the visible or near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The transmission of multiple optical channels over the same fiber has provided a simple way to extend the system capacity. Channel multiplexing can be achieved through time-division multiplexing (TDM) or frequency division multiplexing (FDM). In optical communication, FDM is known as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). This chapter includes the discussion about the working principle of the WDM system, WDM components, classification of WDM system, and other supporting technologies.
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Pais, Silvana, João Campos, Judit Lecina, and Adrián Regos. "Fire-smart management as nature-based solution to extreme wildfires in abandoned rural landscapes of Southern Europe." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 1634–39. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_250.
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The continuous research and development regarding firefighters’ personal protective equipment (PPE) has led to significant improvements in recent decades. The findings that contributed the most to the firefighters’ protective clothing evolution, increasing the protection, were the use of high-performance fibers, flame-retardant polymer fibers and the changes on clothing structure namely the incorporation of a multi-layer system. Despite the evolution of firefighters PPE, every year an undesirable number of firefighters are seriously burned during firefighting operations with some of them eventually losing their life. Therefore, the need to proceed the research and development regarding thermal protective clothing arises, to increase firefighters’ protection and consequently minimize firefighters’ heat load and skin burn. Firefighters’ protection can be further increased with the incorporation of smart textiles in the personal protective equipment, such as integrated sensors to monitor parameters such as heart rate, oxygen saturation, carbon dioxide detector and setting real-time communication with a command post. In addition to the wearable electronics, regarding smart textiles alternatives for firefighters PPE, several studies have been conducted to incorporate phase change materials (PCM) in firefighters thermal protective clothing with satisfactory results. These advanced materials will absorb the heat from the fire leading to a reduction of the amount of heat to which firefighters are exposed to and an increase of the time that firefighters can be exposed to heat. The evolution of firefighters PPE has been followed by an evolution and update of the international and national standards that specify performance requirements for firefighters’ protective clothing for structural and wildland firefighting as well as technical rescue. In respect to structural firefighting, the applicable European standard is EN 469:2020: Protective clothing for firefighters – Performance requirements for protective clothing for firefighters’ activities and regarding the wildland firefighting, the international standard prevailing is EN ISO 15384:2020: Protective clothing for firefighters – Laboratory test methods and performance requirements for wildland firefighting clothing. For technical rescue the applicable European standard is EN 16689: 2017: Protective clothing for firefighters – Performance requirements for protective clothing for technical rescue. Given the growing trend towards the incorporation of smart materials in firefighters PPE is important to study and develop new standards to certify these innovative protective clothing for firefighters, regardless the efforts being done within CEN / TC 248/WG 31 - Smart Textiles. To preserve the protection of firefighters protective clothing there are some actions that must be taken during the protective garments’ life cycle. Therefore, recently was developed a technical report, a CEN/ TR1760:2021 that describes the guidelines for selection use, care and maintenance of smart garments protecting against heat and flame. This study will focus on the analysis of firefighters protective clothing evolution regarding the use and integration of advanced smart materials, namely phase change materials, taking in consideration the evolution and requirements of international and European standards as well as national legislation for firefighters’ protective clothing.
Conference papers on the topic "Fibre Channel (Standard)"
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Ibsen, Morten, Michael K. Durkin, and Richard I. Laming. "Chirped Moiré Fibre Gratings Operating on two Wavelength-Channels for use as Dual Channel Dispersion Compensators." In Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.btua.6.
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Dispersion compensation is necessary in order to allow high data rate transmission through the installed standard fibre links. Several dispersion compensation techniques exists, including dispersion compensating fibre, phase conjugation and chirped fibre gratings. Of these, chirped fibre gratings offer many advantages including compactness, low-loss and low nonlinearity. Recent error-free 10 Gbit/s and 40 Gbit/s transmission experiments at 1.55 μm over 109 km of standard fibre together with the possibility of simultaneous compensation of 2nd and 3rd order dispersion confirm the potential of this solution [1,2,3].
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Freire, Mário M., Álvaro M. F. de Carvalho, and Henrique J. A. da Silva. "Performance Implications of Three-Mirror Fabry-Perot Demultiplexers for Dispersion Supported Transmission of Two and Three 10 Gbit/s Channels Separated 0.5 nm." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1996.cthi48.
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Single-channel optical transmission at 10 Gbit/s up to 253 km of standard singlemode fibre (SMF) has been demonstrated, using the method of dispersion supported transmission (DST) [1]. However, in a recent DST experiment at 20 Gbit/s, the link length was reduced to 53 km SMF [2], as expected from the principle of dispersion supported transmission [1]. One solution for high capacity DST on long spans of SMF is the optical transmission of wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) 10 Gbit/s channels. In [3], we have discussed the impact of single and double cavity Fabry-Perot demultiplexers on the performance of dispersion supported transmission of two WDM 10Gbit/s channels separated 1nm. Nevertheless, to reduce the differences on the system performance due to a different value of fibre dispersion at the wavelength assigned to each channel, narrow channel spacings are required.
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Tapanes, E. "Dual-Purpose Fibre Optic System Providing Simultaneous, Real-Time Communications and Distributed Vibration Sensing for Pipeline Applications." In 1998 2nd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1998-2013.
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A proprietary fibre optic sensing technology has been developed and is capable of simultaneously utilising an existing fibre optic communication cable as an integrity-testing sensing cable, thus providing continuous, real-time monitoring of the fibre cable and any structure near the cable (ie., ground, tunnels, ducts, pipes, buildings, equipment, vessels, etc.). With this system, simultaneous fibre optic communications and real-time vibration monitoring was demonstrated using a wavelength multiplexed fibre system for a channel bandwidth of 500 MHz over 18 km of standard singlemode fibre. Real-time vibration monitoring was also demonstrated using standard singlemode and multimode fibre over lengths of 28 km and 53 km, respectively. Trials of the system are currently underway in Australia and the first commercial field installation with this capability is to be completed in mid-1998 in Indonesia. This paper highlights the benefits and potential of this dual-capacity system and details results obtained to-date.
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Kurukitkoson, Nayot. "A Theoretical Study on the Upgrade of a Standard Fibre Network to 40 Gb/s per Channel Using Hybrid Amplification Scheme." In 2007 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference - (APMC 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apmc.2007.4554973.
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Nicholson, J. A., Y. Chen, J. E. Turner, and E. Chaize. "Enabling Fibre – A Reliable Solution for HPHT Environments." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/35509-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Reliable fibre optic (FO) connection systems are a key enabling technology to deliver near real-time in-well digital data through distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), distributed temperature sensing (DTS) and Seismic monitoring profiling along the well. This Multi-channel Optical Feedthrough System (OFS) development addresses key technical challenges and provides a highly reliable solution to enable optical communication through the Vertical Monobore Tree (VMXT) and Tubing Hanger (TH) while providing full pressure containment within the system at 15,000psi and 350°F. The system features four core innovative technology building blocks: The high-speed trigger mechanism that centralises optical elements during connector mating,The linear fibre mating and fine alignment system with integrated Wand assembly – no bending or hinging of fibre,The glass-to-metal and Hastelloy tubing barriers to fibre – API 6A barriers to protect fibre through the system,The closed fluid compensation system – no gel refill required. The qualification of the connection system follows the SEAFOM TSD-01 standard and is on track to be completed by 2024. The connection system has demonstrated its ability and robustness in achieving wet-mate functionality while maintaining reliable optical communication at 15,000psi and 350°F and in heavy debris conditions. This technical paper presents this specific OFS technology, its development process and the Verification and Validation results to achieve reliable optical communication in the high pressure high temperature (HPHT) environments.
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Georges, Thierry, and François Favre. "WDM soliton transmission in dispersion-managed links." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1998.cfg1.
Full textAbstract:
The transmission of 20 Gbit/s path-averaged solitons with in-line control is possible over unlimited distances [1]. In such experiments, Kerr nonlinearity is not a limitation but is used to separate the signal from the noise. Unfortunately, this transmission technique does not allow the increase of the bit rate of a single channel to much more than 40 Gbit/s nor the increase of the overall bit rate with help of Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) because of the Four Wave Mixing (FWM) [2]. The other drawback is the incompatibility to the Non Dispersion Shifted Fibre (NDSF) or standard fibre in the terrestrial networks.
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Alves, Tiago, and Adolfo Cartaxo. "Dispersion map design for XPM suppression in NRZ 10 Gbit/s pre-compensated WDM links using Standard-Fibre and 50 GHz of channel spacing." In 2007 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imoc.2007.4404346.
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Ehrhardt, A. "Field transmission experiment of chirped 4 × 2.5 Gbit/s WDM signals over 135 km and 4000 km single channel transmission over dispersion compensated standard single-mode fibre trunks." In 11th International Conference on Integrated Optics and Optical Fibre Communications. 23rd European Conference on Optical Communications IOOC-ECOC97. IEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19971537.
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Mathis, Joseph R. "Fiber channel standard." In OE Fiber - DL tentative, edited by Kadiresan Annamalai. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.134922.
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Frymoyer, Ed. "Fibre channel standards, architecture, and structures." In Laser Beam Propagation in the Atmosphere, edited by Hugo Weichel. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2284068.
Full textReports on the topic "Fibre Channel (Standard)"
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Teow, K. Definitions of Managed Objects for the Fabric Element in Fibre Channel Standard. RFC Editor, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2837.
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Kerber, Steve. Impact of Ventilation on Fire Behavior in Legacy and Contemporary Residential Construction. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/gieq2593.
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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service ventilation practices as well as the impact of changes in modern house geometries. There has been a steady change in the residential fire environment over the past several decades. These changes include larger homes, more open floor plans and volumes and increased synthetic fuel loads. This series of experiments examine this change in fire behavior and the impact on firefighter ventilation tactics. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the fire behavior associated with these scenarios and result in immediately developing the necessary firefighting ventilation practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. Two houses were constructed in the large fire facility of Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL. The first of two houses constructed was a one-story, 1200 ft, 3 bedroom, bathroom house with 8 total rooms. The second house was a two-story 3200 ft, 4 bedroom, 2.5 bathroom house with 12 total rooms. The second house featured a modern open floor plan, two- story great room and open foyer. Fifteen experiments were conducted varying the ventilation locations and the number of ventilation openings. Ventilation scenarios included ventilating the front door only, opening the front door and a window near and remote from the seat of the fire, opening a window only and ventilating a higher opening in the two-story house. One scenario in each house was conducted in triplicate to examine repeatability. The results of these experiments provide knowledge for the fire service for them to examine their thought processes, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of changes that can be adopted based on a departments current strategies and tactics.
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Gallegos, José-Elías. HANK beyond FIRE: Amplification, forward guidance, and belief shocks. Madrid: Banco de España, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/36653.
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The transmission channel of monetary policy in the benchmark New Keynesian (NK) framework relies on the counterfactual Full Information Rational Expectations (FIRE) assumption, particularly at the general equilibrium (GE) dimension. I relax the Full Information assumption and build a Heterogeneous-Agents NK model under financial frictions and dispersed information. I find that the amplification multiplier of monetary policy is dampened by the lessened role of GE effects. I then conduct the standard full-fledged NK analysis: the determinacy region is widened as a result of as if aggregate myopia, and the framework beyond FIRE does not suffer from the forward guidance puzzle. Finally, I find that transitory “animal spirits” shocks generate persistent effects.
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Goeckeritz, Joel, Nathan Schank, Ryan L Wood, Beverly L Roeder, and Alonzo D Cook. Use of Urinary Bladder Matrix Conduits in a Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Regeneration after Nerve Transection Injury. Science Repository, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.rgm.2022.03.01.
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Previous research has demonstrated the use of single-channel porcine-derived urinary bladder matrix (UBM) conduits in segmental-loss, peripheral nerve repairs as comparable to criterion-standard nerve autografts. This study aimed to replicate and expand upon this research with additional novel UBM conduits and coupled therapies. Fifty-four Wistar Albino rats were divided into 6 groups, and each underwent a surgical neurectomy to remove a 7-millimeter section of the sciatic nerve. Bridging of this nerve gap and treatment for each group was as follows: i) reverse autograft—the segmented nerve was reversed 180 degrees and used to reconnect the proximal and distal nerve stumps; ii) the nerve gap was bridged via a silicone conduit; iii) a single-channel UBM conduit; iv) a multi-channel UBM conduit; v) a single-channel UBM conduit identical to group 3 coupled with fortnightly transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS); vi) or, a multi-channel UBM conduit identical to group 4 coupled with fortnightly TENS. The extent of nerve recovery was assessed by behavioural parameters: foot fault asymmetry scoring measured weekly for six weeks; electrophysiological parameters: compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes, measured at weeks 0 and 6; and morphological parameters: total fascicle areas, myelinated fiber counts, fiber densities, and fiber sizes measured at week 6. All the above parameters demonstrated recovery of the test groups (3-6) as being either comparable or less than that of reverse autograft, but none were shown to outperform reverse autograft. As such, UBM conduits may yet prove to be an effective treatment to repair relatively short segmental peripheral nerve injuries, but further research is required to demonstrate greater efficacy over nerve autografts.
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Goeckeritz, Joel, Nathan Schank, Ryan L Wood, Beverly L Roeder, and Alonzo D Cook. Use of Urinary Bladder Matrix Conduits in a Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Regeneration after Nerve Transection Injury. Science Repository, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.rgm.2022.03.01.sup.
Full textAbstract:
Previous research has demonstrated the use of single-channel porcine-derived urinary bladder matrix (UBM) conduits in segmental-loss, peripheral nerve repairs as comparable to criterion-standard nerve autografts. This study aimed to replicate and expand upon this research with additional novel UBM conduits and coupled therapies. Fifty-four Wistar Albino rats were divided into 6 groups, and each underwent a surgical neurectomy to remove a 7-millimeter section of the sciatic nerve. Bridging of this nerve gap and treatment for each group was as follows: i) reverse autograft—the segmented nerve was reversed 180 degrees and used to reconnect the proximal and distal nerve stumps; ii) the nerve gap was bridged via a silicone conduit; iii) a single-channel UBM conduit; iv) a multi-channel UBM conduit; v) a single-channel UBM conduit identical to group 3 coupled with fortnightly transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS); vi) or, a multi-channel UBM conduit identical to group 4 coupled with fortnightly TENS. The extent of nerve recovery was assessed by behavioural parameters: foot fault asymmetry scoring measured weekly for six weeks; electrophysiological parameters: compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes, measured at weeks 0 and 6; and morphological parameters: total fascicle areas, myelinated fiber counts, fiber densities, and fiber sizes measured at week 6. All the above parameters demonstrated recovery of the test groups (3-6) as being either comparable or less than that of reverse autograft, but none were shown to outperform reverse autograft. As such, UBM conduits may yet prove to be an effective treatment to repair relatively short segmental peripheral nerve injuries, but further research is required to demonstrate greater efficacy over nerve autografts.
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McKinnon, Mark, Craig Weinschenk, and Daniel Madrzykowski. Modeling Gas Burner Fires in Ranch and Colonial Style Structures. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mwje4818.
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The test scenarios ranged from fires in the structures with no exterior ventilation to room fires with flow paths that connected the fires with remote intake and exhaust vents. In the ranch, two replicate fires were conducted for each room of origin and each ventilation condition. Rooms of fire origin included the living room, bedroom, and kitchen. In the colonial, the focus was on varying the flow paths to examine the change in fire behavior and the resulting damage. No replicates were conducted in the colonial. After each fire scene was documented, the interior finish and furnishings were replaced in affected areas of the structure. Instrumentation was installed to measure gas temperature, gas pressure, and gas movement within the structures. In addition, oxygen sensors were installed to determine when a sufficient level of oxygen was available for flaming combustion. Standard video and firefighting IR cameras were also installed inside of the structures to capture information about the fire dynamics of the experiments. Video cameras were also positioned outside of the structures to monitor the flow of smoke, flames, and air at the exterior vents. Each of the fires were started from a small flaming source. The fires were allowed to develop until they self-extinguished due to a lack of oxygen or until the fire had transitioned through flashover. The times that fires burned post-flashover varied based on the damage occurring within the structure. The goal was have patterns remaining on the ceiling, walls, and floors post-test. In total, thirteen experiments were conducted in the ranch structure and eight experiments were conducted in the colonial structure. All experiments were conducted at UL's Large Fire Laboratory in Northbrook, IL. Increasing the ventilation available to the fire, in both the ranch and the colonial, resulted in additional burn time, additional fire growth, and a larger area of fire damage within the structures. These changes are consistent with fire dynamics based assessments and were repeatable. Fire patterns within the room of origin led to the area of origin when the ventilation of the structure was considered. Fire patterns generated pre-flashover, persisted post-flashover if the ventilation points were remote from the area of origin.
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Madrzykowski, Daniel. Firefighter Equipment Operational Environment: Evaluation of Thermal Conditions. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/igfm4492.
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The goal of this study was to review the available literature to develop a quantitative description of the thermal conditions firefighters and their equipment are exposed to in a structural fire environment. The thermal exposure from the modern fire environment was characterized through the review of fire research studies and fire-ground incidents that provided insight and data to develop a range of quantification. This information was compared with existing standards for firefighting protective equipment to generate a sense of the gap between known information and the need for improved understanding. The comparison of fire conditions with the thermal performance requirements of firefighter protective gear and equipment demonstrates that a fire in a compartment can generate conditions that can fail the equipment that a firefighter wears or uses. The review pointed out the following: 1. The accepted pairing of gas temperature ranges with a corresponding range of heat fluxes does not reflect all compartment fire conditions. There are cases in which the heat flux exceeds the hazard level of the surrounding gas temperature. 2. Thermal conditions can change within seconds. Experimental conditions and incidents were identified in which firefighters would be operating in thermal conditions that were safe for operation based on the temperature and heat flux, but then due to a change in the environment the firefighters would be exposed to conditions that could exceed the protective capabilities of their PPE. 3. Gas velocity is not explicitly considered within the thermal performance requirements. Clothing and equipment tested with a hot air circulating (convection) oven are exposed to gas velocities that measure approximately 1.5 m/s (3 mph). In contrast, the convected hot gas flows within a structure fire could range from 2.3 m/s (5 mph) to 7.0 m/s (15 mph). In cases where the firefighter or equipment would be located in the exhaust portion of a flow path, while operating above the level of the fire, the hot gas velocity could be even higher. This increased hot gas velocity would serve to increase the convective heat transfer rate to the equipment and the firefighter, thereby reducing the safe operating time within the structure. 4. Based on the limited data available, it appears currently available protective clothing enables firefighters to routinely operate in conditions above and beyond the "routine" conditions measured in the fire-ground exposure studies conducted during the 1970s. The fire service and fire standards communities could benefit from an improved understanding of: • real world fire-ground conditions, including temperatures, heat flux, pressure, and chemical exposures; • the impact of convection on the thermal resistance capabilities of firefighting PPE and equipment; and • the benefits of balancing the thermal exposures (thermal performance requirements) across different components of firefighter protective clothing and safety equipment. Because it is unlikely due to trade offs in weight, breathe-ability, usability, cost, etc., that fireproof PPE and equipment will ever be a reality, fire officers and fire chiefs need to consider the capabilities of the protection that their firefighters have when determining fire attack strategies and tactics to ensure that the PPE and equipment is kept within its design operating environment, and that the safety buffer it provides is maintained.
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Willi, Joseph, Keith Stakes, Jack Regan, and Robin Zevotek. Evaluation of Ventilation-Controlled Fires in L-Shaped Training Props. UL's Firefighter Safety Research Institute, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mijj9867.
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Investigations of recent firefighter line of duty deaths caused by rapid fire progression have highlighted a deficiency in firefighters’ understanding of how certain tactics affect the fire dynamics of ventilation-controlled fires. Many fires are in a ventilation-limited, decay state by the time firefighters arrive at the scene, meaning that introducing additional ventilation to the environment has the potential to cause rapid and intense fire growth. To more effectively teach firefighters about the potential effects of ventilation on a compartment fire, ventilation-controlled fires should be gener- ated during training. Safely creating such fires while maintaining compliance with NFPA 1403: Standard on Live-Fire Training Evolutions allows instructors to educate students on this important principle of fire dynamics in the training environment. Structures utilized for live-fire training have evolved from typical concrete burn buildings to now include smaller purpose-built props, like those constructed from steel shipping containers or wood and gypsum board. Such props have been embraced by organizations due to their cost-effectiveness and potential to improve fire behavior training. Obtaining a thorough understanding of the capa- bilities and limitations of such props is critical for instructors to convey accurate messages during training and properly prepare firefighters for scenarios they’ll encounter in the field. Experiments were conducted to quantify the fire environment in L-shaped props with different wall constructions. One prop had an interior wall lining of gypsum board over wood studs and fiberglass insulation. The two other props were constructed from metal shipping containers with corrugated steel walls; one had ceilings and walls comprised solely of the corrugated steel, while the other had ceilings and walls comprised of rolled steel sheeting over mineral wool insulation with the corrugated steel wall as its backing. Three fuel packages were compared between the props: one contained furnishings mainly composed of synthetic materials and foam plastics; another contained wooden pallets and straw; and the third contained wooden pallets, straw, and oriented strand board (OSB). A stochastic approach was used to compare data between replicate tests and quantify the repeatability of the different props and fuel packages, all of which were deemed sufficiently repeatable. Comparisons of data between the three props revealed that thermal conditions between experiments in the two metal props were indistinguishable, suggesting that the additional layer of insulation did not significantly alter the fire environment. Additionally, thermal conditions in the gypsum-lined prop were more severe than those in the metal props. The effects of ventilation changes on fire conditions were also analyzed across various prop and fuel load combinations. Lastly, the response of the thermal environment in each prop during interior suppression was evaluated, and the results implied that the thermal exposure to the firefighter was more severe in the metal props than the gypsum prop for a brief period following the start of suppression.
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Pstuty, Norbert, Mark Duffy, Dennis Skidds, Tanya Silveira, Andrea Habeck, Katherine Ames, and Glenn Liu. Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network Geomorphological Monitoring Protocol: Part I—Ocean Shoreline Position, Version 2. National Park Service, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293713.
Full textAbstract:
Following a review of Vital Signs – indicators of ecosystem health – in the coastal parks of the Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network (NCBN), knowledge of shoreline change was ranked as the top variable for monitoring. Shoreline change is a basic element in the management of any coastal system because it contributes to the understanding of the functioning of the natural resources and to the administration of the cultural resources within the parks. Collection of information on the vectors of change relies on the establishment of a rigorous system of protocols to monitor elements of the coastal geomorphology that are guided by three basic principles: 1) all of the elements in the protocols are to be based on scientific principles; 2) the products of the monitoring must relate to issues of importance to park management; and 3) the application of the protocols must be capable of implementation at the local level within the NCBN. Changes in ocean shoreline position are recognized as interacting with many other elements of the Ocean Beach-Dune Ecosystem and are thus both driving and responding to the variety of natural and cultural factors active at the coast at a variety of temporal and spatial scales. The direction and magnitude of shoreline change can be monitored through the application of a protocol that tracks the spatial position of the neap-tide, high tide swash line under well-defined conditions of temporal sampling. Spring and fall surveys conducted in accordance with standard operating procedures will generate consistent and comparable shoreline position data sets that can be incorporated within a data matrix and subsequently analyzed for temporal and spatial variations. The Ocean Shoreline Position Monitoring Protocol will be applied to six parks in the NCBN: Assateague Island National Seashore, Cape Cod National Seashore, Fire Island National Seashore, Gateway National Recreation Area, George Washington Birthplace National Monument, and Sagamore Hill National Historic Site. Monitoring will be accomplished with a Global Positioning System (GPS )/ Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) unit capable of sub-meter horizontal accuracy that is usually mounted on an off-road vehicle and driven along the swash line. Under the guidance of a set of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) (Psuty et al., 2022), the monitoring will generate comparable data sets. The protocol will produce shoreline change metrics following the methodology of the Digital Shoreline Analysis System developed by the United States Geological Survey. Annual Data Summaries and Trend Reports will present and analyze the collected data sets. All collected data will undergo rigorous quality-assurance and quality-control procedures and will be archived at the offices of the NCBN. All monitoring products will be made available via the National Park Service’s Integrated Resource Management Applications Portal.
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Leis, Sherry, and Mary Short. Vegetation community monitoring at Pea Ridge National Military Park, Arkansas: 2007–2021. National Park Service, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299454.
Full textAbstract:
Resource managers at Pea Ridge National Military Park manage the natural communities of the park as a backdrop for interpreting the civil war battle that occurred on March 7–8, 1862. Restoration of the landscape to the vegetation communities that were present at the time of the battle is ongoing. Priorities for restoration include density, form, and vegetation structure, but native representative species are also desired. Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network ecologists observed plant community sites in park woodlands in 2007, 2012, 2016, and 2021. Climate may influence vegetation and other park natural resources. Temperatures have been increasing at the park, but precipitation and drought indices did not demonstrate significant trends. There was a great degree of interannual variability in precipitation and drought metrics. Phenological data indicated earlier first bloom and leaf-out dates. Overstory canopy, basal area, density, and tree stocking were similar through time, but class 1, midstory trees increased in basal area and density after 2007. The overstory structure remained that of a closed woodland despite prescribed fires and cedar thinning that occurred at the park. Our monitoring data show that fire management goals for overstory reduction have not yet been met. Ground cover was similar through time except for bare soil and deciduous leaf litter. Bare soil and leaf litter experienced a pulse in variability in 2012 and 2021, presumably in response to heterogeneous prescribed fires. Maintaining heterogeneous ground cover may best support biodiversity across the landscape. Ground flora cover (excluding tree regeneration) increased by 88% from 2007 to 2021, meeting a fire management goal. However, ground flora cover was heterogeneous across the sites. Concomitant with the increase in ground flora cover, we observed notable increases in alpha diversity (mean site species richness) and gamma diversity (parkwide species richness) across the monitoring period. Although increases may have been related to treatments and environmental factors, we also improved our botanical sampling preparation and included an expert botanist on the crew in 2021. Species composition of the ground flora was assessed via guilds and indicator species. Although tree regeneration was not included in estimates of total ground flora cover, it was highly variable through time. The seedling class comprised the majority of the regeneration stems observed. Although mean small sapling density values increased by 535% over 2007 levels, there was a great deal of variability among the sites, indicating small sapling estimates were contained within the confidence intervals and not truly different through time. Forbs comprised the greatest abundance of the ground flora guilds through time, except in 2012. Forbs also exhibited the greatest variability in all years except for 2012. Woody species increased over our monitoring record but remained low in cover. We analyzed a set of 50 indicator species for Ozark highlands woodlands to understand changes in the ground flora. The number of woodland indicator species observed in each monitoring event was low (ranged from 7–14 species) with the highest number of species observed in 2021. We also calculated invasive species metrics and found the number of invasive species increased from 2 to 11 over the monitoring record. Nepalese browntop (Microstegium vimineum) was the most abundant of these species. Our confidence in the 2021 ground flora observations was high. We found our observer error to be within standard levels, including agreement on species cover estimates. Not all sites have received the number of burns described in the park’s ecological fire management goals. Our monitoring data show that one of the fire management goals, increased ground flora cover, has been met, but the other two goals for overstory density reduction and seedling density have not yet been met. Further analysis of species composition of the overstory and tree regeneration will be needed after the fire treatments have been completed to determine if all fire management goals are being met.