Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fibre chemical composition'

On etudie par microscopie (meb, met, eels, edx) et par analyse par sonde ionique (sims) les composites prepares par impregnation de fibres de sic par depot chimique en phase vapeur de si::(3)n::(4) ou sic. On etudie l'influence du substrat sur la microstructure des depots, puis on caracterise la microstructure et la composition chimique de fibres elementaires de sic revetues par cvd de c et de sic. L'analyse des fibres revetues et tout particulierement de l'interface fibre/matrice montre la complementarite des methodes eels et sims pour caracteriser les composites a fibres longues

The different topics of this thesis include high-temperaturestable fiber Bragg gratings, photosensitivity and fiber basedcomponents. Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) are wavelength dispersiverefractive index structures manufactured through UV exposure ofoptical fibers. Their applications range from WDM filters,dispersion compensators and fiber laser resonators fortelecommunication applications to different types of point ordistributed sensors for a variety of applications. One aim of this thesis has been to study a new type of FBGreferred to as chemical composition grating. These gratingsdiffer from other types of FBG in that their refractive indexstructure is attributed to a change in the chemicalcomposition. Chemical composition gratings have shown to beextremely temperature stable surviving temperatures in excessof 1000 oC. Photosensitivity of pure silica and germanium-dopedcore fibers in the presence of hydroxyl groups has also beenstudied and different types of fiber based components have beendeveloped. The main result of the thesis is a better understanding ofthe underlying mechanism of the formation of chemicalcomposition gratings and their decay behavior at elevatedtemperatures. The refractive index modulation is caused by aperiodic change in the fluorine concentration, which has beenverified through time-of-flight secondary-ion-mass spectrometryand through studies of the decay behavior of chemicalcomposition gratings. A model based on diffusion of dopants hasbeen developed, which successfully predicts the thermal decayat elevated temperatures. Studies of the dynamics of chemicalcomposition grating formation have resulted in a manufacturingtechnique that allows for reproducible gratingfabrication. The main results regarding photosensitivity is a method tosignificantly increase the effect of UV radiation on standardtelecommunications fiber. The method, referred to asOH-flooding, has also been applied to pure-silica core fibersresulting in the first report of strong grating formation insuch fibers. Finally, research into different schemes for developingfiber-based components has resulted in two types of singlefiber integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometers; one passiveinterferometer that can be used as an optical filter and oneactive interferometer controlled with internal metalelectrodes. Keywords:optical fibers, fiber Bragg gratings,photosensitivity, thermal stability, fiber sensors, chemicalcomposition gratings, fiber components, Mach-Zehnderinterferometer, optical switch, optical modulator.
QC 20100607

Thesis (PhD (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The distribution of different free chemical functional groups on wood and pulp fibres was determined by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) with chemically modified tips. Because these functional groups show a higher affinity to similar groups on the substrate surface during scanning, AFM images were recorded using an additional digital pulsed-force mode (DPFM) controller. This allowed the distribution of the chemical components to be imaged and to a degree, also to be quantified. The investigated tip coatings showed different sensitivities towards the major chemical components present in wood fibres. These components were determined on spin-coated films as well as wood fibres. It was possible to make a clear distinction between cellulose and lignin in both cases. This technique could therefore be used to differentiate between cellulose and lignin present on pulp fibre surfaces and to confirm the successful removal of lignin by pulping. The chemical composition of wood fibres and fibre surfaces of several acacia and eucalyptus species, and hybrids originating from various growth sites in South Africa, are compared. The objective was to determine the differences in chemical surface composition due to genetics or site. The motivation for this was to eventually facilitate a tailor-made supply of wood for pulping which results in an optimal blend of fibres that can be pulped together with similar yields. This, however, first requires a sound knowledge of the fibre properties. The surface functionality on the single fibre level is a key property because it determines how good inter-fibre bonding will be when paper is formed, which in turn depends to a large degree on the amount of free hydroxyl groups that are available and therefore on the cellulose content on the fibre surface. The cellulose and lignin contents on the fibre surface were determined with chemical force microscopy (CFM), a variation of AFM. CFM involves the use of chemically modified tip using selected functional groups. Since, the general bulk composition of the fibre and the surface composition differ, both parameters were determined. Significant differences in the cellulose and lignin content on fibre surfaces were found, with regard to genotype and site, respectively. In some, but not all, cases the surface composition of wood fibres followed the bulk composition and differences were generally more pronounced. Differences due to genotype were significant, especially with regards to the surface lignin content - but variation due to site was also distinctly recognisable. This variation in surface functionality could be the reason why some pulpwood blends result in a lower pulp yield and different quality.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verspreiding van verskillende vrye chemiese funksionele groepe op hout en pulpvesels is bepaal deur middel van atoomkragmikroskopie (AFM), met chemies-gemodifiseerde punte (tips). Omdat hierdie funksionele groepe 'n hoër verwantskap tot soortgelyke groepe op die substraat se oppervlak gedurende skandering toon, kan AFM-beelde wat met 'n addisionele digitalepulskragmodusbeheerstel bepaal word dit moontlik maak om die verspreiding van die chemiese komponente uit te beeld en tot op ‘n sekere vlak te kwantifiseer. Die ondersoekte punt-oppervlakmiddels het verskillende sensitiwiteite teenoor die hoof chemiese komponente in die houtvesels en spin-bestrykte films getoon. 'n Duidelike onderskeid kon in beide gevalle tussen sellulose en lignien gemaak word. Hierdie tegniek kon dus gebruik word om te onderskei tussen sellulose en lignien wat op die pulpveseloppervlak teenwoordig was en om die suksesvolle verwydering van lignien gedurende die pulpproses (pulping) te bevestig. In hierdie studie is die chemiese samestelling van houtvesels en die veseloppervlaktes van verskeie akasia en eucalyptus spesies, asook dié van gekruisde spesies wat van verskeie werfliggings in Suid-Afrika afkomstig is, vergelyk. Die doel was om te toets vir verskille in chemiese oppervlaksamestellings, wat veroorsaak kan word deur genetika of werf verskille, met die uiteindelike mikpunt om ‘n spesiaal-gemaakte voorraad van hout vir pulping te fasiliteer, wat kan lei tot 'n optimale mengsel van vesels wat saam gepulp kan word met soortgelyke opbrengs. Dit vereis natuurlik 'n goeie kennis van die veseleienskappe. Die oppervlakfunksionering van enkel vesels is ‘n kritiese eienskap omdat dit bepaal hoe goed interveselverbindings sal wees wanneer papier gevorm word. Dit hang tot ‘n groot mate af van die hoeveelheid vry hydroksielgroepe wat beskikbaar is en dus ook van die sellulose inhoud op die veseloppervlak. Die sellulose- en lignieninhoud op die veseloppervlak is bepaal met chemiese kragmikroskopie – 'n variasie van atoomkragmikroskopie. Omdat die algemene grootmaat samestelling van die vesel en die oppervlaksamestelling mag verskil, is altwee parameters bepaal. Beduidende verskille in die sellulose- en lignieninhoud, met betrekking tot genotipe en werfligging, op veseloppervlaktes is gevind. In sommige, maar nie alle, gevalle het die oppervlaksamestelling van houtvesels ooreengestem met die grootmaatsamestelling, en verskille was oor die algemeen meer beduidend. Verskille as gevolg van genotipe was beduidend, veral met betrekking tot die oppervlak lignieninhoud, maar variasie as gevolg van werfligging was ook duidelik herkenbaar. Hierdie variasie in oppervlakfunksionering kan die rede wees hoekom sommige pulp–hout mengsels lei tot 'n laer pulpopbrengs en verskille in kwaliteit.

La tige de chanvre est composee de deux regions de morphologie distincte: le cortex qui contient des fibres riches en pectines et en hemicelluloses et le bois qui est un tissu fortement lignifie constitue de vaisseaux, de fibres de bois et cellules de parenchyme ligneux. Une etude des pectines de chanvre a montre que ces polysaccharides sont constitues d'une chaine principale rhamnogalacturonane au sein de laquelle alternent des zones d'acide galacturonique (regions lisses) et des zones ramifiees (regions chevelues). Dans ces regions chevelues, a peu pres la moitie des unites rhamnose portent en position o-4 une courte chaine laterale compose principalement d'unites galactose et arabinose. D'autre part dans l'optique d'une valorisation des fibres contenues dans la tige de chanvre (fibres corticales et fibres du bois), nous avons etudie l'influence des parametres de traitement a la vapeur sur la purification et l'individualisation de ces fibres. Les fibres ainsi obtenues ont ete par la suite incorporees dans une matrice polypropylene et il ressort de cette etude que les fibres de chanvre peuvent ameliorer les proprietes mecaniques du materiau final a condition qu'il y ait une bonne adhesion entre fibre et matrice

Orientador: Jaime Amaya Farfan
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T23:27:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jackix_ElisadeAlmeida_D.pdf: 1472562 bytes, checksum: 8830780df24de0113cef22e1e18df981 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: Diversos estudos têm sugerido que a ingestão frequente de vegetais reduz o risco de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis em função da presença de compostos como a fibra alimentar (FA) e demais substâncias bioativas associadas, os quais produzem efeitos positivos sobre a saúde humana. A FA inclui polissacarídeos não amiláceos, oligossacarídeos resistentes à digestão e lignina. Essas substâncias podem passar inalteradas pelo trato gastrintestinal ou serem fermentadas pela microbiota colônica, resultando em efeitos fisiológicos benéficos. A taioba (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) é uma arácea comestível originária da América tropical e possui considerável valor nutritivo. A porção tuberosa é consumida por diversas populações em todo mundo, no entanto, o consumo de suas folhas é menos difundido. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar parcialmente a fração fibrosa da folha de taioba liofilizada (FTL), e avaliar possíveis efeitos fisiológicos in vivo em ratos Wistar machos alimentados com dieta AIN 93G, ou hiperlipídica. As folhas de taioba foram cozidas em água, liofilizadas e quimicamente caracterizadas. Por meio de ensaio biológico foram avaliados os efeitos da FTL sobre a produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, sobre o metabolismo de ácidos biliares (AB) e indicadores bioquímicos. A FTL apresentou teores de fibra alimentar total, solúvel e insolúvel de 35,23 ± 0,26%, 6,82 ± 0,06% e 28,04 ± 0,21%, respectivamente. A análise da composição monossacarídica mostrou que a glicose é o monômero mais abundante (61%), sugerindo a presença de celulose em grandes quantidades. Os animais alimentados com dieta AIN 93G contendo taioba apresentaram maior peso e excreção de gordura fecal, e melhores perfis de ABs, por diminuir a proporção de ABs secundários. Nos ratos alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica a adição de FTL resultou em menor ganho de peso corporal e gordura hepática, e maior peso e conteúdo de gordura nas fezes; além disso, observaram-se maiores concentrações de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e ABs fecais em comparação ao grupo controle, que recebeu baixos teores de fibra; também se observou menores concentrações de colesterol sérico e maior conteúdo de cinzas corporais nos grupos recebendo a FTL. Os resultados sugeriram que os componentes da folha de taioba possuem elevada capacidade de ligação com os ABs e alta fermentabilidade, indicando que a folha possui potencial para reduzir o risco de doenças cardiovasculares e câncer de cólon
Abstract: Several studies have suggested that frequent vegetable intake reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, diabetes, cancer and obesity due to the presence of compounds such as dietary fiber (DF) and other associated bioactive compounds, which exert positive effects on human health. DF includes non-starch polysaccharides, resistant oligosaccharides and lignin. These substances can pass unaltered through the gastrointestinal tract or be fermented by colonic microbiota, resulting in positive physiological effects. Taioba (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) is an edible aroid originated from tropical America that exhibits significant nutritive value. The tuberous portions are consumed by several populations worldwide, whereas the leafy portions of Taioba are generally discarded. The objective of this research was to partly characterize the DF of lyophilized taioba leaf (LTL), and to assess the possible in vivo physiological effects when fed to male Wistar rats receiving a normal AIN 93G diet, or a high-fat diet. Taioba leaves were boiled in water, lyophilized and chemically characterized. Biological evaluation was conducted to assess the effect of LTL on the intestinal short-chain fatty acid production, bile acid (BA) metabolism, and biochemical parameters. Total, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber contents in LTL were 35.23 ± 0.26%, 6.82 ± 0.06% and 28.04 ± 0.21%, respectively. Monosaccharide composition showed glucose as the main component (61%), suggesting the presence of cellulose. Animals fed the AIN 93G diets containing taioba leaf had increased fecal mass and fat excretion, in addition to improved BA profiles by diminishing the proportion of the secondary acids. In the rats fed the high-fat diet, the addition of LTL resulted in lower weight gain and liver fat concomitantly with higher fecal mass and lipids. Furthermore, these rats exhibited a higher fecal short chain fatty acid and bile salt concentration in the feces than the control group, which had a lower fiber intake. Additionally, lower serum cholesterol and higher body ash content were found in the groups receiving the leaf. The results suggested that taioba leaves have compounds with high BA binding capacity and high fermentability. These properties indicate that the leaf has the potential of lowering the risk of colon cancer and cardiovascular disease
Doutorado
Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos
Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

The potential of using acid hydrogen peroxide under Fenton conditions to lower the electrical energy consumed during the production of Black spruce (Picea mariana) thermomechanical pulp (TMP) was investigated. The chemical system, which consisted of ferrous sulphate, hydrogen peroxide and optionally an enhancer (3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or oxalic acid/sodium oxalate), was evaluated as an inter-stage treatment where the primary refiner was used as a mixer. The produced TMPs were thoroughly characterised in order to explain the effect of the chemical system on fibre development and to be able to propose a mechanism for the impact on refining energy reduction. The possibility to improve the optical properties by washing, chelating and sodium dithionite or hydrogen peroxide bleaching the treated pulps was evaluated.

 

The results obtained in a pilot plant trial show that it is possible to significantly reduce the comparative specific energy consumption by approximately 20% and 35% at a freeness value of 100 ml CSF or a tensile index of 45 Nm/g by using 1% and 2% hydrogen peroxide respectively. The energy reduction is obtained without any substantial change in the fractional composition of the pulp, though tear strength is slightly reduced, as are brightness and pulp yield. No major differences between the reference pulp and the chemically treated pulps were found with respect to fibre length, width or cross-sectional dimensions. However, the acid hydrogen peroxide-treated pulps tend to have more collapsed fibres, higher flexibility, a larger specific surface area and a lower coarseness value. The yield loss accompanying the treatment is mainly a consequence of degraded hemicelluloses. It was also found that the total charge of the chemically treated pulps is higher compared to the reference pulps, something that may have influenced the softening behaviour of the fibre wall.

 

A washing or chelating procedure can reduce the metal ion content of the chemically treated TMPs considerably. The amount of iron can be further reduced to a level similar to that of untreated pulps by performing a reducing agent-assisted chelating stage (QY) with dithionite. The discoloration cannot, however, be completely eliminated. The brightness decrease of the treated pulps is thus not only caused by higher iron content in the pulp, but is also dependent on the type of iron compound and/or other coloured compounds connected with the acid hydrogen peroxide treatment. Oxidative bleaching with hydrogen peroxide (P) is more effective than reductive bleaching with sodium dithionite in regaining the brightness lost during the energy reductive treatment. Using a QY P sequence, a hydrogen peroxide charge of 3.8% was needed to reach an ISO brightness of 75% for the chemically treated pulps. The corresponding hydrogen peroxide charge for the untreated TMP reference was 2.5%.

 

The radicals generated in the Fenton reaction will probably attack and weaken/soften the available outer fibre wall layers. This could facilitate fibre development and consequently lower the electrical energy demand for a certain degree of refinement.

This report describes the understanding of natural dyes and the work necessary for analysis of historical textiles. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction into the background of historical dyeing, the methods used to extract these natural dye compounds used and how synthetic dyes overtook natural dyes in the commercial world of dyeing. Chapter 2 introduces and discusses the research undertaken with one particular natural dyeing plant, Rubia tinctorum (common madder). Dyeing studies were all performed on wool, and explore the dyeing properties of the madder plant. Dyeing studies with pre-mordanting and post-mordanting were undertaken. Chapter 3 explores the extraction of natural dyes from Rubia tinctorum and their identification. Extraction and analysis studies were conducted to obtain the ideal method for acquiring glycosidic anthraquinone dye molecules that could be used in the dyeing process. Chapter 4 focuses on identifying new methods to successfully remove glycosidic anthraquinone dye compounds from wool fibres dyed with Rubia tinctorum, whilst keeping their chemical structure intact. Further work in this chapter is undertaken to analyse glycosidic anthraquinone dye compounds successfully removed from photodegraded wool fibres and the comparison with current literature techniques used for historical sample analysis.

The present report had as the objective to establish relations between the different proportions of insoluble and soluble fiber from oat grains on biological response in Wistar rats fed with formulated rations with similar dietary fiber levels, but different in insoluble and soluble fiber content. For that, the total dietary fiber composition, insoluble and soluble from eight oat grains cultivars was determined, which according with these results, were grouped, by multivariate group analysis (Cluster analysis) according to the ward method, considering its proportions of insoluble and soluble fiber. From the three formed groups, grains from three cultivars were chosen (UFRGS 17, UFRGS 18 and UFRGS 20) for the realization of the biological response (8 animals per treatment). It was conduced throughout a period of 35 days, in which parameters such as daily consumption of dry matter, weight gaining, dietary conversion, feces excretion, dry matter apparent digestibility, pH and dietary fiber apparent digestibility and its insoluble and soluble fractions were assessed. The evaluated treatments did not show any significant difference concerning dry fiber daily average consumption, weight gaining, dietary conversion and dry matter apparent digestibility. The diets with higher content of soluble fiber increased the fecal excretion and total and soluble fiber apparent digestibility, while the diet with high content of insoluble fiber reduced the pH value of the feces and increased the insoluble fiber apparent digestibility. The results obtained allow to fundament the use of different oat grains cultivars for specific ends in human nutrition.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer relações entre as diferentes proporções de fibra insolúvel e solúvel em medidas de resposta biológica de ratos Wistar alimentados com rações formuladas com níveis semelhantes de fibra alimentar, mas diferentes quanto aos teores de fibra insolúvel e solúvel. Para tal, determinou-se a composição em fibra alimentar total, insolúvel e solúvel de oito cultivares de aveia, que, de acordo com estes resultados, foram agrupadas, por análise multivariada de agrupamento (Cluster analysis) de acordo com o método de Ward, considerando suas proporções de fibra insolúvel e solúvel. Dos três grupos formados, foram escolhidos grãos de três cultivares (UFRGS 17, UFRGS 18 e UFRGS 20) para a realização do ensaio biológico (oito animais por tratamento). Este foi conduzido por um período de 35 dias, no qual foram avaliados parâmetros como consumo diário de matéria seca, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, excreção de fezes, digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, pH e digestibilidade aparente da fibra alimentar e de suas frações. Os tratamentos avaliados não demonstraram diferença significativa quanto ao consumo médio diário de matéria seca, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca. As dietas com teores mais elevados de fibra solúvel aumentaram a excreção fecal e a digestibilidade aparente de fibra alimentar e solúvel, enquanto que a dieta com alto teor de fibra insolúvel reduziu o valor de pH das fezes e aumentou a digestibilidade aparente de fibra insolúvel. Os resultados obtidos permitem fundamentar o uso de diferentes cultivares de aveia para fins específicos na nutrição humana.

L'utilisation de matériaux originaux, à forts indices de réfraction linéaires et non-linéaires et à faibles énergies de phonon, tels que les verres de sulfures, permet d'envisager des applications comme l'amplification large bande (1,3-1,5 µm), la régénération et la commutation tout-optique en télécommunication. Les travaux de recherche présentés ici concernent l'étude de fibres optiques et verres de chalcogénures transmettant dans l'infrarouge. La fenêtre optique des verres appartenant au système de référence GeGaS a été élargie dans le domaine du visible par addition de chlorures de métaux et d'alcalino-terreux. Les caractérisations physico-chimiques en termes de propriétés thermiques, optiques, de durabilité chimique et l'étude de l'organisation structurale des compositions mettent en lumière l'impact de l'insertion d'halogènes dans les verres de sulfures. Les verres de sulfures du système Ge-Ga-Sb-S présentent une potentialité pour l'amplification optique entre 1,3 et 1,47 µm par dopage terre-rare. La loi du gap, établissant la probabilité de relaxation multiphonon à l'écart d'énergie entre un niveau excité et un niveau immédiatement inférieur, a été démontrée dans les verres de sulfures du système GeGaSbS. L'étude des propriétés spectroscopiques de Yb3+ dans différentes matrices sulfures et halogéno-sulfures a permis d'établir le diagramme d'énergie de l'ytterbium dans chacune de ces matrices et de choisir celle la plus adaptée aux études de refroidissement optique. Les verres du système GeGaSbS ont fait l'objet d'études de mise en forme. Une fibre monomode, d'ouverture numérique 0,44 et de diamètre de mode 2 µm a été obtenue et caractérisée à la longueur d'onde de 1,55 µm. La fluorescence infrarouge du dysprosium et du thulium sur des fibres multimode a été étudiée. La bonne aptitude de ces verres au fibrage a conduit à la réalisation de fibres microstructurées, de types bande interdite photonique et à trous. La caractérisation optique de ces fibres a révélé le caractère quasi-monomode d'une des fibres à trous à la longueur d'onde de 1,55 µm.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
In the wine industry are generated large quantities of solid waste, such as grape pomace, which are discarded or underutilized. However, represent alternative nutrient sources, as significant levels of dietary fiber. The study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and technological properties of grape pomace skins, before and after dietary fiber concentration. In addition, the aim was to evaluate the effect of their inclusion in muffins, in nutritional, technological and sensory parameters. The skins of Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Marselan, Merlot, Pinotage, Pinot Noir, Riesling, Shiraz and Tannat cultivars collected in Rio Grande do Sul wineries, in the 2013/2014 harvest were analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash, protein, lipids, dietary fiber, binding cations capacity, fat adsorption capacity and water retention capacity. It was evaluated the technological properties of flour containing 5, 7.5 and 10% Riesling or Tannat grape skin flour and developed rich in fiber muffins, which were subjected to sensory and nutritionally through their chemical composition and technologically, the color evaluation and texture. It was verified high dietary fiber content in the skins, which ranged from 37.18 to 67.95% (in DM), highlighting the insoluble fraction (31.09 to 62.34% in DM). Minerals and protein contents were relevant mainly after dietary fiber concentration, ranging from 7.63 to 18.60% and from 7.40 to 20.21% (in DM), respectively. The concentration process reduced the lipid content and increased the binding cations capacity. For the water retention and fat adsorption capacities, the levels ranged from 2.03 to 2.96 g water/g DM and 1.25 to 2.24 g oil/g DM, respectively, before the concentration; after the process, the levels remained similar. The rheological analysis revealed a decrease in the gluten strength and extensibility and tenacity increase, with the inclusion levels. The muffins formulations showed an increase in the fiber content in relation to the control formulation. Additionally, it was observed an increase in hardness and chewiness parameters and color change as the skin flour percent increased. The test formulations were satisfactory acceptability in all sensory attributes, except for Tannat formulation, which obtained the lowest means. There was a favorable purchasing intention for all formulations. This study proved that the grape skins, wine by-products, usually wasted, are highly nutritious, source of dietary fiber and its inclusion in muffins provided products with nutritional and sensory quality accepted by consumers.
Nas indústrias vitivinícolas são geradas grandes quantidades de resíduos sólidos, como o bagaço de uva, os quais são descartados ou subaproveitados. No entanto, representam fontes alternativas de nutrientes, como teores relevantes de fibra alimentar. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a composição química e propriedades tecnológicas de cascas de uva provenientes da vinificação, antes e após a concentração da fibra alimentar. Adicionalmente, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da sua inclusão em bolos tipo muffin, nos parâmetros nutricionais, tecnológicos e sensoriais. As cascas das cultivares Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Marselan, Merlot, Pinotage, Pinot Noir, Riesling, Shiraz e Tannat, coletadas em vinícolas do Rio Grande do Sul, na safra 2013/2014 foram avaliadas quanto aos teores de matéria seca (MS), cinzas, proteína bruta, lipídeos, fibra alimentar, capacidade de ligação a cátions, capacidade de ligação à gordura e capacidade de hidratação. A qualidade tecnológica da farinha mista contendo 5, 7,5 e 10% de farinha de casca de uva Riesling ou Tannat foi avaliada e desenvolveram-se muffins ricos em fibra, os quais foram avaliados sensorialmente e nutricionalmente através de sua composição química e tecnologicamente, pela avaliação de cor e textura. Constatou-se alto teor de fibra alimentar nas cascas avaliadas, o qual variou de 37,18 a 67,95% (na MS), destacando-se a fração insolúvel (31,09 a 62,34% na MS). Os teores de minerais e proteínas mostraram-se relevantes principalmente após a concentração da fibra alimentar, variando de 7,63 a 18,60% e 7,40 a 20,21% (na MS), respectivamente. O processo de concentração reduziu o conteúdo lipídico e elevou a capacidade de ligação a cátions das cascas avaliadas. Em relação às demais propriedades tecnológicas, capacidade de hidratação e ligação à gordura, os teores variaram entre 2,03 a 2,96 g água/g MS e 1,25 a 2,24 g óleo/g MS, respectivamente, antes da concentração; após o processo, os níveis mantiveram-se semelhantes. A análise tecnológica da farinha mista revelou diminuição da força de glúten e extensibilidade e aumento na tenacidade, com o aumento nos níveis de inclusão. As formulações de muffins testadas apresentaram aumento no teor de fibra em relação à formulação controle. Adicionalmente, foi observado aumento nos parâmetros de dureza e mastigabilidade e alteração na coloração com o aumento nos níveis de inclusão. As formulações teste apresentaram aceitabilidade satisfatória em todos os atributos sensoriais, exceto para coloração da formulação com inclusão de farinha de casca Tannat, a qual obteve as menores médias. Houve favorável intenção de compra para todas as formulações. O presente trabalho comprovou que as cascas de uva, subprodutos da vinificação, usualmente desperdiçadas, são altamente nutritivas, fonte de fibra alimentar e sua inclusão em muffins proporcionou produtos com qualidade nutricional e sensorialmente aceitos pelos consumidores.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The worry with the maintenance of the health and the prevention of certain illnesses has been associated to an adequate consumption of fiber feed on the part of the professionals of the area of the health. It suggests itself that the use of grains of you will cultivate of barley, so much in the human food as animal, can cause distinct beneficial effects about the metabolism and the so much, biological answers by the amplitude of variation in the individual contents of the soluble and insoluble fractions of the fiber, in this last mainly by the contents of as well as, by the proportions of these fractions regarding the contents of fiber. The work had like objective decide to chemical composition of grains of different you will cultivate of barley, in the integral form and peeled and relate the effects of the addition of integral grains as spring of fiber in the diet. After determination of the chemical composition of 16 you will cultivate of barley is able to be observed that the integral grain I possessed peculiar quality that can be utilized in the human nutrition. For evaluation of the physiological effects were utilized male mice Wistar, fed with feeds formulated with grains of integral barley, presented similar levels of total, but contrasting fiber in soluble and insoluble fiber and a feed control, formulated according to the AIN-93. The animals were submitted to 5 days of adaptation and 37 days of experimental period, where were collected samples for the determination of the consumption of dry matter, profit of weight, output of dry and humid excrements, pH of the excrements, fecal excretion of nitrogen, total fiber and insoluble fiber. The favorable biological effects to the barley grains job, as spring of fiber feed, were the increase in the content of humidity and nitrogen in the excrements, with increase in the fecal volume, with smaller values of pH, which can be attributed to the elevated digestibilidade of the fiber feed and to the presence of soluble fiber in the diets. It is able to be perceived that the barley changed the profile lipid of the mice, having reduction of the total cholesterol and triglyceride, improvement in the levels of albumin and total proteins. The results obtained are going to substantiate the use of different you will cultivate of barley for specific ends in the human nutrition.
A preocupação com a manutenção da saúde e a prevenção de certas doenças tem sido associada a uma ingestão adequada de fibra alimentar por parte dos profissionais da área da saúde. Sugere-se que o uso de grãos de cultivares de cevada, tanto na alimentação humana como animal, possa causar efeitos benéficos distintos sobre o metabolismo e as respostas biológicas, tanto pela amplitude de variação nos teores individuais das frações insolúvel e solúvel da fibra, nesta última principalmente pelos teores de β-glucanas, assim como, pelas proporções destas frações em relação aos teores de fibra total. O trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a composição química de grãos de diferentes cultivares de cevada, na forma integral e descascada e relacionar os efeitos da adição de grãos integrais como fonte de fibra na dieta. Após a determinação da composição química de 16 cultivares de cevada observou-se que grãos integrais possuem qualidades peculiares que podem ser utilizadas na nutrição humana. Para avaliação dos efeitos biológicos foram utilizados ratos machos Wistar, alimentados com rações formuladas com grãos de cevada integral, apresentado níveis semelhantes de fibra total, mas contrastantes em fibra insolúvel e solúvel e uma ração controle, formulada de acordo com o AIN-93. Os animais foram submetidos a 5 dias de adaptação e 37 dias de período experimental, onde foram coletadas amostras para a determinação do consumo de matéria seca, ganho de peso, produção de fezes úmidas e secas, pH das fezes, excreção fecal de nitrogênio, fibra total e fibra insolúvel. Os efeitos biológicos favoráveis ao emprego de grãos de cevada, como fonte de fibra alimentar, foram o aumento no teor de umidade e nitrogênio nas fezes, aumento do volume fecal, menores valores de pH, que podem ser atribuídos à elevada digestibilidade da fibra alimentar e à presença de fibra solúvel nas dietas. Pode-se perceber que a cevada mudou o perfil lipídico dos ratos, havendo redução do colesterol total e triglicerídeos, melhora nos níveis de albumina e proteínas totais. Os resultados obtidos permitem fundamentar o uso de diferentes cultivares de cevada para fins específicos na nutrição humana.

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During the agroindustrial processing steps of guava, are wasted materials such as peel and seed that are considered waste. However, waste represent considerable volumes of alternative sources of nutrients for human nutrition and that are discarded. In this context, this study aimed to determine the composition, physico-chemical and technological properties of the residue of guava, peel and seed, as well as evaluate the effect of diets prepared with this residue as a source of fiber parameters on biological response in Wistar rats. Additionally, cereal bars were developed, using seed meal and peel meal of guava as source of dietary fiber. The residues were analyzed for dry-matter content, ash, protein, lipids, dietary fiber, pectin, phenolic compounds, the copper binding capacity, hidration capacity, syneresis and fat binding capacity. The biological assay was conducted using 40 male Wistar rats, divided into four treatments of 10 animals, with different dietary fiber source: CONT, feed with AIN93G, TC, feed with guava peel, TS, feed with guava seed, TCS, feed with peel and seeds of guava. Later, cereal bars with high fiber content were developed, which were evaluated sensorially and nutritionally by chemical composition. The results showed the peel is a material rich in dietary fiber, highlighting the high content of soluble fiber and pectin. The guava peel is natural source of energy and minerals, with high hydration capacity and low syneresis. The seed showed good yield as a source of fiber, especially insoluble, protein and oil. Peel and seed showed significant value of copper binding capacity and phenolic compounds. Peel and seeds of guava as fiber source in diets of rats did not affect weight gain, average feed intake, feed conversion, epididymal fat, weight of liver and pancreas, total cholesterol, glucose and total protein. The animals submitted to treatment only with peel fibers had higher digestibility, higher content of nitrogen in the faeces, greater weight of the intestine and HDL increased. Treatment only with seed as fiber source allowed shortest time of transit. Regardless of the proportion of peel in the diet, the faces pH waslower. The decrease of triglycerides was greater when seed was introduced into the diet. The formulations of cereal bars tested had an average of 10,93% moisture, 60,55% of total carbohydrates, 9,62% lipids, 8,41% protein, 1,38% ash and 20,02% dietary fiber, increasing the fiber content in relation to the standard formulation. The test formulations showed satisfactory acceptability in all sensory attributes. Was not observed preference by formulation or significant influence of the proportion of waste, except for the texture, for the which the formulation with the highest percentage of waste had the smaller values. The study showed that peel and seeds of guava, usually wasted, have wide applicability in the food industry, being materials nutritious and source of fiber, which can assist be alternatives in order to control of biochemical parameters relevant. The formulations of cereal bar containing peel and seed of guava are source of fiber, consistent with the requirements of today's consumers who want products with nutritional and sensory quality.
Durante as etapas de processamento da goiaba nas agroindústrias, são desperdiçados materiais como a casca e a semente, os chamados resíduos. No entanto, eles possuem volumes consideráveis de fontes alternativas de nutrientes para a nutrição humana e são descartados. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo não só determinar a composição e as propriedades físico-químicas e tecnológicas do resíduo de goiaba, casca e semente, como também avaliar o efeito de dietas elaboradas com esse resíduo, como fonte de fibras, sobre parâmetros de resposta biológica em ratos Wistar. Adicionalmente, objetivou-se desenvolver barras de cereais, utilizando a farinha de semente e casca de goiaba como fonte de fibra alimentar. Os resíduos foram analisados quanto aos teores de matéria-seca, cinzas, proteína bruta, lipídeos, fibra alimentar, pectina, compostos fenólicos, capacidade de ligação ao cobre, capacidade de ligação à água, sinérese e capacidade de ligação à gordura. O ensaio biológico foi conduzido utilizando 40 ratos Wistar machos, distribuídos em 4 tratamentos de 10 animais, variando a fonte de fibra alimentar: CONT, ração AIN93G; TC, ração com casca de goiaba; TS, ração com semente de goiaba; TCS, ração com casca e semente de goiaba. Posteriormente, desenvolveram-se barras de cereais ricas em fibras, que foram avaliadas sensorialmente e nutricionalmente através de sua composição química. Os resultados mostraram a casca como material rico em fibras alimentares, destacando o alto teor em fibra solúvel e pectina. Ela é fonte natural de energia, bem como de minerais; tem alta capacidade de hidratação e baixa sinérese. A semente mostrou bom rendimento como fonte de fibras, principalmente insolúveis, proteínas e óleo. Casca e semente apresentaram valor expressivo de CLC e de compostos fenólicos. Como fonte de fibras em dietas para ratos, casca e semente de goiaba não afetaram ganho de peso, consumo alimentar médio, conversão alimentar, gordura epididimal, peso do pâncreas e fígado, colesterol total, glicose e proteínas totais. Os animais submetidos ao tratamento apenas com casca apresentaram maior digestibilidade das fibras, maior teor de nitrogênio nas fezes, maior HDL e maior peso de intestino. O tratamento apenas com semente como fonte de fibra possibilitou menor tempo de trânsito. Independentemente da proporção de casca na dieta, observou-se menor pH das fezes, já a diminuição de triglicerídeos foi maior à medida que a semente foi introduzida na dieta. As formulações de barras de cereais testadas apresentaram em média 10,93% de umidade, 60,55% de carboidratos totais, 9,62% de lipídeos, 8,41% de proteínas, 1,38% de cinzas e 20,02% de fibra alimentar, aumentando o teor de fibras em relação à formulação padrão. As formulações teste apresentaram aceitabilidade satisfatória em todos os atributos sensoriais, sem preferência por formulação e sem influência significativa da proporção de resíduos, exceto na textura, na qual a formulação com maior percentual de resíduos proporcionou menores médias. O trabalho demonstrou que casca e semente de goiaba, usualmente desperdiçados, têm ampla aplicabilidade na indústria alimentícia, sendo materiais nutritivos, fonte de fibras, que podem auxiliar na escolha de alternativas com vista no controle de parâmetros bioquímicos relevantes e que as formulações de barra de cereal contendo casca e semente de goiaba, são fonte de fibras e condizentes com as exigências dos consumidores atuais que desejam produtos com qualidade sensorial e nutricional.

A inoculação de forrageiras com fungos lignocelulolíticos é uma alternativa para melhorar a qualidade destas sem adição de substâncias químicas. Este projeto visa melhorar a degradabilidade de seis forrageiras: Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Napier, Panicum maximum cv. Aruana, Cenchrus ciliares cv. Buffel, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e cana-de-açúcar picada por meio do cultivo de quatro fungos do gênero Pleurotus. Outrossim, extrato enzimático, nas concentrações de 2, 4 e 6 mL, produzido pelo fungo P. sajor-caju CCB 020 crescido em vinhaça, durante 6º, 12º e 18º dias, foram aplicados às mesmas forrageiras. As avaliações das dietas foram pela técnica de produção de gases, degradabilidade in vitro e análise bromatológica do substrato. As atividades das enzimas Lacase, Peroxidase, Manganês Peroxidase, Endoglucanase, Exoglucanase e Xilanase foram determinadas, por um período de 24 dias. Os resultados foram estatisticamente avaliados, utilizando SAS® (Statistical Analysis System Inst., Cary, North Carolina). Os fungos crescidos nas forrageiras, produziram enzimas hidrolíticas e oxidativas durante o processo de fermentação, que atuaram na transformação das forrageiras. A quantidade de proteínas aumentou significativamente na cana-de-açúcar picada e capim Buffel, inoculados com os fungos P. ostreatus e P. albidus CCB 068. A forrageira Aruana foi a que melhor respondeu ao tratamento com fungo, sendo que com P. sajor-caju, ao 18º dia de incubação, teve a concentração de acetato 1,24 vezes maior, em relação a amostra controle, e as demais concentrações de AGCC, como propionato e butirato, diminuir e a razão C2:C3 aumentou. A cana-de-açúcar incubada com P. albidus CCB 068, ao 18º dia, diminuiu as concentrações de acetato, propionato e butirato e aumentou a razão C2:C3 em 0,86 - 0,58 - 0,71 - 1,48 vezes, respectivamente. O bagaço inoculado ao 24º dia com P. albidus provocou aumento nas concentrações de acetato, propionato e butirato e diminuição na razão C2:C3, em 1,14 - 1,75 - 1,32 - 0,64 vezes, respectivamente, e com P. ostreatus mostrou o mesmo comportamento. Com os demais tratamentos nenhum efeito significativo foi observado, pelo teste de Tukey a 5%, entretanto ocorre tendência de aumentar a razão C2:C3 com o tratamento com os fungos. Na produção de gases e degradabilidade in vitro das forrageiras, utilizando os extratos enzimáticos, ocorreu aumento com a concentração aplicada. Efeitos significativos foram observados para as forrageiras Brachiaria, Napier e Aruana, já as forrageiras Buffel, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e cana-de-açúcar picada não mostraram diferenças significativas, pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Diferenças nas análises de AGCC não foram significativas, pelo teste de Tukey a 5%, dentro das concentrações ou período de incubação do fungo, nas seis forrageiras, entretanto há uma interação com as atividades das enzimas e pela razão C2:C3 a maior concentração testada de 6 mL, do extrato com o fungo, incubado durante 12º dias, possam ser recomendadas para obtenção de ganho nutricional das dietas. Conclui-se que tanto os fungos inoculados nas forrageiras, como seus extratos enzimáticos foram capazes de modificar a composição bromatológica original das forrageiras. A degradabilidade, ganho nutricional e sustentabilidade ambiental, podem variar substancialmente para os diferentes tipos de forrageiras, espécie de fungo e tempo de incubação. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os Pleurotus, é um fungo apropriado para melhorar o valor nutritivo das forragerias como alimento para ruminates, melhorando a composição bromatoligica, mas também aumentando a degradabilidade
The inoculation of forages with lignocellulolytic fungi is an option for improving quality without adding chemical products. This project aims to improve the degradability of six forages: Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Pennisetum purpureum Schum. Cv. Napier, Panicum maximum cv. Aruana, Cenchrus ciliares cv. Buffel, sugarcane bagasse and chopped sugarcane by cultivating four fungi of the genus Pleurotus. In addition, enzymatic extract, at concentrations of 2, 4 and 6 mL, produced by P. sajor-caju CCB 020, developed in vinasse, during 6, 12 and 18 days were applied to the same forages. The evaluations of the diets were by in vitro technique of gas production and bromatological analysis of the substrate. The activities of the enzymes Lacase, Peroxidase, Manganese Peroxidase, Endoglucanase, Exoglucanase and Xylanase were determined, for a period of 24 days. The results were statistically evaluated by SAS® analysis (Statistical Analysis System Inst., Cary, North Carolina). The fungi grown in the forages, produced hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes during the fermentation process that worked in forage transformation. The amount of proteins increased significantly in the chopped sugarcane and Buffel, inoculated with P. ostreatus and P. albidus CCB 068 fungi. The Aruana grass was the one that responded better to fungi treatments. With P. sajor-caju at the 18th day of incubation, the concentration of acetate was 1.24 times higher than the control sample, and the concentrations of other short chain fatty acids (SCFA), such as propionate and butyrate, tended to decrease and the C2:C3 ratio increased. Sugarcane incubated with P. albidus CCB068 at day 18 decreased acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations and increased the C2:C3 ratio in 0.86, 0.58, and 0.71 - 1.48 fold, respectively. The bagasse inoculated at the 24th day with P. albidus caused an increase in acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations and a decrease in the C2:C3 ratio in 1.14, 1.75, and 1.32 - 0.64 fold, respectively, and with P. ostreatus showed the same behavior. With the other treatments, no significant effect was observed by the Tukey test. However, there is a tendency to increase the C2:C3 ratio with the fungus treatment. In the production of gases and in vitro degradability of forages, using the enzymatic extracts, an increase with the applied concentrations occurred. Significant effects were observed for the Brachiaria forage at 5%, while forage Buffel, sugarcane bagasse and chopped sugarcane did not show significant differences by Tukey\'s test at 5%. Differences in the SCFA analyzes were not significant, by the Tukey\'s test at 5%, within the concentrations or incubation period of the fungus, in the six forages studied. However there is an interaction with the activities of the enzymes and the C2:C3, the highest concentration tested (6 mL) of the fungi extracts, incubated for 12 days, can be recommended to obtain increase in nutritional value of the diets. It is concluded that both the fungi inoculated on the forage and their enzymatic extracts were able to modify the original bromatological composition of the forage. The degradability, increase of nutritional value and environmental sustainability, can vary substantially for different types of forages, species of fungus and incubation time. The results suggest that Pleurotus is an appropriate fungus for improving the nutritive value of forage crops as feed for ruminates, improving the bromatoligic composition, but also enhancing the degradability

Les méthodes d'analyse multivariée permettent d'extraire l'information présente dans les données spectroscopiques expérimentales pour la prédiction d'une propriété d'intérêt. La dimensionnalité des données en spectroscopie proche infrarouge est telle qu'une sélection des variables spectroscopiques et d'échantillons est nécessaire afin d'améliorer les performances, la robustesse des modèles ou de tendre vers une instrumentation simplifiée. L'analyse rapide de la composition chimique des échantillons textiles est fondamentale dans certaines applications. Une première étude concerne la détermination de la teneur en coton dans des mélanges de fibres coton/polyester et coton/viscose par spectroscopie proche infrarouge. Afin d'améliorer les capacités prédictives obtenues sur les spectres complets, deux procédures de sélection de variables, l'information mutuelle et les algorithmes génétiques, ont été appliquées. L'erreur standard de prédiction obtenue pour le lot coton/polyester est de 2,53% sur les 8 variables sélectionnées par l'information mutuelle. Une seconde étude présente l'analyse qualitative pour la classification d'échantillons textiles dans trois classes par rapport à une propriété physico-chimique d'intérêt. La méthode des support vector machine présente des résultats performants avec un taux d'échantillons bien classés en prédiction de 88,8%. La réduction arbitraire du nombre de variables spectroscopiques a permis de montrer que les capacités prédictives obtenues sur les spectres complets ne sont pas dégradées. Ces résultats sont confirmés par l'utilisation d'une instrumentation simplifiée.

Le chanvre fait l'objet de nombreux travaux de selection portant sur la qualite de la fibre et le contenu en cannabinoides des plantes. Le but de cette etude est la mise au point pour un clone de chanvre a fibre, de methodes de multiplication vegetative et de conservation, adaptees a la selection varietable du chanvre. L'etude du bouturage horticole dans differentes conditions thermiques et photoperiodiques a montre l'effet positif de l'alternance des temperatures sur le developpement morphologique et chimique des boutures ainsi que la necessite d'un eclairement continu pour le maintien des plantes-meres vegetatives. Cette recherche a revele l'existence de gradients chimiques et morphologiques generalement favorables au choix de la moitie superieure des plantes

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The objective of this work was to investigate the feasibility of the pell and flesh of the baru, while ingredient in the development of bread-form. From the formulation of a bread standard were developed four types of breads so using to peel and flesh of baru in different proportions (PCB25 - 25.00%, PCB50 - 50.00%, PCB75-75, 00% and PCB100 - 100.00%) to replace the farelo of wheat. The peel and flesh of baru were analyzed for microbiological quality, levels of moisture, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, fiber, ash, pH, content of soluble solids. With the exception of the last two analisys, the others have been held for breads, even to the sensory analysis, specific volume and density. The results were analyzed by the coefficient of variation, analysis of variance, test Tukey (p <0.05) and correlation of Pearson. The analysis of the composition centesimal of the peel and flesh of the baru revealed a high content of carbohydrates (65.00%) and fiber (4.00%), a low concentration of protein and lipid (4.00% and 3.00%, respectively). The peel and flesh of baru presented concentration of soluble solids with a value of 5.00 ° Brix and pH equal to 5.40. The breads have developed an average 34.00% moisture, 2.00% ash, 2.00% of lipids, 13.00% of protein, 42.00% of carbohydrates and 6.00% of total fiber food. There was an increase in up to 58.20% in the content of FAT with increasing proportion of the peel and flesh of the baru. All samples were accepted on the attributes appearance, texture and flavor, and is considered low in total fat, not showing significant difference between them on the content of protein and moisture. The results of microbiological analysis was favorable. The survey showed that the peel and flesh of baru are feasible for implementing technological ingredient in breads, giving improves the nutritional characteristics and sensory attributes.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a viabilidade da casca e polpa do baru, enquanto ingrediente, no desenvolvimento de pães do tipo forma. A partir da formulação de um pão de forma integral padrão foram desenvolvidos quatro tipos de pães de forma utilizando-se a casca e polpa do baru em diferentes proporções (PCB25 25,00%, PCB50 50,00%, PCB75 75,00% e PCB100 100,00%) em substituição ao farelo de trigo. A casca e polpa do baru foram analisadas quanto à qualidade microbiológica, teores de umidade, proteínas, lipídios, carboidratos, fibras, cinzas, pH, teor de sólidos solúveis. Com exceção das duas últimas análises, as demais também foram realizadas para os pães, além da análise sensorial, volume específico e densidade. Os resultados foram analisados pelo coeficiente de variação, análise de variância, teste de Tukey (p< 0,05) e correlação de Pearson. A análise da composição centesimal da CPB revelou um elevado teor de carboidratos (65,00%) e fibras (4,00%), uma baixa concentração de proteína e lipídios (4,00% e 3,00%, repectivamente). A casca e polpa do baru apresentaram concentração de sólidos solúveis com valor de 5,00°Brix e pH igual a 5,40. Os pães desenvolvidos apresentaram em média 34,00% de umidade, 2,00% de cinzas, 2,00% de lipídios, 13,00% de proteínas, 42,00% de carboidratos e 6,00% de fibra alimentar total. Observou-se um acréscimo em até 58,20% no teor de FAT com o aumento da proporção da casca e polpa do baru. Todas as amostras foram aceitas quanto aos atributos aparência, textura e sabor, sendo considerados com baixo teor de gorduras totais, não apresentando diferença significativa entre si quanto ao teor de proteína e umidade. O resultado das análises microbiológicas foi favorável. A pesquisa realizada demonstrou que a casca e polpa do baru constituem ingrediente viável para aplicação tecnológica em pães, conferindo melhora das características nutricionais e atributos sensoriais.

The study examined the properties of stalk and cob fibres from recombinant inbred corn lines and their parents, grown at two locations, in a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. The objectives were to: determine fibre compositions; evaluate the effects of fibres on the functional properties of biocomposites and identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and gene markers for fibre performance in biocomposites. Significant Genotype*Location effects were observed. Composites had lower strength (impact, tensile, and flexural) but higher tensile/flexural modulus values than pure PLA. The latter were positively affected by cellulose and hemicellulose but negatively affected by free phenolic levels and 93 fibre QTLs and 62 composite markers were detected. This study identified fibre traits and markers for genes that may be important for the use of corn fibres in biocomposites.
Ontario BioCar Initiative Project funded by Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, The Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) and Ontario Public Sector

Experiments were conducted to determine the optimal conditions for tail-end dehulling of canola meal (CM) and the production of high-protein, high-energy and low-fiber CM. The use of sieves from 250-600µm resulted in the production of dehulled fractions 1 and 2 from three different types of CM. On average, and in comparison with their parent meals, the dehulled fractions 1 and 2 contained less dietary fiber (19.4 and 22.9 vs. 27.5%) and more protein (44.5 and 43.1 vs. 40.1%), respectively. Growth performance experiments were conducted with broiler chickens and weaned piglets fed diets containing dehulled CM fractions. In the broiler chicken trial, no significant differences for feed intake, BWG and feed efficiency were observed, indicating that CM and its low-fiber fractions could replace SBM in the broiler pre-starter diets at a lower cost. In the swine experiment, a beneficial effect of dehulling on final body weight and feed efficiency was observed.

碩士
嘉南藥理大學
環境工程與科學系
103
In this study, the chemical characteristics and sources of aerosol at Doi Ang Khang, Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand during 23 February to 7 April 2013, corresponding to the monsoonal dry season and a maximum in agricultural and forest fire activity, were determined. The aerosol samples were collected on 47 mm quartz filters by using MOUDI and Nano MOUDI, and then carried out the chemical properties of the carboxylic acids, inorganic components (NO3-, NO2-, Cl-, SO42-, Mg2+, Na+ , K+, Ca2+ and NH4+) and carbonaceous matters (OC and EC) in aerosols. Acetic acid was the most abundant carboxylic acid, followed by oxalic acid during an intensive observation period (IOP), indicating that carboxylic acid are formed by photochemical reaction and/or emitted directly from fossil fuel and biomass burning. Sulfate and ammonium were the most dominant species of anion and cation, respectively. Potassium was found to be useful marker for biomass burning. In this study, oxalate and potassium were highly correlated (relationship coefficient, r value> 0.947), suggesting source of aerosol from biomass burning.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Articular cartilage (AC) is a strong but flexible connective tissue that covers and protects the end of the long bones. Although cartilage has excellent friction and wear properties that allow smooth joint function during daily activities, these properties are not fully understood. Many material properties of cartilage are anisotropic and vary with anatomic location and the composition of the tissue, but whether this is also true for cartilage friction and wear has not been previously determined. Furthermore, cartilage disease and injury are major health concerns that affect millions of people, but there are few available treatments to prevent the progression of cartilage degeneration. Collagen crosslinking may be a potential treatment to reduce cartilage wear and slow or prevent the progression of cartilage disease. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate the relationships between the friction/wear characteristics of cartilage and the orientation of the preferred fiber direction, the anatomic location of the tissue, the composition of the tissue, and exogenous photochemical crosslinking. In the superficial zone, AC has preferential fiber direction which leads to anisotropic material behavior. Therefore, we hypothesized that AC will show anisotropic behavior between longitudinal and transverse direction in an accelerated, in vitro wear test on bovine cartilage in terms of friction and wear. This hypothesis was proven by the quantification of glycosaminoglycans released from the tissue during the wear test, which showed that more glycosaminoglycans were released when the wear direction was transverse to the direction of the fibers. However, the hydroxyproline released from the tissue during the wear test was not significantly different between the two directions, nor was the coefficient of friction. The material properties of AC can also vary with anatomic location, perhaps due to differences in how the tissue is loaded in vivo. We hypothesized that cartilage from a higher load bearing site will give better wear resistance than cartilage from lower load bearing regions. However, no differences in friction or wear were observed between the different anatomic locations on the bovine femoral condyles. The concentration of collagen, glycosaminoglycans, cells and water in the tissue was also quantified, but no significant differences in tissue composition were found among the locations that were tested. Although wear did not vary with anatomic location, variation in the wear measurements were relatively high. One potential source of variation is the composition of the cartilage. To determine whether cartilage composition influences friction and wear, a correlation analysis was conducted. An accelerated, in vitro wear test was conducted on cartilage from bovine femoral condyles, and the tissue adjacent to the wear test specimens was analyzed for collagen, glycosaminoglycan, cell, and water content. Because wear occurs on the cartilage surface, the superficial zone of the cartilage might play an important role in wear test. Therefore, composition of the adjacent cartilage was determined in both the superficial zone and the full thickness of the tissue. A significant negative correlation was found between wear and collagen content in the full thickness of the tissue, and between the initial coefficient of friction and the collagen content in the superficial zone. This correlation suggests that variation in the collagen content in the full thickness of the cartilage partially explains differences in amount of wear between specimens. The wear resistance of cartilage can be improved with exogenous crosslinking agents, but the use of photochemical crosslinking to improve wear resistance is not well understood. Two photochemical crosslinking protocols were analyzed to improve the wear resistance of the cartilage by using chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (CASPc) and 670nm laser light. The cartilage treated with the two crosslinking protocols had lower wear than the non-treated group without changing the friction properties of the cartilage.