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1
Markarian, Jennifer. "Long fibre reinforced thermoplastics continue growth in automotive." Plastics, Additives and Compounding 9, no. 2 (March 2007): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-391x(07)70025-9.
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O RUAN, FANGTAO, CHENGLONG XIA, LI YANG, ZHENZHEN XU, and FEIYAN TAO. "Effect of filaments diameter on the mechanical properties of wrap hybrid CFRP." Industria Textila 72, no. 02 (April 22, 2021): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.072.02.1733.
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In this paper, the vine-like structure of carbon bundles was designed through polyester fibre wrapping for better mechanical properties. The effect of wrapped hybrid structure and diameters of polyester fibre on the mechanical properties of carbon-polyester fibre/epoxy unidirectional composites was investigated experimentally. Five kinds of specimens with different polyester filament diameters were produced. The impact, tensile and unidirectional compressive properties of WHC (Wrap Hybrid Composite) were measured. Experimental results show that: it can be developed with strength and toughness properties far superior to those of their constituents, the compressive fracture morphology of specimens indicated that the fracture patterns of composites depend on wrapped hybrid structure, polyester fibres with higher tensile strengths provide better impact resistance, while thinner wrapping fibres enhance the compression properties of the composite material more effectively. The diameter of the wrapping fibre should be optimized as per the application of the composite material. The vine-like structure can provide a new design method for the structural design of continue fibre reinforced composite materials.
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Fahey, A. J., J. M. Brameld, T. Parr, and P. J. Buttery. "The effect of maternal undernutrition on muscle fibre type in the newborn lamb." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200012199.
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Muscle fibre type can influence meat quality (Maltinet al1997). Muscle fibre formation occurs during gestation and in the sheep the total number of fibres in a muscle is essentially fixed at birth. (Ashmereet al1972). Postnatal growth of muscle is entirely due to elongation and widening of the existing muscle fibres. Therefore the gestational period is important in the long-term growth potential of the animal. By investigating changes in muscle fibre type, the aim of this study was to test the general hypothesis that the poor carcass quality sometimes seen in ruminant animals may be due to poor nutrition at strategic time points during the animal’s development. As agricultural practices continue to become more extensive, variation in the nutrient supply to the animal is becoming more common. Therefore it is important to understand the effect of any changes in nutrient supply to the mother, during gestation on the subsequent muscle development of the fetus and ultimately the effects on meat quality.
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Agrell, Erik, Alex Alvarado, and Frank R. Kschischang. "Implications of information theory in optical fibre communications." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2062 (March 6, 2016): 20140438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0438.
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Recent decades have witnessed steady improvements in our ability to harness the information-carrying capability of optical fibres. Will this process continue, or will progress eventually stall? Information theory predicts that all channels have a limited capacity depending on the available transmission resources, and thus it is inevitable that the pace of improvements will slow. However, information theory also provides insights into how transmission resources should, in principle, best be exploited, and thus may serve as a guide for where to look for better ways to squeeze more out of a precious resource. This tutorial paper reviews the basic concepts of information theory and their application in fibre-optic communications.
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MACKAPLOW, MICHAEL B., and ERIC S. G. SHAQFEH. "A numerical study of the sedimentation of fibre suspensions." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 376 (December 10, 1998): 149–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112098002663.
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The sedimentation of fibre suspensions at low Reynolds number is studied using two different, but complementary, numerical simulation methods: (1) Monte Carlo simulations, which consider interparticle hydrodynamic interactions at all orders within the slender-body theory approximation (Mackaplow & Shaqfeh 1996), and (ii) dynamic simulations, which consider point–particle interactions and are accurate for suspension concentrations of nl3=1, where n and l are the number density and characteristic half-length of the fibres, respectively. For homogeneous, isotropic suspensions, the Monte Carlo simulations show that the hindrance of the mean sedimentation speed is linear in particle concentration up to at least nl3=7. The speed is well predicted by a new dilute theory that includes the effect of two-body interactions. Our dynamic simulations of dilute suspensions, however, show that interfibre hydrodynamic interactions cause the spatial and orientational distributions to become inhomogeneous and anisotropic. Most of the fibres migrate into narrow streamers aligned in the direction of gravity. This drives a downward convective flow within the streamers which serves to increase the mean fibre sedimentation speed. A steady-state orientation distribution develops which strongly favours fibre alignment with gravity. Although the distribution reaches a steady state, individual fibres continue to rotate in a manner that can be qualitatively described as a flipping between the two orientations aligned with gravity. The simulation results are in good agreement with published experimental data.
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DeVries, Jonathan W. "On defining dietary fibre." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, no. 1 (February 2003): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2002234.
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Establishing a definition for dietary fibre has historically been a balance between nutrition knowledge and analytical method capabilities. While the most widely accepted physiologically-based definitions have generally been accurate in defining the dietary fibre in foods, scientists and regulators have tended, in practice, to rely on analytical procedures as the definitional basis in fact. As a result, incongruities between theory and practice have resulted in confusion regarding the components that make up dietary fibre. In November 1998 the president of the American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) appointed an expert scientific review committee and charged it with the task of reviewing and, if necessary, updating the definition of dietary fibre. The committee was further charged with assessing the state of analytical methodology and making recommendations relevant to the updated definition. After due deliberation, an updated definition of dietary fibre was delivered to the AACC Board of Directors for consideration and adoption (Anon, 2000; Jones 2000/7). The updated definition includes the same food components as the historical working definition used for approximately 30 years (a very important point, considering that the majority of the research of the past 30 years delineating the positive health effects of dietary fibre is based on that working definition). However, the updated definition more clearly delineates the make-up of dietary fibre and its physiological functionality. As a result, relatively few changes will be necessary in analytical methodology. Current methodologies, in particular AACC-approved method of analysis 32–05 (Grami, 2000), Association of Official Analytical Chemists' official method of analysis 985.29 (Horwitz, 2000a) or AACC 32–07 (Grami, 2000) Association of Official Analytical Chemists 991.43 (Horwitz, 2000a) will continue to be sufficient and used for most foods. A small number of additional methods will be necessary to quantify the dietary fibre levels in foods containing fibres such as fructans (polymers and oligomers of fructose, inulin), modified dextrins, and/or synthetic dietary fibre analogues.
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Obrador, Antoni. "Fibre and colorectal cancer: a controversial question." British Journal of Nutrition 96, S1 (August 2006): S46—S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20061700.
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Since the 1970s it has been postulated that dietary fibre is a protective factor against colorectal cancer. Several epidemiological studies have been performed following different designs (correlation studies, case–control, cohort) and overall they have supported the hypothesis of a benefit of dietary fibre. However, a few intervention trials have not demonstrated the preventive role of dietary fibre on the occurrence of adenomatous colorectal polyps. Nevertheless, there are multiple animal experimental studies that support the role of fibre in the prevention of colorectal cancer. In the present review, the most important contributions to this controversial question are revised. Finally, it is recommended to continue encouraging an increase in the daily consumption of fibre, since it probably plays an important role in the prevention of colorectal cancer, together with other beneficial effects.
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Björkman, Ulf. "The Nonlinear History of Fibre Flow Research. Part 1: Background and Beginning." Applied Rheology 18, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 23974–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2008-0008.
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Abstract Technical fibre flows are normally flocky, but have theoretically mainly been treated as individual fibre flows. The reason for this can only be understood in the context of historic development. In Part 1 of this historic investigation the roots of fibre flow research are traced to the beginning of the 19th century. The subsequent development is followed through its formative period in the first half of the 20th century up to about WW2. Part 2 will continue up to about 1960s when the present main tradition had been well established. In Part 2, an example of an alternative approach will also be given, and some proposals for future development presented.
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Che Muda, Zakaria, Payam Shafigh, Norhayati Binti Mahyuddin, Samad M. E. Sepasgozar, Salmia Beddu, and As’ad Zakaria. "Energy Performance of a High-Rise Residential Building Using Fibre-Reinforced Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 4489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134489.
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The increasing need for eco-friendly green building and creative passive design technology in response to climatic change and global warming issues will continue. However, the need to preserve and sustain the natural environment is also crucial. A building envelope plays a pivotal role in areas where the greatest heat and energy loss often occur. Investment for the passive design aspect of building envelopes is essential to address CO 2 emission. This research aims to explore the suitability of using integral-monolithic structural insulation fibre-reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) without additional insulation as a building envelope material in a high-rise residential building in the different climatic zones of the world. Polypropylene and steel fibres in different dosages were used in a structural grade expanded clay lightweight aggregate concrete. Physical and thermal properties of fibre reinforced structural LWAC, normal weight concrete (NWC) and bricks were measured in the lab. The Autodesk@Revit-GBS simulation program was implemented to simulate the energy consumption of a 29-storey residential building with shear wall structural system using the proposed fibre-reinforced LWAC materials. Results showed that energy savings between 3.2% and 14.8% were incurred in buildings using the fibre-reinforced LWAC across various climatic regions as compared with traditional NWC and sand-cement brick and clay brick walls. In conclusion, fibre-reinforced LWAC in hot-humid tropical and temperate Mediterranean climates meet the certified Green Building Index (GBI) requirements of less than 150 kW∙h∙m−2. However, in extreme climatic conditions of sub-arctic and hot semi-arid desert climates, a thicker wall or additional insulation is required to meet the certified green building requirements. Hence, the energy-saving measure is influenced largely by the use of fibre-reinforced LWAC as a building envelope material rather than because of building orientation.
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Bisby, Luke, and Tim Stratford. "Design for fire of concrete elements strengthened or reinforced with fibre-reinforced polymer: state of the art and opportunities from performance-based approaches." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 11 (November 2013): 1034–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2012-0506.
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Recent years have seen widespread success applying fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials for internal reinforcement and externally bonded strengthening of concrete structures. However, considerable reductions in mechanical and bond properties of FRP materials at elevated temperatures continue to hinder their application in buildings, where structural fire-resistance ratings are typically required. To meet currently imposed fire safety requirements, FRP materials often require supplemental fire protection insulation or thick concrete cover to maintain their temperature below an assumed (though not currently well-defined) “critical” value during an assumed standard fire exposure. Such requirements are based on a definition of structural fire resistance that is rooted in a prescriptive framework and that fails to take advantage of the state of the art in performance-based structural design for fire safety. This paper is intended to present a summary of the state of the art in this area and also to demonstrate clear opportunities for internal FRP reinforcement and external FRP strengthening of concrete elements that may arise from taking a performance-based fire safety design approach.
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Rekiel, Anna, Justyna Więcek, Martyna Batorska, and Józef Kulisiewicz. "Effect of Piglet Birth Weight on Carcass Muscle and Fat Content and Pork Quality – A Review." Annals of Animal Science 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2014-0088.
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Abstract Piglet birth weight is determined by the maternal environment, intrauterine crowding, and nutrition, which influence embryonic and fetal survival and, as a result, fertility. The internal environment regulates prenatal myogenesis and muscle fibre number nutritionally and hormonally. The growth and metabolic differentiation of muscle fibres take place during the postnatal period. The effect of intrauterine undernutrition on myogenesis and on fetal growth and development (IUGR) is reflected in the low piglet birth weight and its high within-litter variation. Slaughter traits are determined by many factors, including genetic (breed), environmental (nutrition) and preslaughter handling. Slaughter traits and the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of meat are dependent on prenatal myogenesis and neonatal weight. Optimized body weight of newborn piglets is conducive to improving quantitative traits (meatiness, fatness) and qualitative traits. However, slaughter traits are also influenced by many other differentiating factors, which is reflected in research results. Muscle fibres become metabolically differentiated during postnatal development, and one of the factors of large variation in pig meat quality traits is variation in the proportions of different fibre types in mature muscle. Considering the divergent opinions among scientists about the effect of prenatal myogenesis and piglet birth weight on slaughter value and pork quality, as well as the existence of areas that have received little investigation, it is justified to continue research in this area.
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Andreas, Roy, Uyi Sulaeman, and Tien Setyaningtyas. "PEMANFAATAN KARBON SABUT KELAPA TERIMPREGNASI UNTUK MENGURANGI TEMBAGA(II) DALAM MEDIUM AIR." Molekul 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2008): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2008.3.2.53.
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This research is conducted to produce carbons from coconut fibre which approach to activated carbon clause continue with carbon surface modification and the adsorption examination to Cu(II) ions. The research consist of several phase. Carbon making of coconut fibre conducted by carbonization processes at 320-400oC with temperature interval 20oC. Carbon yielded in characterized moisture content, ash content and its adsoprtion to iodium. The carbon surface modification conducted by loaded 2-mercaptobenzotiazol (MBT) on carbon. The adsorpsibility of carbon-MBT tested by influence of contact time, pH, and the isoterm adsorption pattern. The result of the study showed carbonization of coconut fibre which approach the requirement of SII No.0258-89 gained at temperature 320oC. In the present study equilibrium time of 10 minute and pH was found to be optimum for both adsorbent. While type of isothermal adsorption from carban and carbon-MBT adsorbent followed the Langmuir adsorption pattern.
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Rivera, E., A. A. Mufti, and D. J. Thomson. "Civionics for structural health monitoring." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l06-159.
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As the design and construction of civil structures continue to evolve, it is becoming imperative that these structures be monitored for their health. To meet this need, the discipline of civionics has emerged. It involves the application of electronics to civil structures and aims to assist engineers in realizing the full benefits of structural health monitoring (SHM). Therefore, the goal of the civionics specifications outlined in this work is to ensure that the installation and operation of fibre optic sensors are successful. This paper will discuss several lessons learned during the implementation of health monitoring systems for civil structures. The monitoring of these structures primarily motivated the writing of these specifications. Creating a standard procedure for SHM eliminated several ambiguities, such as fibre sensor specifications and the types of cables required. As a result, it is expected that these specifications will help ensure that the sensors will survive the installation process and eventually prove their value over years of structural health monitoring. The civionics fibre optic sensor specifications include the requirements for fibre sensors and their corresponding readout units. They also include specifications for the cables, conduits, junction boxes, termination, and environmental protection.Key words: civionics, structural health monitoring, fibre optic sensors, specifications.
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Pietinen, Pirjo, Merja Paturi, Heli Reinivuo, Heli Tapanainen, and Liisa M. Valsta. "FINDIET 2007 Survey: energy and nutrient intakes." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 6A (June 2010): 920–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980010001102.
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AbstractObjectiveThe National FINDIET surveys are carried out every 5 years to monitor dietary habits and nutrient intake of the adult Finnish population. The latest survey was carried out in 2007.DesignCross-sectional population-based study. Dietary assessment was carried out using 48 h recall interviews. A picture book of food portions was used to estimate portion sizes and the national Food Composition Database Fineli® to calculate nutrient intakes.SettingA representative sample taken in five regions in Finland.SubjectsA total of 730 men and 846 women aged 24–64 years.ResultsThe percentage contribution of fat to the total energy intake was 33 % in men and 31 % in women. The respective percentages for SFA in men and women were 13 % and 12 %, respectively, and 0·4 % for trans fatty acids in both genders. The average intakes of folate, vitamin D and fibre fell below the recommended levels, whereas the average salt intake was somewhat higher than the recommendations. Women’s diet was higher in protein, dietary fibre and sucrose compared to that of men.ConclusionsAccording to the FINDIET 2007 Survey, the dietary habits of the adult Finnish population have headed in a positive direction overall. However, although the quality of the fats consumed has continued to improve, and the intake of salt has decreased, they still do not meet the recommended levels of intake. Similarly, the average intakes of folate and vitamin D continue to fall below the recommendations. There is also a need to increase fibre intake and to cut down the intake of sucrose.
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Broadjurst, M. D. "The influence of the molecular basis of resistance on insecticide discovery." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1376 (October 29, 1998): 1723–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0324.
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This paper focuses on the process of invention and development of new insecticides and the impact of current research in resistance mechanisms on that process. The topic is introduced in the context of (i) the critical need to develop new insect–control agents to ensure a continued supply of high–quality food and fibre; (ii) how resistance development will continue to influence the potential to ensure the supply of these essentials; and (iii) why new insect–control technology is welcomed by growers. The main section of the paper describes a generic agrochemical invention process and discusses the impact that an understanding of the molecular basis of resistance will have on the various stages of this process, using specific examples to illustrate these points. By focusing on insecticide invention, this paper provides a context in which other information more specific to insecticide resistance from this issue can be understood.
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McLaren, Gary. "Australia’s fixed broadband deficit." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 2, no. 4 (May 26, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v2n4.269.
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Australia’s fixed broadband services performance and takeup is continuing to fall behind other comparable countries in international benchmarks. This is despite broadband being a hot topic of debate at three Federal Elections and the creation of a new broadband utility company by the Australian Government. The recent change of government, in 2013, prompted reviews into the structure of Australia’s fixed telecommunications market. A move away from utility style broadband to infrastructure competition has been recommended but the Australian Government has not embraced such a move, preferring instead to keep the utility structure for fixed broadband. While the new Coalition Government is investing in more fibre infrastructure as part of its Multi Technology Mix, there is no commitment to build a ‘deep fibre’ network that would have ‘natural monopoly’ characteristics. Competition from new technologies, wireless and fixed, may limit the financial viability of the utility broadband provider. Indecision about the structure of Australia’s broadband market is likely to continue to retard medium to long term investment in the fibre infrastructure needed to improve Australia’s broadband rankings against its international peers.
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Pavlendová, Gabriela, and Peter Šín. "Effect of Fibre Additives in Concrete on Change of Thermophysical Properties." Key Engineering Materials 868 (October 2020): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.868.150.
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In recent years, we witnessed a rise in synthetic materials, mainly fibres, used for producing building materials. Fibres are, among other things, used to improve concrete poor energy absorption. Natural fibres reinforcement is found as the solution for low-cost building material mainly in developing countries. As processes in cement-based materials are moisture dependent, in this paper, we compare moisture dependence of thermophysical properties of cement-based materials with synthetic and some natural fibres. Thermal properties for samples with different types and amounts of fibres were measured by temperature response of each test specimen to heat flow impulses. This was done for increasing and decreasing relative humidity reached by artificial wetting in climatic chamber. The best results were achieved for the sample with 10% horse manure. Further on we would like to continue in testing and comparing mechanical properties of the samples as well.
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Adovasio, James M., Olga Soffer, and Bohuslav Klíma. "Upper Palaeolithic fibre technology: interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago." Antiquity 70, no. 269 (September 1996): 526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0008368x.
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The later Palaeolithic sites of Moravia, the region of the Czech Republic west of Prague and north of Vienna, continue to provide remarkable new materials. To the art mobilier for which Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov have been celebrated, there has recently been added the technologies of groundstone and ceramics — and now woven materials, interlaced basketry or textiles, again of a kind one expects only from a quite later era.
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Shirobokov, Anton, Sophie Kerchnawe, Daniel Trauth, and Patrick Mattfeld. "Characterization of the Sheared Edge Quality of Blanked Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics." Advanced Materials Research 1140 (August 2016): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1140.280.
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Due to a high specific strength, carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) enable material driven light-weighting of structural components. A constant increase of CFRP usage is predicted to continue in the future. At high production numbers blanking can be cost efficiently used for piercing or trimming operations of cured CFRP components. Compared with metals, sheared edges of blanked CFRP demonstrate fundamentally different morphology. Therefore, conventional characterization parameters cannot be used for an unambiguous characterization of the sheared edge quality. In the scope of this work, surface profile parameters were adopted for this purpose. The applicability of the quality parameters was successfully shown on the example of experimentally produced sheared edges. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the proposed sheared edge quality parameters enable the quality assessment under process inherent variability of the sheared edge morphology in CFRP.
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Faichney, GJ. "Rumen physiology: the key to understanding the conversion of plants into animal products." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 2 (1996): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960163.
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Ruminants have always provided meat, hides and fibre for human use, and since the development of agriculture with its associated domestication of herding ruminants, they have also provided milk and draught power. Sound interpretation of the observations of animal behaviour and performance made by the early hunters and stockmen was not possible until knowledge of physiology began to accumulate in the 18th and 19th centuries. The development of new methods about 50 years ago led to the modern era of ruminant physiology, a flowering of research which has continued to the present day. Rumen physiology is intrinsically interesting but it also has utility because it is fundamental to the understanding of ruminant nutrition. Research must continue, particularly in the areas of microbial ecology and particle kinetics, if the ruminant industries are to respond adequately to the need to produce more food for humans from non-arable land and by-products, to increase product quality, to tailor products to market requirements and, in doing so, reduce their environmental impact
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Lautenschlager, R. A. "Can intensive silviculture contribute to sustainable forest management in northern ecosystems?" Forestry Chronicle 76, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc76283-2.
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In the midst of changing social, ecological, and technical realities, interest in intensive silviculture has resurfaced. Intensive silviculture could build on previous silvicultural approaches, simply intensifying use of the treatments or treatment combinations identified in this paper to increase timber production, but the costs and benefits for specific treatments or treatment combinations remains unclear. Or intensive silviculture could be based on new thinking, refocusing so that increasing amounts of fibre are produced on dramatically younger, agricultural-like fibre farms located in areas that have the longest possible growing season. If fibre farming, using either natural or artificial regeneration, becomes increasingly more important, emphasis will start to be placed as much on equipment and integration of fibre production with manufacturer needs as on previously standard silvicultural treatments. Regardless of the form taken, some reject the suggested advantages of intensive silviculture, recommending instead a knowledge-intensive integrated approach or a combination of approaches. Although integrated landscape management is increasingly becoming the foundation for forest management, silvicultural direction remains unclear. Silviculturalists and managers will reap rewards by increasing silvicultural intensity only if their plans are scientifically based and socially acceptable. Before reasonable silvicultural directions can be developed, responsible parties need to frame and agree on the most realistic approaches that address both social and ecological concerns. Calls for increased silvicultural intensity are based on the recognition that status quo management could result in increasing fibre imports to satisfy local producer and consumer needs. Still, much of our naturally less productive northern forested land base seems far from ripe for increasing silvicultural intensity dramatically. Even so, those who continue status quo forest management solely may become increasingly less competitive. In an increasingly interdependent world market-based economy it is unclear whether intensive silviculture in northern ecosystems can be competitive with production in other parts of the world. Key words: economics, fibre production, forest management, integrated landscape management, intensive silviculture, social concerns, sustainable forest management
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Bunger, L., EA Navajas, L. Stevenson, NR Lambe, CA Maltin, G. Simm, and KC Chang. "Breed and sex effects on muscle fibre characteristics in two contrasting sheep breeds: Scottish Blackface and Texel." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200020147.
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Lamb production is an important part of UK agriculture, contributing more than 10% of total livestock output. It is crucial for maintaining employment and infrastructure in rural communities, and in managing and enhancing the countryside and biodiversity. For the UK sheep industry to continue as a major producer and exporter of lamb, the improvement of its economic sustainability is essential and requires high product quality.As one of the major terminal sire breeds in the UK, Texel sheep (TEX) have been selected over generations for rapid growth, muscularity and lean meat content. In contrast, Scottish Blackface sheep (SBF) have been selected for their hardiness and maternal ability, with less attention being paid to carcass traits. It is clear therefore that divergent selection goals are driving the breeding of TEX and SBF. Based on work in pigs in particular, where selection for lean tissue growth rate has been used extensively, it might be predicted that these two breeds would have diver-gent muscle fibre characteristics. The proportion of muscle fibre types and their size affect muscularity as well as functional properties of the musculature and meat eating quality (MEQ). Breed differences indicate a genetic basis for these traits. This study evaluates the effects of breed and sex, together with those of birthweight and litter size on fibre type characteristics.
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He, Zhenxing, Peng Zhang, Di Wu, Xiaojie Wu, Shuang He, Jia Wei, Xiyu Gong, et al. "1.7 μm Tm-doped continue-wave and pulse fibre laser using a modulated pump based on variable pulse generated mechanisms." Optics & Laser Technology 131 (November 2020): 106450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106450.
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Crous, Pedro W., Johannes Z. Groenewald, Bernard Slippers, and Michael J. Wingfield. "Global food and fibre security threatened by current inefficiencies in fungal identification." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1709 (December 5, 2016): 20160024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0024.
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Fungal pathogens severely impact global food and fibre crop security. Fungal species that cause plant diseases have mostly been recognized based on their morphology. In general, morphological descriptions remain disconnected from crucially important knowledge such as mating types, host specificity, life cycle stages and population structures. The majority of current fungal species descriptions lack even the most basic genetic data that could address at least some of these issues. Such information is essential for accurate fungal identifications, to link critical metadata and to understand the real and potential impact of fungal pathogens on production and natural ecosystems. Because international trade in plant products and introduction of pathogens to new areas is likely to continue, the manner in which fungal pathogens are identified should urgently be reconsidered. The technologies that would provide appropriate information for biosecurity and quarantine already exist, yet the scientific community and the regulatory authorities are slow to embrace them. International agreements are urgently needed to enforce new guidelines for describing plant pathogenic fungi (including key DNA information), to ensure availability of relevant data and to modernize the phytosanitary systems that must deal with the risks relating to trade-associated plant pathogens. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience’.
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Hynd, P. I. "The nutritional biochemistry of wool and hair follicles." Animal Science 70, no. 2 (April 2000): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800054655.
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AbstractThe rôle of various classes of nutrients (energy substrates, vitamins, minerals, amino acids) in the production of wool and hair from follicles, is considered for a variety of animal species. The wool and hair follicle have evolved a number of interesting features of carbohydrate metabolism including glutaminolysis, aerobic glycolysis, significant activity of the pentose phosphate pathway, and storage and mobilisation of glycogen. Presumably the necessity to continue to produce fibre despite fluctuations in the supply of oxygen and nutrients has resulted in some of these unique features, while others reflect the high level of DNA and protein synthesis occurring in the follicle. While it is considered that energy does not normally limit fibre growth, the relative contributions of aerobic and anerobic metabolism will greatly influence the amount of ATP available for follicle activity, such that energy availability may at times alter fibre growth. Alopecia and deficient fibre growth are consistent outcomes of deficiencies of biotin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folate and pantothenic acid, but the precise rôles of these vitamins in follicle function await elucidation. Folate, in particular appears to play an important rôle in wool production, presumably reflecting its involvement in methionine metabolism. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D) significantly alters fibre growth in cultured follicles; vitamin D receptors are located in the outer root sheath, bulb, and dermal papilla of the follicle; and alopecia occurs in humans with defects in the vitamin D receptor. Retinol (vitamin A), too, appears to influence follicle function by altering keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, with direct effects on the expression of keratin genes. The receptors for the retinoids are present in the keratogenous zone, the outer root sheath, the bulb, and the sebaceous glands. Vitamin A may also act indirectly on follicle function by influencing the activity of the insulin-like and epidermal growth factors and by altering vitamin D activity. At present there is little evidence implicating alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) or phytylmenaquinone (vitamin K) in follicular events. Of the minerals, only copper and zinc have been shown to have direct effects on follicle function, independent of effects on food intake. Copper has direct effects on the activity of an unidentified enzyme on oxidation of thiol groups to form disulphide linkages. Wool produced by copper-deficient sheep lacks crimp, is weak and lustrous. Copper is also necessary for the activity of tyrosinase and the tyrosinase-related proteins involved in melanin synthesis. Zinc, like copper, is required for the normal keratinization of fibres but again, the precise rôle has yet to be elucidated. While the importance of amino acid supply for wool growth has long been established, there are still some unaswered questions such as; what are the effects of amino acids on fibre growth in animals other than sheep; what are the characteristics of the amino acid transport genes and proteins operating in the wool and hair follicle; and what are the specific rôles for amino acids in follicle function.
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Manoj, Greeshma. "Export performance of Indian Textile Industry in the Post Multi Fibre Agreement Regime." Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 13, no. 4 (October 17, 2014): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.31.5.
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The Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) and the quota system which governed the international trade in textiles and clothing came to an end on 1st January, 2005. The quota systems were more restrictive against cotton based fibres, which dominate India’s textile exports. Since India has a natural comparative advantage in cotton and cotton based fibres, abolition of MFA was expected to benefit India’s cotton industry as well as cotton based textiles and clothing sectors. This paper analyses the export performance of Indian textile industry in the post quota regime in terms of different sub sectors of Indian textiles during the period from 1992 to 2012.The entire period of the study is divided into Pre MFA (1992-2004) and Post MFA (2005-2012). Export performance has been examined in terms of annual growth rate and Compound Annual Growth Rate for the period from 1992-2012. The study finds that the textile exports have registered a strong growth rate in the post quota period (2005-2006), increasing from 2.69% in 2004-2005 to 23.14% in 2005-2006. A comparison of the different sectors of the textile export shows that all the sectors recorded an increase in the export values at different phases of the quota removal. If we compare the pre MFA growth (III Phase) and Post MFA growth (IV Phase), there has been a remarkable improvement in the export performance of all the sub sectors. Biggest gainer in the post MFA period is manmade textiles followed by cotton textiles and readymade garments. But India was not able to continue the same momentum in the succeeding years. This clearly indicates that Indian textile industry is facing so many challenges in the post quota regime. Thus, it is imperative to improve the competitiveness of our exports through policy changes, new investment and efficient supply chain management. Keywords: Textiles and clothing, Quota removal, MFA, Export performance, Trend analysis.
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Oomen, G. J. M., C. M. Verschuur, and J. B. Schiere. "Digestion versus composting of straw and hay: effects on composition of biomass residues." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 43, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v43i3.569.
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The effect of two decomposition processes, digestion and composting, was compared on the quality of the final residue from two substrates: hay and straw. The digestion was done by using dwarf goats on digestion crates and the composting process was simulated in buckets. Composting was allowed to continue to the same level of organic matter loss as achieved in a digestibility trial. The results indicated that the pattern of biomass decomposition, as measured by the fibre analysis in the Goering and Van Soest method, was similar between both processes and substrates. Absolute amounts of acid detergent lignin (ADL) did not change significantly throughout both decomposition processes, but the quantity of other fibre components decreased. Chemically, the ADL fraction made up a large part of the humus in the soil and though the results were variable, they suggested that the initial ADL content of a substrate indicates its humus building capacity. Concerning the nitrogen fractions, however, there were larger differences between the decomposition processes and substrates. Digestion left less nitrogen in the organic matter than composting, and the composting of straw even resulted in a net increase in nitrogen content.
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Savchenko, V. V., and M. A. Savchenko. "Вычислительный эксперимент по моделированию распространения света в волокнистой профилированной структуре." Успехи кибернетики / Russian Journal of Cybernetics, no. 1(1) (March 31, 2020): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51790/2712-9942-2020-1-1-7.
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Many studies show that profiled structures are the source of attaining desired system characteristics in industrial or other applications. In this short note, we continue considering proposed recently by us the profiled structure such as a beach umbrella based on the principles of origami design. To demonstrate the optical properties of the given model, a developed recursive ray tracing algorithm is used to simulate the propagation of light rays through the modelled paper fiber sample. In this paper, modeling light propagation through a porous structure using ray tracing technique is presented and results of modeling light propagation in a profiled structure with respect to simulated light propagation in fiber structure are discussed. Во многих работах указывается, что использование профилированных структур позволяет получить характеристики материала, необходимые для его применения в промышленности и других областях. В этой небольшой статье мы продолжаем рассматривать предложенную нами недавно профилированную структуру в виде пляжного зонта, основанную на принципах дизайна оригами. Для демонстрации оптических свойств данной модели используется разработанный алгоритм рекурсивной трассировки лучей для моделирования распространения световых лучей через смоделированный образец бумажного волокна. В этой статье представлено моделирование распространения света через пористую структуру с использованием техники трассировки лучей, а также обсуждаются результаты моделирования распространения света в профилированной структуре в сравнении с моделированным распространением света в волокнистой структуре.
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O’Malley, Eimer G., Shona Cawley, Ciara M. E. Reynolds, Rachel A. K. Kennedy, Anne Molloy, and Michael J. Turner. "Comparison at the first prenatal visit of the maternal dietary intakes of smokers with non-smokers in a large maternity hospital: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 8, no. 7 (July 2018): e021721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021721.
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ObjectivesUsing detailed dietary and supplement questionnaires in early pregnancy, we compared the dietary intakes of micronutrients and macronutrients at the first prenatal visit of women who reported continuing to smoke during pregnancy with the intakes of women who were non-smokers.DesignCross-sectional study conducted between June 2014 and March 2016.SettingStand-alone tertiary maternity hospital in an urban setting with approximately 8000 deliveries per year.ParticipantsWomen were recruited at their convenience after sonographic confirmation of an ongoing singleton pregnancy (n=502). Detailed dietary and supplement information was available for 398 women. Women <18 years and those who did not speak English fluently were excluded.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe differences in dietary micronutrients and macronutrients and maternal folate levels between women who continued to smoke in pregnancy compared with non-smokers.ResultsOf the 502 women, the mean age was 30.5 (SD 5.6) years, 42.5% were nulliparas, 19.2% were obese and 398 (79.3%) completed the questionnaire satisfactorily. In the 50 (12.6%) current smokers, the micronutrients magnesium, iron, carotene and copper were lower (all p<0.005) whereas sodium and chloride were higher compared with the 348 (87.4%) non-smokers. Smokers reported lower intakes of dietary total folate (p=0.006) compared with non-smokers (i.e., dietary folate equivalents; intake from natural and fortified dietary sources) (p=0.005). Smokers also reported lower intakes of fibre than non-smokers (13.1 g (IQR 7.7) vs 16.3 g (IQR 8.5), p<0.001). The dietary intakes of former smokers compared favourably with non-smokers.ConclusionsWe found that women who continue to smoke during pregnancy have serious dietary inadequacies which could potentially aggravate fetal growth restriction associated with direct toxicity from cigarettes. This provides a further reason to promote smoking cessation interventions in pregnancy, and highlights the need for dietary and supplementation interventions in women who continue to smoke.
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Kehoe, F. Patrick, C. Davison Ankney, and Ray T. Alisauskas. "Effects of dietary fiber and diet diversity on digestive organs of captive Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 1597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-233.
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We studied the effects of dietary fiber, of plant versus animal diets, and of diet diversity on the digestive organ morphology of captive Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Four experimental diets were used: whole corn (low fiber, plant), trout chow (low fiber, primarily animal), rabbit chow (high fiber, plant), and a diverse diet consisting of each of the preceding diets fed daily in random order. Every 5 days for 25 days, we sampled birds from each diet group (N = 6–8) and weighed each bird and its abdominal fat, gizzard, ceca, small intestine, and liver, and then measured its ceca and small intestine length. Other than differences explained by their different body sizes, the sex of the birds had no effect on gut measurements. Changes in body weight and abdominal fat weight suggested that Mallards existed equally well on each of the four diets, presumably because changes in their digestive organs allowed them to have similar digestive efficiencies when eating different diets. Birds on the high fiber diet had the largest digestive organs, but birds on all diets showed changes in digestive organs. The diverse diet produced effects on digestive organ morphology similar to those of the two low-fibre diets. Except for a larger gizzard for macerating corn in birds on that diet, there was no difference in the digestive organs between birds eating animal foods and those eating low fiber plant foods. The maximum weight of gizzard, intestine, and ceca of birds on the high fiber diet was reached in 10 days. However, ceca and intestine lengths of these birds were still increasing after 25 days. This observation suggests that birds can continue to respond to a change in diet after limits to the mass of their digestive organs have been reached.
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Porter, Michelle M. "The Effects of Strength Training on Sarcopenia." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 26, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h01-009.
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In the past decade strength training has been investigated extensively as a means of reversing the muscle mass loss that occurs with aging (sarcopenia). High intensity resistance training (HIRT) has led to increased protein synthesis, along with muscle hypertrophy measured at the whole body, whole muscle, and muscle fibre levels, in older adults. Typically, the strength increments associated with HIRT have been much larger than the hypertrophic response. However, most HIRT periods have been quite short. Less is known about the long term hypertrophic response to HIRT in older adults. In order to lessen the effects of sarcopenia, HIRT should continue over the long-term in older adults, to improve functional performance and health. Key words: aging, muscle physiology, hypertrophy, exercise, weight lifting
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Huan, Zhong Jie, Tamba Jamiru, and Oludaisi Adekomaya. "Development of Lightweight Insulation Body for Refrigerated Vehicles by Using Composite Materials." Key Engineering Materials 735 (May 2017): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.735.108.
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Energy demand in refrigerated vehicles account for about 5% of fossil fuel consumption globally and this percentage is expected to rise as perishable raw food continue to enjoy significant patronage of refrigerated vehicles which provide low temperature condition for its sustenance. Sustaining the shelf life of fresh food remains a herculean task to most farmers as cold chain must remain unbroken in order to maintain the quality of fresh food. The concept of this research is to reduce energy consumption in refrigerated vehicles through lightweight insulated panel as this medium could effectively reduce the payload of the entire vehicle. Part of the progress made in this work, is to develop five different composite cover sheet for insulated panel using fibre loading and orientation as manufacturing parameters and results show that the oriented reinforced composite materials offer significant weight reduction compared to unoriented composite cover sheet. The panel weight of these new materials were estimated using all the conceptual parameters of a refrigerated vehicle and the results indicate that composite reinforced with 10%wt. of fibre at 30o orientation in the matrix, offers the best panel weight reduction with 5.2380kg/m2 and 6.7380kg/m2 for 50mm and 100mm insulation thicknesses, respectively.
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Xu, Jinlong, Liam J. Butler, and Mohammed ZEB Elshafie. "Experimental and numerical investigation of the performance of self-sensing concrete sleepers." Structural Health Monitoring 19, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 66–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921719834506.
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Prestressed concrete sleepers with built-in fibre optic–based sensing systems have recently been developed to capture performance data within railway networks and to provide critical decision-support information to route managers and operators. To better understand how self-sensing sleepers can be fully utilized within the rail network, a study of their comprehensive performance under controlled conditions must be undertaken. This article presents the results of the full-scale laboratory testing of a self-sensing sleeper supported on ballast. A primary focus of this study was to investigate whether a self-sensing sleeper could also be used to estimate rail seat load, detect cracking, and identify differential ballast settlement. The ultimate capacity and resilience of the embedded fiber Bragg grating sensing system was tested by applying load up until concrete cracking followed by several cyclic load cycles. Through inference of the load versus strain response, the ability of the self-sensing sleeper to detect damage (concrete cracking and loss of ballast support) was evaluated. The experimental results revealed the effectiveness and robustness of the embedded sensing system to continue to provide reliable dynamic strain measurements well beyond the ultimate loading capacity of the prestressed sleeper. Cracking of the top surface of the sleeper was effectively detected by the fiber Bragg grating strain sensors at the mid-span section. After cracking, subsequent load cycles were carried out. During this period, the bottom fiber Bragg grating measurements captured the effects of differential ballast settlement under the rail seats. A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model was developed to simulate the experimental test setup and to investigate the relation between fiber Bragg grating sensor measurements and rail track response. The combined experimental and numerical results suggest that a self-sensing sleeper may be deployed on an operational railway to provide reliable and long-term measurements of rail axle load and ballast pressure.
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Weber, Danielle, Mathew Dick, Li Ming Wen, and Sue Amanatidis. "Promoting Nutrition in Licensed Clubs: A Pilot Project." Australian Journal of Primary Health 8, no. 2 (2002): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py02036.
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Are licensed clubs a suitable setting to promote nutrition to older (65 years and over) Australians? Licensed clubs are a popular and inexpensive place for older Australians to dine, but meals are often high in fat and low in fibre. Catering staff can also significantly influence customer's choice, but most have a limited knowledge of nutrition. The Health Promotion Unit of Central Sydney Area Health Service (CSAHS) worked with the catering staff of a licensed club to implement changes to serving and cooking practices and to increase awareness of nutrition. An audit tool assessed changes made. Staff members were interviewed regarding the program and changes in nutritional knowledge. Bistro patrons were also surveyed to assess awareness of the promotion. Changes in ingredients and serving practices resulted in a decrease in saturated fat and an increase in fibre in bistro foods. Staff, management and patrons responded positively to the changes. Eighty six percent of patrons thought the bistro should continue to offer healthy choices. This pilot project demonstrates that a licensed club can successfully promote nutrition to older patrons and staff. Although resource intensive, a personal, casual approach worked best. Licensed clubs are a promising setting for nutrition promotion initiatives. Clubs provide access to older people, have a good financial base to fund health promotion programs, and have extensive promotional opportunities to raise awareness of health issues to members and staff.
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Watters, Paul Andrew, and Maya Espinosa Walters. "Implications of Distributed Information Technology for South Pacific Development." South Pacific Journal of Psychology 9 (1997): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400001188.
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AbstractThe global digital communications network, colloquially known as the “internet”, has received much attention in recent years from business, media, cultural, and government interests. This paper looks behind the hype and sales-pitches, at the essential features of the medium which have made it (and will continue to make it) the central technology for the dissemination of information in the next century. It is a particularly important technology for remote communities, since all information resources (educational, commercial, and recreational) can be transmitted using a standard set of protocols (Hypertext Transfer Protocol, File Transfer Protocol, Network News Transfer Protocol), over any physical medium (packet radio, satellite, phone-line, and optic fibre), in any data format that can be digitised (radio, television, text, graphics, and sound). The implications of this non-coercive technology are explored in the context of the impact on development in the physically distant communities of the South Pacific.
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Singh, Adya P., Andrew H. H. Wong, Yoon Soo Kim, and Seung Gon Wi. "Resistance of the S1 layer in kempas heartwood fibers to soft rot decay." IAWA Journal 39, no. 1 (February 20, 2018): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20170191.
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Naturally durable heartwoods, where available, continue to be used as support structures in environments considered hazardous, particularly in ground contact. However, durability of heartwoods against wood decay microorganisms varies. Therefore, it is important to evaluate heartwood products for their in-service performance in order to maximise benefits derived from this valuable natural resource of limited supply. In the work presented, wood pieces from a kempas (Koompassia malaccensis) utility pole that had been placed in service in an acidic soil in Malaysia, and in time had softened at the ground-line position, were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy to evaluate the cause of deterioration.Light microscopy (LM) provided evidence of extensive attack on fibre cell walls by cavity-producing soft rot fungi. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed in greater detail the distribution and micromorphologies of cavities as well as their relationships to the fine structure of fibre cell walls, which consisted of a highly electron dense middle lamella, a moderately dense S1 layer and a multilamellar S2 layer with variable densities, reflecting differences in lignin concentration. The resistance of the moderately dense S1 layer to soft rot was a feature of particular interest and is the main focus of the work presented. The resistance appeared to be correlated with high lignification of the outermost region of the S2 wall, interfacing with the S1 layer, an unusual cell wall feature not previously described for normal wood.
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Trovalusci, Patrizia, Vittorio Sansalone, and Fabrizio Cleri. "A Multiscale Approach for Composite Materials as Multifield Continua." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 2551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2551.
Full textAbstract:
A continuum model for composite materials made of short, stiff and tough fibres embedded in a more deformable matrix with distributed microflaws is proposed. Based on the kinematics of a lattice system made of fibres, perceived as rigid inclusions, and of microflaws, represented by slit microcracks, the stress-strain relations of an equivalent multifield continuum is obtained. These relations account for the shape and the orientation of the internal phases and include internal scale parameters, which allow taking into account size effects. Some numerical analyses effected on a sample fibre-reinforced composite pointed out the influence of the size and orientation of the fibres on the gross behaviour of the material.
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Moore, GPM, N. Jackson, K. Isaacs, and G. Brown. "Development and density of wool follicles in Merino sheep selected for single fibre characteristics." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 8 (1996): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9961195.
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Wool follicles are classified into 3 major types: primary (P), original secondary (SO), and derived secondary (SD). They are formed during fetal life as successive waves of initiation pass through the skin. P follicles are the first to be initiated. SO follicles develop between the primaries and are separated from them at non-randomly distributed sites. SD follicles are the last to be initiated and branch from SO and other SD follicles. We have measured the densities of these follicles in 4 lines of sheep selected for different fleece characters. Primary follicle and total follicle densities (NP and NP + NS) were estimated by conventional procedures. The densities of pilary canals were also obtained to provide a measure of Np + NSO. Follicle counts in both adult and fetal animals showed that NP and NP + NSO were relatively constant across the lines. Predominantly, density differences were due to variations in the numbers of follicles initiated during the last wave, forming the derived secondary population. Changes in follicle densities were therefore effected by developmental mechanisms that increase or decrease the extent of branching rather than by altering the numbers of P and SO follicles. The results suggest firstly that the numbers of initiation sites for P or SO follicle formation in the fetus, corresponding to the pilary canals of adult skin, are limited. Secondly, the skin has the capacity to continue to initiate follicles after most or all of the sites have been occupied. It is concluded that the mechanisms controlling follicle initiation site densities and total follicle densities are independently regulated in the sheep. The observations are discussed in relation to factors that influence the densities of the different follicle types. The results have practical implications for changing fleece weight and fibre diameter through selective breeding.
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Ordovas, Jose M. "The genetics of serum lipid responsiveness to dietary interventions." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, no. 1 (February 1999): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns19990023.
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CHD is a multifactorial disease that is associated with non-modifiable risk factors, such as age, gender and genetic background, and with modifiable risk factors, including elevated total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. Lifestyle modification should be the primary treatment for lowering cholesterol values. The modifications recommended include dietary changes, regular aerobic exercise, and normalization of body weight. The recommended dietary changes include restriction in the amount of total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol together with an increase in the consumption of complex carbohydrate and dietary fibre, especially water-soluble fibre. However, nutrition scientists continue to question the value of these universal concepts and the public health benefits of low-fat diets, and an intense debate has been conducted in the literature on whether to focus on reduction of total fat or to aim efforts primarily towards reducing the consumption of saturated and trans fats. Moreover, it is well known that there is a striking variability between subjects in the response of serum cholesterol to diet. Multiple studies have examined the genediet interactions in the response of plasma lipid concentrations to changes in dietary fat and/or cholesterol. These studies have focused on candidate genes known to play key roles in lipoprotein metabolism. Among the gene loci examined, APOE has been the most studied, and the current evidence suggests that this locus might be responsible for some of the inter-individual variability in dietary response. Other loci, including APOA4, APOA1, APOB, APOC3, LPL and CETP have also been found to account for some of the variability in the fasting and fed states.
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Lam, T. Q. K., T. M. D. Do, V. T. Ngo, T. T. N. Nguyen, and D. Q. Pham. "Concrete grade change in the layers of three-layer steel fibre reinforced concrete beams." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 1, no. 102 (September 1, 2020): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6325.
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Purpose: Determine the state of stress-strain, formation and development cracks, three-layer beam diagrams of load-compression stress, load-tension stress, load-vertical displacement relationships with a change in concrete grade. Design/methodology/approach: This paper presents the results of an ANSYS numerical simulation analysis involving stress-strain state and cracking of the steel fiber concrete layers of three-layer reinforced concrete beams with the upper and lower layers. With a cross-section of 150x300 mm, a total span of 2200 mm and an effective length of 2000 mm, the middle is a normal concrete layer. Under two-point loads, all the beam samples were tested. The research simulated three-layer concrete beams in different layers of beams with a change in concrete grade, and compared with and without the use of steel fibers in layers of concrete beams, including the nonlinearity of the material considered. Findings: A diagram of the formation and development of cracks in three-layer concrete beams has been constructed by the study results, determining the load at which the concrete beams begin to crack, the load at which the concrete beams are damaged. In the middle of three-layer steel fiber reinforced concrete beams, load-compression stress, loadtension stress, load-vertical displacement relationships are established. Study results show that these three-layer concrete beams appear to crack earlier than in other cases in cases 2 and 3, but the beam bearing capacity is damaged at 67 kN, the earliest in case 3. And case 6 at 116 kN is the latest. The effects of case 1 and case 3 are small compared with and without the use of steel fibers in cases, while the effects of case 5 and case 6 are very high. Research limitations/implications: The research focuses only on the change of concrete grade in the layers, but the input parameters affecting three-layer steel fiber concrete beams have not been researched, such as the number of tensile steel bars, tensile steel bar diameter, steel fiber content in concrete, thickness variation in three-layer concrete beam layers, etc. Practical implications: Provides a result of experimental study and ANSYS numerical simulation in multi-layer steel fiber concrete beams. Originality/value: The analysis of multi-layered steel fiber concrete beams using experimental and simulation methods shows that other parameters influencing the beams will continue to analysis the working stages of three-layer beams.
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Kelly, RW, I. Macleod, P. Hynd, and J. Greeff. "Nutrition during fetal life alters annual wool production and quality in young Merino sheep." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 3 (1996): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960259.
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The effect of maintenance v, submaintenance diets of pregnant ewes in 1991 and 1992 on establishment of the wool follicle population in their progeny, and its effect on the progeny's wool production (quantity, quality and variation across the body of the animal) to 1.4 years of age was examined. The experimental protocol used cloned animals created by bisecting embryos at day 6 of pregnancy. Each clone was placed in a ewe, which was subsequently fed from about day 50 to 140 of pregnancy at maintenance or submaintenance. Ewes on maintenance nutrition maintained liveweight throughout pregnancy, while submaintenance ewes were 12.1 kg lighter (P<0.001) 10 days before lambing. In 1991, a total of 74 lambs were born, including 17 sets of surviving clones. In 1992, 102 lambs were born, including 18 sets of surviving clones. Only data for the 35 sets of genetically identical 'twin' progeny and their dams are reported. Birth weights of lambs born to ewes fed at the submaintenance rate were 0.5 kg lighter (P<0.01) than their 'twins' born to ewes fed at maintenance. Midside secondary:primary (Sf: Pf) ratios for mature wool follicles were less (P<0.01) at birth, lamb and hogget shearing (1.4, 1.5 and 2.1 units respectively) for the progeny born to ewes fed at submaintenance. Progeny from ewes on the submaintenance treatment produced less clean wool, 0.1 kg to 0.4 years of age (P<0.01) and 0.14 kg between 0.4 and 1.4 years of age (P = 0.10), than their maintenance counterparts. Hogget wool was 0.1 pm broader (P<0.05), with a 0.5% units lower coefficient of variation of fibre diameter (P<0.01), and a position of break closer to the staple tip (P<0.001) for progeny of submaintenance ewes than their maintenance counterparts. There were no significant differences in yield, staple length, staple strength and percentage of fibres greater than 30 pm in diameter. Differences in mean fibre diameter arose between 1 and 1.4 years of age, coinciding with the period that the animals were grazing high quality pasture. Effects of maternal undernutrition on mean fibre diameter and Sf: Pf follicle ratios of progeny were most pronounced on the hind leg (P<0.01), and not significant on the front leg. However, variations in other wool quality traits across the body of the hoggets, expressed as a percentage of the midside value, were not significantly affected by maternal undernutrition. Clearly when evaluating management strategies for the pregnant ewe, the effect on lifetime production and quality of wool of their progeny needs to be considered. Merino hoggets that produce an extra 0.14 kg clean wool that is 0.1 pm finer will compensate for some extra management and feeding of their dams during pregnancy to prevent weight loss. If these effects continue throughout the life of the animal, then it will increase the cost effectiveness of feeding to maintain maternal weight over pregnancy.
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Britto, Savini, and Richard Kellermayer. "Carbohydrate Monotony as Protection and Treatment for Inflammatory Bowel Disease." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 13, no. 7 (January 30, 2019): 942–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz011.
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Abstract The nutritional developmental origins of inflammatory bowel disease[s] (IBDs: Crohn’s disease or Crohn disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC]) and their diet-based treatments continue to receive increasing attention. There is growing evidence for the success of nutrition-based treatments, such as exclusive enteral nutrition [EEN] and the specific carbohydrate diet [SCD], in both paediatric and adult patients. Beyond these two dietary interventions, symptomatic benefit in IBD has also been shown from a gluten-free diet [GFD] and paleolithic diet [PALEO], among others. These nutritional therapies may point to critical factors in not only the pathology, but also the pathogenesis of the disease group. It is difficult, however, to discern a common element within the large number of diet-based causation theories [e.g. emulsifiers, processed foods, refrigeration, increased total fat intake, low fibre intake, carbohydrate dominant food, etc.] and the varied dietary treatments of IBD. This Viewpoint article highlights that carbohydrate variation links diet-based causation theories, and that carbohydrate monotony or persistence is the commonly shared characteristic of diet-based IBD therapy. Further research directed towards carbohydrate monotony may critically advance the prevention and treatment of these highly morbid conditions.
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Smardzewski, J. "Effect of wood species and glue type on contact stresses in a mortise and tenon joint." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 222, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1084.
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New technologies for wood building construction continue to employ various profile-adhesive joints, with mortise and tenon joints being the most popular. Their strength depends both on the wood species and type of the applied glue, as well as the execution accuracy of individual elements. The aim of the performed experiments was to determine the size of normal stresses in places of mutual pressures of the tenon and mortise and the impact of the change of wood species and the type of glue (or lack of glue) applied to the joint on the value of those stresses. It was established, on the basis of numerical calculations, that the phenomena of the tenon and mortise contact are caused both by the bending of the tenon as well as by the torsion of the glue bond. Stresses in the direction perpendicular to the fibre course generating pressures exceeding wood compression strength turned out to be the most dangerous for the tenon and mortise joint. The value of the linear elasticity modulus of the glue bond exerts a decisive influence on the stress values caused by the mutual pressures of the elements of the examined joint.
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Johnston, Craig M. T., and G. Cornelis van Kooten. "Economic consequences of increased bioenergy demand." Forestry Chronicle 90, no. 05 (October 2014): 636–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2014-128.
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Although wind, hydro and solar are the most discussed sources of renewable energy, countries will need to rely much more on biomass if they are to meet renewable energy targets. In this study, a global forest trade model is used to examine the global effects of expanded demand for wood pellets fired with coal in power plants. Positive mathematical programming is used to calibrate the model to 2011 bilateral trade flows. To assess the impact of increased demand for wood pellets on global forest products, we consider a scenario where demand for wood pellets doubles. Findings indicate that production of lumber and plywood is likely to increase in most of the 20 model regions, but outputs of fibreboard, particleboard and pulp will decline as these products must compete with wood pellets for residual fibre. Ultimately, policies promoting aggressive renewable energy targets cause wood pellet prices to more than double in our scenarios, which could increase the cost of generating electricity to such an extent that, in some regions, electricity producers will continue to use fossil fuels as their primary fuel, while some others might find it worthwhile to rely more on nuclear energy for base load power.
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Ďubek, Marek, Peter Makýš, Marek Petro, Helena Ellingerová, and Naďa Antošová. "The Development of Controlled Orientation of Fibres in SFRC." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 7, 2021): 4432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164432.
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The article is focused on finding the possibility of the controlled orientation of fibres in fibre reinforced concrete constructions. This is because the controlled orientation of the fibres can contribute to the improvement of some properties of fibre reinforced concrete. The research is based on the experimental investigation of orientation control–rotation of fibres in a transparent matrix representing concrete replacement. From the conceptual model, the article continues with experimentation, data analysis and comparison of conclusions. During the experiment, a mechanical tool was developed and monitored to guide the fibres. The main monitored parameters of the levelling tool were the tips dimensions and the distance between them. The experiment results show the possibility of achieving a higher orientation of the fibres around one axis and suitable parameters of a mechanical tool.
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Winandy, Jerrold E. "Advanced Wood- and Bio-Composites: Enhanced Performance and Sustainability." Advanced Materials Research 29-30 (November 2007): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.29-30.9.
Full textAbstract:
Use of wood-based-composites technology to create value-added commodities and traditional construction materials is generally accepted worldwide. Engineered wood- and lignocellulosiccomposite technologies allow users to add considerable value to a diverse number of wood- and lignocellulosic feedstocks including small-diameter timber, fast plantation-grown timber, agricultural fibre and lignocellulosic residues, exotic-invasive species, recycled lumber, and timber removals of hazardous forest-fuels. Another potential advantage of this type of economic- and materials-development scenario is that developing industrial composite processing technologies will provide producers an ability to use, and to adapt with, an ever-changing quality level of wood and/or other natural lignocellulosic feedstocks. However, the current level of performance of our state-of-the-art engineered composite products sometimes limit broader application into commercial, non-residential and industrial construction markets because of both real and perceived issues related to fire, structural-performance, and service-life. The worldwide research community has recognized this and is currently addressing each of these issues. From a performance standpoint, this developing knowledge has already and will continue to provide the fundamental understanding required to manufacture advanced engineered composites. From a manufacturing and a resource sustainability standpoint, with this evolving fundamental understanding of the relationships between materials, processes, and composite performance properties we now can in some cases, or may soon be able to, recognize the attributes and quality of an array of bio-based materials then adjust the composite manufacturing process to produce high-performance composite products. As this fundamental understanding is developed, we will increasingly be able to produce advanced, high-performance wood- and bio-composites. Then we must use those technologies as tools to help forest and land managers fund efforts to restore damaged eco-systems and which in turn may further promote sustainable forest management practices.
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Beltrá, Marta, Keila Soares-Micoanski, Eva-Maria Navarrete-Muñoz, and Ana B. Ropero. "Nutrient Composition of Foods Marketed to Children or Adolescents Sold in the Spanish Market: Are They Any Better?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 7699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207699.
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Healthy eating is essential for the growth and development of children and adolescents. Eating habits established in childhood continue into adulthood. In Spain, the frequent promotion of foods with low nutritional value is already considered a threat to the health of the population, particularly to children and adolescents. In this work, we analyse 3209 foods from the Food Database, BADALI. Foods were classified as marketed to children or adolescents according to the advertising on the packaging, television or internet. We found that 17.5% of foods in the database were marketed to this population and 97% of those were considered unhealthy following the Pan American Health Organization Nutrient Profile Model (PAHO-NPM). In the total of foods for children or adolescents, 61.5% were high in fat, 58.5% in free-sugar, 45.4% in saturated fat and 45% in sodium. Foods marketed to them presented higher amounts of carbohydrates and sugar, while lower protein and fibre content than the rest. There was also considerable variability in levels of the other nutrients found in these products, which depended largely on the food group. According to our findings, there is a tendency for products marketed to children or adolescents to be unhealthy and of a poorer nutritional quality than those not targeted at them.
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Lord, Andrew, Andrea Soppera, and Arnaud Jacquet. "The impact of capacity growth in national telecommunications networks." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2062 (March 6, 2016): 20140431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0431.
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This paper discusses both UK-based and global Internet data bandwidth growth, beginning with historical data for the BT network. We examine the time variations in consumer behaviour and how this is statistically aggregated into larger traffic loads on national core fibre communications networks. The random nature of consumer Internet behaviour, where very few consumers require maximum bandwidth simultaneously, provides the opportunity for a significant statistical gain. The paper looks at predictions for how this growth might continue over the next 10–20 years, giving estimates for the amount of bandwidth that networks should support in the future. The paper then explains how national networks are designed to accommodate these traffic levels, and the various network roles, including access, metro and core, are described. The physical layer network is put into the context of how the packet and service layers are designed and the applications and location of content are also included in an overall network overview. The specific role of content servers in alleviating core network traffic loads is highlighted. The status of the relevant transmission technologies in the access, metro and core is given, showing that these technologies, with adequate research, should be sufficient to provide bandwidth for consumers in the next 10–20 years.
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Cooper, Mark, Carlos D. Messina, Dean Podlich, L. Radu Totir, Andrew Baumgarten, Neil J. Hausmann, Deanne Wright, and Geoffrey Graham. "Predicting the future of plant breeding: complementing empirical evaluation with genetic prediction." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 4 (2014): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14007.
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For the foreseeable future, plant breeding methodology will continue to unfold as a practical application of the scaling of quantitative biology. These efforts to increase the effective scale of breeding programs will focus on the immediate and long-term needs of society. The foundations of the quantitative dimension will be integration of quantitative genetics, statistics, gene-to-phenotype knowledge of traits embedded within crop growth and development models. The integration will be enabled by advances in quantitative genetics methodology and computer simulation. The foundations of the biology dimension will be integrated experimental and functional gene-to-phenotype modelling approaches that advance our understanding of functional germplasm diversity, and gene-to-phenotype trait relationships for the native and transgenic variation utilised in agricultural crops. The trait genetic knowledge created will span scales of biology, extending from molecular genetics to multi-trait phenotypes embedded within evolving genotype–environment systems. The outcomes sought and successes achieved by plant breeding will be measured in terms of sustainable improvements in agricultural production of food, feed, fibre, biofuels and other desirable plant products that meet the needs of society. In this review, examples will be drawn primarily from our experience gained through commercial maize breeding. Implications for other crops, in both the private and public sectors, will be discussed.
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Matthews, Philip G. D., Edward P. Snelling, Roger S. Seymour, and Craig R. White. "A test of the oxidative damage hypothesis for discontinuous gas exchange in the locust Locusta migratoria." Biology Letters 8, no. 4 (April 4, 2012): 682–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0137.
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The discontinuous gas exchange cycle (DGC) is a breathing pattern displayed by many insects, characterized by periodic breath-holding and intermittently low tracheal O 2 levels. It has been hypothesized that the adaptive value of DGCs is to reduce oxidative damage, with low tracheal O 2 partial pressures ( P O 2 ∼2–5 kPa) occurring to reduce the production of oxygen free radicals. If this is so, insects displaying DGCs should continue to actively defend a low tracheal P O 2 even when breathing higher than atmospheric levels of oxygen (hyperoxia). This behaviour has been observed in moth pupae exposed to ambient P O 2 up to 50 kPa. To test this observation in adult insects, we implanted fibre-optic oxygen optodes within the tracheal systems of adult migratory locusts Locusta migratoria exposed to normoxia, hypoxia and hyperoxia. In normoxic and hypoxic atmospheres, the minimum tracheal P O 2 that occurred during DGCs varied between 3.4 and 1.2 kPa. In hyperoxia up to 40.5 kPa, the minimum tracheal P O 2 achieved during a DGC exceeded 30 kPa, increasing with ambient levels. These results are consistent with a respiratory control mechanism that functions to satisfy O 2 requirements by maintaining P O 2 above a critical level, not defend against high levels of O 2 .