Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814). Fichte, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Johann Gottlieb Subjectivity'
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Martí, Vallverdú Josep Ma. "Gènesi i desenvolupament de la intersubjectivitat en la filosofia de Fichte." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/394021.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to research the reach of the theory of intersubjectivity in the philosophy of Fichte and the transformations that this theory had all the time long through the thinking of the author. To do so, the parts of the philosophy of Fichte, that show that according to him the foundation of consciousness begins with the need for another conscience to explain the notion oneself has of himself, have been studied. The evidence of this necessity of intersubjectivity to make it possible to talk about conscience spreads to all the areas of human life (right, ethics, history, etc.). In all these areas in which individuals interact, intersubjectivity appears as a previous element essential to understand the correct development of these fields. During the last period of the author, a new formulation of the intersubjectivity, which gives concretion to the way how the correct relation between consciencies can be effectively based and in a sure way, has been discovered.
Radrizzani, Ives. "Vers la fondation de l'intersubjectivité chez Fichte : des "Principes" à la "Nova methodo /." Paris : J. Vrin, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb355810286.
Full textGrosos, Philippe. "Système et subjectivité : étude sur la genèse et la disparition du concept de système." Paris 10, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA100169.
Full textThis work is an analysis of the reasons for the genesis and disappearance of the concept of system in philosophy. Starting first from the fact that as Heidegger had noticed - this particular form of knowledge is nowhere claimed today, it reformulates its primary exigencies, in order to understand what it may have involved metaphysically and what may afterwards have appeared progressively untenable. The first part deliveates a formal structure of the system common to all the thinkers who built German, idealism, from 1789 to 1800, and from the first pre-Kantians onwards. Now this systematicity, even when it leans on subjectivity, remains too exterior to the thing by itself, so that these two concepts appear only as conditions that render the system possible, not as its consequences. The second part, relying on Heidegger’s analysis, resumes the search and brings out its ontological meaning. In this light, the system is ontology of the absolute presence to itself, which is accomplished unreservedly by Hegelianism. The third part, in first stage, shows that within German idealism the theological reflections of Fitche and Schelling gradually led to a retreat of the ontology of presence, and therefore of the system. In a second stage, it dwells on Heidegger’s properly phenomenological critique, and paves the way for a philosophy beyond any system
Crombie, Bradshaw. "Fichte's world-view as expressed in his philosophical, educational and political writings." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26729.
Full textFichte's basis for an interest in social and political organisms was an irrepressible belief in the individual's 'striving' toward the ultimate human goal of an absolute moral freedom. Influenced by Kant and Rousseau, Fichte developed a unique vision of the state and society. Fichte drew upon aspects of his theological concepts, educational theories and life-experiences to produce a holistic approach to individual self-formation (Bildung). The role of the state in controlling the mechanisms for individual Bildung changed considerably over his career.
Despite a renewed interest in Fichte's philosophy, English-language scholarship has largely neglected his contributions to German political thought. This thesis traces the development of Fichte's social and political thought through his philosophical, educational and political writings.
Schlösser, Ulrich. "Das Erfassen des Einleuchtens Fichtes Wissenschaftslehre von 1804 als Kritik an der Annahme entzogener Voraussetzungen unseres Wissens und als Philosophie des Gewissseins /." Berlin : Philo, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb401965699.
Full textSchmidt, Andreas. "Der Grund des Wissens Fichtes Wissenschaftslehre in den Versionen 1794/95, 1804/II und 1812 /." Paderborn ; München ; Wien ; Zürich : Schöningh, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39241972c.
Full textMartin, Wayne M. "Idealism and objectivity understanding Fichte's Jena project /." Stanford (Calif.) : Stanford University Press, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37080405t.
Full textRivas, Milla Martina Nathaly. "Límites del yo fichteano: alcances sobre la posibilidad de la libertad en la doctrina de la ciencia de Fichte." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/113107.
Full textAudonnet, Stéphane. "Éthique et finitude dans la pensée de Fichte." Paris 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040207.
Full textSuffering eclipse from Kant's critique of practical reason on the one hand and from Hegel’s famous objections to Kant’s and Fichte’s moral vision of the world on the other hand, the latter's science of ethics", published in 1798, remains largely unappreciated and undervalued. By setting out a moral philosophy of the infinite duty, it constitutes the apex of the system of liberty and intersubjectivity that Fichte tried to demonstrate while he was teaching in jean. In this thesis, we mean to show, first, that his transcendental foundation of ethics deeply transforms - indeed revolutionizes - its Kantian foundation. As a matter of fact, it restores the relevance - that Kant had found he could set aside - of a fundamental principle of practical reason as a material principle and not only as a formal one. Hence, the moral criticism seems to be able to resist to resist Hegel’s objections to formalism and to a solution of continuity with concrete ethics, insofar as it precedes it. The, in order to possibly revive Fichte’s option beyond the historical debate, there is need to assess how that ethics of the infinite duty still remains an ethics of finitude, which for instance avoids, in particular, but not only, the Hegelian objection to a "bad infinite", both at the moment of its foundation, as mentioned above, and during its systematic progress
Thomas-Fogiel, Isabelle. "Fichte et la critique de la représentation." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010514.
Full textThe goal of this study is to show that the point of depart of Fichte's philosophy is a critix metaphysics of representation defined by Kant and that its end point is a realisation of a new model of reflection
Wood, David W. ""Mathesis of the Mind" : a Study of Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre and Geometry." Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040135.
Full textThis is a study of the role of geometry in the philosophy of the German idealistic thinker Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) in his main life’s work the Wissenschaftslehre (1794-1814). I propose a reconstruction of his philosophy of mathematics based on his fragmentary text the Erlanger Logik 1805. The Fichtean philosophy of mathematics is based on nine principal elements. It includes a synthetic and transcendental model of geometry as its foundation, has a number of archetypal (Ur) or ideal elements as its starting point, and is Platonistic in an ontological sense. It also seeks to solve the problem of parallel lines and the deduction of the dimensions of space. In addition, Fichte’s theory of mathematical cognition is grounded in intuition and construction, which are interpreted as paradigms for philosophical intuition and construction. However, Fichte shows that all the specific intuitions and constructions of geometry are grounded in the more universal intuitions and construction of his philosophy. Moreover, the fundamental elements of geometry, such as the point, line and drawing of the line, all furnish philosophical images (Bilder) for the acts and activities of the I or self. Finally, the first postulates of geometry possess the characteristics of self-evidence, certitude and irrefutability. According to Fichte, the first principle or Grundsatz of his Wissenschaftslehre possesses the same characteristics, thus for him the study of geometry and pure mathematics serves as a perfect propedeutic to the study of his system of philosophy
Robilliard, Stéphane. "Liberté et transcendance : Nabert après Fichte." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT5017.
Full textGoddard, Jean-Christophe. "Fichte : essai d'une critique de toute révélation 1792-1793 : traduction, notes et commentaires." Paris 10, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA100125.
Full textThe author begins his introduction with a short recalling of the exceptional circumstances under wich Fichte first published his attempt at a critique of all revelation which made him know as a philosopher. The author then develops three points in his introduction: 1) he shows how the young Fichte is still under the influence of the German philosophy of the enlightenment, in spite of his adhesion to Kantianism, and he sets out the divergences between the attempt and religion within the limits of reason alone by Kant. 2) He discerns the beginnings of fichteanism in the second paragraph of the second edition, a paragraph which is built up after the manner of a quintuple synthesis and which for the first time brings about the concept of tendency. 3) He analyses the inadequacies of the fifth paragraph of the second edition as regards the problem of intersubjectivity and he thus gives an account for the failure of the only text Fichte ever disowned. The attempt is basically constituted of three parts: 1) a critique, in the Kantian sense of the term, of which the highest point is a transcendental deduction of the concept of revelation. 2) A theory of evil which accounts for the empirical need for revelation. 3) A systematic account of the criteria of the divinity of a revelation. The reader will also find an index glossary of 224 words
Portier, Sylvain. "Le problème de la "chose en soi" dans la philosophie de Fichte (1792-1799)." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT5005.
Full textArmaner, Mehmet Türker. "Le concept de "l'Etat politique" chez Fichte." Paris 8, 2002. http://www.bibliotheque-numerique-paris8.fr/fre/ref/167936/180246313/.
Full textThis dissertation attempts to analyse the concept of " State " in Fichte's system by considering the continuity between the "ontological" and "political" realms. The present work claims that, the "fichtean State", which lies in both domains, is a contradictory entity; that is, it contains two terms, freedom and necessity, by not providing a coherent justification. According to the analysis of the dissertation, the second fundamental principle in the Science of Knowledge (Wissenschaftslehre), "I posits Not-I", is the ontological ground of State in Fichte's philosophy. This assertion refers to the concept of "causality", for it is used interchangeably with the activity of "positing" in Fichte's texts. Following Fichte's argumentation, it is demonstrated that the construction of the "State", in this system, is the construction of "I-hood": the conjunction of individual and sovereign, thesis and antithesis. Hence, in this dissertation, it is asserted that the system of Fichte, because of its circular structure and indefinite ground, is an incomplete paradigm
Guyot, Laurent. "Genèse et construction dans la philosophie de Fichte." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU20068.
Full textThis thesis, through the analysis of the concepts of genesis and construction, is about defining the meaning and the intention of Fichte’s philosophical doctrine. Constructing, means showing genetically, that is to say highlighting in the mind the acts needed by reason through which a term comes to existence. There are, fundamentally, two terms to construct. If the construction runs on a “downgoing” movement, the term to be built is the empiric conscience ; if the construction runs on a “upgoing” movement, the term to be built is the absolute. We aimed to demonstrate that the starting point of the deduction (the downgoing construction) – the absolute I – is not identical to the final stage of the “upgoing” construction – the absolute. Since it is this distinction between absolute I and absolute, stated in the XIII th conference of the WL 1804/II as being valid since the Grundlage of 1794, which appeared to us as the only one capable, once recentered at the corse of Fichte’s system, to solve two of the major problems inherent to his philosophy :1) how can the auto-position of the I (identical to the absolute I) condition the acts (putting up the world in the end) without which it couldn’t take place either ; that is to say how can it, as absolutely unconditioned, be conditioned in its turn by what it conditions ?2) how can one reach for the absolute, how is it possible to climb back genetically up to it, if the “WL starting point” can’t be, according to the warning of 1801, “exceeded”, or, in other words : how to construct the inconstructible ?
Lahbib, Olivier. "La fondation du savoir chez Fichte et Husserl." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT5010.
Full textVincenti, Luc. "Pratique et réalité dans les philosophies de Kant et de Fichte." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010509.
Full textFichte's system summarizes the movement which makes up the modern philosophy, from the setting up of practical reason made by kant. When thinking about the scission between the pure ego - the absolute or god - and self-consciousness, philosophy builds its systematic unity deducing a transformable world and uniting moral and religion within the practical transformation of the world. This transformation really begins with the relation to others, either in education, or in the political fields, or in the very exercise of philosophy within the scientist's community
Goubet, Jean-François. "Fichte et la philosophie transcendantale comme science : étude sur la naissance de la première doctrine de la science (1793-1796)." Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR2020.
Full textThis thesis wanted to lay the emphasis upon the importance of the scientifical nature of Fichte's philosophical investigation. The philosopher put together two traditions, Kant's theme on one hand and a classical method on the other hand. As an heir of the Kantian critic of dogmatic metaphysics, he set activity before being, and constitutive I before thing. At the same time, Fichte understood knowledge by principles as a project of foundation. So, he agreed with a way followed by Kant's opponents. In this historical context, the concept of transcendental philosophy as a science refers immediately to Reinhold. Through the discussions upon his elementary Philosophy (about philosophical method, knowledge or freedom), Fichte was able to shape what was going to be his first Jena's Doctrin of Science. Our study wanted to define more precisely what are the debates of the time which contribute to clarify the way he took over the critical thought from Kant. Fichte wanted to set all the philosophical sciences on a practical basis, to produce a system of liberty. He succeeded in conciliating the knowledge by principles and the natural point of view, whatever is looked at : whether the elevation of consciousness to the philosophical level (the introduction to science) or the justification of concrete action (the end of science). Freedom was to be understood in the speculative sense of foundation. Later, it was intended to overwhelm a world which was now accepted
Tachibana, Tomoaki. "L’intensification de la vie : La pensée religieuse de Fichte (1799-1806)." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAL023.
Full textThis work is an attempt to think, with Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814), about the relationship between life and philosophy. After 1799, these came forward as the main problem of the Fichtean work. Our hypothesis is: philosophy, that is, the Science of Knowledge for Fichte, brings an intensification of human life, insofar as the interest of this life occurs on the basis of science. Philosophy is therefore, in its essential meaning, a doctrine of life. To philosophize it is for each one an act in which to accomplish his life in its highest sense.From this perspective, my PhD thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part, by following in detail the extraordinarily dense debate on the Kantian heritage between Fichte and Jacobi, we see that the origin of this debate lies in the question of the reality of objects outside the thinking subject. The reference texts in this part are Jacobi's Open Letter to Fichte dated March 1799 and the Vocation of Man (1800). Then, we discuss the interpenetration of life and philosophy, addressing the theoretical writings written around 1804-1805. By introducing the Jacobian conception of life into the system of his philosophy, as well as the Schellingian idea of the absolute, Fichte describes the being as the only living and inconceivable being. This task, which is strictly a Fichtean and inevitably difficult for philosophy, requires that knowledge be reduced to the being and the being be deployed as the knowledge. The Science of Knowledge therefore understands itself as a double path. Finally, through the two popular works of 1805-1806, the Characteristics of the Present Age and the Way towards the Blessed Life, the third part shows that Fichte’s Science of Knowledge joins Christianity, and more precisely that of the Gospel of John; Fichte justifies the identity of his doctrine of the “being there (Dasein)” and the logos of the Prologue of the fourth Gospel. Only self-sacrifice through love towards the being or God makes it possible to reconcile the being there and the being. This reciprocal love, in fact, allows man and God to immerse themselves in each other: “Whoever lives in love lives in God, and God in them” (1 Jn 4:16).The most difficult question for Fichte's philosophy to understand is the following: how to understand both the immanence of the being in “being there” and their rupture? Fichte's religious thought shows here his own character. The human being understands himself as the being there of the being; he sees the self in a relationship with the being. This means that he sees both his weakening and the aspiration that leads him to being. It is in it that man sacrifices himself. In such a self-sacrifice, the most radical, man is not suppressed, however, but he is excluded from himself. He surpasses himself in this sacrifice. But this is nothing more than the intensification of one's own sense of being. The Science of Knowledge is, in this sense, the attempt to think about the great self-assertion of human being
Castillo, Vallez Javier. "Autoconciencia: presupuesto y origen de todo conocimiento: una comparación entre los sistemas filosóficos de Kant y Fichte en torno al llamado punto más alto de unidad, (el) Yo." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/147340.
Full textVogel, Jean. "Les métamorphoses de la pensée politique de Fichte: du cosmopolitisme républicain au messianisme national allemand." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211222.
Full textLandenne, Quentin. "Perspectivisme transcendantal et philosophie appliquée chez J. G. Fichte." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210159.
Full textIl s’agit d’abord d’élucider les prémisses spéculatives de ce problème dans une théorie des points de vue inscrite au cœur des exposés de la Doctrine de la science (Wissenschaftslehre, WL). Nous tentons ainsi de réinterpréter les différentes versions de la WL qui vont de 1794 à 1804 en nous concentrant sur tous les concepts et procédures épistémologiques qui ressortissent à une logique perspectiviste, pour les appréhender comme des opérateurs de réflexivité du savoir philosophique dans l’auto–construction de la WL. C’est dans une telle dynamique perspectiviste que la tension conceptuelle constitutive du problème de la philosophie appliquée entre le point de vue transcendantal et le point de vue empirique ou entre le système et la vie prend tout son sens philosophique.
Cette dynamique perspectiviste qui opère au fondement spéculatif de la WL se prolonge et se concrétise ensuite dans une phénoménologie des visions du monde (Weltansichten) pensées comme points de vue de la liberté, qui trouve sa forme la plus aboutie en 1806. Le point de vue transcendantal de la liberté reconnaît alors sa genèse dans quatre points de vue empiriques qui attachent la liberté respectivement à la nature, à la loi, à l’action créatrice ou à la vie divine. C’est cette phénoménologie que nous mobilisons enfin pour mettre à l’épreuve son potentiel heuristique comme une logique de l’action ou une praxéologie de la liberté dans les écrits de philosophie appliquée et principalement dans le domaine de la philosophie politique.
Bref, la philosophie transcendantale de Fichte se développe selon une dynamique perspectiviste qui génère, d’une part, le fondement spéculatif du problème systématique de l’application empirico–pratique de la philosophie transcendantale, et qui livre, d’autre part, en tant que théorie transcendantale des points de vue pratiques, les ressources phénoménologiques et praxéologiques pour une heuristique de la liberté dans la philosophie appliquée.
Dans une deuxième partie plus exploratoire, nous cherchons à tester à la fois la signification moderne et le potentiel actuel du lien conceptuel entre réflexivité, perspectivité et liberté mis en exergue dans le système fichtéen. Nous construisons d’abord une série de dialogues que Fichte a pu ou aurait pu mener avec d’autres philosophes de l’époque moderne, en ciblant particulièrement l’idée perspectiviste comme fil conducteur des confrontations avec ces différents systèmes (Leibniz, Kant, Schelling et Hegel). Nous tentons pour finir une incursion dans le champ de la philosophie contemporaine en vue de mettre au jour une postérité cachée de la philosophie fichtéenne dans la pragmatique transcendantale de Karl–Otto Apel à travers une homologie structurelle entre ces deux philosophies, s’attestant notamment dans les questions de la fondation transcendantale du point de vue moral, de son application politique et des rapports qu’il doit entretenir avec d’autres points de vue inscrits dans la dialectique perspectiviste des intérêts de connaissance.
Doctorat en Philosophie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Tomioka, Sergio Luis. "Origens da logica especulativa de Hegel." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/278937.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Essa dissertação tem como tema a questão do princípio da ciência filosófica na obra hegeliana. O intuito da dissertação é mostrar que esse problema é uma preocupação perene na obra madura de Regel, desde o período em que o autor ministrava aulas na Universidade de Iena, nos inícios do século dezenove, até as últimas formulações do sistema, trinta anos depois. Esse problema é retomado nas interpretações do sistema hegeliano, tanto nas mais recentes como naquelas de seus discípulos e adversários, durante todo o século dezenove. Para mostrar como esse problema é tratado no período ienense, analisa-se um texto de 1801, A Diferença entre os sistemas de filosofia de Fichte e de Schelling, procurando por um lado relacioná-lo com as questões pós-kantianas da época, bem como com suas relações com o resto do sistema hegeliano posterior
Abstract: This dissertation focuses the problem of the begining of Science, considered from a hegelianpoint of view, that means, from a logic-speculative point of view. The intention is to show that this question is a long-term preocupation in Reger' s work. From his Iena-period until the last formulationsof his sistem, the question of how to make the begining of the philosophie appear. The critics and disciples contemporary to him and his modern commentators debate this theme of Regel' s work, as well. The problem has two main sides, one is to know how one counscience an approach that speeulative (philosophieal) point of view, and the other to know how do the speculative Science must beginn. To present this aspects of the so called Iena-period of Regel, is our intention to analyse the Differenz des Fichteschen und Schellingschen Systems der Philosophie (The diference between the systems of philosophy of Fichte and of Schelling) and to conect it with the pos-kantian discussion of the begining of the XIXth century, as with the rest of Regel' s philosophical Sistem
Mestrado
Mestre em Filosofia
Coletes, Caubet Ramon. "La polèmica de l’ateisme de Fichte." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/380901.
Full textThis thesis aims to the interpretation of the main texts of the dispute over Fichte's atheism from a strictly philosophical point of view. In this sense, it follows the recommendation made by the author himself: Before making a judgment about the texts, we must master the fundamentals of his philosophy. Firstly the genesis of the early Fichte's philosophical system, the Doctrine of Science, is studied following the evolution of transcendental philosophy that Kant introduced in his three critics, especially attending to concepts such as transcendental apperception, freedom, the productive imagination, and the conception of the intelligible. This evolution starts with the questions discussed in the immediate post-Kantian scenario - especially regarding to the contributions from Reinhold, Maimon and Schulze and to Fichte's own texts (reviews, lessons, letters ...), which show the gestation of his system as an original interpretation of the transcendental philosophy-, and up to the published works On the concept of the Doctrine of Science and especially the Foundation of the whole Doctrine of Science. In this first part of my work it is achieved an understanding of the essence of Fichte's foundational project: the deduction of the forms of consciousness from the intellectual intuition of the self in its relation to a non ego that opposes him. Secondly, we see the application of the foundation to the practical level of human freedom. On the one hand we work through the deduction of moral law from the principle of the self, in an attempt to fill in gaps in the foundations of the Kantian system. On the other hand, we deal with the necessary inclusion of the freedom of the moral agent into the intelligible system of the freedoms of others, which allows Fichte to develop an original theory of the interpersonal relationship. In this sense, we analyze the works published immediately after the Foundation of the whole Doctrine of Science: the Foundation of Natural Right, and especially the Moral Doctrine and the new formulation of the foundations in the Doctrine of the Science nova methodo, since they constitute the systematic background of the ideas exposed in the texts related to the controversy of atheism. In the third chapter, I work over the texts about the controversy, both in terms of the clarification of the historical events that gave rise to them and of their consequences, such as the central question of the understanding, from a transcendental point of view, of the ideas exposed in the texts, with special emphasis on the difference from the Kantian conception, especially in regard to the intelligible concept of the Greater Good. This helps us to understand the standpoint of Fichte: first, as explicitly growing apart from Forberg in the most critical issues, and on the other hand, in his ongoing search for the cause of the misunderstanding of his work which lead his critics to the accusation of atheism. I finally add the analysis of a text which was not published at the time, which is very enlightening about the maturity reached by Fichte’s philosophy of religion in the works of the controversy: Fichte’s lessons on metaphysics, in which Fichte reviews the work of the contemporary philosopher Platner. The final part of the thesis investigates the summit of the controversy, which comes with the intervention of a devastating letter by the respected Jacobi. We analyze the differences in the Systems of both thinkers and work over Fichte's reaction to the letter. This reaction will be the keystone of the evolution of Fichte’s thought when he strikes back his adversaries (their confusion between the intelligible order of freedom and God), and defends himself from the attack of Jacobi (who accused him of nihilism, by stablishing reason in detriment of belief as the basis of the understanding of reality). At this point, the first changes appear which aim to a radical revision on the ideas maintained along the Jena period. We found enough reason therefore to argue that these issues can be regarded as responsable for a shift in the main issue of the Doctrine of Science, deepen from the foundation of the finite consciousness on the principle of the ego and its world-oriented activities to a still previous level of clarification of the relationship that the Doctrine of Science itself has with the Absolute, which is the issue of reflection of the first formulations of the Doctrine of Science in Berlin, theoretical background of the first public exposition of Fichte’s System of the philosophy of religion, the Exhortation to the blessed life. This transition of the system from the period in Jena into the system from the period in Berlin appear in nuce in the book The Destiny of Man, analyzed in the last part of our thesis.
Chédin, Maxime. "L’idéalisme de Fichte et la question de la philosophie comme science." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040028.
Full textThis work examines the project, common to Fichte and Hegel, to establish philosophy as a system. For them, philosophy must either resign itself to being a mere curiosity, or become a science. Should it then imitate mathematics, experimental sciences? Or can we make the assumption that there is an object that by nature remains beyond the realm of scientific knowledge, and consequently, another knowledge than that of particular sciences? For Fichte as for Hegel, philosophy has the task of exploring what science cannot know, to be a science of “truisms” or “preconceptions” that remain assumed in other areas of knowledge. But an absolute science is a knowledge that assumes nothing, that is not based on any particular fact, that does not regard any object as certain. What is left, then? For Fichte, nothing but what he calls the Ego, that is to say, thought or consciousness as a free, autonomous activity, which in philosophy must be proven as the creative source of the objective world that surrounds us and that we spontaneously consider as independent of our consciousness. That is the object or the “absolute” knowledge that the Doctrine of Science specifically deals with. Therefore the requirement of philosophical absoluteness can only be satisfied through the figure of a circular knowledge, which reproduces and in the end justifies what initially appeared to be nothing more than an arbitrary assumption. However, Fichte’s system is unique in that, as flawless as its chain of deductions can be, it starts with a crack which, far from disappearing thereafter, is so completely accepted and elaborated, that it finally takes the form of a fundamental contradiction which is at the source of our entire conscious life: free activity, which has to be proven as a producer of objectivity, is at the same time, by essence, that which is most impossible to objectify…
Wilhelm, Hans-Jakob. "The 'I' and the individual : the problem of nature in Fichte's philosophy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0015/NQ44629.pdf.
Full textLopes, Adriana Alves de Lima. "O conceito de natureza em Schelling: um estudo sobre os escritos de 1797-1799." www.teses.ufc.br, 2007. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/6486.
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Este trabalho visa analisar a concepção de natureza de Schelling a partir de seus escritos iniciais para mostrar que, à luz do jovem Schelling, a Filosofia da Natureza surge como um avanço da teoria de Fichte (que reduz a natureza ao Não-eu) numa dinamicidade da própria natureza. Mas, por outro lado, surge também como um resgate desta postura que assume um Eu absoluto e incondicionado como fundamento de todo saber racional. A partir desta relação originária entre Eu e Não-eu, Schelling elabora a idéia de uma natureza enquanto produtividade livre, orientada por uma atividade originária e incondicionada. Desse modo, sua Filosofia da Natureza surge como física especulativa, onde se faz necessário considerar não apenas os seus produtos, mas também sua produtividade; logo, há na natureza uma organização, de onde se deduz que tudo o que é comprovado na experiência é fruto de um princípio constitutivo da própria natureza, e não simplesmente por princípios regulativos (como pensara Kant). Portanto, para além de uma metafísica da natureza de Kant, Schelling a concebe como unidade objetiva de matéria e forma.
Gil, Edson Dognaldo. "O ser como condição de possibilidade do pensar." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2006. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/11732.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The aim of this dissertation is to present and toanalyse the first principle of Fichteʹs Doctrine of Science, namely, that of the self‐position of the I, in the same way the German idealist philosopher expounds it in the firstparagraph of his masterpiece Grundlage der gesammten issenschaftslehre [Foundation of the Entire Doctrine of Scientific Knowledge], published in 1794‐1795. The historical presentation situates Fichteʹs issue in the context of the modern philosophy in general, and of German idealism in particular. Remarks are provided on the relation and mutual influence of German thinkers, especially on the continuity between the transcendental philosophy of Kant and that of Fichte, pointing out, however, the originality of the project of the Doctrine of Science. Some attention is also given to the current state of the Fichte‐Forschung. The systematic analysis, wish constitutes the core of the work, concentrates on the thorough reading of the first paragraph of the Grundlage, pointing out its implications to the question of the relation between being and thinking, morespecifically, the respective transcendental transformation of the Cartesian cogito. Thus, the I, in so far as it is (characterized as) pure intelligence, is the genetic, originary and pre-predicative Act (Tathandlung). Therefore, it is previous toboth discursive thought and objective consciousness (ofa substantiated Cartesian subject), and yet it is accessible by means of an intuitive method; it is nonetheless purely intellectual and authentically meditative meditative philosophy, philosophy as art (ars). There is enclosed a reproduction of the original text of the first paragraph of the Grundlage, as well as the respective translation, of my authorship. There is also a small glossary of the most important terms used by Fichte translated from German into Portuguese
O escopo desta dissertação consiste em apresentar e analisaro chamado Primeiro Princípio da autoposição do Eu da Doutrina da Ciência de Johann Gottlieb Fichte, tal qual o idealista alemão o expõe no primeiro parágrafo de sua obra‐prima Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre als Handschriftfür seine Zuhörer [Fundamento de toda a Doutrina da Ciência como manual para seus ouvintes], publicada em 1794‐1795. A apresentação histórica visa a situar a problemáticafichteana no contexto da filosofia moderna, em geral, e, em particular, do idealismo alemão. Tecem‐se considerações sobre a relação e a influência mútua dos pensadores alemães, especialmente sobre a continuidade entre a filosofia transcendental deKant e a de Fichte, destacando‐se porém a originalidade do projeto da Doutrina da Ciência. Dedicam‐se, além disso, algumas palavras ao estado atual da Fichte‐Forschung. A análise sistemática, que constitui o cerne do trabalho, concentra‐se na leitura minuciosa do primeiro parágrafo da Grundlage, destacando‐se suas implicações no que respeita à questão da relação entre ser e pensar, mais especificamente, a respectiva transformação transcendental do cogito cartesiano. Conclui‐se que, para Fichte, o eu, enquanto inteligência pura, é Ato genético, originário (Tathandlung), pré‐predicativo e, portanto, anterior ao pensamento discursivo e à consciência objetiva (de um sujeito hipostasiado, cartesiano), ao qual se tem acesso por meio de um método intuitivo, mas puramente intelectual, autenticamente meditativo filosofia meditativa, filosofia como arte (ars). Como anexos, seguem‐se a reprodução do texto original do primeiro parágrafo da Grundlage, bem como a respectiva tradução, de minha autoria. Além disso, um pequeno vocabulário, alemão‐português, dos termos mais importantes utilizados por Fichte
Dispersyn, Eléonore. "Kant, Fichte, Schelling: essai sur la nature du mal." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210810.
Full textDoctorat en Philosophie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Lima, Erick Calheiros de. "Direito e intersubjetividade : eticidade em Hegel e o conceito Fichteano de reconhecimento." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280629.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Este trabalho pretende desenvolver uma tese de leitura acerca das motivações e da consolidação da filosofia social de Hegel, qual seja: a importância da assimilação da teoria fichteana da intersubjetividade para a constituição do modelo hegeliano do desenvolvimento da eticidade. Na primeira parte, pretende-se mostrar que a teoria fichteana da intersubjetividade, desenvolvida no contexto da dedução da relação de direito, possui um potencial ético que parece cristalizar-se numa concepção não limitativa, não excludente e positiva da relação intersubjetiva. Na segunda parte, após investigar a contraposição, nos escritos de Hegel em Frankfurt, entre a intersubjetividade limitativa e potencialmente desagregadora, própria às relações contratuais do direito privado, e a harmonia intersubjetiva do amor, pretende-se mostrar que a derrocada da expectativa de Hegel com respeito ao ideal de integração social pela via de uma Volksreligion conduz a contraposição entre a intersubjetividade ¿solidária¿ e a ¿restritiva¿ ao projeto de uma ¿subjugação¿ da esfera econômica juridicamente regulada sob o âmbito político-público da eticidade absoluta. Em seguida, perseguindo a tese de que o problema do Einssein entre universal e singular pressupõe uma solução intersubjetivista, procura-se explorar as peculiaridades da ¿gênese intersubjetiva¿ do espírito do povo no System der Sittlichkeit e no Jenaer Systementwurf 1803/04, com especial ênfase na progressiva imbricação entre teoria da consciência, reconhecimento e desenvolvimento conceitual da eticidade, a qual interpretamos como uma articulação sócio-filosófica entre a intersubjetividade formadora e a intersubjetividade limitativa. Na terceira parte, pretende-se clarificar, a partir de uma análise comparativa do reconhecimento em suas versões ¿fenomenológicas¿, a conexão do mesmo com a efetivação da liberdade individual na eticidade. A intenção é mostrar que a ¿generalização¿ do movimento, pela sua inserção na ¿filosofia do espírito subjetivo¿, não conduz necessariamente ao seu desligamento dos estágios de efetivação intersubjetiva da liberdade, mas antes à sua pressuposição como forma normativa da relação social efetiva, de maneira que não apenas a relação intersubjetiva participativa e formadora da individualidade e a relação solidária, que constitui a gênese do estado ético, como também a relação de respeito recíproco à intangibilidade da pessoa, podem, enquanto ¿relações éticas¿, ser tematizadas no registro comum de um ¿ser-reconhecido¿. Finalmente, procura-se mostrar como Hegel insere, no Systementwurf 1805/06, a ¿luta por reconhecimento¿ em uma argumentação que articula a forma participativa de intersubjetividade com a gênese da solidariedade ética que tem de estar vinculada à efetividade social de uma vontade universal, a qual é, entretanto, compreendida pela primeira vez por Hegel, em sua imediatidade, como direito. O resultado mais amplo do trabalho é a tese de que tal interpretação poderia ser ¿aplicada¿ em uma leitura das Grundlinien, o que, entretanto, será apenas aqui indicado
Abstract: This work intends to delineate some motives underlying the development of Hegel's social philosophy. According to the interpretation we attempt to formulate, Fichte's view of intersubjectivity plays a decisive role in Hegel's comprehension of the conceptual unfolding of ¿ethical life¿ (Sittlichkeit). The first part focuses on Fichte's theory of intersubjectivity, particularly on its version presented in the Foundations of Natural Law, where it is deduced as a condition for the ¿juridical relation¿(Rechtsverhältnis). The main task is to show that Fichte's conception of the intersubjective mediation of individual conscience, when considered apart from its endurable form as a relation of reciprocally limited spheres of action, seems to contain the ethical potential for a ¿non-limited¿, ¿non-exclusive¿ and positive actualization of individual freedom. In the second part, after elucidating, in Hegel's early writings, the opposition between the ¿juridical¿, potentially disintegrative conception of intersubjectivity and the harmony of love, we intend to indicate how the frustration of Hegel's expectations, regarding social integration through a Volksreligion, conduces to the project of ¿subordination¿ (Bezwingung) of juridically regulated economics under the political realm of the abolute ethical life. Thus, after demonstrating that the problem of the Einssein of universal and individual pressuposes an intersubjective solution, the aim is to delineate the intersubjective genesis of the ¿Spirit of a People¿ in the System of Ethical Life and in the Philosophy of Spirit 1803/04, always emphazising the progressive articulation of theory of conscience, recognition and the conceptual unfolding of ethical life. The third part aims to elucidate, through a comparative investigation of the ¿phenomenological¿ versions of Hegel's theory of recognition, its connection with the actualization of individual freedom in the institutional framework of ethical life. In this context, it is aimed to show that the ¿generalization¿ of the process of recognition, due to its insertion into the ¿philosophy of subjective spirit¿, in despite of its immediate disconnection from the stages of intersubjective actualization of freedom, points toward the possibility of its pressuposition as the normative form of the actual social relation. According to this view, this ¿generalization¿ allows that not only the formative intersubjective ralation and the solidary connection among the individuals, that engenders the ¿ethical state¿, but also the interpersonal relations, based on reciprocal respect to the intangibility of individual freedom, could be reduced to the common denominator of a ¿being-recognized¿ (Anerkanntsein). Finally, the task is to consider how Hegel integrates, in the Philosophy of Spirit 1805/06, the ¿struggle for recognition¿ into an argumentation that articulates the participative form of intersubjectivity with the genesis of the ethical solidarity that is vinculated to the social actuality of the universal will, which is, for the first time in Hegel's philosophical development, understood in its immediacy as right (Recht). As a conclusion, we summarize some indications of a possible extension of this presented view to an interpretation of Hegel's Philosophy of Right
Doutorado
Doutor em Filosofia
Ralickas, Eduardo. "Naissance de l'art performatif : étude sur les prémisses du moment romantique en Allemagne." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0136.
Full textThe purpose of this art history dissertation is to shed new light on the relation between the philosophy of Johann Gottlieb Fichte and the artistic practice of some of early German romanticism’s leading figures, namely, Friedrich Schlegel, August Wilhelm Schlegel, Novalis, and Caspar David Friedrich. Although this link has previously been established in the historiography on German romanticism, I contend that Fichte’s importance to the romantic movement does not hinge on the content of his philosophical writings (i. E. , the Wissenschaftslehre as a theory of subjectivity or as a theory of freedom), nor on Fichte’s political beliefs (republicanism, egalitarianism, the universality of Right). Rather, the driving force behind the romantic project resides in the pragmatic dynamics of the Wissenschaftslehre itself, that is, on its communicational and pedagogical framework. In reference to the work of leading Fichte scholars, I argue that Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre consists in an original, self-referential representational system whose putative user is indexed within the very system he or she drives. In the final analysis, the reception of such a system coincides with its production, and both are a function of its performative character. Based on this approach, I contend that romantic artistic practices makes use of the Wissenschaftslehre’s pragmatic dynamics in order to rethink the way in which pictorial or textual representations shape their beholders (both aesthetically and politically). Ultimately, this dissertation aims to contribute to current debates on the power of images and to understand Fichte’s and the romantics’ heretofore unacknowledged contribution to the theory of the agency of images
Laudou, Christophe. "L'esprit des systèmes : les conditions subjectives de développement de l'idéalisme allemand." Dijon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995DIJOL011.
Full textHow do we build a system of absolute knowledge? The present research tries to answer that question analyzing the subject speech relationship as seen in the systems of German idealism, which means highlighting the evolution of post-Kantian systems thanks to a phenomenology of speaking-up. The first four chapters try to make out the conditions of production of these systems : German idealism find in Spinoza certain conception of subject as negation of the difference, which is opposed to the Cartesian scheme of a word-bearer subject, and become the key-stone of the system seen as the institution-speech, the space of speaking of absolute knowledge impling putting the subject on the dead's place. Chapters five to eight try to give an account of the first state of Fichte, Schelling and Hegel’s system, chapters nine and ten give a hint of their evolution. The impossibility of introducing in the speech what is substracted by the speaking-up seems to explain the incompletion of Fichte and Schelling’s purpose and the discrepancy which still exists between Hegel’s system and its phenomenology
Netrebiak, Olga. "Le " moi " et le " divin " chez Fichte et Nabert : une contribution à la philosophie de la religion." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAK011/document.
Full textThe present thesis articulates two fundamental categories of the philosophy of religion: the « 1 » and the « divine », it is in the dialogue with two privileged interlocutors, Fichte and Nabert, where this double theme was exploited in an original and brilliant way. Fichte thinks of the « 1 » as the center of the interiority and the conscious lite of a man, which is an incessant activity towards unity of self. Nabert, on his part, starts from the Fichte's concept of the « 1 » and elaborate the category of the « divine »; this last appears as a demand of the consciousness in its fundamental structure: it the « divine » as the one that affirms itself in the « 1 ». The joint examination of these two thoughts brings, as we try to show, a major contribution to the contemporary philosophy of religion. lndeed, this contribution allows philosophy of religion to advance in the answers to many challenges that rise up before it: the rediscovery of certain preliminaries such as the religious consciousness, the adequate language about « Gad », the question about criterion in the designation of the « divine », absolute « testimony ». For that purpose, three main categories are solicited and approved: « interiority » and the place of « affectivity » in religious experience, and finally « truth » which polarizes all philosophical reflection on religion
Jesus, Paulo Renato Cardoso de. "Poétique de l'ipse : temps, affection et synthèse dans l'unité du Je théorique kantien." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0096.
Full textThe Kantian "theoretical I" constitutes a unifying semantic unity wich produces itself epigenetically. Thus, this spontaneous - poetic - cognitive function appears to be both irreducible to a mere "logical form" and non-identifiable with a "substantial entity". The "I think", transcendental apperception, is a morphogenetic power-force wich unfolds as a continuous - virtually infinite - process of synthesis whose aim is the production of an organic system of knowledge. Its logical modality is necessity and its manner of acting is metaphenomenological ; "to must be capable of accompanying all my representations" means "to institute the act-form of all representation as such", namely their belonging to one and the same self. By questioning Kant with Hume, Leibniz and Fichte, this research attempts to elucidate the inevitable instability of the critical transition to a postmetaphysical Cogito
Boss, Marc. "Le principe de l'autonomie chez Paul Tillich : ses sources kantiennes et post-kantiennes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0004/NQ39337.pdf.
Full textHattori, Yukihiro. "La duplicité de l’apparaître : recherches sur la phénoménologie matérielle de M. Henry." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100101.
Full textThe duplicity of appearing phenomenologically classifies appearances according to their modes of appearance: immanence and transcendence. By analyzing Michel Henry’s analysis of the history of philosophy, this study examines the fundamental presupposition that conditions this doctrine of duplicity of appearing and plays an important role in Henry’s material philosophy. The following question arises: how can we understand the essence of duplicity, which makes it difficult to comprehend the relationship between transcendence and immanence? To answer this question, we focus on Henry’s two major works: Philosophy and Phenomenology of Body and The Essence of Manifestation. By analyzing Henry’s interpretation of the works of Maine de Biran, Kant, Fichte, and Heidegger, we inquire whether the Kantian distinction between formal and transcendental logic serves as the condition that determines the duplicity of appearing and leads to the distinction of immanence from transcendence to eliminate the possibility of a relationship between them. This analysis leads to an understanding of a fundamental issue regarding the exclusive commitment of immanence to the principle of analytic judgments, with the commitment lending a paradoxical character to the duplicity of appearing
"On the I as the foundation of knowledge in Fichte's early Wissenschaftslehre." 2013. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5549302.
Full textThis thesis aims at explicating the epistemological aspects of Fichte's transcendental philosophy from a historical perspective that exposes the theoretical philosophical context in which Fichte's early philosophical project Wissenschaftslehre is embedded, as well as from a contemporary perspective that examines the nature of Fichte’s epistemological strategy and reviews the examination of it in foundationalist and anti-foundationalist terms. The first perspective prevents anachronism by situating the theory within the unique particular background, which also gives us a proper access to the philosophy of Fichte. The latter perspective, though could be prone to anachronism, gives the problematic a refreshment by bringing in contemporary resources and devices to review the theory. An explication of Fichte's three fundamental principles and an analysis of the third as the culmination of foundation make up the hinge that connects both perspectives. The first perspective is an essential prologue to the explication, its significance lies not in merely giving out information of the historical development, but in making the theory itself intelligible; the second perspective considers an issue that is hidden in the explication but not yet sufficiently addressed, and in addressing this perspective I provide a review of the review, through which the explication can be supplemented.
Hence it should be obvious that the thesis consists of three parts and how they are connected. The first part sets up the historical background through which the epistemological relevance of Fichte is to be appreciated. Three philosophers are given extra weight for this purpose Jacobi (and through him Spinoza as well), Kant, and Reinhold. It is in the face of a particular set of issues resulting from their interaction that Fichte's theory of knowledge emerges to resolve. With this in mind, we will find that Fichte's proposal of the fundamental principles is a strategy to ground the foundation of knowledge on human spontaneity, as spontaneity is found to be the necessary condition for the third principle and the third principle the necessary condition for the coordination of the first two principles which Fichte takes as hardly disputable. Based on this understanding, we shall see that Rockmore’s suggestion to understand Fichte's theory of knowledge as a kind of anti-foundationalism is inaccurate and misleading, instead it rather points to a theoretical tendency that resists such dichotomy.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Tse, Chiu Yui Plato.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-112).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Acknowledgement --- p.1
Introduction --- p.2
Chapter One: --- p.6
The Relevance of the Absolute to the Foundation of Knowledge
The Epistemological Relevance of the Absolute --- p.7
Jacobi’s Spinozakritik: The Skeptic Consequence of “Ex Nihilo Nihil Fit“ --- p.12
Jacobi’s Kantkritik --- p.16
Reinhold’s Principle of Consciousness and Beyond --- p.29
Chapter Two: --- p.35
Part I
The Three Fundamental Principles: With an Explanation of a Common Phenomenon of Consciousness
The I-Talk --- p.38
The First Principle --- p.42
The Second Principle --- p.44
The Third Principle --- p.46
The Absolute I and the Forgotten --- p.49
Part II
An Analysis through a Dialectics of Contradictions --- p.52
Step A --- p.53
Step B --- p.55
Step C --- p.58
Step D --- p.60
Step E --- p.65
Chapter Three: --- p.74
The Conflict between Foundationalist and Anti-foundationalist Interpretation
The Problem --- p.75
Tom Rockmore’s Anti-foundationalist Interpretation --- p.79
Problem of Daniel Breazeale’s Response --- p.87
Klaus Hammacher a Leap towards Certainty --- p.92
Conclusion --- p.101
Bibliography --- p.108
Proulx, Francis. "La doctrine de la science de Fichte : le dépassement de la dichotomie du sujet et de l'objet." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3854/1/M11895.pdf.
Full textSilva, Fernando M. F. "Sentimento e reflexão : crítica da identidade nos «Fichte-studien» de Novalis." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/23640.
Full textNo início da sua produção filosófica, a partir do Outono de 1795, o poeta Novalis colige uma longa série de anotações fragmentárias sobre a doutrina da ciência de Fichte, recolhidas sob a ampla designação «Fichte-Studien». Muitos, e não menos importantes são os temas aí abordados, todos versando a filosofia de Fichte. Mas este conjunto de manuscritos não serve o exclusivo propósito de ler criticamente a teoria fichteana, e muito menos o pensamento filosófico de Novalis nasce com os «Fichte-Studien»; o problema que preside à primeira filosofia de Novalis, e que impregna estes seus manuscritos, é um problema maior, um conflito espiritual entre contrários, a saber, poesia (vida) e filosofia, ou sentimento e reflexão, que Novalis vinha experienciando desde que frequentara as lições de Reinhold sobre Filosofia Elementar, em Jena (1790), que viria a ser decisivamente acentuado pela Doutrina da Ciência, de Fichte (a partir de 1793), e que só então vem a ser trabalhada nos «Fichte-Studien». Nesta dissertação, procurar-se-á expor como Novalis resolve o seu conflito espiritual sob a forma de uma teoria dos contrários, à luz da leitura do mesmo problema em Reinhold e Fichte. A conclusão a que Novalis sobre isto chega é a hipótese de um dinamismo recíproco, uma alternância viva e cumulativa entre contrários, a qual originará o Eu, e o lançará para a sua compreensão reflexiva de si próprio; a saber, a proposta de unir sentimento e reflexão, constituintes essenciais do Eu enquanto ser de contrários, sob a forma de uma união na desunião, na qual coexistem a um tempo a impossibilidade real de unir os contrários e a possibilidade ideal de o fazer; uma proposta que levará Novalis a cindir-se dos seus Professores, e que dele requer uma profunda reflexão sobre a necessidade de repensar os conceitos de Eu, da identidade e do próprio pensar – uma genuína crítica da identidade –, que paulatinamente talha a imagem de Novalis como um pensador autónomo e original no seio do Idealismo Alemão. Por fim, e porque o problema dos contrários é de facto um problema entre poesia e filosofia, e ainda porque os «Fichte-Studien» servem justamente o objectivo de acentuar o conflito espiritual do poeta mediante a filosofia, Novalis transporá este mesmo dinamismo recíproco da união na desunião dos contrários para a questão do filosofar. No filosofar, enquanto pensar natural do humano, se procurará ver a possibilidade de um superior estrato de auto-compreensão do Eu: por um lado, na constatação de que Eu e filosofia nascem no mesmo momento, e que nesse momento ambos ganham uma actividade subjectiva, mas rompem também com a unidade originária, que sempre tentarão recuperar através dessa mesma actividade, e através do pensar dos contrários; por outro, na recondução da questão dos contrários, da noção de dinamismo recíproco, ao pensar filosófico, segundo o que à possibilidade de a filosofia alcançar o absoluto da reunião dos contrários, sempre se opõe a impossibilidade disto mesmo; por fim, à conclusão de que à filosofia e ao Eu não resta senão progredir por uma saciação relativa do absoluto, ou uma aproximação infinita a este, uma insuficência que para Novalis se traduzirá numa tendência de auto-supressão, de morte do pensar e da linguagem da filosofia, que por fim levará a um gradual apagamento e dissolução da imagem do Eu. Esta dissolução, este fim de curso da filosofia, dirá Novalis, é uma transição para uma nova consciência, uma nova linguagem, uma nova vida do Eu – a reescrição de uma nova existência poiética do Eu, que para este significa o retorno possível a uma idade áurea do ser humano, e para Novalis a resolução possível do seu conflito espiritual.
At the onset of his philosophical production, by the fall of 1795, the poet Novalis writes a long series of fragmentary annotations on Fichte’s doctrine of science, collected under the broad designation of «Fichte-Studien». Various, and not at all unimportant are the themes therein approached, all of them dealing with Fichte’s philosophy. But Novalis’ intention with this set of manuscripts was not solely to critically read Fichte’s theory, nor does Novalis’ thought arise with the «Fichte-Studien»; the problem that presides over Novalis’ first philosophy and which pervades these manuscripts is a greater problem, a spiritual conflict between opposites, namely, poetry (life) and philosophy, or feeling and reflection, a conflict which Novalis was experiencing ever since he had attended Reinhold’s lectures on Elementary Philosophy, in Jena (1790), which would be irreversibly enhanced by Fichte’s Doctrine of Science (from 1793 onwards), and only then would be addressed in the «Fichte-Studien». In this dissertation, we shall attempt to determine how Novalis solves his spiritual conflict under the guise of a theory of opposites, in light of his reading of the same problem in Reinhold and Fichte. Novalis’ conclusion is that of an hypothesis of a reciprocal dynamism, a living and cumulative alternation between opposites, which shall originate the I and inaugurate its reflexive self-understanding; namely, the hypothesis of uniting feeling and reflection, essential components of the I as a being of opposites, under the form of a union in disunion, wherein a real impossibility of uniting the opposites and an ideal possibility of doing so simultaneously coexist; a proposition which shall lead Novalis to part from his Professors, and involves a profound reflection on the need to reassess the concepts of I, of identity and thought itself – a genuine critique of the self – which gradually carves the image of Novalis as an autonomous and original thinker within the scope of German Idealism. Lastly, because the problem of the opposites is indeed a problem between poetry and philosophy, and furthermore because the «Fichte-Studien» were intended to enhance the poet’s spiritual conflict through philosophy, Novalis shall apply this very reciprocal dynamism of a union in disunion of the opposites to the question of the act of philosophizing. In the act of philosophizing, as man’s natural thought, Novalis will try to discern the possibility of a superior level of self-understanding of the I: on the one hand, by realizing that the I and philosophy arise conjointly, and in that moment both acquire a subjective activity, but at the same time they break away from the original unit, which they will always attempt to recover through that activity; on the other hand, by readdressing the question of the opposites, the notion of reciprocal dynamism, to philosophical thought, according to which the possibility of philosophy attaining the absolute of reuniting the opposites is always opposed by the impossibility of this happening; lastly, by concluding that both philosophy and the I are left with no alternative but to progress through a relative satiation of the absolute, or an infinite approximation to the latter, an insufficiency which to Novalis shall translate into a tendency of self-suppression and death of philosophical thought and language, which in turn shall lead to a gradual effacement and dissolution of the I’s image. This dissolution, this end of the course of philosophy is, according to Novalis, the transition towards a new consciousness, a new language, a new life of the self – the rewriting of a new poietical existence of the I which, to the I, signifies the possible return to a golden age of the human being, and to Novalis the possible resolution of his spiritual conflict.
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