Relevant bibliographies by topics / FICTION / African American / Historical

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'FICTION / African American / Historical'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "FICTION / African American / Historical"

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Stulov, Yuri V. "Contemporary African American Historical Novel." Literature of the Americas, no. 14 (2023): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2023-14-75-99.

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The paper discusses the works of African American writers of the end of the 1960s — the end of the 2010s that address the historical past of African Americans and explores the traumatic experience of slavery and its consequences. The tragedy of people subjected to slavery as well as their masters who challenged the moral and ethical norms has remained the topical issue of contemporary African American historical novel. Pivotal for the development of the genre of African American historical novel were Jubilee by the outstanding writer and poet Margaret Walker and the non-fiction novel Roots by Alex Haley. African American authors reconsider the past from today’s perspective making use of both the newly discovered documents and the peculiarities of contemporary literary techniques and showing a versatility of genre experiments, paying attention to the ambiguity of American consciousness in relation to the past. Toni Morrison combines the sacred and the profane, reality and magic while Ishmael Reed conjugates thematic topicality and a bright literary experiment connecting history with the problems of contemporary consumer society; Charles Johnson problematizes history in a philosophic tragicomedy. Edward P. Jones reconsiders the history of slavery in a broad context as his novel’s setting is across the whole country on a broad span of time. The younger generation of African American writers represented by C. Baker, A. Randall, C. Whitehead, J. Ward and other authors touches on the issues of African American history in order to understand whether the tragic past has finally been done with. Contemporary African American historical novel relies on documents, new facts, elements of fictional biography, traditions of slave narratives and in its range makes use of peculiarities of family saga, bildungsroman, political novel, popular novel enriching it with various elements of magic realism, parodying existing canons and sharp satire.
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Roelofse-Campbell, Z. "Enlightened state versus millenarian vision: A comparison between two historical novels." Literator 18, no. 1 (1997): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v18i1.531.

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Two millenarian events, one in Brazil (Canudos Rebellion, 1897) and the other in South Africa (Bulhoek Massacre, 1921) have inspired two works of narrative fiction: Mario Vargas Llosa's The War of the End of the World (1981) and Mike Nicol’s This Day and Age (1992). In both novels the events are presented from the perspectives of both the oppressed landless peasants and the oppressors, who were the ruling élites. In both instances, governments which purported to be models of enlightenment and modernity resorted to violence and repression in order to uphold their authority. Vargas Llosa's novel was written in the Latin American tradition where truth and fiction mingle indistinguishably while in the South African novel fictional elements override historical truth.
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Łobodziec, Agnieszka. "Intersections of African-American Womanist Literary Approaches and Paradigms of Ethical Literary Criticism." Interlitteraria 22, no. 2 (2018): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2017.22.2.8.

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Although black American womanist literary perspectives and ethical literary criticism theory emerged from different socio-cultural contexts, a number of intersections between the two can be discerned. One of the objectives of this paper is to analyze the reasons for which some Chinese scholars and African-American women literary theoreticians are skeptical of mainstream Western literary criticism schools, which they view as insufficient for exploring works of literature derived from fusions of non-Western and Western cultural contexts. Secondly, the paper elucidates the particular value systems exhibited by fictional characters portrayed by the African-American women writers under survey. At this juncture, the means by which the writers challenge value systems based upon Western essentialist racial conceptualizations will be given primary attention. Also, the historical context of the development of womanist ethics and literary practice, particularly the manifestation of original social ethics in response to historical oppression, will be focused upon. Lastly, the didactic function of womanist literature will be considered because, more often than not, black American woman writers have endeavored to produce fiction that serves as guideposts towards conflict resolutions, involving, to a great extent, revaluation of mainstream values.
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Schneiderman, Leo. "Toni Morrison: Mothers and Daughters." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 14, no. 4 (1995): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/wb6p-hcbn-03yy-lpbr.

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The present article analyzes Morrison's novels with emphasis on the conflicted emotions of fictional African-American mothers in relation to their children. Of special interest is Morrison's depiction of the mother's role in shaping the individuation process of her daughters in a matriarchal, father-absent context. Also examined is Morrison's treatment of intergenerational continuity and the unique role of the grandmother against a background of social change. Such change is interpreted by Morrison as involving conflict between the norms of traditional, rural, folkloric black culture, and the pressures of mainstream American society. Morrison's fiction, taken as a whole, is viewed as illustrating the key role of the African-American mother in maintaining survival strategies developed by black women historically. The fate of black men in Morrison's fictional universe is also considered, along with pertinent implications for understanding African-American patterns of socialization in the broadest sense.
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Troike, R. C. "CREOLE /l/ -> /r/ IN AFRICAN AMERICAN ENGLISH/GULLAH: HISTORICAL FACT AND FICTION." American Speech 90, no. 1 (2015): 6–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00031283-2914692.

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Haddox, Thomas F. (Thomas Fredrick). "Alice Randall's The Wind Done Gone and the Ludic in African American Historical Fiction." MFS Modern Fiction Studies 53, no. 1 (2007): 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2007.0025.

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Barter, Faith. "Encrypted Citations: The Bondwoman’s Narrative and the Case of Jane Johnson." MELUS 46, no. 1 (2021): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/melus/mlab002.

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Abstract I read Hannah Crafts’s The Bondwoman’s Narrative (2002) and its legal historical intertexts in order to nuance “fiction” as a literary category of antebellum African American writing. Specifically, I develop connections between The Bondwoman’s Narrative and US laws of slavery by thinking about the novel’s form in relation to legal citational practices. I argue that the novel encrypts and encodes legal narratives within its fictionalized accounts of verifiable “historical” events. By close reading Crafts’s alterations of such events, I compare her use of encryption to the citational practices inherent in legal precedent. This comparison yields a stronger understanding of antebellum African American authorial practices as deploying legal rhetorical strategies that resisted dominant legal narratives and generated new literary forms. I problematize the tendency to redeem law as a possible or ideal site of black belonging and to underscore the ways that authors such as Crafts encrypted their writing with rejections of law and the nation-state. Her work does so even as it rehearses a facility and engagement with legal culture that might suggest an effort to inscribe African Americans into legal frameworks and the ongoing nineteenth-century project of US nation-building. Instead of reading this complex engagement with US law as evincing an attachment to it, I argue for reading it as the rejection and radical reimagining of existing logics of authority and community.
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Aquino, Rosilene Cássia Freitas de. "Excavating the Past: Rememories and Healing in Toni Morrison’s Beloved." Em Tese 10 (December 31, 2012): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1982-0739.10.0.196-201.

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This essay discusses the possibility of the combination of the social with the aesthetic functions of African American literature. It analyses how the main characters of Morrison’s Beloved are portrayed not just as individual and fictional types, but also as collective and historical ones, through which African American historical memory and culture are revealed in slavery time.
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Terry, Jennifer. "Buried perspectives." Power and Narrative 17, no. 1 (2007): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.17.1.08ter.

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In examining representations of engagements with the North American landscape in the fiction of Toni Morrison, this article seeks to explore the author’s revision of dominant discourses about the topography and symbolic spaces of the continent and her exposure thereby of historical structures of power. Focusing on her fourth novel, Song of Solomon (1977), it traces how Morrison attempts to give voice to African American experience and identity and to revisit and contest familiar stories of national belonging and being in the land. In crafting tales of black displacement, dispossession, estrangement, travel, discovery, connection and home, the author is found to excavate buried perspectives and shape her own potent narrative act.
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Donawerth, Jane. "Body Parts: Twentieth-Century Science Fiction Short Stories by Women." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 119, no. 3 (2004): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081204x20532.

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This essay is a feminist, historical exploration of body parts in short science fiction stories by women. In early-twentieth-century stories about prostheses, blood transfusion, and radioactive experiments, Clare Winger Harris, Kathleen Ludwick, and Judith Merril use body parts to explore fears of damage to masculine identity by war, of alienation of men from women, and of racial pollution. In stories from the last quarter of the twentieth century, the South American author Angélica Gorodischer depicts a housewife's escape from oppressive domestic technology through time travel in which she murders male leaders, while Eileen Gunn offers a critique of bioengineering and sociobiology, satirizing fears of women in modern business and of erasure of identity in global corporate structures. An end-of-the-century fiction by the African American Akua Lezli Hope imagines a black woman altered through cosmetic surgery to become a tenor sax and critiques technologies that transform women's bodies into cultural signifiers of social function and class.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "FICTION / African American / Historical"

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Gillespie, Robert Arthur. "Shades of an urban frontier : historical resonances in the cities of Black and Anglophone SF." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1609.

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Cities have a paradoxical relationship with science fiction literature. On the one hand, critics like Brian Aldiss have called sf a `literature of cities', citing them as the dominant context for speculative fiction. On the other, critics like Gary Wolfe have noted how sf has an "anti-urban frontier mentality" and how sf narratives involving cities often tend to view them as a trap from which the protagonist must escape. This relationship is even more complex in sf works by African American authors, as contemporary African American fiction in general takes the city as the dominant context for black social life and has turned to interrogate "issues of urban community" in the post-Civil Rights era. This dissertation explores the connections between the heterogeneous urban histories of Anglo-European and African American sf authors and the cities they construct. It does so by comparing the portrayal of cities by each group and relating the commonalities and contrasts that emerge from these portrayals to the differences and similarities between African American urban history and Anglo-European urban history. To provide a common ground for comparison, two city typologies are focused on: the `imperial city' that reigns at the heart of sf's many empires, and the empty metropolis of the `dead city' or `ghost city'. The study finds that these narratives all interrogate crises of political and environmental sustainability in urban history, but that the focus of these crises often diverge along the axis of race, with an especially large concentration on the crises related to racially targeted urban renewal programs present in black sf's dead cities and on crises related to black anti-imperialist politics in its imperial cities.
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Foster, Benjamin Thomas. "HISTORICAL INTIMACY: CONTEMPORARY RECLAMATIONS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY IN THE DRAMA, POETRY, AND FICTION OF SUZAN-LORI PARKS, NATASHA TRETHEWAY, AND COLSON WHITEHEAD." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1066.

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Three contemporary authors – Suzan-Lori Parks, Natasha Trethewey, and Colson Whitehead – within the African American Literary Tradition explore relationships to history in light of a dominant rhetoric that represents African American history through a white, hegemonic lens. In Parks’ The America Play, Trethewey’s Bellocq’s Ophelia, and Whitehead’s The Intuitionist, these authors comment on historical representation through such symbols as iconic figures like Abraham Lincoln, photographs, and elevators as starting points to explore the possibility of an independent space for African American history. Rather than remarking on just the representation of the artifact, however, the authors enter a conversation on how history is remembered and experienced. Parks, Trethewey, and Whitehead each form their own expression on historical representation; in each case, their works address the ability, or inability, to achieve historical intimacy amidst a push back from hegemonic narratives in the public eye. Historical intimacy, as the leading concept of the dissertation, refers to developing a close proximity to history not as a mere representation but as lived experience. Parks sees historical insight developing only through brief moments of intimate contact, if at all. Trethewey imagines personal, even sensual, familiarity with the subjects of her poems as a way of breaking through social frames and learning to connect with the past. Whitehead works through paradoxes to dissolve representational patterns of discourse, like verticality, and reach for a post-rational space wherein both open historical possibility, which stresses self-reflexivity, and a foundation in a “real,” experienced history unlock the opportunity for the construction of an intimate history. Although no author presents historical intimacy as an achieved goal, their works suggest varying degrees of potential and connection.
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Hall, Julie. "Representations of the civil rights movement and African American childhood in children's literature 1960-2008 an exploration and analysis of how civil rights movement is told to children through historical fiction." Thesis, University of London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.537502.

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Kent, Alicia Adele. "Migrant modernities : historical and generic movement in fiction by African Americans and Native Americans in the early twentieth century (Charles Waddell Chesnutt, Zora Neale Hurston, Mourning Dove, D'Arcy McNickle)." Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning, 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?res_dat=xri:ssbe&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_dat=xri:ssbe:ft:keyresource:Kra_Diss_02.

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Piep, Karsten H. "Embattled Homefronts: Politics and Representation in American World War I Novels." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1109634736.

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Piep, Karsten H. "Embattled homefronts politics and representation in American World War I novels /." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1109634736.

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Kocela, Christopher. "Fetishism as historical practice in postmodern American fiction." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38213.

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This study contends that postmodern American fiction dramatizes an important shift of philosophical perspective on the fetish in keeping with recent theories of fetishism as a cultural practice. This shift is defined by the refusal to accept the traditional Western condemnation of the fetishist as primitive or perverse, and by the effort to affirm more productive uses for fetishism as a theoretical concept spanning the disciplines of psychoanalysis, Marxian social theory, and anthropology. Analyzing the depiction of fetishistic practices in selected contemporary American novels, the dissertation utilizes fetish theory in order to clarify the unique textual and historiographic features of postmodernist fiction. It also emphasizes the way in which conventional ideas about history and teleology are necessarily challenged by an affirmative orientation toward the fetish. Part One of the dissertation, comprising the first two chapters, traces the lineage of Western thinking about fetishism from Hegel, Marx, and Freud to Derrida, Baudrillard, and Jameson, among others. Recognizing that traditional theories attribute the symbolic power of the fetish to its mystification of historical origins, Part One posits that poststructuralist and postmodernist contributions to the subject enable, but do not develop, an alternative concept of fetishism as a practice with constructive historical potential. Part Two of the study seeks to develop this historical potential with reference to prominent descriptive models of postmodernist fiction, and through close readings of five contemporary American authors: Thomas Pynchon, Kathy Acker, Robert Coover, John Hawkes, and Don DeLillo. The four chapters of Part Two each examine the fictional representation of fetishism within a different theoretical framework, focusing on, respectively: temporality and objectivity in postmodern fiction theory; the interrelation between psychoanalytic theory and female fetishism in novels by Pynchon and Acker
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Davies, Richard Blaine Davies Richard Blaine. "Historical fiction makes American history come to life!" [Boise, Idaho : Boise State University, 2002. http://education.boisestate.edu/bdavies.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Boise State University, 2002.<br>Web site. Master's project includes an explanatory text and CD-ROM entitled: Historical fiction : a web site supporting secondary U.S. history courses of study-Idaho Department of Education. Includes bibliographical references.
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Ashe, Bertram Duane. "From within the frame: Storytelling in African-American fiction." W&M ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623921.

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The purpose of this study is to explore the written representation of African-American spoken-voice storytelling in five fictional narratives published between the late nineteenth century and the late twentieth century: Charles W. Chesnutt's "Hot-Foot Hannibal," Zora Neale Hurston's their Eyes Were Watching God, Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man, Toni Cade Bambara's "My Man Bovanne," and John Edgar Wideman's "Doc's Story.".;Using Walter Ong's suggestion that the relationship between storyteller and inside-the-text listener mirrors the hoped-for relationship between writer and readership, this study examines the way these writers grappled with these factors as they generated their texts.;By paying attention to the teller/listener-writer/readership relationship, this study examines the process whereby the narrative "frame" that historically "contained" and "mediated" the black spoken voice (either through a listener/narrator or a third-person narrator) modulated and developed throughout the century, as the frame opens and closes.;The results of this study suggest that what Robert Stepto calls the African-American "discourse of distrust" was a factor from the earliest fictions and is still very much a factor today.
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Martin, Patricia L. "Minority protagonists in the young adult historical fiction novel." [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2007. http://165.236.235.140/lib/PMartin2007.pdf.

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Books on the topic "FICTION / African American / Historical"

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Nunes, Ana. African American Women Writers’ Historical Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118850.

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Byerman, Keith Eldon. Remembering the past in contemporary African American fiction. University of North Carolina Press, 2004.

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Lewis, Ora M. Seeds in the wind: A historical novel, Louisiana (1565-1865). Maranatha Press, 2000.

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Courlander, Harold. The African. H. Holt, 1993.

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Edgar, Wideman John, Wideman John Edgar, and Wideman John Edgar, eds. The homewood books. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992.

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Alers, Rochelle. Secret Agenda. Kimani Press, 2009.

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Alers, Rochelle. Secret agenda. Arabesque/Kimani Press, 2009.

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Colter, Cyrus. A chocolate soldier: A novel. TriQuarterly Books, 1995.

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Colter, Cyrus. A chocolate soldier: A novel. Thunder's Mouth Press, 1988.

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Tademy, Lalita. Red River. Warner Books, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "FICTION / African American / Historical"

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Nunes, Ana. "Introduction." In African American Women Writers’ Historical Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118850_1.

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Nunes, Ana. "Contexts." In African American Women Writers’ Historical Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118850_2.

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Nunes, Ana. "Setting the Record Straight." In African American Women Writers’ Historical Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118850_3.

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Nunes, Ana. "History as Birthmark." In African American Women Writers’ Historical Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118850_4.

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Nunes, Ana. "“The Undocumentable Inside of History”." In African American Women Writers’ Historical Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118850_5.

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Nunes, Ana. "“Her Best Thing, Her Beautiful, Magical Best Thing”." In African American Women Writers’ Historical Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118850_6.

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Nunes, Ana. "Conclusion." In African American Women Writers’ Historical Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118850_7.

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Bertens, Hans, and Theo D’haen. "Historical Mysteries." In Contemporary American Crime Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230508316_9.

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Tucker, Jeffrey Allen. "African American Science Fiction." In A Companion to African American Literature. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444323474.ch24.

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Singler, John Victor. "An African-American Linguistic Enclave." In Historical Linguistics 1989. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.106.32sin.

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Conference papers on the topic "FICTION / African American / Historical"

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Ellis, Antonio. "African American Male K–12 Teachers: Exploring Historical Relationships Between Hip-Hop Music and Classroom Culture." In 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1579812.

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O'Connor, Kate, and Makenna Karst. "Innovation through Investigation: Creating a Cooperative Social Community." In 112th ACSA Annual Meeting. ACSA Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.112.91.

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The community of Idlewild, located in Yates Township, Michigan, possesses a significant history as the largest historic African American resort community established during the Jim Crow Era. Established in 1912, it thrived for more than fifty years but declined with the passing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964. However, Idlewild has begun to revitalize, with new full-time residents seeking work-life balance in a rural context and, most importantly, residency in a safe community. However, Idlewild was originally designated for seasonal residents, resulting in a new set of needs for community sustainment.A special focus on research that engages with community visioning to develop planning that realigns community, township, and county goals for Idlewild is a significant driver in this exercise. The use of community visioning will be coupled with the township master planning process with focus on sustain-ability; the implementation of social solidarity economics, as well as open book management, will solidify the continued success of the community in the spirit of “co-opetition”. The application of these theories and their effect on the sustain-ability of Idlewild will be of particular interest. In addition to the environment, sustainability will include concern for people and economy to develop a balanced community structure. Social solidarity economic principles refer to a set of values and practices aimed at promoting economic systems that prioritize cooperation, social justice, and sustainability. It is an alternative model to the mainstream capitalist system and seeks to address the inequalities and environmental challenges created by traditional market economies. The principles of solidarity economy emphasize the well-being of individuals and communities over profit maximization. Key Principles that will be addressed in this paper are: 1. Solidarity and Cooperation 2. Social Justice and Equity 3. Democratic Governance 4. Sustainable Development5. Localization and Autonomy 6. Diverse Economic Forms 7. Ethical Consumption 8. Education and Awareness A critical factor in the planning process is preserving historical community values while not stifling progress that will allow for a continued longevity. Embracing the African American heritage of Idlewild makes this instance of cooperative community living a unique example, amplified by its resort identity. Extensive literature review, community engagement, and active group communication will serve as the basis for planning.The strategic conversation of the Idlewild community members will be formulated through the lens of social solidarity economic principles and community theory, leading to documentation of solutions for the future of Idlewild. The aspiration for this process is to create a successful case study for other rural communities to begin planning and applying cooperative community modeling.
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Ross, John, Silvina Lopez Barrera, and Simon Powney. "Emmett Till Memorial: A Community Engaged Studio Project." In 109th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.109.83.

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In 1955, Emmett Till was 14-year-old when he was kidnaped and brutally murdered by two white men in the Mississippi Delta. This racist incident was one of the key events that galvanized the Civil Rights Movement’s work. Through a com¬munity engagement project to design a memorial dedicated to Emmett Till, this essay explores a studio pedagogy that aimed to introduce social justice in architecture studios. The “Emmett Till Memorial” community engaged project took place in Spring 2020 in the first-year architecture studio of the School of Architecture at Mississippi State University. In this project, we partnered with the Emmett Till Memorial Commission (ETMC) to design a memorial at the Graball Landing site where it is believed Emmett’s body was found. Since April 2008, the ETMC attempts to commemorate this site and it has become a nationally recognized memory site. Unfortunately, the site has been subjected to repeated vandalism. This paper describes the different stages of this community engaged project in a contested site that aimed to embrace transformative service-learning ideas and critical reflection. The service-learning design project integrated field experiences, including visits to historic sites related to Emmett Till’s history and an immer¬sive experience with activists and community organizers from the ETMC. Using critical reflection as a pedagogical approach, discussions among students and community members cen¬tered on how the design outcome of this community engaged project would contribute to community conversations about the future development of the Graball Landing site as well as design vision and values that could be included in the new memorial and its restorative narrative. Students’ design proposals exhibited a wide range of design intentions and sources of inspiration. Employing symbolic and educational features, the diverse design proposals responded to specific environmental conditions of the place and explored how to engage visitors with Emmett Till’s history, the civil rights movement, and the future of racial reconciliation. Finally, this paper discusses how African-American historical sites have intentionally been ignored and marginalized and how architecture educators, students, and community members can partner to preserve sites of memory and to dismantle systematic racism in urban design and architecture.
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Macken, Jared. "The Ordinary within the Extraordinary: The Ideology and Architectural Form of Boley, an “All-Black Town” in the Prairie." In 111th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.63.

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In 1908, Booker T. Washington stepped off the Fort Smith and Western Railway train into the town of Boley, Oklahoma. Washington found a bustling main street home to over 2,500 African American citizens. He described this collective of individuals as unified around a common goal, “with the definite intention of getting a home and building up a community where they can, as they say, be ‘free.’” The main street was the physical manifestation of this idea, the center of the community. It was comprised of ordinary banks, store front shops, theaters, and social clubs, all of which connected to form a dynamic cosmopolitan street— an architectural collective form. Each building aligned with its neighbor creating a single linear street, a space where the culture of the town thrived. This public space became a symbol of the extraordinary lives and ideology of its citizens, who produced an intentional utopia in the middle of the prairie. Boley is one of more than fifty “All-Black Towns” that developed in “Indian Territory” before Oklahoma became a state. Despite their prominence, these towns’ potential and influence was suppressed when the territory became a state in 1907. State development was driven by lawmaker’s ambition to control the sovereign land of Native Americans and impose control over towns like Boley by enacting Jim Crow Laws legalizing segregation. This agenda manifests itself in the form and ideology of the state’s colonial towns. However, the story of the state’s history does not reflect the narrative of colonization. Instead, it is dominated by tales of sturdy “pioneers” realizing their role within the myth of manifest destiny. In contrast, Boley’s history is an alternative to this myth, a symbol of a radical ideology of freedom, and a form that reinforces this idea. Boley’s narrative begins to debunk the myth of manifest destiny and contrast with other colonial town forms. This paper explores the relationship between the architectural form of Boley’s main street and the town’s cultural significance, linking the founding community’s ideology to architectural spaces that transformed the ordinary street into a dynamic social space. The paper compares Boley’s unified linear main street, which emphasized its citizens and their freedom, with another town typology built around the same time: Perry’s centralized courthouse square that emphasized the seat of power that was colonizing Cherokee Nation land. Analysis of these slightly varied architectural forms and ideologies reorients the historical narrative of the state. As a result, these suppressed urban stories, in particular that of Boley’s, are able to make new contributions to architectural discourse on the city and also change the dominant narratives of American Expansion.
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