Academic literature on the topic 'Ficus tinctoria'

Nine new species viz., Sycophila drupacea sp. nov., S. arnottiana sp. nov., S. religiosa sp.nov., S. virens sp. nov., S. infectoria sp. nov., S. wayanadensis sp. nov., S. batheri sp. nov., S. tinctoria sp. nov. and S. gibbose sp. nov. were described and reported from five different fig species, Ficus drupacea, F.arnottiana, F. religiosa, F. virens and F, tinctoria, from Wayanad regions of Kerala, India.

Tropical trees that remain evergreen and exhibit leaf litterfall that is gradual over time coexist with trees that are seasonally deciduous and exhibit pulsed litterfall. The manner in which these trees acquire, store, and contribute nutrients to the biogeochemical cycle may differ. Green and senesced leaves from deciduous Ficus prolixa trees were compared with those from Ficus tinctoria on the island of Guam. The results enabled stoichiometry and resorption calculations. F. prolixa’s young green leaf nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) concentrations were double, and the phosphorus (P) concentration was triple, those of F. tinctoria. Concentrations converged as the leaves aged such that no differences in concentration occurred for senesced leaves, indicating that nutrient resorption proficiency did not differ between the two species. In contrast, the resorption efficiency was greater for F. prolixa than F. tinctoria for all three nutrients. The N:P values of 6–11 and K:P values of 5–7 were greater for young F. tinctoria leaves than young F. prolixa leaves. The N:K values were 1.1–1.6 and did not differ between the two species. No differences in pairwise stoichiometry occurred for senesced leaves for any of the nutrients. These Guam results conformed to global trends indicating that seasonally deciduous plants are more acquisitive and exhibit greater nutrient resorption efficiency. The differences in how these two native trees influence the community food web and nutrient cycling lies mostly in the volume and synchronicity of pulsed F. prolixa litter inputs, and not in differences in litter quality. These novel findings inform strategic foresight about sustaining ecosystem health in Guam’s heavily threatened forests.

Penelitian burung rangkong sulawesi sudah banyak dilakukan tetapi informasi mengenai densitas dan jenis pakannya masih sedikit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui densitas dan jenis pakan burung rangkong sulawesi (Rhyticeros cassidix) di Cagar Alam Tangkoko Batuangus, Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni-Agustus 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode garis transek (Transek Line) yang berjumlah 3 garis transek dengan panjang 2 km dan lebar transek 400 m, mulai dari ketinggian 11-208 m dpl. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukan densitas tertinggi berada pada T2 dengan jumlah 47 ekor/km2, dan terendah pada T1 31 ekor/km2, dengan densitas rata-rata 37 ekor/ km2. Hasil pengamatan mendapatkan 13 jenis makanan burung rangkong, yang meliputi 8 jenis buah dan 5 jenis serangga. Burung rangkong Sulawesi mengkonsumsi buah dan serangga, seperti buah beringin (Ficus benjamina), Asar mampuduar (Ficus virens), pohon dewan (Ficus altissima), Ficus caulocarpa, karet kerbau (Ficus elastic), kayu ara (Ficus tinctoria), pohon rao (Dracotomelon dao), kananga (Cananga odorata) dan jenis serangga seperti, kumbang tanduk (Oryctes rhinoceross), kumbang tanduk panjang (Batocera numitor), kumbang kelapa (Rhynchophorus vulneratus), kumbang tanduk rusa (Odontolabis bellicose), belalang (Valanga nigricornis).There are many researches about Sulawesi Hornbill have been done but only few information about its density and type of food is available. The purpose of this study was to determine the density and type of food of Sulawesi hornbill (Rhyticeros cassidix) in Batuangus Tangkoko Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi. This study was conducted in June-August 2014. This study used three transect lines with a length of 2 km, a width of 400 m, and an altitude of 11-208 m above sea level. The results of this study showed the highest density was at T2 which is 47 head / km2 and the lowest at T1 which is 31 individuals / km2. The average density is 37 individuals / km2. From the observation 13 kinds of food hornbill were found included eight kinds of fruit and five species of insects. Sulawesi hornbill eats fruits and insects, such as figs (Ficus benjamina), Asar mampuduar (Ficus virens), boards tree (Ficus altissima), Ficus caulocarpa, buffalo rubber (Ficus elastic), wood fig (Ficus tinctoria), tree rao (Dracotomelon dao), Kananga (Cananga odorata) and insects such as horn beetle (Oryctes rhinoceross), long-horn beetle (Batocera numitor), palm weevils (Rhynchophorus vulneratus), deer horn beetle (Odontolabis bellicose), grasshoppers (Valanga nigricornis).There are many researches about Sulawesi Hornbill have been done but only few information about its density and type of food is available. The purpose of this study was to determine the density and type of food of Sulawesi hornbill (Rhyticeros cassidix) in Batuangus Tangkoko Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi. This study was conducted in June-August 2014. This study used three transect lines with a length of 2 km, a width of 400 m, and an altitude of 11-208 m above sea level. The results of this study showed the highest density was at T2 which is 47 head / km2 and the lowest at T1 which is 31 individuals / km2. The average density is 37 individuals / km2. From the observation 13 kinds of food hornbill were found included eight kinds of fruit and five species of insects. Sulawesi hornbill eats fruits and insects, such as figs (Ficus benjamina), Asar mampuduar (Ficus virens), boards tree (Ficus altissima), Ficus caulocarpa, buffalo rubber (Ficus elastic), wood fig (Ficus tinctoria), tree rao (Dracotomelon dao), Kananga (Cananga odorata) and insects such as horn beetle (Oryctes rhinoceross), long-horn beetle (Batocera numitor), palm weevils (Rhynchophorus vulneratus), deer horn beetle (Odontolabis bellicose), grasshoppers (Valanga nigricornis).

Abstract Freezing tolerances of 31 evergreen and semi-evergreen Ficus species growing out-doors at Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, Fla., were determined in late Dec. 1982. Five species, Ficus hookeriana Corner, F. montana Burm.f., F. rubiginosa Desf. ex Venten., F. tinctoria Forst.f., and F. trigonata L. survived freezing at −2°C whereas the hardiest species, Ficus pumila L., survived −4°. The other 25 species failed to survive freezing at −2°. A tender species, Ficus benjamina L., grown under natural environmental conditions in Gainesville, Fla., failed to survive a Jan. 1983 freeze of −4°. Freezing avoidance via supercooling appeared to be an effective means of survival for F. benjamina, as evidenced by 80% rooting in samples that supercooled to −2° and −4°.

Leaf anatomy studies need to be carried out to support morphological plant identification. Leaf anatomy was observed because leaves have varying tissue structures. The characteristics of stomatal density, epidermal cell shape, and leaf mesophyll structure are constant in each species so that they can be used as a reference. The aim of the study was to identify the anatomical characters of the leaves of various types of Ficus. Samples were collected from Tahura Gunung Tumpa. Observation of the anatomical structure of Ficus leaves using a light microscope based on Sass (1951) and Johansen (1940) and carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Structure and Development, Faculty of Biology UGM. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and presented in the form of tables and figures. Leaf anatomy observations were carried out on 19 Ficus species found in TAHURA Gunung Tumpa, namely Ficus fistulosa, F. forstenii, F. microcarpa, F. ampelas, F. septica, F. tinctoria, F. variegata, F. benjamina, F. subulata , F. punctata, F. elegans, F. hispida, F. racemose, F. elastica, F. minhassae, Ficus sp1, Ficus sp2, Ficus sp3, and Ficus sp4. Based on the location of the hypodermis, 3 groups of Ficus were found, namely: species with hypodermis located on one side, species with hypodermis located on both sides, and species without hypodermis. Based on the presence or absence of a vessel sheath in the mesophyll, Ficus is divided into 2 groups, namely having and not having a vessel sheath. Lithocyte cells were found in all Ficus leaves observed, with various shapes and locations. Conclusion. The anatomical character of Ficus leaves differs between species
 Keywords: Ficus, comparative anatomy, leaves
 Abstrak
 Studi anatomi daun perlu dilakukan untuk mendukung identifikasi tanaman secara morfologi. Anatomi daun diamati karena daun memiliki struktur jaringan yang bervariasi Karakteristik kerapatan stomata, bentuk sel epidermis, dan struktur mesofil daun bersifat konstan pada setiap spesies sehingga dapat dijadikan acuan. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi karakter anatomi daun berbagai jenis Ficus. Sampel dikumpulkan dari Tahura Gunung Tumpa. Pengamatan struktur anatomi daun Ficus menggunakan mikroskop cahaya berdasarkan Sass (1951) dan Johansen (1940) dan dilakukan di Laboratorium Struktur dan Perkembangan Tumbuhan, Fak Biologi UGM. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dan disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan gambar. Pengamatan anatomi daun dilakukan pada 19 spesies Ficus yang ditemukan di TAHURA Gunung Tumpa, yaitu Ficus fistulosa, F. forstenii, F. microcarpa, F. ampelas, F. septica, F. tinctoria, F. variegata, F. benjamina, F. subulata, F. punctata, F. elegans, F. hispida, F. racemose, F. elastica, F. minahassae, Ficus sp1, Ficus sp2, Ficus sp3, dan Ficus sp4. Berdasarkan letak hipodermis, ditemukan 3 kelompok Ficus yaitu : jenis dengan hipodermis terletak pada salah satu sisi, jenis dengan hipodermis terletak pada kedua sisi, dan jenis yang tidak memiliki hipodermis. Berdasarkan ada tidaknya seludang pembuluh pada mesofil, Ficus dibagi dalam 2 kelompok yaitu memiliki dan tidak memiliki seludang pembuluh. Sel litosit ditemukan pada semua daun Ficus yang diamati, dengan bentuk dan lokasi yang beragam. Kesimpulan: karakter anatomi daun Ficus berbeda diantara jenis.
 Kata kunci: Ficus, anatomi perbandingan, daun

Two new species, Diptilomiopus indogangeticus n. sp., infesting Ficus tinctoria subsp. gibbosa (Blume) Corner (Moraceae), and Diptilomiopus mohanasundarami n. sp., infesting Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), are described from West Bengal, India. Diptilomiopus holoptelus Chakrabarti and Mondal and Diptilomiopus strebli (Boczek) are possible junior synonyms of Diptilomiopus integrifoliae Mohanasundaram and Diptilomiopus asperis Ghosh and Chakrabarti, respectively.

The air pollution tolerance index was studied for Ficus religiosa, Millettia pinnatta, Psidium guajava, Eucalyptustereticornis, Tamarindus indica, Azadirachta indica, Santalum album, Casuarina equisetifolia, Annona squamosa,Cicca acida, Wrightia tinctoria, Atrocarpous heterophyllus, Polyalthia longifolia, Ficus benghalensis that were presentin the selected spot. The soil samples from the study area was also assessed for its nutrients. The 15 plants selectedfor the study showed APTI values below 16 and thud classed under sensitive plants. The sensitivity might be due toseasonal variations and climatic conditions. The soil nutrients supplying essential factors for growth showednormal potassium and nitrogen content. Total mineral content noticed was 281.78kg/acre.

Six new species of the family Eriophyidae associated with the plant genus Ficus (Moraceae) from southern China are described and illustrated in this paper: Colopodacus variegatae sp. nov. infesting F. variegata Bl. var. chlorocarpa (Benth.) King; C. yunnanensis sp. nov. infesting F. benjamina Linn., F. tinctoria Forst. f. var. gibbosa and F. virens Ait. var. sublanceolata (Miq.) Corner; Gammaphytoptus ficus sp. nov. infesting F. variegata Bl. var. chlorocarpa (Benth.) King; Glyptacus microcarpae sp. nov. infesting F. microcarpa Linn., F. hispida Linn., F. benjamina Linn., and F. altissima Bl.; Shevtchenkella hainanensis sp. nov. infesting F. variegata Bl. and Tegonotus hispidae sp. nov. infesting F. hispida Linn.

Enggang klihingan merupakan salah satu jenis rangkong (Bucerotidae) yang hidup berkelompok, berperan penting secara ekologis sebagai penyebar biji. Perilaku bersarangnya unik, selama mengerami induk betina mengurung diri di lubang pohon yang ditutup lumpur dan disisakan lubang kecil untuk enggang lainnya melewatkan pakan dari luar sarang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku makan enggang pada saat bersarang dan mengumpulkan data jenis buah pakannya. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode focal animal sampling, pada bulan Februari – April 2021 di Stasiun Penelitian Way Canguk (SPWC), Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan (TNBBS). Perilaku enggang yang teramati dominan berupa mengeluarkan satu per satu pakan dari dalam temboloknya, kemudian memosisikan pakan ke ujung paruh untuk dimuntahkan ke sarang. Komposisi buah yang dijadikan pakan enggang meliputi 18 jenis buah, yaitu Ficus altissima, Ficus sundaica, Ficus crassiramea, Ficus stupenda var.minor, Polyalthia lateriflora, Oncosperma horridum, Canarium megalanthum, Canthiumera glabra, Zuccarinia macrophylla, Antiaris toxicaria, Myristica sp., Horsfieldia sp., Magnolia champaca, Dysoxylumsp., Fibraurea tinctoria, Endocomia macrocoma, Actinodhapne borneensis, dan Alseodaphne falcata. Waktu yang paling sering digunakan untuk memberi makan adalah sore hari pukul 16.00 – 17.00 WIB. Rerata enggang mengunjungi sarang 15 kali/hari dan membawa paling banyak 16 buah dalam sekali kunjungan. Enggang mampu memberi makan dengan lama durasi 3 – 5 buah/menit. Bushy-crested hornbill is a type of hornbill (Bucerotidae) that lives in groups, playing an important ecological role. Their nesting behavior is unique, during incubation, the female locks herself in a mud-covered tree hole and leaves a small hole for other hornbills to spread food from outside the nest. This study aimed to find out the eating behavior of hornbills during nesting and collect data on the types of fruit they eat. This study was conducted using a focused animal sampling method, from February to April 2021 at Way Canguk Research Station (SPWC), Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (TNBBS). The dominant behavior of hornbills was observed in the form of removing the bait one by one from the cache, then placing the bait to the tip of the beak to vomit into the nest. The fruit composition used as hornbill food includes 18 types of fruit, namely Ficus altissima, Ficus sundaica, Ficus crassiramea, Ficus stupenda var. minor, Polyalthia lateriflora, Oncosperma horridum, Canarium megalanthum, Canthiumera glabra, Zuccarinia macrophylla, Antiaris toxicaria, Myristica sp., Horsfieldia sp., Magnolia champaca, Dysoxylum sp., Fibraurea tinctoria, Endocomia macrocoma, and Alseodaphne falcata. The most common time used for feeding is from 16:00 - 17:00 WIB. The average hornbill visits the nest 15 times/day and brings a maximum of 16 fruits in one visit. Hornbills can feed with a fairly low duration (3-5 pieces/minute).

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>森林學系所<br>102<br>The Ficus spp., which is found in tropical and subtropical forests, is one of the “keystone species,” as it has special phenology patterns and a mutualism–pollination ecology. One dioecious fig, Ficus tinctoria Forst. f. ssp. swinhoei (King) Corner on the Cingwashih Trail of the Kenting Youth Activity Center in Pingtung, was surveyed regularly every 2–3 weeks from August 2010 to May 2014. This research studied the fig’s morphology, its phenological sexual differentiation, its syconium productive strategy, and the pollination–mutualism relationship between the fig and its species special pollinator, the Liporrhopalum gibbosae Hill. The male and female figs have almost identical external morphologies, but different interior structures. The long style female flowers have seeds which are pollinated by the female figs, whereas in the male figs, the short style female flowers develop galls because of eggs laid by wasps. In the female fig, the average number of florets is 415.6 ± 147.3, and the seed ratio is 78.5% ± 18.0%. In the male fig, the average number of florets is 650.5 ± 34.8, with the short style female flower having 614.8 ± 34.5 and the male flower having 34.3 ± 6.0, with a gall ratio of about 41.4% ± 16.1%. The leaf phenology shows that the tender leaves of the Ficus tinctoria ssp. swinhoei in Hengchun Peninsula, which have a definitive positive correlation with temperature and rainfall, are mainly found in spring and summer. The number of mature leaves on the female tree is also positively correlated with average temperature, but the number of mature leaves on the male trees shows insignificant correlation with average temperature and rainfall. A positive correlation was also found between the A phase female syconia and average temperature and rainfall, but this was not found in male trees. The phenology of the Ficus tinctoria ssp. swinhoei does show some seasonality related to climatic fluctuations on the Hengchun Peninsula. A sexual specialization when considering syconia production investment was observed from the relationship between the volume and weight of the wet or dry syconia. As the female tree invests more resources into a single female syconium, the dry volume to weight ratio increases in a geometric progression as the female syconium develops. The male tree, however, invests fewer resources into the single male syconium, which results in a stable dry volume to weight ratio as it develops. Seven species of fig wasps were discovered on the Ficus tinctoria, and one pollinator species on the Liporrhopalum gibbosae. The Sycoryctes sp1., Sycoryctes sp., Philotrypesis sp1., Philotrypesis sp2., and Arachonia sp. were found to be parasitic nonpollinators, and two species, i.e., Eufroggattisca sp.and Sycophila sp1, were found to be gallers.

碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>生物科學系研究所<br>95<br>The mutualism between the dioecious Ficus tinctoria and its pollinators was studied at Hsitzewan, Kaohsiung. I investigated the phenology of F. tinctoria from December 2004 to May 2006. Wasps trapped in sticky boards were recorded from April 2005 to May 2006. The average diameter of receptive figs (B phase) of female F. tinctoria was significantly different from that of functional male trees (P < 0.01), but both with similar coloration. The durations of pre-receptive figs (A phase) through wasp- releasing figs (D phase) or mature figs (E phase) in F. tinctoria were slight longer in winter and spring (8.3-8.8 weeks) than in summer and autumn (6.8-7.0 weeks). The receptive figs were asynchronous both within-tree and among-trees. The receptive figs occurred in every month of 2005 and without seasonality. There were considerable overlaps (82.6%) in the receptive figs between functional male and female trees. The frequency of tender leaf phase of F. tinctoria was positively correlated with local rainfall and temperature, but the frequency of leaf falling phase was negatively correlated with them. The frequency of receptive figs of female trees was only positively correlated with rainfall, and the frequency of their interforal figs (C phase) were both negatively correlated with rainfall and temperature. Fig production of functional male F. tinctoria was not correlated with rainfall and temperature. There are five species of fig wasps, including one species of pollinator (Liporrh opalumgibbosae), one species of Sycoscapter, two species of Philotrypesis, and one species of Neosycophila. No significant difference was found in the average number of 4 species of fig wasps from D phase figs (6.3 pollinators, 8.8 Philotrypesis sp.1, 5.7 P. sp.2, and 5.7 Sycoscapter sp.1 per fig). In addition, one species of Sycophila (Eurytomidae) was also found inside figs of F. tinctoria. The coordination between D phase figs of male F. tinctoria to its B phase was iii 26.2%, which was similar to the coordination of it to B phase of female trees (29.5%). However, more pollinators arrived on male trees than that on female trees. The coordination between pollinators and B phase figs of male trees (43.0%) was higher than that of female trees (14.6%). Fig-pollinator mutualism in F. tinctoria is probably maintained by its asynchronous phenology, and aseasonal changes of the receptive figs. Seed production at female trees can be maintained by a small size of pollinator populations.

Introdução: O município de Parnaíba-PI encontra-se em área ecotonal de Caatinga e Cerrado, sob influência pré-Amazônica e litorânea. Possui uma variedade geográfica com diversas fitofisionomias, como dunas, restingas, tabuleiros litorâneos inundáveis ou drenados, praias e manguezais. Apesar da rica biodiversidade, é comum encontrar árvores exóticas em detrimento de espécies nativas. Objetivos: Propor uma lista de palmeiras e árvores nativas adequadas para plantio em Parnaíba-PI. Material e métodos: Consultas à literatura, a bancos de dados eletrônicos (IPNI e REFLORA) e visitas de campo a ecossistemas diversos do Piauí e Ceará. Resultados: Xixá (Sterculia striata), Pau-d’arco-roxo (Handroanthus impetiginosus), Pau-d’arco-amarelo (Handroanthus ochraceus), Caraúba (Tabebuia aurea), Caroba (Jacaranda brasiliana), Tamboril (Enterolobium contortisiliquum), Sucupira-preta (Bowdichia virgilioides), Barriguda (Ceiba glaziovii), Angico (Anadenanthera colubrina), Fava-d’anta (Dimorphandra gardneriana), Tingui (Magonia pubescens), Cedro (Cedrela odorata), Cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica), Umburana-de-cambão (Commiphora leptophloeos), Umburana-de-cheiro (Amburana cearensis), Cajazeira (Spondias mombin),) Umbuzeiro (Spondias tuberosa), Sapucaia (Lecythis pisonis), Sapucaí (Lecythis lurida), Faveira (Parkia platycephala), Angico-branco (Albizia niopoides), Mororó (Bauhinia subclavata), Catingueira (Cenostigma pyramidale), Pitombeira (Talisia esculenta), Fígado-de-galinha (Martiodendron mediterraneum), Catingueiro (Chamaecrista eitenorum), Sambaíba (Curatella americana), Pau-marfim (Agonandra brasiliensis), Cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale), Oitizeiro (Moquilea tomentosa), Caneleiro (Cenostigma macrophyllum), Jenipapo (Genipa americana), Carnaúba (Copernicia prunifera), Coco-babão (Syagrus cearensis), Garampara (Dipteryx lacunifera), Macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata), Gameleira (Ficus pakkensis), Juazeiro (Sarcomphalus joazeiro), Janaguba (Himatanthus drasticus), Cauaçu (Coccoloba latifolia), Jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril), Miolo-roxo (Peltogyne confertiflora), Pau-d’óleo (Copaifera martii), Buritizeiro (Mauritia flexuosa), Trapiá (Crateva tapia), Torém (Cecropia palmata), Ingazeiro (Inga vera), Mangue-vermelho (Rhizophora mangle), Mangue-preto (Avicennia germinans), Mangue-de-botão (Conocarpus erectus), Tucum (Astrocaryum vulgare), Mangaba (Hancornia speciosa), Gonçalo-alves (Astronium fraxinifolium), Catanduva (Pityrocarpa moniliformis), Babaçu (Attalea speciosa), Maçaranduba (Manilkara cavalcantei), Jucá (Libidibia ferrea), Tatajuba (Maclura tinctoria), Pereiro (Aspidosperma pyrifolium), Puçá (Mouriri pusa) e Angelim (Andira fraxinifolia). Conclusão: Deve-se priorizar o uso de múltiplas espécies nativas, garantindo diversidade biológica e maximizando os serviços ambientais, como controle erosivo, aprisionamento de carbono, percolação de água pluvial, sombreamento, amortização de marés e produção de alimentos e de abrigos para fauna. Devem-se considerar as especificidades do local de plantio, de modo a incluir espécies adequadas às condições edáficas, e cujas características não interfiram na locomoção de veículos e pedestres, causem danos à rede elétrica ou destruam calçadas.